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Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts
Abstract
In this study, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of water and ethanol extracts of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed (PAS) were investigated. The antioxidant properties of both extracts of PAS were evaluated using different antioxidant tests, including reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activities. Twenty μg/ml of water and ethanol extracts exhibited 99.1 and 77.5% inhibition of peroxidation in linoleic acid system, which was greater than the same concentration of α-tocopherol (36.1%). These various antioxidant activities were compared with synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and α-tocopherol. The water extract of PAS exhibited greater antioxidant capacity than that of ethanol. Antimicrobial activity tests were carried out using disc diffusion methods with 10 microbial species.
... Our body produces some antioxidants on its own, but an insufficient amount. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants; hence supplement doses from foods are necessary, and medicinal plants consider a good source, [12], [13], [14]. This study aimed to compare the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oils extracted from the seeds of fennel and anise, which were grown in two locations that differed in altitude and precipitation rates. ...
... Performed by hydrodistillation a Clevenger apparatus was used, samples of 100 g from the dried and cleaned mixed seeds of fennel and anise of both cultivated locations within three replications, were powdered and mixed with 1000 mL distilled water then placed in a 2000 mL round-bottom flask and connected to a Clevenger-type apparatus to extract the essential oil with hydro distillation for 120 minutes. The resulted in essential oils were collected, and kept in a dark glass bottle at 4°C until analyzed by GC/MS [12], [15]. ...
... The highest portion of terpenoids were oxygenated monoterpenes 62.809% with structure C10H12O or C10H16O, showed by peak no. 5,7,8,9,12, and 14, were identified as Fenchone, Carvone, Camphor, Estragole, Anethole, and Anisylpropanone respectively. The other portion 1.284% of terpenoids represented by sesquiterpenes with structure C15H24, detected in peaks no. 15 and 18, identified as Copaene and Cubebene respectively, whilst the minimum presented aromatic compounds was 4.529% detected in peak no. ...
... Further, Ghlissi et al. [41] have currently revealed that Galactose at 33.47%, β-d-Glucose at 26.71%, and α-d-Mannose at 18.21% were the major monosaccharides components presenting in polysaccharide preparation from Pimpinella anisum seeds, while β-d-Galactose, d-Fructose, α-d-Glucose, α-l-Galactose, and arabinose were the minor constituents. In essential oil, eugenol trans-anethole, anisaldehyde, methylchavicol, estragole, scopoletin, coumarins, umbelliferone, terpene hydrocarbons, estrols, polyenes, and polyacetylenes were the major compounds of Pimpinella anisum seed extracts [42]. In fruits, the extracts showed also a higher quantity of trans-anethole (93.9%) and minimum fractions of estragole (2.4%), methyleugenol, α-himachalene, α-cuparene, β-bisabolene, p-anisaldehyde, and cis-anethole (0.06%) [7]. ...
... In another study, Gülçın et al. [42] used the disc diffusion method to examine the antibacterial properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of P. anisum against 10 bacterial species, including Candida albicans. As a result, water extract was found to have an inhibitory impact against Candida albicans but not against Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [42]. ...
... In another study, Gülçın et al. [42] used the disc diffusion method to examine the antibacterial properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of P. anisum against 10 bacterial species, including Candida albicans. As a result, water extract was found to have an inhibitory impact against Candida albicans but not against Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [42]. The ethanolic extract, in contrast hand, exhibited a strong inhibitory effect against all of the examined microorganisms but was ineffective against Candida albicans. ...
Anise, or Pimpinella anisum, has a long history of usage in traditional and alternative medicine, as well as in the pharmaceutical sector. The species is native to Southwest Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean region. The current studies have revealed that wild and cultivated P. anisum are rich in bioactive compounds, such as phenols, tannins, carotenoids, and fatty acids. Different parts of P. anisum plant are used treatment of diseases, the treatment of pathogens for antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal purposes, and cosmetics. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge on geographical distribution, cultivation, chemical compounds, extraction methods, and agronomic and medicinal uses of Pimpinella anisum. Equally, we suggested guidelines for future research to fill the gap in less investigated issues. Data for this paper was gathered via electronic literature search on Google, Google Scholar, and databases counting, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, PubMed, and Hindawi, from 1930 to 2022. Analyzed data show that Pimpinella anisum is currently recorded from Portugal on the Atlantic Ocean in the west to China in the East. With new extraction methods, such as Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, scientists have explored the higher quantities of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants, and revealed new constituents such as trans-anethole and estragole found in essential oil fruits by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). These compounds showed significant therapeutic benefits against diseases, pathogens, and cosmetic roles. However, with the current impacts of climate change on natural vegetation cover, more investigations are needed to understand how these affect the geographical distribution, metabolic aspects, and chemical properties of Pimpinella anisum. These are suggested to increase the value of the species and ensure its conservation.
... A free radicals or ROS scavengers, many antioxidants found in plants have been identified so far. Searching naturally occuring antioxidants in plants to utilze in foods and medications has received far more attention recently since synthetic antioxidants have become increasingly unpopular because of their undesirable adverse effects, like carcinogenesis [7]. Currently, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are the antioxidants that are most frequently utilized. ...
... The growth inhibition zones around the discs consisting of antibiotics and plant extracts were measured and recorded. Clear zones of inhibition encircling the discs indicated the presence of antibacterial action [7]. Standard antimicrobial discs were compared to grape extracts: clavulanic acid-amoxycillin (10/20 μg/disc), gentamicin (10 μg/disc), sulbactam-ampicillin (10/10 μg/disc), and ciprofloxacin (5 μg/ disc, BD BBL™ Sensi-Disc™). ...
Grapes (Vitis vinifera), grape extracts, and grape products are known to possess beneficial effects. Antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition activities of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera) extracts were studied and compared to standards. The IC 50 values of the ethanol extract of the Tayfi grape's scavenging abilities for ABTS˙+ and DPPH˙radicals were found to be 5.9 and 16.1 μg/mL, respectively, higher than those of positive controls. Also, the phenolic and flavonoid ingredients of the Tayfi grape seed ethanol extract were measured to be 82.8 mg GAE/g and 91 mg QE/g. The Tayfi grape seed water and ethanol extracts exhibited IC 50 values of 5.3 and 5.8 μg/mL toward α-glycosidase, respectively; 385.2 and 567.6 μg/mL toward α-amylase; 27.1 and 13.8 μg/mL toward acetylcho-linesterase (AChE); and 54.7 and 12.6 μg/mL toward CA II. Twenty-two biomolecules were detected by LC-MS/MS. The four types of conventional antibiotics utilized by hospitals proved ineffective against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The Tayfi grape ethanol and water extracts had high AChE, α-glycosidase, and CA II inhibitions in addition to having antioxidant activity. The use of Tayfi grape extracts for pharmacological purposes in individuals with the diseases mentioned above can be sustained by clinical pharmacology studies.
... It mainly contains trans-anethole and anethole, followed by estragole, sterols, scopoletin, coumarins, limonene, and pinens [10][11][12]. Its seeds are cultivated commercially and are used for flavoring [13], and its aromatic seeds have been used in medicine as a mild expectorant [14,15]. ...
