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Communitarian tourism - Hosts and mediators in Peru
Abstract
This study provides a long-term, ethnographic assessment of the development, management, and decline of communitarian tourism in the rural Peruvian indigenous community of Taquile Island, focusing on relations between hosts and outsider brokers/mediators. To date, relationships with outsider tour operators and guides have generally been acrimonious due to competition over control of transportation and the type of tourism outsiders have promoted. Nonetheless, Taquile’s initiative was at first successful because of help from a hitherto unresearched group of individual foreigners. The study points to the need for further investigation of the potential impact of this type of broker/mediator, particularly vis-à-vis public-sector investment and development.RésuméTourisme communautarien: hôtes et médiateurs au Pérou. Cette étude présente une évaluation ethnographique à long terme du développement, gestion et déclin du tourisme communautarien dans la communauté indigène péruvienne rurale de l’île de Taquile, en particulier des relations entre hôtes et médiateurs/agents externes. Jusqu’à présent, les relations avec voyagistes et guides externes ont été généralement acrimonieux dû à la compétition pour le contrôle des transports et au genre de tourisme promu par les gens de l’extérieur. Pourtant, l’initiative de l’île de Taquile a eu du succès au début grâce à l’aide d’un groupe de personnes externes qu’on n’avait pas étudié auparavant. L’étude montre le besoin de faire plus de recherches sur l’impact éventuel de ce genre d’agent/médiateur, surtout en ce qui concerne le développement et l’investissement du secteur public.
... O TBC tem se expandido em países periféricos e semiperiféricos, sobretudo na África Garland, 1994;Lenao, 2015;Jugmohan, 2016;Holland;Burian;Dixey, 2003;Jones, 2005;Kareithi, 2003;Mbaiwa, 2002;Mearns, 2003;Mgonja et al., 2015;Mtapuri, 2014;Rozemeijer, 2001;Sebele, 2010;William;White;Spencey, 2001), na América Latina (Erskine;Meyer, 2012;Navas-Camargo;Zwerg-Villegas, 2014;Sánchez-Cañizares, 2009;Ruíz-Ballesteros;Cárrion, 2007;Ruíz-Ballesteros, 2011;Trejos;Chiang, 2009;Zorn;Farthing, 2007;Zwerg-Villegas, 2014) e recentemente na Ásia (Bhartari;Jain, 2003;Dolezal, 2011;Dunn, 2007;Kontogeorgopoulos;Churyen;Duangsaeng, 2014;Nyaupane et al., 2006;Pookaiyaudom, 2013;Sin;Minca, 2014;Suhandi, 2003;Vajirakachorn, 2011) (Myrdal, 1968). Assim como Myrdal, Hirschman (1958) (Gascón, 2013). ...
... O TBC tem se expandido em países periféricos e semiperiféricos, sobretudo na África Garland, 1994;Lenao, 2015;Jugmohan, 2016;Holland;Burian;Dixey, 2003;Jones, 2005;Kareithi, 2003;Mbaiwa, 2002;Mearns, 2003;Mgonja et al., 2015;Mtapuri, 2014;Rozemeijer, 2001;Sebele, 2010;William;White;Spencey, 2001), na América Latina (Erskine;Meyer, 2012;Navas-Camargo;Zwerg-Villegas, 2014;Sánchez-Cañizares, 2009;Ruíz-Ballesteros;Cárrion, 2007;Ruíz-Ballesteros, 2011;Trejos;Chiang, 2009;Zorn;Farthing, 2007;Zwerg-Villegas, 2014) e recentemente na Ásia (Bhartari;Jain, 2003;Dolezal, 2011;Dunn, 2007;Kontogeorgopoulos;Churyen;Duangsaeng, 2014;Nyaupane et al., 2006;Pookaiyaudom, 2013;Sin;Minca, 2014;Suhandi, 2003;Vajirakachorn, 2011) (Myrdal, 1968). Assim como Myrdal, Hirschman (1958) (Gascón, 2013). ...
O Turismo de Base Comunitária (TBC) emerge como foco principal deste estudo, investigado empiricamente à luz da análise regional. O objetivo geral foi analisar ações coletivas no TBC em territórios rurais como estratégia de desenvolvimento local no estado de Sergipe. Como objetivos específicos, buscou-se: i) diagnosticar ações/iniciativas coletivas e lideranças comunitárias diretamente envolvidas com a atividade turística e as cadeias produtivas em territórios rurais sergipanos, utilizando dados primários obtidos por pesquisa de campo em amostragem não probabilística aplicando a técnica bola de neve, e dados secundários provenientes do Observatório Terras Quilombolas; ii) catalogar ações coletivas e os produtos/serviços turísticos envoltos à oferta turística local com auxílio de dados primários obtidos por Diagnóstico Rápido Participativo, norteado por questionário semiestruturado, que foi elaborado com base na síntese teórico-metodológica da revisão de literatura e direcionado às 74 lideranças comunitárias identificadas pela amostra; os dados foram processados com suporte do software Iramuteq e ilustrações por geotecnologias via Google Earth Pro; iii) caracterizar a dinâmica socioeconômica dos municípios, a partir de dados secundários, consultados nos bancos de dados eletrônicos do Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil (ATLASBR), do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IpeaData) e no Sistema de Recuperação Automática do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (SIDRA/IBGE). Avaliou-se a caracterização socioeconômica dos territórios por meio do cálculo dos indicadores de centralidade e disparidade à luz da análise regional e econometria espacial, ilustrada pelo software Quantum GIS. O período de análise das bases de dados do ATLASBR foi de 2010 para análise do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM), e de 2010 a 2020 para análise dos dados populacionais, do Produto Interno Bruto Total (PIB) e do Valor Adicionado Bruto (VAB), desagregado por setores da economia, extraídos do IpeaData e do SIDRA/IBGE. Os recortes temporais foram selecionados em função da disponibilidade das informações para cálculo dos indicadores, bem como abrangência da retração da economia provocada pela crise econômica nacional em 2016 e crise sanitária de 2019 em decorrência da pandemia da covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Tanto para análise dos dados primários quanto secundários, consideraram-se a delimitação geográfica e o recorte espacial demarcados pelo Plano de Desenvolvimento Regional do estado de Sergipe com base nos Territórios de Planejamento do estado de Sergipe. Os resultados destacam que o TBC é uma realidade em algumas comunidades do território do Baixo São Francisco, Grande Aracaju e Sul Sergipano, demonstrando uma configuração de uma rede composta por diversas vozes, saberes populares e instituições associadas. Essa rede permite a constante integração das diretrizes e princípios que sustentam o TBC. A concepção de protocolos de consentimento prévio, livre e informado e o intercâmbio entre comunidades, com compartilhamento de saberes e experiências, evidenciam-se como boas práticas em comunidades na quais o TBC está mais consolidado. Por outro lado, em comunidades do Agreste Central, Alto Sertão e Leste Sergipano, o TBC ainda não está plenamente constituído, mas representa uma aspiração local. No entanto, em alguns casos, é necessário sensibilizar as comunidades para compreenderem plenamente esse fenômeno, pois, por vezes, há uma lacuna de compreensão sobre seu significado. Nos territórios do Centro-Sul e Médio Sertão Sergipano, não foram identificadas iniciativas até o momento. Com base no diagnóstico e nas discussões sobre as potencialidades do TBC no Brasil, que têm sido articuladas por representantes de diversas esferas, incluindo universidades, movimentos sociais, organizações não governamentais, agências de cooperação internacional e instituições governamentais, bem como pelas lideranças comunitárias envolvidas na defesa dos direitos de povos e populações tradicionais, recomenda-se a elaboração de uma normativa para estímulo ao desenvolvimento do TBC no âmbito estadual. Além disso, propõe-se estratégias de desenvolvimento local com eixos de ações identificadas in loco e respectivo plano de ações para fortalecimento do TBC. Conclui-se que o TBC emerge como uma estratégia viável para impulsionar comunidades tradicionais ao destacar a heterogeneidade e a agregação de valor das atividades produtivas geradoras de renda, a partir de potencialidades naturais e socioculturais em apropriação turística pelas comunidades tradicionais locais, apoiando a geração de emprego e renda, bem como fortalecendo a governança no contexto de estruturas coletivas e do mercado turístico.
... In addition to textiles, Taquile became known for its community development model that served as an example for development projects around the world. This initiative was initially successful with the help of a hitherto uninvestigated group of individual foreigners [85]. Since the Taquile experiential enterprise began in the mid-1980s, tourism remained controlled by the islanders themselves. ...
... Zorn and Farthing [85] conducted a long-term ethnographic evaluation of the development, management, and decline of community tourism in Taquile, focusing on the relationships between hosts and external agents/mediators (intermediaries). Relations with external tour operators and guides have generally been acrimonious due to competition for control of transport and the type of tourism that externals promote. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has driven the rapid evolution and digitization of different tourism sectors through Industry 4.0. However, Community-based Rural Tourism (CRT) has not experienced the same technological advancement. Thus, considering tourism as a powerful socioeconomic driver, this research is based on the relevance of the CRT for the development of rural areas through job creation, preservation of historical-cultural and architectural heritage, and appreciation of the local market. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to present a concept development model of an intelligent digital platform (IDP), where tourism products and services are visualized, articulated, and integrated with the different actors of the CRT, offering a personalized tourist experience. The concept was developed based on Business Process Management and Business Model Canvas (BMC). Thus, through meetings and interviews, it was possible to extract essential information to obtain the necessary know-how for the development of the concept. It was concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has established a new business scenario, intensifying and accelerating the use of digital tools and ICTs in several sectors, including tourism. However, the use of ICTs in CRT is still incipient. As Peru is a country where rural tourism has a strong tradition, but there are no specific platforms for CRT, which makes the broad dissemination of rural experiences difficult, a BMC template has been developed to integrate the expected objectives, and the application of the proposed framework serves as a guide for other platforms with different niches markets in the tourism sector.
... The power of the private sector to undermine community initiatives has been documented by Adams (2010) in his study of World Heritage and other sites in several emerging countries and in the experience of the Taquile Islanders in Peru, who lost sovereignty over their successful tourism business to well-connected commercial interests on the mainland (Zorn and Farthing, 2007). Commercial encroachment at the Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, India (Labadi and Gould, 2015), illustrates the challenge that faces governments seeking to regulate the behaviour of businesses intent on exploiting heritage sites. ...
... Fifth and finally, governments can connect local community leaders to the private-sector, NGO and non-profit resources that can support their ventures. Certainly, Aas, Ladkin and Fletcher (2005), Adams (2010), Hampton (2005) and Zorn and Farthing (2007) identified the pernicious consequences if such connections are compromised by inequitable relationships. Yet governments that choose to do better can have a meaningful impact by connecting the private sector to community projects. ...
... The scientific literature on community tourism is developed based on communities located on different continents, such as Asia [19,20], Oceania [21], Africa [22][23][24] and Latin America, investigations were carried out in Brazil [25], Mexico [26], Peru [27]. In the specific case of Ecuador, experiences in community tourism were mainly investigated from a qualitative perspective [28][29][30][31][32]. ...
... These studies have been identified by Casas Jurado et al. [74] and Dodds et al. [75]. Among others we mention: Costa Rica [76], Peru [27], Kenya Nomadas. [23,77], Japan [7,78], Australia [21], Belize [79], Botswana [80], Hawaii [81], China [82], Italy [83], Turkey [84], Thailand [85], Romania [86], Uganda [22], Namibia [87], Dominica [88], Tanzania [89], Canada [90], Cape Verde [91], Cambodia [92], India [93], South Africa [94], Fiji [95], Madagascar [96], Taiwan [97], Canada [98]. ...