... Balbino et al. [74] showed that pressurized liquid extraction can be a useful tool for modulating the content and the composition of bioactive molecules in lipid extracts from Apiaceae seeds. The water extracts of anise seeds showed greater antioxidant capacity than that of ethanol [13]. Lee [75] reported that anisaldehyde, estragole, anethole, and myrcene derived from anise seeds are appropriate as a lead compound in the development of new factors for the selective control of the stored food mite (Tyrophagus putrescentiae). ...
Knowledge about the pharmacological benefits of different seeds is an important factor for the cultivation and application of medicinal herbs and plants. The seeds of medicinal plants are stores of valuable and active secondary metabolites that have been commercially and economically beneficial and helpful for medicine and pharmacy. The major parameter of reproduction and the preservation of plants are seeds, which have a functional role in the distribution and establishment of plants in different regions. Five important seeds that have tremendous medicinal and pharmacological benefits are anise, basil, borage, cilantro, and chamomile. Anise seed is used as a spice, either whole or ground, and its essential oil and extract are also obtained from the seeds. Basil seeds have a long history of usage in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, and they are a good source of minerals, are high in fiber (including pectin), and are rich is flavonoids and other polyphenols. Borage seed oil is used for skin disorders, such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and neurodermatitis. Coriander is an annual herb that is part of the Apiaceae family, and the seeds are rich in iron, zinc, copper, and essential minerals, which can decrease bad cholesterol and improve good cholesterol in the body. Chamomile can be considered for the treatment of insomnia, hemorrhoids, anxiety, and diarrhea, and it may help with wound healing and skin irritation.
... However, the antimicrobial effect of the aqueous extract was not illustrated against Gram-negatives Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, Candida albicans was sensitive to the effect of the aqueous extract [17]. Alcoholic extracts obtained from P. anisum seeds validated the antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus and Mycobacterium smegmatis [18,19]. ...
... Both studied extracts demonstrated strong antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radicals and superoxide anions, absorption of hydrogen peroxides, as well as capabilities to perform metal chelation compared to BHT, BHA, and α-tocopherol. The authors concluded that, of the two extracts studied, it seemed that the aqueous extract had a higher antioxidant capacity when compared to the ethanolic extract [17]. ...
Citation: Dumitrescu, E.; Muselin, F.; Tîrziu, E.; Folescu, M.; Dumitrescu, C.S.; Orboi, D.M.; Cristina, R.T. Pimpinella anisum L. Essential Oil a Valuable Antibacterial and Antifungal Alternative. Plants 2023, 12, 2428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ plants12132428 Academic Editors: Milan S. Stankovic and Christophe Hano Abstract: Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) essential oils are intensely investigated worldwide for the beneficial properties, due to the specific bioactive compound's structure. (1) Background: This study characterized the structure of the Pimpinella anisum essential oil and evaluated its antimicrobial properties. (2) Methods: An evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal activity targeted strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 19615), and levure Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for structure identification, and the optical density mass loss was applied for the analysis of different dilutions of aniseed essential oils antimicrobial activity. (3) Results: A total of 13 compounds were identified, of which trans-anethole was in the highest proportion (72.49%), followed by limonene (10.01%), anisole (5%), and α-pinene (3.26%). The results obtained and statistically analyzed, utilizing one-way ANOVA with Bonfer-roni's multiple comparison test, indicated the antimicrobial activity (p < 0.001) of anise essential oil. (4) Conclusion: Anise essential oil is a promising phyto-remedy with important antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Inhibition high percentages were found for the P. aeruginosa and S. aureus strains, but also excellent antifungal activity against C. albicans was ascertained.
... We investigated the ability of beta-sitosterol to counteract hydrogen peroxide using the following method: A solution of 40 mM H₂O₂ was prepared, and its concentration was determined spectrophotometrically. Different concentrations of beta-sitosterol and the standard ascorbic acid were added to 0.6 ml of the 40 mM H₂O₂ solution [13]. After incubating for 10 minutes, the absorbance of H₂O₂ was measured against a blank solution that contained phosphate buffer but lacked hydrogen peroxide. ...
... ions to form hydroxyl radicals and this may be the origin of many of its toxic effects. Hydrogen peroxide is a weak oxidizing agent that inactivates a few enzymes directly, usually by oxidation of essential thiol (-SH) groups (Kumanran andKarunakaran, 2007 andGulcin et al., 2003). ...
Post- harvest treatment of the fruit is a major issue and there are a lot of conservative methods all around the world. In India, fruits are picked green and stored in ventilated rooms at 15°C-21°C for a week. There is no precise information on the exact stage of harvest and effect of ripening treatments on the nutritional, bioactive and antioxidant composition of mangoes. New knowledge about mango consumption is relevant to rational development in knowing the right stage for mango consumption with highest nutrient and phytochemical potential.
In view of this, a study was taken up to investigate “Effect of maturity stages and ripening process on the nutrient and bioactive composition of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) var. Banganapalli”. In this study, comparison of two stages of maturity (commercial maturity: 7-9˚brix and physiological maturity: 9-11˚brix) of the selected mango cultivar and three different ripening processes (control ripening, 100 ppm ethylene ripening and 150 ppm ethylene ripening) and their effect on the physico-chemical, nutrient and bioactive components of the pulp were studied.
... Hydrogen peroxide is a weak oxidizing agent that inactivates a few enzymes directly, usually by oxidation of essential thiol (-SH) groups (Kumanran and Karunakaran, 2007 andGulcin et al., 2003). Results of estimation of H 2 O 2 scavenging activity of Mango at different stages of maturity and ripening are given in Figure No. 4.16 and Appendix C. It was observed that there was a significant (p<0.05) ...
Post-harvest treatment of the fruit is a major issue and there are a lot of
conservative methods all around the world. In India, fruits are picked green and stored in ventilated rooms at 15°C-21°C for a week. Ripening can be done naturally or artificially, and this step leads the fruit to maturity before consumption or processing. New knowledge about mango consumption is relevant to rational development in knowing the right stage for mango consumption with highest nutrient and phytochemical potential. In view of this, a study was taken up to investigate “Effect of maturity stages and ripening process on the nutrient and bioactive composition of Mango (Mangifera indica L.). var. Manjeera”. In this study, comparison of two stages of maturity (commercial maturity: 7 - 9°brix and physiological maturity: 9 - 11°brix) of Manjeera mango cultivar and three different ripening processes (control ripening, 100ppm ethylene ripening and 150ppm ethylene ripening) and their effect on the physicochemical, nutrient and bioactive components of the pulp were studied.
... According to the test results, it has been reported that plant extracts exhibit high antioxidant activities . 37 According to a study conducted in Egypt, the ethanol and aqueous extracts of P. anisum's seed and aerial parts exhibited DPPH activities ranging from 13.7% to 91.3% at concentrations of 0.05-0.3 mg/mL. ...
Objective: Plants, which are natural materials of great importance to humans, are currently utilised for various purposes. The utilisation of plants with nourishing properties for the treatment of diseases has a long history. Material-Method: In this study, the general characteristics, usage areas, mineral and nutrient contents, biological activities, and chemical compositions of Pimpinella species reported in the literature have been compiled. The literature review reveals that the plant is widely used in traditional medicine. Results: Furthermore, it has been determined that they may serve as significant natural resources in terms of their mineral, nutritional, and chemical content. Furthermore, it has been observed based on reported data in the literature that Pimpinella species exhibit high levels of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: Within this context, it has been observed that Pimpinella species can be significant sources not only in terms of their nutritional properties but also from a medicinal perspective.
... The potential of Centella as an alternative natural antioxidant especially of plant origin and its protection against age-related changes in brain antioxidant defense system, have notably increased in recent years [16] . Free radicals have been claimed to play an important role in ageing process and capable of damaging many cellular components [3] . These changes will affect the brain as it is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage as such many studies on its neuroprotection activity have been reported. ...
Plants as a source of food, herbs, and medicines have been used for thousands of years in many traditional medicine systems. Growth and development in research on medicinal plant products has increased exponentially both in developed and developing nations. Possible reasons for this could include its therapeutically safe and effective action against mild and chronic diseases, and also its increased use as a dietary supplement. Since ancient times the traditional communities have been practicing precious knowledge about the use of the rich bio-sources of herbal remedies. In recent times, there has been a trend to use natural substances present in fruits, vegetables, oilseeds and herbs as antioxidants and rational foods. Centella Asiatica is one of the traditionally used as a medicinal herb and alternative medicine in treating numerous kinds of diseases. In food technology and food industry, the use of centella asiatica in food and beverages has increased over the years basically due to its beneficial functional properties. The present review is an comprehensive literature of the antioxidant potential in centella asiatica.
... Aniseed aqueous and ethanolic extracts were tested using the disc diffusion method against 10 bacterial species and Candida albicans in an investigation. All of the microorganisms evaluated in this study showed a significant amount of inhibitory activity against the ethanolic extract, but not against Candida albicans (43). Gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains were significantly inhibited by the essential oil of P. anisum, according to an in vitro investigation (30). ...
... They may defend against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other free radicals, as well as slow the progression of many chronic illnesses and lipid oxidative rancidity in foods. [37]. ...
Several plants have been used to treat and prevent various chronic conditions, including triglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. Rosemary is one of these herbs, and it contains biological antioxidant mechanisms. Rosemary is a thorny shrub that grows throughout Europe and Southeast Asia. It has medicinal effects and is used in traditional medicine. The goal of this study was to see how rosemary leaves powder affected lipid profiles in experimental animals. The results showed that the total level of triglycerides and total level of cholesterol of the treated groups were lower. The group administered with herb powder (10 g) had considerably lower LDL-C levels, while the group given (10 g/day) had statistically significant increases in HDL-C levels. Finally, rosemary herb appears to improve dyslipidemia and its effects on liver enzymes in a method that relies on the addition of powder and lowers lipid levels by raising antioxidant levels, lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease in chronic condition.
... The Reducing Power of a compound is related to its electron transfer ability and therefore may serve as a significant indicator of its potential antioxidant activity [31]. The reductive capabilities of the biosynthesized AgNPs and methanolic extracts are shown in Figure 9. ...
The antioxidant of seeds was carried out using extracts from methanol and Silver Nanoparticles from the spice. The SEM shows the shapes, dispersion and agglomeration of the sample, while the EDX confirms the SEM and the presence of some compounds. The FT-IR reveals the AgNP s capping and reducing the particular biomolecule from the functional group for identifica
... Two methods were used to determine the antimicrobial activities of dill leaf extracts, namely disc diffusion test (Gulcin 2003) and direct inhibition test (Ramdas 1998) with slight modification. Meanwhile, to investigate the antioxidant activities, three tests were used, i.e. ferric reducing antioxidant power (Oyaizu 1986), ferric thiocyanate test (FTC) by Osawa and Namiki (1981) and thiobarbituric acid test (TBA) by Kikuzaki and Nakatani (1993). ...
... Aniseed contains various amounts of nutrients such as moisture, protein, fat, total dietary fibre, carbohydrate, energy and volatile oil [3]. Aniseed has been studied as an anti-bacterial, anti-pyretic, anelgesic, anthelmintic, anti-oxidant, antifungal and natural growth promoter [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Moreover, the plant and especially its fruit oil, has been used for treatment of some of the diseases like rhinitis, cough and other symptoms of the common cold [10]. ...
... [13][14][15] Recent reports indicate its oil possesses antioxidant and antibacterial properties. 16 There are limited reports of P. ...
... [13][14][15] Recent reports indicate its oil possesses antioxidant and antibacterial properties. 16 There are limited reports of P. ...
INTRODUCTION In the tropics and subtropics, dengue fever is one of the utmost dreaded vector-borne flavivirus illnesses due to its rising prevalence. 55% of the world's population, or 3.6 billion people, are at a higher risk of contracting dengue virus (DENV) infection, according to worldwide estimates. Dengue fever is estimated to affect 390 million people each year, with 96 million cases involving dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome (DSS) and 300 million cases involving moderate or asymptomatic illnesses. 1 Recent WHO categorization categorizes the disease as dengue without warning symptoms (DWOS), dengue with warning symptoms (DWWS), and severe dengue. 2 A DWOS DENV infection may be asymptomatic or manifest as a "flu-like illness," but (DWWS) is distinguished by a rapid onset of fever accompanied by non-specific signs and symptoms, such as back pain, headache, flushed facial skin, and stiffness. 3 Leaking plasma and a low number of platelets can kill people with severe dengue infections , especially after hypovolemic shock. For viral infections, herbal therapies, including traditional Chinese medicine, have also been proposed as alternatives. 4 Due to their multivalent properties, they are typically safer than chemical medications and are less likely to cause resistant infections. Moreover, a number of herbal remedies may target both the virus and the signs of DENV infection, some of which are caused by the viral-induced overproduction of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines. 5-8 P. anisum is an Apiaceae flowering plant endemic to India and southwest Asia. 9 A 1-m annual herbaceous plant, the lower leaves are simple, 2-5 cm long, and shallowly lobed, whereas the upper leaves are feathery pinnate and formed of many leaflets. The 3-mm white flowers are in dense umbels. The fruit is a 3-5-mm long, oblong, dry schizocarp. 10 P. anisum has been utilized as a medicinal plant for its stimulating impact on digestion, antiparasitic, antifungal, and antipyretic properties. 11,12 In addition, it has demonstrated anticonvulsant properties and has been used to treat constipation and possesses anti-ulcer properties. 13-15 Recent reports indicate its oil possesses antioxidant and antibacterial properties. 16 There are limited reports of P. anisum's antiviral activity. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate the antiviral effectiveness of this plant against dengue virus. MATERIALS & METHODS Plant Specimens Ethno Resources Sdn Bhd in Selangor, Malaysia provided the seeds for P. anisum. By contrasting them with the voucher specimen kept in the Herbarium of Rimba Ilmu at the Institute of Science and Biology of the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, they were verified. Ethanol Extraction The crude-dried extract was made by extracting 100 grams of plant material for 48 hours in 900 mL of 95% ethanol, then filtering and evaporating the ethanol extract under low pressure with a Buchi-type rotary evaporator. It was determined the yield of ethanol extracts was 7.2% (w/w).