Abstract
The aim of this work is to identify community the initiatives anchored to community-based tourism (CBT) in Ecuador with the aim of providing an overview of the current reality of community tourism in the country, in addition to publicizing the product lines under development within community initiatives. The methodology used is a descriptive analysis based on the review of secondary sources, which reflect the reality of the different tourism initiatives related to the Plurinational Federation of Community Tourism of Ecuador (FEPTCE) at the level of continental Ecuador. FEPTCE groups indigenous, Afro–Ecuadorian, Montubian and mestizo communities, who depend on their territory and have identified tourism as a mechanism to continue living with dignity within these territories, due to the option of economic diversification that is generated. Within the communities that belong to the FEPTCE, living with dignity implies achieving a good quality of life, which is not based on satisfying a series of basic needs, but implies going further, achieving the idea of “Good Living”, that is to say, reaching an appreciation of well-being, based on the conception of the full set of what culture is, in order to generate comprehensive sustainability of its spaces. Among the main results, the distribution and coverage that the FEPTCE has within continental Ecuador regarding community tourism is shown and analyzed. As a formal network of community-based tourism, it is made up of five networks at the regional level and nine at the provincial or cantonal level, which are analyzed in this study. The consolidation of the initiatives launched has been difficult with only 83 of the initial 121 being active and only 18 registered as community tourist centers. This case study shows that in Ecuador the network approach as the first step in the development of the CBT worked. Therefore, the development of the CBT must be approached from a network approach in which indigenous peoples (indigenous, mestizo, Afro-descendant, etc.) participate, administrations, the private sector, civil society, NGOs and tourist destinations, to which they must to join academic institutions by contributing solid data obtained through research that helps tourism development.
Keywords: community tourism; communities; cultures; community tourism of Ecuador (FEPTCE); Ecuador
... As Table 1 illustrates, academic literature shows that many CBT projects have been introduced in Africa ( Briedenhann and Wickens, 2004;Lepp, 2007;Manyara and Jones, 2007;Novelli and Gebhardt, 2007;Kibicho, 2008;Sebele, 2010), Asia (Hiwasaki, 2006;Nyaupane et al., 2006;Harrison and Schipani, 2007;Okazaki, 2008;Harris, 2009;Yang andWall, 2009), Latin America (de Holan andPhillips, 1997;Zorn and Farthing, 2007;Trejos and Chiang, 2009), and Oceania (Dyer et al., 2003). ...
... Forming alliances with the outsiders could facilitate communities' control over resources as long as tourism practice is done in close contact with the supporters and their relationship is developed. (Zorn and Farthing, 2007) Costa Rica Benefits of CBT not only allow tourists to perceive inexperienced life in rural communities, but also strengthen and promote business development. As a result, CBT generates employment and local residents begin to embark on small enterprises. ...
Community-Based Tourism (CBT) has been presented as an alternative to sustaining tourism development in developing countries. This tourism model offers local residents an opportunity to manage natural and cultural resources in order to promote the local economy and generate greater benefits. The objective of the study is to investigate the benefits and challenges of CBT as well as solutions to address identified shortcomings by studying Muen Ngoen Kong community in Chiang Mai, Thailand. In order to achieve these objectives, qualitative methods, field observations, and interviews were employed, and qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results of the field observation and interview data from local residents were reported, analyzed, and discussed. To practice CBT, the findings indicated that several challenges had been experienced in the implementation of CBT, including conflict over resource ownership and benefit leaking, financial issues, and problems of community participation. However, an abundance of tourism resources and security related concerns were identified as benefits of CBT in the area. In close collaboration with government agencies, product development was recommended to create a unique condition for CBT and address the shortcomings. It is crucial to involve local residents, empower the local community, conserve and cultivate cultural resources, and, finally, to maintain the overall sustainability of tourism resources.
... In line with this thought, a mediator is defined as an independent third party or group who assists two or more parties to reach mutual understandings and agreement and solve conflicts between them (Howard Partners, 2007). As such, the main role of mediators is to intervene between conflicting stakeholders, mediate their relationship, and settle conflicts by finding appropriate solutions (Zorn & Farthing, 2007). As community capacity building involves various stakeholders who embrace different views and competing interests, conflicts among these stakeholders are inevitable (Jamal & Stronza, 2009). ...
... Such situations often create conflicts, which leads to a turbulent environment in the local area and an undermining of the efforts of community capacity building (Jamal & Stronza, 2009). At this point, the mediators' skill of bringing competing parties together and finding a way to settle the disputes becomes crucial (Zorn & Farthing, 2007). ...
... Nyaupane et al. [10] highlighted the importance of local community participation and control in community-based tourism (CBT). In CBT, local communities have a greater role compared to tourism managed by the government or the private sector [11]. Some CBTs even offer accommodation in local homes, giving tourists the opportunity to experience a unique experience while staying there. ...
The purpose of this study is to determine the service strategy in the context of developing a world-class tourist village in the Wukirsari tourist village. Wukirsari tourist village is a community-based tourism. The study began with an evaluation of the quality of world-class services, determining the strategy for developing tourism services, and the strategy implementation plan by stakeholders. Data was collected from tourism village managers, Wukirsari village government, tourists, and local communities. Data collection techniques used interviews and focus group discussions. The results of this study recommend several actions that must be taken by tourism village managers, namely increasing manager capacity, increasing foreign language skills, increasing understanding of foreign cultures, increasing international tourism networks, improving facilities, reducing risks for tourists, and improving transportation facilities. The results of this study are useful not only for the Wukirsari tourism village but also for similar tourism managers.
... Wisatawan dapat tinggal bersama keluarga lokal, belajar tentang kerajinan tradisional, dan berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan sehari-hari masyarakat. Inisiatif ini tidak hanya memberikan manfaat ekonomi langsung, tetapi juga membantu melestarikan budaya lokal dan memperkuat identitas komunitas (Zorn & Farthing, 2007). ...
The purpose of compiling this book is to help readers understand that the contents of this book are an inseparable part and are very important in the sustainability of the tourism business today and in the future. This book contains materials that can be used by both teachers and students, as well as readers in general to increase their insight and knowledge related to Economics, Business and Tourism.
This book consists of 12 chapters that discuss:
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Tourism Economics
Chapter 2 Tourism Resource Development
Chapter 3 Tourism Demand and Supply
Chapter 4 Tourism Industry Market Structure
Chapter 5 Digitalization of the Tourism Industry
Chapter 6 Tourism Management Concept
Chapter 7 Tourism Impact
Chapter 8 Tourism Economics and Community Based Tourism
Chapter 9 Tourism Marketing Concept
Chapter 10 The Role of Tourism in Development
Chapter 11 Tourism Development Policy and Strategy
Chapter 12 Opportunities and Challenges for the Future of Tourism Economics
... While DI has been a well-covered topic in the literature, tourists' perceptions toward destinations in South America remain understudied (Pike, 2016). Civil wars, corruption, political uprisings, and poverty have historically obstructed tourism development in this region (Zorn and Farthing, 2007). Additionally, South America is often seen by travelers as a unique tourism destination (Maoz, 2007), with little noticeable variations among the countries (Rezende-Parker et al., 2003;Shani et al., 2009). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced tourism managers to reevaluate their strategies for attracting visitors and aiding in the recovery of destinations. This new approach emphasizes increased tourist engagement with the destination and stresses the importance of concepts like tourist citizenship behaviors and their willingness to sacrifice. This research investigates the correlations among destination image, tourist citizenship behaviors, and the willingness to sacrifice. By examining these factors, the study provides valuable information into the emotional and cognitive aspects of tourists’ interactions with the destination image and their collaborative behaviors. This information can be used to enhance the visitor experience and the attraction of the destination. Conducted in the captivating city of Manta, Ecuador, this research aims to address the gap in understanding tourists’ perceptions of South American destinations, presenting a unique perspective on the region's tourism potential. Beyond advancing tourism literature, this comprehensive study offers practical approaches for destination marketing organizations to attract tourists and enhance destination competitiveness.
... (1) The level of involvement of local communities and the level of control they have over tourism. Communities and tourists have a higher involvement in CBT than tourism in general [11]. Local people offer their homes as lodging so that tourists can enjoy the traditions of the local community. ...
... El TRC apareció como un instrumento apropiado para la cooperación en la confianza de que podía coadyuvar a la conservación de espacios naturales y al sostenimiento de las economías campesinas e indígenas (Morales Morgado, 2006;Ruiz-Ballesteros, 2015;Wearing, McDonald y Ponting, 2005). En el Área Andina, donde se circunscribe el caso que se analizará en el presente texto, aparecieron experiencias de turismo rural comunitario de forma autónoma, sin apoyo externo, en periodos tan recientes como la década de 1970 (Gascón, 2005;Zorn y Farthing, 2007). Esto sucedía, especialmente, cuando la población se encontraba cerca de algún circuito turístico convencional. ...
El Turismo Rural Comunitario (TRC) se ha presentado como un instrumento eficaz para contribuir al sostenimiento de las economías campesinas e indígenas. Pero una investigación crítica también ha identificado riesgos que pueden incrementar la vulnerabilidad de las sociedades anfitrionas. Estos análisis se han centrado en el impacto económico, sociocultural o medioambiental. Menos interés ha generado el papel de la población local en el diseño e implementación de las propuestas turísticas. A partir de un caso etnográfico (Valle de Manduriacos, Ecuador), el artículo se pregunta bajo qué condiciones los procesos participativos permiten que los proyectos en TRC asuman los intereses y deseos de la población local, o cuándo son solo un ejercicio vacío de contenido destinado a legitimar los objetivos de las agencias financiadoras. El caso del Valle de Manduriacos descubre que los procesos participativos funcionan cuando se dan dos factores. Por un lado, como refleja la bibliografía sobre procesos participativos, cuando la población local cuenta con capital social y estructuras organizativas sólidas. Pero también es necesario que conozca con cierta profundidad el funcionamiento del sector de intervención; en este caso, el sector turístico.
... Under the operational management of authoritative organizations, such places seek to establish famous tourism destinations. In contrast, bottom-up placemaking depends on the human agency of individuals or local groups to develop grassroots and local organic blueprints with communitarian traits [17]. Bottom-up placemaking has traditional and endogenous characteristics and provides the visitors of small-scale tourism destinations with the opportunity to see what Goffman [18] referred to as the backstage of local life. ...
Peripheral islands are prone to natural disasters. In the past, the literature on island community development focused on sustainability or vulnerability. However, resilience theory has gained attention as an alternate strategy due to unpredictable global evolution changes. Thus, this study explored how peripheral communities face disadvantageous global situations through adaption and cooperation within placemaking and tourism. We focused on two peripheral well-developed island communities, Nanliao and Xihu, in Penghu, Taiwan, and their approach to resilience. This study conducted a literature review, contextual analysis, field survey, and in-depth interview with a case study. The research results included the exploration of mixed placemaking, charity tourism, and the use of online interaction between the two communities. A resilient perspective, in which adaptive development (recovery), cooperative stability, and simultaneous transformation correspond to a third path, was explored. Our findings have challenged traditional dualism concepts, such as “top-down or bottom-up,” “global or local,” and “insiders or outsiders,” which seem to be increasingly meaningless in sustaining island communities.