... Out of these, over 4000 plants of real medicinal value are either little known or completely unknown to the general public. A thorough examination and documenting of plants utilized in local health traditions, as well as a medicinal assessment of these plants and their taxonomic relations, can lead to the discovery of priceless plant medications for a variety of ailments [25][26][27][28][29]. ...
Hordeum Vulgare Young barley leaves were used to extract lutonarin. Reactive oxygen species removal has been linked to the presence of lutonarin in plants, particularly in leaves. Hibiscatin is a new flavonoid glycoside obtained from Hibiscus Plantifolius. EMDOCK is a graphical-automatic 22 drug design system for docking, screening, and analysis. It's also a programme for calculating ligand shape and orientation concerning the protein's active site. The molecular interactions of Hibiscatin, Lutonarin, Rutin, and Quercetin with anti-oxidant proteins like Catalase (1DGF), Glutathione Reductase (3DK4), and Superoxide Dismutase (5YTO) were studied using Insilco docking simulations (Patel A. K. et al., 2022) The ligands' 2D structure was created and stored in mol format using BIOVIA Draw Software. The ligand structures were optimised and reduced using Avogadro software. The macromolecules were cleansed of water residues and Gasteiger charges were added using Dock Prep in UCF Chimera [1].
... mass % of a volatile oil consisting of trans-anethole [10]. Other studies have demonstrated the presence of eugenol, transanethole, scopoletin, coumarins, estragole, anisaldehyde, methylchavicol, umbelliferone, estrols, terpene hydrocarbons, polyacetylenes, and polyenes as the major compounds of the essential oil of anise seed [11,12]. ...
The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of the ethanolic extracts of Cuminum cyminum L. (EEC) and Pimpinella anisum L. (EEP) seeds on zinc corrosion in hydrochloric acid. Gravimetric and electrochemical techniques were employed to estimate the inhibition efficiency of the extracts. The results show that EEC and EEP extracts exhibit a good inhibition of zinc corrosion in 0.5 M HCl, and that the efficiency of the extract depends on its concentration and the temperature of the solution. The maximum inhibition efficiency reached 96.4% and was obtained at 400 ppm of EEC extract and 25 °C. SEM images reveal that EEC extract provides the best protection for zinc. The extracts act as mixed-type inhibitors with a more pronounced effect on the cathodic reaction in the presence of EEP extract, as evidenced by potentiodynamic polarization studies. A good agreement between results obtained from weight loss and electrochemical measurements was demonstrated. Thermodynamic parameters indicate that the studied extracts act by physisorption on the zinc surface according to the Langmuir isotherm model. The free energy of adsorption reveals that the adsorption occurs spontaneously. The enthalpy of the activation reflects the endothermic nature of the corrosion process. FTIR analyses confirm the adsorption of the active molecules of the extracts on the metal surface.
Graphical Abstract
... In the present study, the antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by studying its DPPH free radical scavenging. DPPH is stable free radical and accepts an electron or hydrogen radical to become a stable diamagnetic molecule ( Gulcin et al., 2003 ). The DPPH scavenging effect was compared with ascorbic acid as the standard antioxidant. ...
Enhydra fluctuans Lour. is consumed by various tribes in their ethnomedicinal practices for the treatment of kidney stones and urinary problems. However, no scientific studies were conducted to evaluate its effect on crystal growth. Hence, the present study proposed to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of whole plant of standardized E. fluctuans (AEEF) on the growth of calcium phosphate (brushite) crystals. Attempts were also made to evaluate the effect of in vitro free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities of AEEF. In vitro studies indicated that AEEF (50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) exhibited an inhibitory role on brushite crystal growth. The average length of the deposited brushite crystals was decreased by citric acid (1molL−1) and AEEF (200, 100, and 50 µg/mL) till day 8. Results showed that AEEF (200 and 100 µg/mL) and citric acid significantly (P<0.001) decreased the crystal bed as compared to the control on day 8 of the study. AEEF showed an antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and exhibited antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of the whole plant of Enhydra fluctuans was found effective in the inhibition of brushite crystals. Further, in vivo studies along with molecular studies and bioactivity-guided fractionation are required to strengthen its antilithiatic effect along with identifying the bioactive compounds and the mechanism of action involved therein.
... It was discovered that 2% of propolis extended mayonnaise shelf life by 11 weeks compared to the mayonnaise without propolis (control). Thejani, et al. [52] also predicted the shelf life of Savory rice crackers and sweet rice using accelerated storage test to be 11 months and 9.2 months respectively under normal atmospheric storage [53] These results indicate that Amarathus viridis are great sources of antioxidant phenolic compounds and can be used after extraction as additives to foods containing lipids and lipids to reduce rancidity to the barest minimum, slow the formation of toxic oxidation products, maintain their nutritional quality and increase their shelf life [40]. ...
The chemical composition and storage properties of enriched chinchin were investigated. Crude polyphenol extract from Amaranthus viridis L was added to chinchin formulations at 0.00%, 1.00%, 2.00%, 3.00% and 5.00% and fried at 155.02 °C for 10.21 minutes. The proximate, mineral, antioxidant properties and shelf life of the enriched chinchin were assessed. The protein (12.35 to 19.81 %), fat (18.17 to 18.59%), crude fibre (0.45 to 0.54%) and ash contents (1.25 to 2.85%) increased as the level of enrichment increased while carbohydrate (62.10 to 53.79 %) and moisture content (5.70 to 4.72%) reduced with increasing level of enrichment. There was increase in mineral (Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Zn) and all antioxidant properties of the samples as enrichment level increased. Sample shelf life also increased as the enrichment level increased. The study concluded that the addition of polyphenol extract significantly improved the nutrients, antioxidant and the shelf stability of chinchin
... The method developed by Gülçin et al. [48] was used to determine the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Initially, 1.5 mL of the 0.1 mM DPPH solution in methanol was combined with 0.5 mL of the sample extract. ...
Edible wild mushrooms are extremely popular among consumers and are highly valued for their potential economic benefits in northern Thailand. In this present study, a total of 19 specimens of edible Amanita were collected during investigations of wild edible mushrooms in northern Thailand during the period from 2019 to 2022. Their morphological characteristics and the phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial large subunit (nrLSU) of ribosomal RNA, RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit (rpb2) and partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1) indicated that the collected specimens belonged to A. hemibapha, A. pseudoprinceps, A. rubromarginata, A. subhemibapha, and Amanita section Caesareae. This is the first report of A. pseudoprinceps and A. subhemibapha from Thailand. Full descriptions, illustrations and a phylogenetic placement of all specimens collected in this study are provided. Subsequently, the nutritional composition and total phenolic content, as well as the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, of each species were investigated. The results indicate that the protein contents in both A. pseudoprinceps and A. subhemibapha were significantly higher than in A. hemibapha and A. rubromarginata. The highest total phenolic content was found in the extract of A. pseudoprinceps. In terms of antioxidant properties, the extract of A. pseudoprinceps also exhibited significantly high antioxidant activity by 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. However, the extract of A. rubromarginata had the lowest total phenolic content and level of antioxidant activity. Additionally, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity varied for different Amanita species and the highest level of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was found in the extract of A. pseudoprinceps. This study provides valuable information on the nutrient content, phenolic content and the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of edible Amanita species found in northern Thailand.