... The Bolivian constitution puts emphasis on concepts like wellbeing (vivir bien) and a harmonious co-existence with Nature (Pacha Mama) (Plan Turismo Nacional 2012-16: The present tourism plan presents an objective of including the communities, municipalities and departments in the country as well as the nation state in the development of tourism at large. 314 out of 327 indigenous communities in Bolivia have opted for tourism as development priority (Zorn and Farthing 2007). There is an idea of differentiating Bolivia's touristic appeal from the neighboring countries with significantly larger tourism sector (Argentina, Brazil and Peru). ...
Volunteer tourism tries to answer to the demand of a modern tourist; doing ‘meaningful work’ in different environments and deeper immersion with local people when working side by side in different projects. It is relatively well studied from the point of view of the volunteers, how volunteerism affects the values of the volunteering individuals, and what kind of motivations volunteers have when engaging in volunteer activities abroad as
well as the market and scope of volunteerism. However, how this constant stream of volunteers is seen from the viewpoint of receiving communities and institutions is a less studied subject. This chapter intends to bring forth the experiences of recipients as well as those of the volunteers. The chapter studies how volunteering is perceived by local
staff at a Zambian Children’s home, by observing and studying the inner dynamics of encounters between regular Zambian staff and foreign volunteers. The study is based on ethnographically inspired participant observation and gives special attention to interface situations where different worlds of developed and developing world encounter. As a result of the analysis of everyday interactions, we conclude that volunteer tourism shares a lot of similar dynamics with development cooperation. They are both driven by partly egoistic, partly altruistic motivations and they are both strongly value-laden operations with significant power implications. Several recommendations are made for volunteer tourism involving work with children. Volunteers should be assigned some daily or weekly obligations, notwithstanding the importance of freedom in volunteerism. Host organisations should be more explicit about their expectations towards volunteers and provide adequate familiarisation and guidance. Establishing stronger ethical guidelines provided by both host and sending organisations would be important for volunteers working particularly with children.
... Studies with objectives similar to those analyzed previously were carried out in other countries, such as Hawaii [41], Belize [42], Australia [43], Dominica [44], Peru [45], Brazil [46], Canada [47], Namibia [48], Tanzania [49], Madagascar [50], Cape Verde [51], India [52], Fiji [53], South Africa [54], Thailand [55], Italy [56], Romania [57], and Cambodia [58]. ...
This work aims to show a theoretical model of community-based tourism, to explain its component subsystems, to provide its theoretical–methodological foundation and to discuss the indications of its practical instrumentation in facing the changes that tourism of the future imposes and will impose. The research was carried out in the tourist context of Ecuador, for which the deductive method was applied, which allowed for examining the problem, and the more general theories related to tourist activity, which allowed for identifying the premises and objectives of the work to reach accurate conclusions on the subject studied. This was a mixed investigation that allowed for integrating the contributions of qualitative and quantitative analyses in the treatment and processing of information. The results included achieving systematization of the theoretical models linked to community-based tourism and, from a practical point of view, obtaining a new model of community-based tourism, a graphic representation of the subsystems that form this model, and its arguments. The findings show the need to update the community-based tourism model as a contribution to the scientific development of tourism as well as the systemic nature of its components from a new perspective of analysis that considers the need for changes as a developmental factor.
... Es importante mencionar investigaciones relacionadas al turismo comunitario en diferentes países: "Canadá, Australia, Nueva Zelanda, Sudáfrica, Namibia y Gran Bretaña presentan casos de estudio y aproximaciones conceptuales relacionadas a este modelo de gestión" (Cabanilla, 2018, p. 3). En este contexto, se observa un desarrollo creciente de investigaciones en torno a turismo comunitario en Latinoamérica y el Caribe como por ejemplo: Moraes et al. (2013); Emmendoerfer et al. (2016) y Bernardes y De Castro (2018) en Brasil, mientras que en Chile se destacan investigaciones como las de Cruz (2012) y Pilquimán (2016), y en Perú autores como Zorn & Farthing (2007) y Miranda (2020). En Colombia están los estudios de Rodríguez (2018) y Ferrari (2021); en Bolivia Maldonado (2007) y Machaca (2021); y en República Dominicana las investigaciones de Orgaz y Moral (2016) y Cañero (2018). ...
El turismo comunitario constituye una alternativa de desarrollo local para las comunidades de varios países, en el caso específico del Ecuador, representa una opción, respaldada en el marco jurídico para mejorar las condiciones de vida de las comunidades ancestrales pertenecientes a los pueblos indígenas, campesinos y afrodescendientes. Para el efecto se analizó las realidades que presenta el turismo comunitario y los obstáculos que impiden su desarrollo en el Ecuador, particularmente en la provincia de Manabí, haciendo énfasis en lograr una actividad que sea sostenible a través de las potencialidades culturales, patrimoniales y naturales, priorizando la conservación de los recursos. La investigación es de tipo descriptiva, no experimental; Se utilizaron métodos analíticos-sintéticos, inductivos-deductivos y empíricos como la observación y análisis de documentos de fuentes oficiales. Se utilizó la metodología aplicada por Fernández y Gereffi para generar la estrategia de cadena de valor del turismo comunitario que surge como herramienta propuesta para solucionar la problemática. Asimismo, los resultados de esta investigación proporcionan evidencias de que, existen varias comunidades en la provincia de Manabí que practican turismo comunitario y no todas han logrado desarrollar sus potencialidades, debido a las limitaciones que enfrentan. Se concluye que Manabí tiene elementos que puestos en valor son determinantes para impulsar el turismo comunitario de forma sostenible. Sin embargo, es necesaria la articulación de herramientas que promuevan la ejecución de proyectos orientados a dinamizar la economía. De esta manera se sugieren los cambios en el desarrollo, gestión y manejo de las actividades turísticas comunitarias en Manabí, con el fin de contribuir a mejorar la situación actual.
... There are three main reasons, namely: 1) Society as part of tourism products, 2) local people can easily adapt to changes in social culture, 3) tourism development helps open people's minds (López-Guzmán et al., 2011). Community-based tourism development (CBT) is widely developed in various developing countries, including: in Asia (Nyaupane et al., 2006;Okazaki, 2008;Kayat, 2010), Oceania (Dyer et al., 2003), in Brazil (Guerreiro Marcon, 2007, Ecuador (Ruiz Ballesteros et al., 2008), Mexico (Bringas R & Gonzales A., 2004) and Peru (Zorn & Farthing, 2007), Africa (Lepp, 2007;Manyara & Jones, 2007;Kibicho, 2008). ...
World Bank data shows that during 2020 the economies of countries in the world (including
Southeast Asian countries) contracted, and were in a recession. However, there are still
countries whose economies are still growing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Economists
are still debating the predicate of a recession, because even though it has contracted for two
quarters, it doesn't necessarily mean a country is considered a recession. Therefore, this study
analyzes the economic classification of Southeast Asian countries during the COVID-19
pandemic (growth or recession), as well as the governance of their economic attributes
(export components, agriculture, industry, and manufacturing). This study uses analytical
techniques with orange data mining. The results show that based on the Naive-Bayes
algorithm, there are three countries whose economies are classified as experiencing a
recession, while the economies of seven other countries are classified as growing. The
attributes with the highest rank scores are agriculture, exports, and COVID-19 cases
Keywords
agro-tourism; community based tourism; MICMAC; prospective analysis.
... This is taken into account by our C-CBT model as its foundations include the point "Local Empowerment in the CBT Process": to the extent that local Zielinski et al. (2020) assert that each CBT experience is a particular one with its own features, but commonalities may be found in their processes that favor or deter CBT initiatives. Hence, the best cases or good practices must be put together and highlighted, such as for instance, transforming leaderships or empowering communities (Jamal and Getz, 1999;Wearing and McDonald, 2002;Jones, 2005;Salazar, 2012), consistent and adequate external supports, profits evenly distributed within the community, a supporting legal framework, a good hospitality superstructure, and an understanding of tourism and market issues (Zorn and Farthing, 2007 Koster and Youroukos, 2015; Ruiz-Ballesteros, 2017). These points are important when trying to set up a measuring model and were taken into account when laying out the C-CBT model (see Figure 3). ...
This article proposes a model to measure Community-Based Tourism (CBT). Its starting point is the need to better quantify and explain CBT in emerging countries. The authors build it by drawing a connection between local competitiveness and CBT frameworks, therefore calling the proposed model C-CBT. By grounding this measurement model, the pushers for this type of tourism, as well as its deterrents, are established and grouped. This model is then used as a comparative tool and applied to two territories in Colombia that have suffered from civil unrest in the last decades and have subsequently developed CBT. As for the field work in the two areas, it is based on interviews and participative observation carried out in the context of tourism projects. The outcome is a clearer measurement system for CBT initiatives by connecting these to competitiveness frameworks, with the added interest that the cases presented come from a severely conflict-burdened country.
... These cooperatives provide education, experiences and services for tourists and generate benefits that are shared by members and address community needs (Abreo, 2010). LaPan et al. (2016) refer to this form of tourism development as "communitarian tourism microentrepreneurship," to accentuate the very small size and somewhat informal nature of these businesses, as well as the deliberate equitable distribution of income and benefits to members and the community (Zorn & Farthing, 2007). agriculture, Juaneros remain dependent on land (e.g., through maize, coffee, plants used for natural dyes and medicines). ...
This study examines how livelihood diversification through tourism microentrepreneurship may shape land stewardship among Mayan coffee farmers in Guatemala. Through a primarily qualitative approach assessing ecoliteracy and motivations towards environmental behaviors, data were collected among participants self-identifying as small-scale shade-grown coffee farmers involved in tourism microentrepreneurship in the community of San Juan la Laguna in Lake Atitlán, Guatemala. We found that, when facilitated through cooperatives, tourism microentrepreneurship and coffee farming jointly contributed to land stewardship and provided an opportunity for indigenous farmers to foster traditional relationships with the land.
... Respecto al turismo indígena, existe una amplia variedad de definiciones y conceptualizaciones, que de acuerdo con Valenzuela (2017), por lo general hacen hincapié en la cultura de una comunidad, que se construye o se presenta como diferente de las culturas occidentales o centrales; alternativamente, pueden comercializar costumbres curiosas y personas exóticas. Turismo indígena también puede ser entendido no como un atributo cultural, sino como una forma de organización social de la diferencia, contacto entre culturas y la creación de una nueva marca de la etnicidad (Grünewald, 2006;Pereiro, 2013;Wood, 1998;Zorn & Farthing, 2007). Un concepto más específico del turismo indígena es el señalado por Buultjens, Galeb & White (2010) quienes lo definen como actividades turísticas en donde la población indígena está directamente involucrada, ya sea porque tienen el control o su cultura sirve como la esencia de la atracción. ...
Resumen La gastronomía constituye una parte esencial de la experiencia turística, ya que forma parte del contexto social y cultural de los territorios y recrea las complejas relaciones históricas, sociales y productivas que han determinado un tipo de alimentación en un contexto particular. Los pueblos indígenas tienen potencial natural para el desarrollo del turismo especializado como el gastronómico, ya que poseen una amplia gama de recursos originales de su patrimonio natural y cultural, como es el caso de los mapuches de la región de La Araucanía. Este estudio busca analizar, desde la base de los motores de búsqueda de las plataformas digitales disponibles, la accesibilidad y calidad de la información hacia el turista, tipos de productos culinarios mapuches incluidos en la oferta turística, y la innovación como parte del desarrollo de un turismo gastronómico en la región. Se seleccionaron 11 emprendimientos de la región de La Araucanía, distribuidos en 7 comunas. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que existe una baja representación de la gastronomía mapuche, como concepto de búsqueda asociada al turismo a nivel internacional; la oferta gastronómica no es exclusivamente mapuche sino más bien una fusión campesina chilena con mapuche. La región de La Araucanía tiene experiencias variadas de emprendimientos mapuches que han comenzado a innovar en términos gastronómicos, creando nuevos productos asociados en algunos casos a restaurantes y otros a servicios de cocktelería para eventos; no obstante, ello no es la generalidad de lo que implica crear un producto turístico gastronómico, sino más bien está asociado a la atención de clientes específicos.