... Anise has been examined for its antiparasitic and digestion stimulating properties (Cabuk et al., 2003), as well as its antibacterial (Tabanca et al., 2003), antifungal (Soliman & Badea, 2002), antipyretic (Afifi et al., 1994), antioxidant (Gulcin et al., 2003), antimicrobial (Al-kassie, 2008and Al-Kassie et al., 2011, anthelmintic (Bhatti et al., 1996) and hypocholesterolemic (Craig, 1999) activities. Additionally, anise is reported to possess anticonvulsant (Pourgholam et al., 1999), antiepileptic (Janahmadi et al., 2008) and muscle relaxant (Albuquerque et al., 1995) properties. ...
... ROS contributes to the manufacture of molecules with biological significance, phagocytosis, the control of cell development, and intercellular signaling. However, excessive ROS generation can also be damaging to the body since it can cause DNA mutation, membrane protein degradation, and cell membrane disintegration, all of which can contribute to the onset or progression of numerous disorders (13,27). Antioxidants are substances that, by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, can delay, inhibit, or prevent the oxidation of oxidizable materials. ...
This study was aimed to estimate the antioxidants, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of methanolic extract from soybean seeds against pathogenic microorganisms. The methanolic extract was prepared from defatted soybean flour. Total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and the major phenolic, flavonoid, and isoflavone compounds in soybean extract were estimated by HPLC. On the other hand, biological activities such as antioxidants, antibacterial, and antifungal activities were evaluated. The value of phenolic compounds was 8.59 mg GAE/g extract, while the value of flavonoids was 0.82 mg QE/g extract. The chemicals listed below were chromatographed and identified: syringic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, benzoic acid, genistein, daidzein, p-coumaric acid, glycitein, and ferulic acid. The methanolic extract showed the antibacterial and antifungal activity against tested microorganisms. Considering the results, it is possible to employ the methanolic extract from soybean seeds, which is rich in phenolic chemicals, as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal agent. It functions well as a pure, natural product.
... The principal antioxidant ingredients are flavonoids, according to a significant association between the antioxidant properties and flavonoids. These fruits and spices can contain different reducing agents which can bind with free radicals to terminate or stabilize the chain reactions in the biological systems [35]. Thus, high reduction power for a fruit extract indicates high antioxidant capacity. ...
Native Australian fruits and spices are enriched with beneficial phytochemicals, especially phenolic compounds, which are not fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze native Australian mountain-pepper berries (Tasmannia lanceolata), rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa), lemon aspen (Acronychia acidula), and strawberry gum (Eucalyptus olida) phenolic and non-phenolic metabolites and their antioxidant and alpha-glucosidase inhibition activities. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry - electrospray ionization coupled with quadrupole time of flight (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) was applied to elucidate the composition, identification, and quantification of bioactive phenolic metabolites from Australian native commercial fruits and spices. This study identified 143 phenolic compounds, including thirty-one phenolic acids, seventy flavonoids, ten isoflavonoids, seven tannins, three stilbenes, seven lignans, ten other compounds, and five limonoids. Strawberry gum was identified with the highest total phenolic content (TPC – 36.57 ± 1.34 milligram gallic acid equivalent per gram (mg GAE/g), while lemon aspen contained the least TPC (4.40 ± 0.38 mg GAE/g). Moreover, strawberry gum and mountain pepper berries were identified with the highest antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential, respectively, than other selected plants. In-silico molecular docking and pharmacokinetics screening were also conducted to predict the potential of the most abundant phenolic compounds in these selected plants. A positive correlation was observed between phenolic contents and biological activities. This study will develop further research to identify the nutraceutical and phytopharmaceutical potential of these native Australian fruits.
A proposal is made for the eco-friendly synthesis of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles utilizing aqueous extract from Pisum sativum (green peas) peels. The combustion method was employed to produce ZnO nanoparticles, while the precipitation method was used for TiO2 nanoparticles. The resulting ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles were in the nanoscale, with average diameters of 67 nm and 42 nm, respectively. The colloidal formulation of the synthesized ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited exceptional stability, with zeta potentials of − 29.1 mV and − 32.5 mV, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles were highly pure and possessed the correct stoichiometric ratio, as confirmed by the EDX analysis. The crystal structure of synthesized ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles was identified as wurtzite and anatase, respectively. The band gaps of the ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles were increased to 3.46 eV and 3.34 eV, respectively. FTIR analysis confirmed that phytochemicals in the extract acted as both reducing and capping agents. To evaluate the dye degradation ability of the synthesized nanoparticles, photodegradation of methylene blue dye under UV light was performed. After a 3-h contact time, the percentage of methylene blue degradation achieved using a 200 mg/L dosage of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles as catalysts were 90% and 92%, respectively. These dye degradation results surpassed those reported in previous studies. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited effective growth inhibition against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger fungi. Thus, the extract derived from Pisum sativum peels presents an economical and novel environment friendly source of reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents for the synthesis of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles, which demonstrate remarkable photocatalytic and antifungal capabilities.
The plant Sarcostemma brevistigma (family-Asclepiadaceae) commonly known as "Kodikali" is used in many ayurvedic formulations. The present study was designed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential of an ethanolic extract of Sarcostemma brevistigma. In vitro antioxidant activity was carried out by the reducing power assay, DPPH radical scavenging activity, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Nitric oxide radical inhibition assay, Superoxide radical scavenging activity, Phosphomolybdenum assay and Determination of total phenolic content. The antioxidant activities of the study plant were found to increase with an increase in concentration. The extract exhibited the maximum reductive capacity, which was more or less equivalent to standards. The ethanolic extract (10, 20, 40, 60, 80 & 100 μg/ml) was compared with Ascorbic acid and Quercetin as a standard. The results of the present study clearly indicated that an ethanolic extract of Sarcostemma brevistigma possesses powerful in vitro antioxidant activity.
Summary
The current study compared growth, feeding efficiency, digestibility,
sa ti ation level, body components and investigated the physiological aspects
of hematological analysis, blood chemistry, immune status, and enzymatic
antioxidants to evaluate the effectiveness of using pomegranate Punica
granatum peel powder and its aqueous and alcoholic extracts as feed
additives in the diets of common carp Cyprinus carpio
The experiment was conducted
at the laboratories of the Aquaculture
Unit Coll ege of Agriculture , University of Basrah . The fish were acclimatized
for a week before the experiment. The experiment lasted for 70 days from
3 March to 12 May, 2023. A commercial diet with known chemical
composition (as control treatment C) was used, and 0.5% and 1% of
Pomegranate peel powder and its aqueous and alcoholic extracts as
treatments (T1=0.5%, T2=1% crude powder , T3=0.5%, T4=1% alcoholic
extract powder , T5=0.5%, T6=1% aqueous extract powder
The phenolic antioxidant content of the alcoholic and aqueous extract
was measured, which amounted to 175.95 mg of gallic acid/100g and
151.09 mg of gallic acid/100g, respectively, while the flavonoids were
42.89 mg of rutin/100g and 36.04 mg of rutin/100g , respectively. In
addition to detecting tannins and saponins.
The results showed that the weight gain (WG)
was improved
significantly (P 0.05) in groups T3, T4 and T6 compared to the control
group (C). The T3 group achieved the highest weight gain and its value
was 17.55 gm, while the value of the control group (C) was 10.78 gm.
While the specific growth (SGR) was significantly improved (P 0.05) for
each of the groups of raw pomegranate peel powder and its extracts, as
B
the groups of alcoholic extract T3 an
the groups of alcoholic extract T3 and T4 and aqueous extract T5 were d T4 and aqueous extract T5 were superior to the control group (C). There were no significant differences superior to the control group (C). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the extraction groups either in SGR or relative (RGR) (P>0.05) between the extraction groups either in SGR or relative (RGR) and daily growth (DGR). Whereas, Survival was high (Pand daily growth (DGR). Whereas, Survival was high (P≤≤0.05) for all 0.05) for all groups. Thegroups. The results showed that pomegranate peels and their extracts results showed that pomegranate peels and their extracts improved the food conversion rate (FCR), as the T3 group recorded the improved the food conversion rate (FCR), as the T3 group recorded the best food conversion ratio (3.91), while it increased in the control group (C) best food conversion ratio (3.91), while it increased in the control group (C) as it reached 6.52, the same way with respect to as it reached 6.52, the same way with respect to protein efficiency protein efficiency ratio ratio (PER).(PER).
On the other hand, there
On the other hand, there waswas a significant superiority (Pa significant superiority (P≤≤0.05) of the 0.05) of the total apparent digestion coefficient (ADC) for fish fed on diets containing total apparent digestion coefficient (ADC) for fish fed on diets containing pomegranate peels and their alcoholic and aqueous extracts, as T3 pomegranate peels and their alcoholic and aqueous extracts, as T3 recorded threcorded the highest value of 68.73 and with a significant difference e highest value of 68.73 and with a significant difference (P<0.05) for the group Control (C) and groups T1 and T2. In the same (P<0.05) for the group Control (C) and groups T1 and T2. In the same context, the results showed a significant increase in the level of satcontext, the results showed a significant increase in the level of satiiation ation (LS) (P(LS) (P≤≤0.05) in the control group (C), which 0.05) in the control group (C), which recorded a value of 3.51 over recorded a value of 3.51 over the other groups. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the other groups. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the treatment of pomegranate peels and its alcoholic and aqueous extracts. the treatment of pomegranate peels and its alcoholic and aqueous extracts. Regarding the hepatRegarding the hepatoo--somatic indexsomatic index (HSI)(HSI), there was a significant (P, there was a significant (P≤≤0.05) 0.05) supsuperiority of pomegranate peels and its extracts, except for the T1 group, eriority of pomegranate peels and its extracts, except for the T1 group, which did not differ significantly (P>0.05) with the control group (C).which did not differ significantly (P>0.05) with the control group (C).
Regarding the chemical composition of the fish body, the results
Regarding the chemical composition of the fish body, the results showed no significant differences (P>0.05) betshowed no significant differences (P>0.05) between all groups in moisture ween all groups in moisture content. The T3 group had a significant (Pcontent. The T3 group had a significant (P≤≤0.05) superiority in protein 0.05) superiority in protein compared with the control group (C), which recorded the highest value of compared with the control group (C), which recorded the highest value of 16.66%. The results showed that the amount of fat decreased compared 16.66%. The results showed that the amount of fat decreased compared to the preto the pre--expexperiment, T1 and T4 recorded significant differences (Periment, T1 and T4 recorded significant differences (P≤≤0.05) 0.05)
C
with the control group (C). The results showed that there were no significant
with the control group (C). The results showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between all groups for ash content, and it also differences (P>0.05) between all groups for ash content, and it also decreased compared to the predecreased compared to the pre--experiment.experiment.
It was
It was observed through the results of observed through the results of ccomplete omplete bblood lood ccountount (CBC)(CBC) ttestest that the values of white blood cells (WBC) were elevated in that the values of white blood cells (WBC) were elevated in pomegranate peels and extracts compared to the control group (C), but the pomegranate peels and extracts compared to the control group (C), but the rise was not significant (P>0.05). The results showed tharise was not significant (P>0.05). The results showed that the values of red t the values of red blood cells (RBC) increased in the groups of pomegranate peels and their blood cells (RBC) increased in the groups of pomegranate peels and their extracts. The results showed that Lymphocytes count was also elevated in extracts. The results showed that Lymphocytes count was also elevated in pomegranate peels and extracts (Ppomegranate peels and extracts (P≤≤0.05), except for T1 and T4. As for the 0.05), except for T1 and T4. As for the Neutrophils, theNeutrophils, they showed significant superiority of T1 and the extracts y showed significant superiority of T1 and the extracts groups (Pgroups (P≤≤0.05), with the exception of T6 with the control group (C), as for 0.05), with the exception of T6 with the control group (C), as for Monocytes, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the Monocytes, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the groups with the group control (C) except for T3. As fgroups with the group control (C) except for T3. As for the results of or the results of hemoglobin (HGB), it is noted that T2 and T6 have a significant (P>0.05) hemoglobin (HGB), it is noted that T2 and T6 have a significant (P>0.05) decrease, and they recorded the lowest values 5.53 and 6.29 mg / 100 ml, decrease, and they recorded the lowest values 5.53 and 6.29 mg / 100 ml, respectively, while the rest of the groups did not record significant respectively, while the rest of the groups did not record significant differences (P>0.05) wdifferences (P>0.05) with the control treatment (C). On the other hand, ith the control treatment (C). On the other hand, packed cell volume (PCV) results showed that T4 recorded the highest packed cell volume (PCV) results showed that T4 recorded the highest value of 23.67%, significantly superior (Pvalue of 23.67%, significantly superior (P≤≤0.05) to T2 and the control group 0.05) to T2 and the control group (C). Regarding the Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in the bloo(C). Regarding the Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in the blood of d of common carp fish that was measured at the end of the experiment, the common carp fish that was measured at the end of the experiment, the results showed that there were no significant differences between the results showed that there were no significant differences between the groups (P>0.05) except for T1. Also, in the results of the Mean corpuscular groups (P>0.05) except for T1. Also, in the results of the Mean corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), it was noted throuHemoglobin (MCH), it was noted through the results that there were no gh the results that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the raw pomegranate peels groups significant differences (P>0.05) between the raw pomegranate peels groups and the control group (C). While the alcoholic and aqueous extracts were and the control group (C). While the alcoholic and aqueous extracts were
D
significantly (P>0.05) retarded compared to the control group (C). As for
significantly (P>0.05) retarded compared to the control group (C). As for tthe mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), the results he mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), the results showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the groups.groups.
In addition
In addition, it is noted from the results of the blood biochemical , it is noted from the results of the blood biochemical indicatorindicatorss that glucose didn't differ significantly (P>0.05) among all groups that glucose didn't differ significantly (P>0.05) among all groups except T1, and the results of triglycerides showed that it did not differ except T1, and the results of triglycerides showed that it did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among all groups except T5, which recorded the significantly (P>0.05) among all groups except T5, which recorded the highest value of 143.15. mg/100 ml. With reghighest value of 143.15. mg/100 ml. With regard to cholesterol, the results ard to cholesterol, the results showed a decrease in blood serum, and the groups were significantly showed a decrease in blood serum, and the groups were significantly (P(P≤≤0.05) superior to the control group (C), the same way for total proteins, 0.05) superior to the control group (C), the same way for total proteins, as for globulin and albumin, they did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in all as for globulin and albumin, they did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in all groups.groups.