... Respecto al turismo indígena, existe una amplia variedad de definiciones y conceptualizaciones, que de acuerdo con Valenzuela (2017), por lo general hacen hincapié en la cultura de una comunidad, que se construye o se presenta como diferente de las culturas occidentales o centrales; alternativamente, pueden comercializar costumbres curiosas y personas exóticas. Turismo indígena también puede ser entendido no como un atributo cultural, sino como una forma de organización social de la diferencia, contacto entre culturas y la creación de una nueva marca de la etnicidad (Grünewald, 2006;Pereiro, 2013;Wood, 1998;Zorn & Farthing, 2007). Un concepto más específico del turismo indígena es el señalado por Buultjens, Galeb & White (2010) quienes lo definen como actividades turísticas en donde la población indígena está directamente involucrada, ya sea porque tienen el control o su cultura sirve como la esencia de la atracción. ...
La gastronomía constituye una parte esencial de la experiencia turística, ya que forma parte del contexto social y cultural de los territorios y recrea las complejas relaciones históricas, sociales y productivas que han determinado un tipo de alimentación en un contexto particular. Los pueblos indígenas tienen potencial natural para el desarrollo del turismo especializado como el gastronómico, ya que poseen una amplia gama de recursos originales de su patrimonio natural y cultural, como es el caso de los mapuches de la región de La Araucanía. Este estudio busca analizar, desde la base de los motores de búsqueda de las plataformas digitales disponibles, la accesibilidad y calidad de la información hacia el turista, tipos de productos culinarios mapuches incluidos en la oferta turística, y la innovación como parte del desarrollo de un turismo gastronómico en la región. Se seleccionaron 11 emprendimientos de la región de La Araucanía, distribuidos en 7 comunas. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que existe una baja representación de la gastronomía mapuche, como concepto de búsqueda asociada al turismo a nivel internacional; la oferta gastronómica no es exclusivamente mapuche sino más bien una fusión campesina chilena con mapuche. La región de La Araucanía tiene experiencias variadas de emprendimientos mapuches que han comenzado a innovar en términos gastronómicos, creando nuevos productos asociados en algunos casos a restaurantes y otros a servicios de cocktelería para eventos; no obstante, ello no es la generalidad de lo que implica crear un producto turístico gastronómico, sino más bien está asociado a la atención de clientes específicos.
... Although the municipality owns and operates its own tourism business, it is dependent on private agencies (marketing, etc.). The case of Taquile illustrates the shift from municipal ownership and management of Homestay Tourism to the current dependence of municipalities or external travel agencies (Carnaffan, 2010;Mitchell & Eagles, 2001;Zorn & Farthing, 2007). Today, Homestay tourism is widespread in most regions of Peru. ...
... A final factor relates to imbalances of political and economic power between local community stakeholders, on one side, and corporate or political elites on the other. Such power differentials can severely undermine even well-conceived programs (Dasgupta & Beard 2007;Zorn & Farthing 2007) or crowd out members of the local community and local businesses (Aas, Ladkin & Fletcher 2005). As a consequence, the benefits from local development efforts regularly leak away from small communities to elites in the center and abroad who have the political and economic resources required to exploit the development opportunity (Adams 2010). ...
The success of community projects is inextricably linked to the mechanisms community members use to govern their project activities. This book provides a much-needed assessment of the issues relating to community governance. Drawing together insights from economic analysis,m political science, tourism scholarship, complexity scholarship, and the governance of nonprofit enterprises, the books suggests a model for community governance and illustrtes the workings of that model through four case studies.
... Adams (2010) has described the mechanisms through which business and political elites gradually usurp the benefits of tourism from local community members. Zorn and Farthing (2007) vividly describe how differences in political power affected the Taquile Island community in Lake Titicaca, Peru. Castañeda (2005) documents conflicts that raged over decades between officials of the Chichén Itzá archaeological park in Mexico's Yucatán and residents of local communities who, excluded from commercial opportunities, have invaded the park on three occasions. ...
... In Peru, tourism has diversified beyond the Andean highlands (González 2018b), in a country where the expansion of non-agrarian activities fosters processes of socio-economic change within rural (Burneo 2011;Eguren 2013;Diez 2014) and coastal territories. Studies on tourism development in Latin America and Peru have shown how this industry generates socio-cultural changes and brings about new social dynamics at a local level (Gascón 2005;Ypeij & Zoomers 2006;Zorn & Farthing 2007;Stronza 2008;Baud & Ypeij 2009;Ypeij 2012;Carnaffan 2014;González 2018aGonzález , 2018bGonzález , 2018cGascón & Milano 2018;Raftopoulos 2018). ...
By strengthening transnational linkages, and those between urban centres, and rural and coastal areas, the tourism industry has fostered new dynamics around the use of land, including territories subjected to extreme environmental hazards. Using the case of Mancora, Peru, this paper explores how a lack of land governance structures, resulting from conflicts between local authorities in the context of coastal tourism development, has triggered processes of uncontrolled urbanisation within fishing villages cyclically affected by the El Niño event. Based on ethnographic material collected via semi‐structured interviews, participant observation, and archival research, the study demonstrates how new dynamics around the use of land are increasing land conflicts, while raising the degree of environmental vulnerability to which the population is exposed, and threatening the reproduction of local models of development. It stresses the need for land governance structures to ensure the sustainability of coastal territories where land markets have intensified due to tourism.
... Several case studies of Community Based Tourism have been studied in their contextliterature in Africa (Lepp, 2007;Manyara and Jones, 2007;Kibicho, 2008), Asia (Nyaupane et al., 2006;Kayat, 2010), Oceania (Dyer et al., 2003), in different countries of Latin America; such as Brazil (Guerreiro, 2007), Ecuador (Ruiz et al., 2008), Mexico (Bringas andIsrael, 2004) and Peru (Zorn and Farthing, 2007). (Kibicho, 2008). ...
“Community Based Tourism Development” (A Case Study of Sikkim) for
doctoral level enquiry and thesis was the outcome of many factors namely:
i. Sikkim is the only state of India that has been selected and supported by International
UNESCO project for Community Based Tourism.
ii. All rural areas/villages of Sikkim are community based and provide suitable settings
for the implementation of community based schemes.
iii. The evaluation studies on rural tourism projects in Sikkim have rated these successful.
Some of the projects are supported by Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India.
iv. The researcher has been associated with the evaluation studies on rural tourism of
Ministry of tourism, Govt. of India and visited both successful and unsuccessful cases
and witnessed the criticality of host participation and the different ways of engaging
locals.
v. Researcher is a native of Sikkim and wanted to make a modest contribution to the
home state.
Area of Study
The area of study is limited to the state of Sikkim sampled through seven villages; Darap, Dzongu, Kewzing, Pastanga, Rey Mindu, Uttarey and Yuksom where rural tourism has been implemented and is successful.
... Community Tourism should be considered as a complement, not a substitute, in the revitalizing policies of the local economy, as an instrument that helps mitigate, or at least alleviate, the adverse effects of underdevelopment [23]. For this reason, many studies analyze the implementation of community tourism in the most impoverished areas [24]; Kenya [25,26], Botswana [27], Namibia [28], China [29], Malaysia [30], Thailand [31], Australia [32], Canada [33], Mexico [34], Chile [35], Brazil [36], Peru [37], Costa Rica [38], El Salvador [5], Ecuador [39]. ...
Abstract: In the last decades in developing countries, the tourism sector has been immersed in an intense process of strengthening the participation of local communities through the so-called community tourism initiatives, whose main objective is to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants of host communities, ensuring the subsistence of traditional culture. Its growing momentum as a means for sustainable tourism and a strategy for social development has generated a large amount of academic literature, and it is necessary to analyze its presence in the main multidisciplinary databases. Thus, the main purpose of our article is to show the current state of scientific production on community tourism through a bibliometric comparative study of the documents indexed in the WoS and Scopus databases, dealing with aspects such as their coverage, correlation between both bases, overlapping of documents and journals, growth, dispersion or concentration of articles, among others. For this purpose, and by means of an advanced search by terms, a representative set of 115 articles in WoS and 185 in Scopus were selected, with the time limit set in 2017. These form the ad-hoc basis of the analysis. In view of the results, it is concluded that, although WoS and Scopus databases differ in terms of scope, volume of data, and coverage policies, both information systems
are complementary but not exclusive. Although the documents and the results of their analysis are in many aspects similar, Scopus has a better coverage in the specific area of community tourism due to collecting a greater number of articles, journals and signatures, and its articles receiving a greater
Keywords: community-based tourism; bibliometric study; WoS; Scopus; coverage; overlap
... Entre la literatura científica basada en el CBT se puede citar en África (Sebele, 2010;Lenao, 2015;Mgonja et al., 2015), Asia (Yang y Wall, 2009;Pookaiyaudom, 2013;Kontogeorgopoulos et al., 2014;Sin y Minca, 2014), Latinoamérica (Zorn y Farthing, 2007;Trejos y Chiang, 2009; López-Guzmán y Sánchez-Cañizares, 2009; Navas-Camargo y Zwerg-Villegas, 2014) y Oceanía (Dyer et al., 2003). Siguiendo a Nyaupane et al. (2006), las principales limitaciones con las que se encuentra la comunidad local para desarrollar sus proyectos turísticos serían las siguientes: primera, generalmente la comunidad local no dispone de los recursos financieros necesarios para vertebrar este tipo de iniciativas, tal y como señala el concepto de DACBT, anteriormente expuesto; segunda, la comunidad local puede tener limitaciones de carácter profesional para configurar un completo desarrollo turístico; tercero, pueden existir conflictos entre las competencias de las diferentes administraciones públicas involucradas. ...
... , these issues remain relatively unexplored in the Peruvian context (Bury, 2008). In Peru, research on RCBT has focused on community participation and integration in tourism planning, development and ownership to enhance socio-economic benefits (Mitchell and Reid, 2001;Zorn and Farthing, 2007), while research relating to conservation has focused on eco-tourism and the challenges it faces (Vasconcellos Pegas and Castley, 2014), as well as the economic and environmental relationships between tourism and conservation (Bury, 2008;Stronza and Pêgas, 2008). Little research has been conducted that analyses the impact of RCBT on environmental stewardship and local change in campesino communities, particularly in new areas, such as Cocachimba, that have opened up to tourism following the end of Peru's civil war. ...
Since rural community‐based tourism (RCBT) emerged, it has been widely considered to be an effective means of promoting development and conserving natural resources. Through a political ecology approach, this article explores the potential of RCBT to foster long‐term stewardship and transformations in ecological consciousness among campesino communities in unprotected areas. Using Cocachimba as a case study, the article reveals that while RCBT can increase environmental consciousness, stewardship and conservation practices, it also reshapes human‐environmental relations, changing both the value and the meaning of environment, as well as altering societal structures and changing relationships within communities.
Bulletin of Latin American Research, 2018 DOI:10.1111/blar.12749
A curated collection of sources from the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project.
En la década de 1980, el Turismo Rural Comunitario surgió como un instrumento que debía permitir articular con éxito a las poblaciones rurales de los países del Sur a la economía de servicios. Normalmente, se trata de una oferta que forma parte de rutas turísticas, por lo que los visitantes invierten pocas horas en estos destinos. No obstante, puede tener consecuencias sustanciales en esas localidades. La abudante literatura académica que ha generado el Turismo Rural Comunitario no coincide a la hora de valorar esos impactos, y se ha generado un debate sobre su pertinencia como estrategia para el desarrollo rural. A partir de un caso etnografiado a lo largo de tres décadas (Isla de Amantaní, Lago Titicaca), el presente artículo se pregunta si las causas que explican esta disparidad en los resultados de la investigación no se deben más a características del contexto que al modelo turístico. El trabajo llega a dos conclusiones. Por un lado, que factores contextuales que parecen poco significativos, pueden jugar un papel importante en los efectos que el Turismo Rural Comunitario tiene a nivel social, económico, e incluso político. Por otro, que una ruta turística no tiene necesariamente el mismo impacto en cada una de las localidades por las que transcurre. La investigación ha sido de carácter etnográfico con enfoque deductivo, las técnicas utilizadas han sido cualitativas, y se sustenta en un trabajo de campo largo, iniciado en 1990 y que continúa actualmente.
L’implication active, effective et durable des membres des organisations écotouristiques communautaires dans la prise de décision stratégique et sa mise en œuvre, est un défi majeur mais difficile à relever en pratique. Il l’est d’autant plus qu’elles opèrent dans un environnement évolutif qui les contraint à faire preuve d’adaptation et de résilience, et que leurs membres sont traditionnellement peu familiers des savoir-faire entrepreneuriaux et managériaux requis pour développer un projet écotouristique. Ainsi, comprendre comment l’implication individuelle s’opère en pratique et peut être facilitée, pour en identifier les principaux ressorts, devient central dans trois domaines de recherche voisins que sont le tourisme durable, l’écotourisme communautaire, et la community-based enterprise (ou CBE). Cela l’est également dans la littérature récente en management stratégique, principalement celle centrée sur le niveau individuel des micro-fondations de la capacité dynamique. Dès lors, l’implication dans la prise de décision et mise en œuvre stratégiques s’étudie relativement aux activités de sensing, seizing et transforming. La littérature a catégorisé trois types de ressorts (motivationnel, cognitif et identitaire) – ou déterminants de l’implication individuelle – et commencé à les étudier en lien avec le rôle facilitateur du design organisationnel et/ou du leadership. Ses résultats restent toutefois encore limités quant à la question de savoir comment ces déterminants s’activent et s’articulent précisément en contexte, pour expliquer l’implication individuelle des membres des organisations écotouristiques communautaires. Notre travail de thèse s’intéresse donc à la question suivante : comment l’implication individuelle dans la mise en œuvre des activités de sensing, seizing et transforming, s’opère-t-elle et s’explique-t-elle, au sein d’organisations écotouristiques communautaires ? Cette recherche est menée au sein de deux CBE écotouristiques mexicaines: la CBE La Selva del Marinero et la CBE Masehual Siuamej Mosenyolchicauani. Elle développe une étude de cas comparative réaliste critique pour étudier les micro-fondations de la capacité dynamique d’organisations écotouristiques communautaires, sous l’angle spécifique de l’implication individuelle de leurs membres dans les activités de sensing, seizing et transforming et des mécanismes qui la sous-tendent. Les résultats obtenus identifient les mécanismes générateurs de cette implication et précisent leurs modes d’articulation et d’activation, au sein de structures organisationnelles dédiées développant des types d’apprentissage et de leadership spécifiques, tout au long du développement stratégique de l’organisation.
This research examines the current reality of the sustainable cultural development, in the Cotacachi –Cayapas Ecological Reserve and its surroundings, part of the UNESCO Global Geoparks (2019), as a world heritage sight located in South America, in the inter-Andean region of the Republic of Ecuador. The diverse cultural and ethnic focusing on the situation of indigenous and peasant people, looking at the processes of their self-awareness, validation, and empowerment. The problems faced by this community are diverse in terms of their empowerment, low levels of education, low levels of economic development, and social, cultural and political discrimination. Their relationships are not stable and their incomes are variable, because they depend on farming and producing livestock on their small plots and the precarious nature of available work in their rural environment. The research enables us to conclude that participation in organizational groups and processes has strengthened the capacity of leadership to collaborate more actively and effectively in the progress and development of their indigenous and peasant communities. This, in turn, enhances success of their projects and makes possible the administration of public and private partnerships that permit social and institutional recognition, contributing to improvement in their standard of living and quality of life and to finds and alternative sustainable economy model based on a cultural tourism.
Tourism affects the lives of an increasing number of people across the world and has been growing and diversifying immensely since the turn of the 21st century. Anthropological approaches to tourism have also expanded from the early contributions of the 1970s, which tended to focus on the nature of tourism and its “impact” on peripheral host communities. These first interventions see anthropologists theorizing tourism as a “secular ritual,” studying its workings as a process of “acculturation,” and countering macroeconomic views of tourism’s potential for the economic development of peripheral societies by underscoring instead its neocolonial and imperialist features. Tourism is linked to the exacerbation of center-periphery dependencies, seen as an agent of cultural commoditization and responsible for the promotion and dissemination of stereotypical images of people and places. Moving beyond the impact paradigm, which has the disadvantage of portraying tourism as an external, disembedded, and imposed force on a passive population, constructivist approaches highlight its creative appropriations and integral role in the reinvention of culture and traditions. Anthropologists pay attention to the varied range of actors and agencies involved in tourism, accounting for the multi-scalar dimensions of this phenomenon and the uneven circulation of images, discourses, and resources it engenders.
Tourism exerts a powerful global influence on how alterity and difference are framed and understood in the contemporary world and contributes to the valorization and dissemination of particular views of culture, identity, and heritage. Tourism is increasingly intertwined with processes of heritage-making, whose study helps advance anthropological reflections on cultural property, material culture, and the memorialization of the past. A key source of livelihood for a growing number of people worldwide, tourism is also becoming more and more associated with development projects in which applied anthropologists are also enrolled as experts and consultants. The study of the tourism-development nexus continues to be a key area of theoretical innovation and has helped advance anthropological debates on North–South relations, dominant responses to poverty and inequality, and their entanglements with neoliberal forms of governance.
Given its diffuse and distributed character, tourism and touristification have been approached as forms of ordering that affect and restructure an ever-growing range of entities, and whose effects are increasingly difficult to tease out from concomitant societal processes. The ubiquitous implementations of tourism policies and projects, the influx of tourists, and the debates, reactions, and resistances these generate underscore, however, the importance of uncovering the ways tourism and its effects are being concretely identified, invoked, acted upon, and confronted by its various protagonists. Research on tourism has the potential to contribute to disciplinary debates on many key areas and notions of concern for anthropology. Culture, ethnicity, identity, alterity, heritage, mobility, labor, commerce, hospitality, intimacy, development, and the environment are among the notions and domains increasingly affected and transformed by tourism. The study of tourism helps understand how such transformations occur, uncovering their features and orientations, while also shedding light on the societal struggles that are at stake in them. The analysis of past and current research shows the scope of the theoretical and methodological debates and of the realms of intervention to which anthropological scholarship on tourism can contribute.
Ecotourism is the useful method of community engagement. All factors related to ecotourism support community livelihoods towards sustainability. The study was conducted with the view to know the possibility of community development through ecotourism in the mangrove areas of Bangladesh. The community participation in ecotourism was assessed significantly with the perception and common interest on natural heritage and environmental conservation and sustainability of the enterprise. The community can contribute and engage themselves by preparing and supplying local foods including organic production and wild foods (aquatic) that enhance the degree of ecotourism through community development. It was elicited that women can work in the prospective enterprise by adding new dimension of handicrafts business using local inputs and forest-based available raw materials. The host communities are the central notion of ecotourism for sustainable development in the study area.
Although family-run micro and small businesses largely form the crux of the locally based tourism sector, either as part of a community organization or as independent units of private enterprise, in El Castillo (Nicaragua) can be found an example of how, even in the absence of a community organization to provide a structural framework, the development of local tourism has sustained practically all businesses set up and run by households, organized largely through family relationships. This structure is pivotal in stoking resilience, not only with regard to private businesses, but also to the system of tourism (specific) and, by extension, to the whole of local society and the surrounding socio-ecosystem, or socio-ecological system (SES) (general). The case study presented here, developed on the basis of long-term ethnographic fieldwork, highlights the role of the family structure within Locally-Based Tourism (LBT) in general and also in specific cases, such as the one studied here, in which it takes on a particularly central role. The confirmation of the importance of families and family relationships as key elements in the robust development of tourism in El Castillo, and of the specific characteristics that its local society presents for this, must be taken into account in order to support Community-Based Tourism projects by institutions and organizations interested in promoting sustainable local development. Indeed, once further case studies are conducted, with a view to providing comparative evidence of these findings, it might even be proven advantageous to create a distinctive subcategory within LBT: Family-Based Tourism.
El debate sobre a los impactos en las relaciones de género del turismo comunitario está Profundamente polarizado. Esta investigación caracteriza el proceso de conformación de una oferta turística bajo gestión comunitaria en 7 iniciativas de Centroamérica: Cooperativa Los Pinos (El Salvador), Finca Magdalena, Ecoposada El Tisey y UCA Miraflor (Nicaragua), Los Campesinos, ASOPROLA y Stribrawpa (Costa Rica). Se analiza también qué tipo de impactos y transformaciones se producen en las relaciones de género en cada una de estas experiencias. La investigación se interroga también si procesos organizativos y de gestión colectiva diferentes poden dar lugar a resultados significativamente distintos desde una perspectiva de género. Concluye el estudio con la identificación de patrones que permiten formular tres posibles modelos con los que interpretar resultados aparentemente contradictorios.
El turismo cada vez tiene mayor presencia en el espacio rural y aunque muchos de los proyectos de turismo constituyen acciones improvisadas e insuficientemente organizadas, existen casos donde se ha logrado establecer con cierto éxito. Para ello, la autogestión que las comunidades rurales han desarrollado colectivamente en torno a los recursos naturales puede ser un factor clave. En el presente artículo se propone un marco metodológico a partir del enfoque de los bienes comunes y los sistemas socio-ecológicos que facilite estudiar los factores que determinan el por qué ciertas comunidades logran auto gestionar de manera colectiva sus recursos naturales en la actividad turística, mientras que otras fracasan o se estancan.
Debates about tourism and rural development in Latin America commonly represent peasant or indigenous populations as socially cohesive but economically unsophisticated, implying that they require outside assistance to engage with tourism. A multi-local or mobile livelihoods approach can help destabilise these representations and draw more attention to the agency and diversity of rural populations. This is illustrated by a case study of tourism development in the localities of Cabanaconde and Tapay in the Colca Valley of southern Peru. In these localities, existing rural–urban links and processes of livelihood diversification enabled people of local origin to independently access tourism markets but also made collective action more difficult. The result was a ‘disorderly’ development of tourism, with benefits accruing to local families countered by failure to achieve collective control or link local resources and identity to tourism. These findings have significance for both policy and research on rural tourism in Latin America. First, they suggest that development institutions should acknowledge that local populations may be more entrepreneurial and individualistic than is commonly assumed. Second, they point to opportunities for more research that takes mobility and multi-locality as frames for studying rural tourism development.