At the same level, it was observed through the results of liver
At the same level, it was observed through the results of liver enzymes that the alkaline phosphatase (AST) enzymes that the alkaline phosphatase (AST) enzyme enzyme decreased in the decreased in the blood serum, as it appears that the highest value was in the control group blood serum, as it appears that the highest value was in the control group (C), which did not differ significantly ((C), which did not differ significantly (P>0.05) with T1, T2, T5, and T6, while P>0.05) with T1, T2, T5, and T6, while The T3 and T4 groups were significantly superior (PThe T3 and T4 groups were significantly superior (P≤≤0.05). The enzyme 0.05). The enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly decreased (Psignificantly decreased (P≤≤0.05). The results showed a significant 0.05). The results showed a significant improvement iimprovement in kidney efficiency (Pn kidney efficiency (P≤≤0.05), as urea, uric acid and creatine 0.05), as urea, uric acid and creatine decreased compared with the control treatment (Pdecreased compared with the control treatment (P≤≤0.05).0.05).
The results showed that the values of lysozyme were significantly The results showed that the values of lysozyme were significantly superior (Psuperior (P≤≤0.05) in the treatments of pomegranate peels and its extrac0.05) in the treatments of pomegranate peels and its extracts, ts, compared with the control treatment (C). The enzymatic antioxidants compared with the control treatment (C). The enzymatic antioxidants (catalase and glutathione (GPx)) showed a significant improvement (catalase and glutathione (GPx)) showed a significant improvement (P(P≤≤0.05) compared with the control group (C) for pomegranate peels and 0.05) compared with the control group (C) for pomegranate peels and
E
extracts. The results of lactic acid bacteria (
extracts. The results of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)LAB) countcount showed that the showed that the groups supplemented with pomegranate peel powder and its alcoholic and groups supplemented with pomegranate peel powder and its alcoholic and aqueous extracts were statistically superior (P>0.05) to the control aqueous extracts were statistically superior (P>0.05) to the control treatment, treatment, while gramwhile gram--negative bacteria negative bacteria followfollow the same the same trendtrend..
In conclusion,
In conclusion, itit appears through the study that the addition of appears through the study that the addition of pomegranate peels and its extracts has enhanced growth parameters and pomegranate peels and its extracts has enhanced growth parameters and nutritional efficiency in addition to the health and immunological status, and nutritional efficiency in addition to the health and immunological status, and the results have shown that the alcoholic extract at 0.5% ithe results have shown that the alcoholic extract at 0.5% is more efficient s more efficient than the aqueous extract at 1%.than the aqueous extract at 1%.
Today, there is an increasing interest in antioxidants, especially to prevent the known harmful effects of free radicals in human metabolism and their deterioration during processing and storage of fatty foods. In both cases, natural-source antioxidants are preferred over synthetic antioxidants. So, there has been a parallel increase in the use of assays to estimate antioxidant efficacy in human metabolism and food systems. Today, there are many bioanalytical methods that measure the antioxidant effect. Of these, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) removing assay is the most putative, popular, and commonly used method to determine antioxidant ability. In this review, a general approach to the DPPH radical scavenging assay has been taken. In this context, many studies, including attempts to adapt the DPPH radical scavenging method to different analytes, search for the highest antioxidant activity values, and optimize the method of measurement, have previously been performed. Therefore, it is highly important to introduce measures aimed at standardizing the conditions of the DPPH radical scavenging activity, including the various reaction media suitable for this assay. For this aim, the chemical and basic principles of DPPH free radical scavenging are defined and discussed in an outline. In addition, this study describes and defines the basic sections of DPPH free radical scavenging in food and biological systems. Additionally, some chemical, critical, and technical details of the DPPH free radical removal method are given. This is a simple assay in which the prospective compounds or herbal extracts are mixed with the DPPH solution and their absorbance is measured after a certain period. However, despite rapid advances in instrumental techniques and analysis, this method has not undergone extreme modification. This study presents detailed information about the DPPH method and an in-depth review of different developments.
Specific activities of phenolic compounds produced from the fruiting bodies of the fungi PO and AB (the locally produced strain in Iraq) obtained from the Department of Plant Protection - Department of Organic Agriculture - Baghdad - Iraq were studied. Then, the phenolic compounds were determined after cleaning, drying and grinding the fruiting bodies. The alcoholic extract of the two fungi was prepared by adding 0.2 g of fruiting bodies powder per (1) ml of 98% ethyl alcohol, where the mixture was filtered, concentrated and kept in the refrigerator until use. The aqueous extract was prepared by adding 25 g of fruiting bodies powder per 500 ml of boiled distilled water. Similarly, the mixture was mixed, filtered and stored in the refrigerator until use. The study findings confirmed the existence of significant differences at the probability level (P ˂ 0.05) for the alcoholic and aqueous extracts and for the fungi in the content of phenolic compounds. Conversely, the reducing power was increased by increasing the concentrations prepared for the extracts prepared from the two fungi under study. The free radical scavenging method DPPH was used to estimate the antioxidant activity of alcoholic and aqueous extracts and of the fungi PO and AB. Thus, the results showed the superiority of ethyl acetate extract compared to the other used solvents. Keywords: Edible fungi, phenolic compounds, reducing power, free radical scavenging.
The present study was conducted to determine the proximate composition, mineral content, fatty acid profile , phytosterol, and tocopherol composition of seven Apiaceae seeds (Coriandrum sativum, Petroselinum crispum, Carum carvi, Pimpinellla anisum, Foeniculum vulgare, Cuminum cyminum, and Ammodaucus leucotri-chus), grown in four different regions of Morocco. The proximate composition (moisture, ash, oil, and protein contents), energy value, and mineral profile were determined from the seed powder. While fatty acid, phy-tosterol, and tocopherol composition were determined from the soxhlet extracted oils. The results obtained during this study showed significant difference between the seven analyzed seeds. Moisture content varied between (6.76 §0.03 and 8.68 §0.08 g/100g), ash content ranged between (5.17 § 0.05 g/100g and 6.64 § 0.02 g/100g), oil content varied between (10.63 § 0.53 and 14.38 § 0.37 g/100g), protein content ranged between (7.68 § 0.18 and 13.65 § 0.12), carbohydrate content varied from (57.35 § 0.52 to 67.21 § 0.92 g/100g), and energy value varied from (385.37 § 1.66 to 408.14 § 1.94 kcal/100g). The major macroelement detected in all samples was S (1199.71 § 0.42 to 2232.77 § 7.72 mg/kg) followed by K (118.773 § 0.7 to 199.812 § 0.002 mg/kg), Ca (69.14 § 0.18 to 121.23 § 0.63 mg/kg), and P (21.96 § 0.01 to 52.46 § 0.08 mg/kg), while Fe (0.82 § 0.01 to 7.36 § 0.03 mg/kg) was the main microelement detected. Total phenol content ranged from 10.51 § 0.64 mg GAE/g DM to 28.51 § 1.81 mg GAE/g DM. Among the tested seeds, Foeniculum vulgare, Cuminum cyminum, Coriandrum sativum, and Carum carvi exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Eleven fatty acids were detected in our samples with a dominance of petroselinic acid (53.15 § 0.05 to 80.65 § 0.05 g/100g), and linoleic acid (7.7 § 0.1 to 31.25 § 0.05 g/100g). Total tocopherol contents ranged from (102.81 § 0.79 to 359.07 § 0.13 mg/100g) with dominance of g-tocopherol, ⍺-tocotrie-nol, and b-tocopherol. Total sterol content varied between (2556.24 § 9.34 to 9339.33 § 1.48 mg/kg). The major compound was b-sitosterol (997.55 § 4.2 to 4362.15 § 7.28 mg/kg), and the second was D-5-stigmas-terol (632.73 § 3.9 to 2908.36 § 7.04 mg/kg). Moroccan Apiaceae seeds can be considered as a good source of energy, minerals, petroselinic acid, phytosterol, and tocopherol, which suggests an interesting nutritional, cosmetic, and medicinal applications.