Existe un debate sobre la validez del turismo rural comunitario como estrategia de desarrollo en el mundo rural-campesino. En ese debate, los investigadores suelen contraponer experiencias concretas sobre el que han hecho trabajo de campo. Pero al tratarse de casos concretos, que tienen sus propias características y están envueltos en sus coyunturas particulares, se hace difícil establecer elementos comunes o generalizables. El presente texto propone enfrentar esta limitación a partir de un modelo de análisis estructural, intentando descubrir si el turismo rural comunitario tiene características intrínsecas que expliquen algunos de los problemas y riesgos que la literatura académica ha detectado. Y de esta manera, ayudar a la teorización sobre el turismo rural comunitario.
El análisis del impacto del turismo en el mundo rural ha generado resultados que parecen contradictorios: el turismo como motor de desarrollo versus mecanismo que aumenta la vulnerabilidad y la dependencia; estrategia que empodera a la mujer versus ejercicio que incrementa su carga laboral y consolida una división sexuada del trabajo que la posterga a tareas reproductivas; ocupación que reduce la pobreza versus actividad que sustrae los recursos a los sectores económicos tradicionales; etc. Hemos denominado Dilema de la Dualidad a estas discordancias. Nos preguntamos por la razón de esta disparidad, y planteamos tres hipótesis: a) que las consecuencias son distintas porque los contextos son diferentes; b) que el investigador llega al terreno con convicciones teóricas que le llevan a priorizar unos aspectos sobre otros en sus valoraciones; c) que los destinos pasan por diferentes fases que van de la expansión a la crisis (Ciclo de Vida Turístico), y la valoración es resultado del momento en que se realiza el estudio.
Este artículo explora los procesos de desarrollo turístico recientes liderados por la inversión privada y el mercado en la costa norte del Perú, a través del marco conceptual elaborado por los estudios sobre desarrollo y turismo sostenible. Se utiliza el caso del distrito de Máncora, Piura, para analizar las características de lo que el autor denomina el ‘modelo turístico neoliberal peruano’. Luego, se examinan, desde una aproximación etnográfica multi-escalar, las tensiones y problemas que vienen ocurriendo como resultado de la implementación de dicho modelo en el distrito de Máncora. Finalmente, se exploran los cambios ocurridos en materia de política ambiental y los escasos intentos por modificar el modelo turístico actual. Con ello, se busca contribuir al debate sobre el turismo en la región andina, pero sobre todo, se resalta la urgente necesidad de cambiar el rol del Estado en el desarrollo de los destinos a fin de asegurar la sostenibilidad del turismo en el Perú.
Este artículo explora los procesos de desarrollo turístico recientes liderados por la inversión privada y el mercado en la costa norte del Perú, a través del marco conceptual elaborado por los estudios sobre desarrollo y turismo sostenible. Se utiliza el caso del distrito de Máncora, Piura, para analizar las características de lo que el autor denomina el ‘modelo turístico neoliberal peruano’. Luego, se examinan, desde una aproximación etnográfica multi ‑ escalar, las tensiones y problemas que vienen ocurriendo como resultado de la implementación de dicho modelo en el distrito de Máncora. Finalmente, se exploran los cambios ocurridos en materia de política ambiental y los escasos intentos por modificar el modelo turístico actual. Con ello, se busca contribuir al debate sobre el turismo en la región andina, pero sobre todo, se resalta la urgente necesidad de cambiar el rol del Estado en el desarrollo de los destinos a fin de asegurar la sostenibilidad del turismo en el Perú.
This paper outlines the idea of how anthropology has been very influenced by tourism and tourism has been affected by anthropology in its objects, problems, issues, methods and epistemologies. Developing this idea, we present some discussions and perspectives that anthropology has applied to the study and research of indigenous tourism, an emerging subfleld in the scientific literature of tourism that has been historically much appreciated by some anthropologists of tourism, who gave anthropology of tourism its foundations through their work. We will give special importance to indigenous tourism in Latin America, the least recognized by the international scientific literature, but not less important in terms of examples of tourist and cultural diversity.
The main objective of the present research was to understand residents' opinions regarding community-based tourism in Cape Verde, with a special emphasis on their perceptions of the impacts that tourism has on their community and personal lives, as well as residents' influence through their contributions to higher levels of development. Quantitative methods were applied and a questionnaire was designed, using stratified random sampling to obtain a sample in proportion to each island's population. A total of 1,615 valid questionnaires were obtained. The findings show that Cape Verde residents do not have a favourable opinion of their country's economic situation and public security, but they are aware of the potential for more tourism development because of Cape Verde's excellent resources. Residents, therefore, have a high degree of acceptance of tourism development. However, tourism has evolved quite differently across the islands. In order for tourism in this country to be sustainable and to ensure that residents perceive the benefits they can receive from tourism, greater participation by local residents in tourism initiatives is needed. Policymakers, thus, must answer to the needs of local communities and ensure the benefits of tourism reach residents.
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo ofrecer una primera aproximación al turismo comunitario en Ecuador, tanto desde el punto de vista conceptual como en el plano empírico. Para ello se parte de una revisión de la literatura relativa a la conceptualización del turismo comunitario, a nivel general y en América Latina. Seguidamente se presenta una panorámica de la regulación y las políticas públicas aplicadas en el caso ecuatoriano. Finalmente, el trabajo se completa con un análisis del volumen y principales características de la oferta de este tipo de turismo en Ecuador, tomando como base los datos oficiales del Ministerio de Turismo correspondientes a los períodos 2013-2015 y los proporcionados por la FEPTCE para el período 2006-2015. A
partir de ese análisis intentamos establecer unas conclusiones provisionales sobre el papel actual del turismo comunitario y su posible contribución a la diversificación de actividades en las áreas rurales de Ecuador.
This paper analyses the impact of tourism on total and extreme monetary poverty, in order to illuminate the debate surrounding the links between tourism and poverty. We apply fixed effects models to panel data on the Peruvian departments for the period 2001–2013. We also identify the key factors in the tourism model affecting the empirical results. Our findings show that tourism is important for the poor, but its benefits do not reach the extreme poor to the same extent, and its potential is not fully exploited. The weak macroenvironment and low community participation impede poverty reduction through tourism.
An ethnological and ethno-historical essay that describes the struggle for the ownership of farmland in a Quechua speaking native community located in an island on Lake Titicaca. Taquile was sold at auction to a Spaniard during the second half of the XVI century and then successively to others at several auctions until the XVIII century, when owners from Puno developed it as their own estate, referring to its inhabitants as settlers. A remarkable agrarian reform began in 1942, when the natives started buying their land and obtaining official title deeds to their property. A passionate study about their struggle to achieve this and the state of affairs in Taquile island during the fifties.
This study compares the Andean communities of Taquile Island and Chiquian, Peru, which differ in their level of integration for their respective tourism sector. Integration was primarily defined by percentage of local people employed, type and degree of participation, decision-making power, and ownership in the local tourism sector. Prin-cipally social and economic aspects were measured and evaluated, recognising that considerable local support and participation in tourism decision making are linked to issues of ownership and control. It was found that higher levels of integration would lead to enhanced socioeconomic benefits for the community. A framework for commu-nity integration was developed that could help guide research, planning, development and evaluation of community-based tourism projects.
Tourism has become a development tool for many rural and more isolated areas to supplement traditional industries that are often in decline. In this paper, development of cultural rural tourism is examined in a case study of a French Acadian region on an island in eastern Canada. The roles of culture and community-based partnerships are considered in a proposed framework with four evolving development stages. The findings suggest that the framework is useful for rural tourism development; that culture, which is often well preserved in rural areas, is a valuable resource to include; and that community-based partnerships such as cooperatives may be very effective.RésuméLe tourisme est devenu un outil de développement pour plusieurs régions rurales et isolées. Il permet d’ajouter aux revenus provenant des industries traditionnelles qui sont souvent en déclin. Dans ce texte, le développement du tourisme culturel rural est examiné dans une région Acadienne-française située sur une île dans l’est du Canada par une étude de cas. Les rôles de la culture et des partenariats basés sur la communauté sont étudiés à l’intérieur d’une structure composée de quatre étapes de développement. Les résultats suggèrent que la structure soit utile pour le développement du tourisme rural. De plus, ils suggèrent que la culture, qui est souvent bien conservé dans les régions rurales, soit une ressource valable à inclure et que les partenariats basés sur la communauté, tels que les coopératives, peuvent être très efficaces.
Generally Western scholars think that active local participation in decisionmaking is a precondition for benefits reaching communities. In developing countries, however, this paradigm is difficult to put into practice owing to various constraints. Based on a study in the Jiuzhaigou Biosphere Reserve of China, it is demonstrated that despite weak participation in decisionmaking processes, the local community can benefit sufficiently from tourism. Thus, to have a say in the management arena is only one of many ways to ensure that local people benefit from ecotourism. Rather, the modes of participation are related to the institutional arrangements and the different stages of tourism development present in a community.RésuméPrise de décision communautaire: participation au développement. Généralement, les savants occidentaux pensent que la participation locale active pour prendre des décisions est une condition préalable pour que les bénéfices s’étendent aux communautés. Dans les pays en voie de développement, par contre, ce paradigme est difficile à mettre en pratique en raison de diverses contraintes. En se basant sur une étude de la Réserve de biosphère de Jiuzhaigou en Chine, on démontre que, malgré une faible participation aux processus décisionnaires, la communauté locale peut bénéficier suffisamment du tourisme. Ainsi, avoir voix à l’arène gestionnaire n’est qu’un seul moyen parmi beaucoup pour assurer que les habitants bénéficient de l’écotourisme. Les modes de participation sont plutôt liés aux arrangements et aux différentes étapes de développement de tourisme dans une communauté.
This multidisciplinary volume dicusses the impact of tourism on sustainable development in the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Mediterranean. Bringing together scholars, development practitioners, international experts, and professionals, the contributors discuss the issues from a holistic and transnational perspective. This work provides a much-needed, thorough understanding of the interplay among economic, cultural, environmental, and public health parameters.
The contributors provide a workable definition of sustainable development that can be understood, conveyed, and implemented by policy makers, development practitioners, and tourism professionals. Among the special issues addressed here are the role of women in tourism, the contradictions inherent in cultural tourism, the hegemony of tour operators, disease mapping and risk assessment, and island community involvement in tourism-related land-use planning.
El incremento del turismo receptivo ha sido una de las esperanzas más reiteradas en el Perú de los últimos tiempos, para conseguir el despegue económico o, al menos, el alivio de la pobreza de varios lugares del país, especialmente en la región de la sierra. Y, en efecto, el número de turistas extranjeros y nacionales se ha multiplicado recientemente, no solamente en el Perú, sino en todo el mundo. No se cuenta, sin embargo, con estudios que den cuenta de los efectos de esta actividad recreativa en las regiones receptoras. ¿Ha sido realmente el arribo de esos simpáticos viajeros de pantalones cortos, cámaras fotográficas al hombro y botellitas de agua al cinto, una ayuda económica para los campesinos andinos? El libro del antropólogo catalán Jorge Gascón, ofrece un interesante relato de lo ocurrido en la isla de Amantaní, en el lago Titicaca, popularizada desde hace algún tiempo como un ícono del "turismo étnico". Aunque basado en esa experiencia puntual, la lectura de su trabajo permite comprender y reflexionar con mayor profundidad sobre un fenómeno llamado a crecer fuertemente en los próximos años.
INDICE
1. La diferenciación campesina
2. La formación de un recurso comunal y su consolidación como recurso estructurador
3. Los conflictos por el control del turismo
4.El conflicto en el ámbito religioso. Los agentes parroquiales y los lancheros adventistas
5. El conflicto en el ámbito polìtico-institucional. La gobernación y la municipalidad
6. Nuevas estrategias, nuevas alianzas. La crisis del “doble triángulo”.
Conclusiones.
Bibliografía
A distinction has to be made between mass tourism as part of a consumerist society, and tourism as a vehicle for the diffusion of cultural and environmental values in rural areas. Based on a number of case studies, we aim to analyze the interplay of the cooperative component and a type of ecotourism or "nature oriented" tourism that transcends the limits of conventional tourism centered on the mere supply of lodging, food, buying and entertainment services. Both cooperatives, in their not-for-profit orientation and ecotourism, in its quest for non-consuming resource use and policies of decommodification that subordinate economic ends to social and cultural considerations, depend on qualitative criteria to assess their performance. How do they interact? What are the potentials and the limitations of such an interaction?.
Redefining 'community' and considering the effects tourism has on culture, this detailed book delivers an ethnographic account of both the toured and touring community in Goreme, central Turkey. Hazel Tucker presents an in-depth analysis of the interactions between tourists, the local community and place. She demonstrates the implications that community ownership and participation in tourism have for the politics of representation and identity, and also for the nature of the tourist experience. Dealing with contentious theoretical issues related to globalization and culture, Tucker challenges contemporary thinking relating to tourism authenticity and cultural sustainability, and shows how, together with host communities, tourists themselves are continuously negotiating their own identities and experiences in interaction with the people and places they meet. This fascinating book develops a dynamic notion of culture and tourism sustainability, providing new insights not only for scholars of tourism, but also for those in the areas of anthropology, geography and social studies who wish to gain a deeper understanding of this global phenomenon in the contemporary world.
Within the past century, international tourists have increasingly sought exotic destinations in their pursuit of relaxation, escape, and adventure. Recognizing the opportunity to earn valuable foreign currency, developing countries have catered to these desires by encouraging tourism development. The interplay between "hosts" and "guests" and the impact of tourism on host communities have been recurring themes in the anthropological literature on tourism, but scholars recognize that these categories have several limitations. The terms gloss over the wide variation that exists in the tourist experience for both guests and hosts, and ignore the important actors known as mediators. This article examines the role of mediators in two post-Soviet Central Asia states: Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Mediators there are particularly important because neither country is well known in Western countries, and neither country inherited a well-developed tourist infrastructure from the Soviet state. These mediators are cultivating a positive image of Central Asia as a new tourist destination, developing tourist accommodations, and lobbying government institutions to support and regulate tourism. However, the industry is rife with conflict and competition. (Tourism, development, Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan).
This book examines the effects of tourism on Caribbean culture and the region's environment and social cohesion. The author questions whether tourism offers long-term development prospects or short-term exploitation of resources and people. The structures of ownership and control, and the benefits tourism brings to the region are explored. The author analyses the new vogue of "ecotourism' and asks whether tourists can preserve the environment. Claims that tourism corrupts Caribbean society are also addressed. Nine chapters are presented: history and power; the planning factor; employment; the social impact; the environment and ecotourism; the tourists; the cruise-ship industry; culture and identity, and future prospects for the region. It is believed that with the proper planning, tourism can act as an engine of self-sustaining growth for the region. -after Publisher
Trends in Tourism Total international tourist arrivals have grown from a mere 25 million in 1950 to nearly 700 million in 2003. This represents an average annual growth rate close to 7% over this period. The receipts generated by these arrivals have reached over 500 billion US dollars in 2003, with an average annual growth rate even higher than that of arrivals. Short-term data available for the first part of 2004, and reported in the last WTO World Tourism Barometer, confirm the upward trend already visible at the end of 2003. With the relaxing of the major geopolitical tensions and in spite of uncertainty constant all over the world, signs indicate that travel confidence is improving significantly. The positive economic performance and prospects in the major tourism generating markets indicate that conditions are met for demand to be back on the growth track. Europe is the first region in the world in terms both of international tourist arrivals (57.8% in 2003) and international tourism receipts (54.8 %) (Source: WTO barometer, Volume 2, No. 2, June 2004). Europe is also the continent most aware about sustainability questions and has the economic and technical ability to develop sustainable practices in tourism. This represents a challenge and a responsibility for the region, since tourism policies and strategies developed here are likely to be emulated in other regions.
Applied anthropology in the United States emerged as a mixture of New Deal humanitarian liberalism and progressive industrial management ideology and in Britain as a humanitarian advisory function for colonial administration in Africa. In both countries applied practitioners were subjected to considerable ideological criticism during the I96os and '7os. In the U.S. case, one manifestation of this critical approach was Sol Tax's populist-inspired action anthropology, which renounced the employment of practitioners by government or any large organization in favor of voluntary academic projects engaging in intensive intervention in the problems and needs of local communities. The approach did not prevail, but its ideas continue to stimulate interest. Meanwhile, applied anthropology was undergoing attenuation as cultural anthropology proliferated into ''institutional anthropologies.'' The significance of these subfields (e.g., educational anthropology) was that they replicated the approach of sociology and economics: social scientific intervention as a normal part of the institutional activities of modern society. The basic problem in fitting anthropology for practical application was the preoccupation of the discipline with tribal (not contemporary urban-industrial) society.
Tourism has become a development tool for many rural and more isolated areas to supplement traditional industries that are often in decline. In this paper, development of cultural rural tourism is examined in a case study of a French Acadian region on an island in eastern Canada. The roles of culture and community-based partnerships are considered in a proposed framework with four evolving development stages. The findings suggest that the framework is useful for rural tourism development; that culture, which is often well preserved in rural areas, is a valuable resource to include; and that community-based partnerships such as cooperatives may be very effective.
The purpose of this paper is to explore residents’ perceptions toward casino development. Specifically, this paper examines whether there are significant differences between residents’ perceptions before and after the casino development and whether impact factors are correlated with both support for casino and expected personal benefits.Paired t-tests show that residents’ perceptions were significantly different before and after the casino development. Specifically, residents were likely to perceive positive impacts less strongly and negative impacts as being less worse after the casino opened than they did prior to the casino's opening. In contrast, residents were likely to perceive direct gambling costs as being more serious after the casino opened than they did prior to the casino's opening.Correlation analysis indicates that those residents who supported the casino development were likely to perceive economic and social impacts more positively. Residents who perceived they would personally benefit from the casino development were also likely to express economic and social impacts more positively, indicating support for a social exchange theory.
Surveys were conducted in 1978 and 1992 to reveal perceptions and attitudes of residents of the Spey Valley, Scotland, towards tourism and related issues. It was found that a remarkable stability in attitudes persisted over the 14-year period and, although most residents are positive towards tourism, through use of an index of consensus it was revealed that negative views had somewhat increased. This can largely be explained by an economic downturn, decline of the main resort facility, and perceived failure of tourism to provide desired benefits — combined with recognition of the area's dependency on tourism. Conclusions are drawn for tourism planning and management in Spey Valley, and regarding the theory and uses of perception and attitude measures.
Obra que reconstruye el origen y evolución de las actuales redes transnacionales que, con la utilización de las nuevas tecnologías informativas como recurso organizador y aglutinador, han logrado constituirse en movimientos más o menos presionadores en la defensa de los derechos humanos, de la protección ambiental y de una mayor equidad de género, entre otros.
Latin American Music Review 26.1 (2005) 115-122
Anthropologist Lynn A. Meisch brings a wealth of experience and a unique perspective into a portrayal of the changing lives of the Otavalos, an indigenous people from a small valley nestled in the heart of Imbabura Province in the northern Ecuadorian Sierra. While Otavalos (also known as Otavaleños) maintain strong attachments to their native valley, today, their population of approximately 60,000 lives and works not only in the town of Otavalo itself, but throughout the entire world as part of a growing trade diaspora. In her ethnography, Andean Entrepreneurs: Otavalo Merchants and Musicians in the Global Arena, Meisch describes how Otavalos have responded to twentieth- and twenty-first-century global processes and increasing transnational migration by seizing the opportunity to capitalize on these social and economic dynamics as active participants on the global arena and as keen entrepreneurs in transnational music and merchant ventures. Meisch argues that rather than forfeiting their indigenousness to become players on the global scale, Otavalos have, instead, affirmed and even strengthened their ethnic identity in the process. By doing so, they directly challenge stereotypes of indigenous practices as lagging behind technology, of peasant societies as reluctant participants in modern processes, and of supposed incompatibilities between traditional lifestyles and modern trends.
This ethnography is ambitious in scope and engages several important themes. Briefly, Meisch analyzes the Otavalos' formation as an ethnic and cultural group within social, political, cultural, and economic matrices that extend far beyond their original communities. She describes the development of an entrepreneurial ethic among Otavalos within historical and contemporary circumstances. She explores the nature of postmodern societies defined in relation to transnationalism and the multiple involvements that transmigrants sustain in both home and host societies, and considers the ways by which Otavalos address and understand the resulting social and economic changes in their community. Finally, the author identifies tensions that result from global interactions in the town of Otavalo itself, namely through tourism, and the ways by which Otavalos variously profit from, adapt to, resist, and succumb to its demands.
For Ecuadorianist scholars, and particularly for those of us who work in the Otavalo area, the detail of information Meisch provides constitutes a reliable reference for supplementing and crosschecking our own data. Meisch, who has conducted research in the region for over thirty years, has also been an important resource in the field, offering guidance and facilitating contacts for many of us. Her acquaintance and fictive kin networks are extensive, allowing her to remain informed about Otavalo communities both at home and abroad, and thus positioning her ideally for an ethnographic endeavor of significant historical and geographical range. The impressive feat that Meisch has accomplished in conducting research among an increasingly dispersed population is worthy of acknowledgment. Having said this, as with all ethnographies, the book is not without its limitations. Whatever its merits or shortcomings, it is, nonetheless, a pleasure to see the fruit of several decades of sustained work in published form. I offer the following comments in the spirit of scholarly critique and ongoing intellectual dialogue.
The most important contributions of Andean Entrepreneurs appear in the first few chapters with Meisch's recounting of the historical involvement of Otavalos in mercantile ventures, and the formation of an entrepreneurial ethic within this historical experience. In addition, her chapter on tourism and travel to Otavalo, provides a good overview of scholarly literature on tourism and offers helpful statistics on migration, tourism, and craft production. The chapter on merchants and musicians on the global arena offers such detailed descriptions of the processes of commercial migration that beyond invoking a comprehensive picture for scholars, it could practically be studied by Otavalos themselves as a how-to manual since it contains formulas for travel and marketing, warnings about pitfalls in the international system, advice about popular sales destinations, and ideas for successful entrepreneurial ventures.
The strength of Meisch's ethnographic description, however, is not always counterbalanced with equally rigorous analysis. This is particularly evident in the latter portion of the book. Meisch...
This paper proposes that an anthropology of postmodern Australia should accord some priority to the analysis of cultural brokerage. In the first instance, cultural brokers are simply defined as those who trade in popular culture at a national/international level. They are located between the core areas of global production on the one hand and semi-peripheral areas of popular consumption on the other. But brokers do much more than merely trade in culture. They define its meaning, they establish its significance in the overall order of things, they endow it with particular kinds of power. These points are briefly illustrated with reference to the Australian Grand Prix.
Essential to the function of an innovator—particularly a group-straddling one such as a “marginal man” or “culture broker”—is the manner in which others view him and the genesis of his mandate to innovate. An account of the genesis of a culture broker in a Yucatan peasant community suggests that ambiguity during the development of the innovator role may allow novel behavior while retarding negative sanction. The case described may help us understand the manner in which culture-straddling brokers arise and receive permission to innovate.
Tourism development in mountain regions is reported to bring economic growth to host communities. However, the literature reveals that the economic, environmental and cultural impacts of tourism development in these regions vary greatly and that a number of critical factors may explain that variability. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to explore the role of community involvement and number/type of visitors on tourism impacts in mountain destinations. The study followed a controlled comparison method [Eggan, F. (1954). Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison. American Anthropologist, 56(5), 743–763] including field observations and individual and group interviews in two popular mountain destinations in Asia: Annapurna, Nepal, and Northwest Yunnan, China. The findings suggested that level of host involvement in management and number/type of tourists helped explain these destinations’ varying degrees of economic leakage, local control, and socio-economic inequity. Moreover, both destinations appeared to cope with their challenges through cooperative community efforts supported by non-governmental agencies.
Rural Idaho residents were surveyed to determine their perceptions and attitudes about tourism. The towns represented three levels of tourism dependence: high, moderate, and low. The study goals were to assess if women and men had differing perceptions, and to determine if there were gender differences at different tourism dependence levels. Descriptive statistical analysis of individual items was followed with factor analysis, which showed no differences in gender perceptions. However, items analyzed separately exhibited some differences due to gender. While past research suggests women and men do not benefit equally from tourism, this and other perception studies show few differences. Further exploration could include in-depth interviewing, longitudinal studies, or combined efforts.RésuméHommes, femmes et le niveau de dépendance communautaire au tourisme. On a fait un sondage d'opinion auprès des habitants ruraux en Idaho (USA) pour déterminer leurs perceptions au sujet du tourisme. Les villes ont représenté trois niveaux de dépendance au tourisme: haut, modéré et bas. Le propos était de déterminer si les hommes et les femmes avaient des perceptions différentes et si les différences variaient selon le niveau de dépendance au tourisme. Les résultats dépendent de la façon d'analyser chaque réponse. Alors que d'autres recherches suggèrent que les hommes et les femmes ne bénéficient pas des mêmes avantages du tourisme, les études sur les perceptions montrent peu de différences. Des explorations additionnelles pourraient utiliser des interviews en profondeur, des études longitudinales ou des efforts joints.
The two lines of origin of the modern tourist guide are the pathfinder and the mentor. These are the antecedents, respectively, of the leadership and the mediatory spheres in the guide's role. Since each has an inner and an outer directed aspect, four major components of the role are distinguished: the instrumental, social, interactionary, and communicative. The dynamics of development of the role from the Original to the Professional Guide is represented as a transition of emphasis from the instrumental to the communicative component. Aside from this main line of development, two new role types have differentiated: the Animator and the Tour-leader, emphasizing, respectively, the social and the interactionary components. The Original Guide's function is to produce attractions in the marginal regions of the ecological tourist system, while that of the Professional Guide is to reproduce the attractions in the central regions of the system.
The purpose of this study is to identify and examine the attitudes of residents in Bath, United Kingdom, towards tourism development. This paper holds that impact research conducted on hosts’ perceptions is predominantly descriptive and lacking in a consistent approach to measurement. The primary aim here is to establish a benchmark study for the city, enabling future longitudinal and comparative analyses of host attitudes. A sample was secured from the residents, and factor and regression analyses conducted, to ascertain whether there were any underlying dimensions regarding their attitudes toward tourism development, and whether socioeconomic and demographic characteristics were useful predictors of these attitudes.RésuméLes impacts sociaux du tourisme: une étude de cas de Bath, au Royaume-Uni. L’objet de cette étude est d’identifier et d’examiner les attitudes des habitants d’une ville britannique envers le développement du tourisme. L’article soutient que les recherches entreprises au sujet des perceptions de la communauté d’accueil sont essentiellement descriptives et manquent d’une approche cohérente au mesurage. Le but principal ici est de réaliser une étude de référence de la ville qui permettrait des analyses longitudinales et comparatives futures des attitudes de la communauté d’accueil. On a fait un sondage des habitants, puis on a fait une analyse factorielle et une analyse de régression pour savoir s’il y avait des dimensions sous-jacentes relatives à leurs attitudes envers le développement du tourisme et si les caractéristiques socioéconomiques et démographiques étaient des indices utiles de ces attitudes.
This paper examines tourism planning and management in the Andean community of Taquile Island, Peru. A framework of community integration in tourism was developed and applied to this community in a case study approach. The intention of this framework is to help guide planning, development, management, research, and evaluation of community-based tourism projects. Community integration in tourism was primarily defined in terms of decision-making power structures and processes, local control or ownership, type and distribution of employment, and the number of local people employed in the local tourism sector. It was found that a high level of community integration on Taquile Island led to greater socioeconomic benefits for a majority of residents.RésuméL'intégration communautaire: le tourisme insulaire au Pérou. Cet article examine la planification et la gestion du tourisme à l'ı̂le de Taquile, au Pérou. On a développé et appliqué un cadre théorique d'intégration communautaire du tourisme à cette ı̂le en utilisant une approche d'étude de cas. Le propos de ce cadre est d'appuyer les phases de planification, développement, gestion, recherche et évaluation des projets de tourisme communautaire. On définit l'intégration communautaire dans le tourisme en fonction des facteurs suivants: pouvoir et processus décisionnaires, autorité et droits de propriété locaux, répartition et qualité des emplois et nombre d'habitants employés dans le secteur de tourisme local. On a trouvé qu'un haut niveau d'intégration communautaire a mené à de plus grands bénéfices socioéconomiques pour une majorité d'habitants.
This paper considers the ad hoc development of ecotourism at Ostional, Costa Rica, and the potential benefits for the local community in the absence of government planning or intervention. In 1995, only four percent of Ostional households identified tourism as a source of income; however, this was substantial in comparison to that derived from other economic activities. While most Ostional residents had positive attitudes toward tourism, they had limited awareness of employment or investment opportunities. Lack of awareness, along with increased activity by outside investors, suggests that, in the absence of formalized planning or intervention, the possibilities for the community at Ostional to further benefit from tourism development will be limited.RésuméL'Écotourisme dans des communautés rurales en voie de développement. Cet article examine l'évolution improvisée de l'écotourisme à Ostional au Costa Rica et ses avantages potentiels pour la communauté en absence d'organisation et d'intervention gouvernementales. En 1995, seulement quatre pour cent de la population d'Ostional signalaient le tourisme comme source de revenu, ce chiffre était pourtant considérable par rapport aux revenus obtenus de toutes autres activités économiques. Bien que la plupart des habitants d'Ostional se montraient favorables aux tourisme, ils faisaient preuve d'une conscience limitée d'occasions pour l'emploi et pour les investissements économiques. Cette conscience limitée, ajouté àune activité financière intensifiée des investisseurs extérieurs, suggère que, sans planification ou intervention formelles, les bénéfices possibles du tourisme pour la communauté d'Ostional seront limités.
The people of Taquile Island on the Peruvian side of beautiful Lake Titicaca, the highest navigable lake in the Americas, are renowned for the hand-woven textiles that they both wear and sell to outsiders. One thousand seven hundred Quechua-speaking peasant farmers, who depend on potatoes and the fish from the lake, host the forty thousand tourists who visit their island each year. Yet only twenty-five years ago, few tourists had even heard of Taquile. In Weaving a Future: Tourism, Cloth, and Culture on an Andean Island, Elayne Zorn documents the remarkable transformation of the isolated rocky island into a community-controlled enterprise that now provides a model for indigenous communities worldwide. Over the course of three decades and nearly two years living on Taquile Island, Zorn, who is trained in both the arts and anthropology, learned to weave from Taquilean women. She also learned how gender structures both the traditional lifestyles and the changes that tourism and transnationalism have brought. In her comprehensive and accessible study, she reveals how Taquileans used their isolation, landownership, and communal organizations to negotiate the pitfalls of globalization and modernization and even to benefit from tourism. This multi-sited ethnography set in Peru, Washington, D.C., and New York City shows why and how cloth remains central to Andean society and how the marketing of textiles provided the experience and money for Taquilean initiatives in controlling tourism. The first book about tourism in South America that centers on traditional arts as well as community control, Weaving a Future will be of great interest to anthropologists and scholars and practitioners of tourism, grassroots development, and the fiber arts.
In the Andean city of Otavalo, Ecuador, a cultural renaissance is now taking place against a backdrop of fading farming traditions, transnational migration, and an influx of new consumer goods. Recently, Otavalenos have transformed their textile trade into a prosperous tourist industry, exporting colorful weavings around the world. Tracing the connections among newly invented craft traditions, social networks, and consumption patterns, Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld highlights the way ethnic identities and class cultures materialize in a sensual world that includes luxurious woven belts, powerful stereos, and garlic roasted cuyes (guinea pigs). Yet this case reaches beyond the Andes. He shows how local and global interactions intensify the cultural expression of the world's emerging "native middle classes," at times leaving behind those unable to afford the new trappings of indigenous identity. Colloredo-Mansfeld also comments on his experiences working as an artist in Otavalo. His drawings, along with numerous photographs, animate this engaging study in economic anthropology.
Tesis (Ph. D. Anthropology) University of California, Riverside. Copia xerox.
Este documento pretende mostrar los esfuerzos de la organización comunitaria para impulsar su desarrollo a partir de la artesanía y del turismo competitivo, resguardando su patrimonio cultural; para ello, se describe sistemáticamente los elementos más significativos de la experiencia de la isla Taquile en torno a una nueva actividad económica: el turismo ecológico-cultural. Y finalmente, busca ser referente para el tratamiento de la competitividad y el desarrollo local de diversas comunidades.
The theme of the edited book acknowledges the multiple meanings of quality tourism experiences, the diverse contexts in which tourism occurs, and the varied stakeholders associated directly or indirectly with the phenomenon of tourism. "Quality tourism experiences" is a widely used phrase in tourism and tourism-related texts and is associated with a diversity of meanings and usage. Meanings are ascribed by industry/business, government agencies, tourists, community and academics. The phrase is used to argue, for example, for positive social impacts, economic benefits, environmental protection, government policy formulation, discrimination between tourism products as well as issues associated with sustainability. Subsequently, the phrase "quality tourism experiences" is not a nomothetic term but rather one associated with multiple interpretations and meanings. The book"s overarching tenet is that "quality" is a socially constructed term (as are the terms tourism experiences). Authors investigate the role of the mass media, the role of travel providers, the role of host communities, the role of tourists, and the role of "government" at all its levels. From an academic perspective, quality tourism experiences are associated with interaction between host and guest (tourists and community perspectives), the classification of type of tourism product (tourism industry and government sector perspectives), market differentiation and development, tourist perspectives, the notion of an integrated system and benefits from an economic perspective. Similarly, quality is associated with different meanings and is used in a variety of contexts within tourism literature. For example quality is associated with service quality, quality assurance/auditing and control, perceptions of quality at an individual/business/community level, that is, stakeholder level, and in regard to product and market differentiation. The book draws together writers from different backgrounds and interdisciplinary interests and research methodologies, as a consequence, the book provides a model of the way researchers can work together to illuminate an area and to provide multiple representations and interpretations of that area. Moreover the book demonstrates interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary and intradisciplinary approaches and collaborations. Yes Yes
Informe de viaje a las islas Taquile y Amantaní
- E Contorno
- L Tamayo
Contorno, E., and L. Tamayo 2000 Informe de viaje a las islas Taquile y Amantanı ´. Email (16 May)
Taquile en Lima: siete familias cuentan
- M. Matos
- M. Matos
Taquile y sus tejidos
- R. Prochaska
- R. Prochaska