Background and aim: Mauritius is a tropical multicultural island with a long-standing use of herbal remedies. The present ethnobotanical survey was geared towards documenting and preserving local knowledge pertaining to common medicinal plants (MP) used as therapeutic agents in Mauritius. Methods: Interviews were conducted among local people and herbalists (n=318). Also, 7 quantitative ethnobotanical parameters (variety of use (VU), relative frequency of citation (RFC), informant consensus factor (FIC), fidelity level (FL), index of agreement on remedies (IAR), relative importance (RI) and cultural importance index (CII)) were calculated for MP used. Results: A total of 87 plants belonging to 45 families were reported to be used in formulating herbal remedies among which 3 endemic plants have been documented. Mentha piperita was found to be the most used plant against gastrointestinal diseases with an RFC index of 0.55. Holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) had the highest RI value (RI=2.00), being cited for 9 different ailments. Therapeutic properties of some herbal remedies reported correlated to some extent with those of previous studies while others have open potential perspectives for further research as their chemistry and pharmacology have not been published. Conclusion: From the information obtained, it can be suggested that the Mauritian population still relies heavily on MP for their primary health care. Nonetheless, further research is needed to investigate the possible active constituents that could be the basis of an evidence based investigation to discover new drugs.
Bu çalışmada, taze, dondurulmuş, güneşte ve mikrodalga ile kurutulmuş çiriş otu’ndaki (Asphodelus aestivus L.) esansiyel ve esansiyel olmayan aminoasitlerin miktarı Yüksek Performanslı Sıvı Kromatografisi (HPLC) ile belirlenmiştir. Taze çiriş otu’nda esansiyel olmayan aminoasitlerden miktarı en az olan serin iken, en fazla olan ise asparajindir. Esansiyel aminoasitlerden konsantrasyonu en düşük olan arginin iken, en yüksek olan ise histidin olarak bulunmuştur. Koruma yöntemlerinden dondurma işlemi sonucu bütün aminoasit miktarlarındaki değişim taze çiriş otuna göre, istatiki olarak anlamsız bulunmuştur (p>0.05). Güneş ve mikrodalga ile kurutma işlemlerinin sonucu ise esansiyel ve esansiyel olmayan aminoasitlerin miktarlarındaki azalma istatistiki olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p
Anise fruit (Aniseed) has been used for many years as a traditional medicine in various countries throughout the world, however, the chemical material basis of Aniseed water extract (AWE) has not been examined in detail, limiting our understanding of its pharmacological mechanism and methods for practical quality control. A high-efficiency and high-sensitivity LC-Triple TOF MS/MS analysis method, using data processing method combined with product ion (PI) and neutral loss (NL) filtering for systematic screening and identification of the constituents of AWE was established. A quantitative method was established by using LC-MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for 10 minutes to determine the concentration of 17 representative constituents. A total of 89 compounds were discovered in AWE, of which 31 were confirmed by reference standards, while 24 were found in Aniseed for the first time. The qualification analysis results showed that chlorogenic acids (CGAs) and luteolin derivatives were the major compounds. The linearity, sensitivity, precision, stability, repeatability and accuracy of the method were verified, which demonstrated that the method could meet the requirements for quantification. This work contributes to a better understanding of the chemical material basis of Aniseed and assists in the development of effective analytical methods for natural medicines.
Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgaris M.) essential oils are commercially available in the local Egyptian market. They were analyzed by GC and GC-MS spectrometry. The main components of anise oil were; trans-anethole (61.7 %), α-longipinene (10.1 %), cis-anethole (7.3 %), cyclosativene (5.2 %), isoledene (3.4 %) and safrol (2.4 %), while those of fennel essential oil were; d-limonene (34.6 %), trans-anethole (13.6 %), d-carvone (11 %), cis-sabinene hydrate (5.9 %), fenchone (3.9 %), β-longipinene (2.5 %), 1,8-cineol (2.0 %) and apiol (1.2 %). Their biological activities, including free radical scavenging, antimicrobial, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and protein cleaving were tested, in addition to their hypoglycaemic effect. trans-Anethole as an individual major component in both essential oils was also tested. The effect of the photo-oxygenation reaction on both oils was studied. The results revealed variations of the tested biological activities of the regular and the photo-oxygenated oils. This could be explained in terms of the formed oxygenated products.
Plants of the Apiaceae family, due to having phenolic compounds in its essential oil and other phenolic acids in its extract, has strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and remarkable effects on several diseases treatment. The study of cellular events, especially chromosomal events and genetic phenomena, is important based on the fact that the genetic material of an organism is located on chromosomes. In this study, Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization using rDNA repeats as a DNA probe was used to examine the karyotypes of six species of Pimpinella and three species of Petroselinum. rDNA repeats identified individual chromosomes in all species studied. Owing to dry climatic conditions in our country, and special position of Pimpinella and Petroselinum among endemic medicinal plants, the assessment of genetics and breeding aspects in respect to enhancing essential compounds, is one of the necessary present requirements. Since Pimpinella and Petroselinum are a cross pollinated plant with high variation of characteristics such as metabolites, primarily micropropagation was accomplished for preparing clones of six Pimpinella (Pimpinella aurea, P1; P. anisum, P2; P. deverroides, P3; P. olivierioides, P4; P. barbata, P5; P. tragioides, P6) and three Petroselinum species Petroselinum hortense, Pe1; P. crispum, Pe2; P. sativum, Pe3). For this purpose, eight rooting and ten shooting hormonal treatments were examined and among which the best one was determined for each species. After preparing and adapting of clones in the greenhouse, drought stress was induced by stopping irrigation at flowering stage. Samples were taken five times with three interval days and several physiological traits were measured. Two tolerant (P1, P3) and one sensitive species (P5) of Pimpinella and one tolerant (Pe1) and sensitive (Pe3) of Petroselinum were selected. In order to extract essential oil and its efficiency, Clevenger apparatus was used. For determination of the essential oil’s components and the amount of rosmarinic, caffeic, gallic and ellagic acids and apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol flavonoids in the extract, GC, GC-MS and HPTLC were utilized. The results showed that some metabolites, such as germacrene D, α-pinene, marmesin, caffeic, gallic, ellagic and rosmarinic acids were affected by drought stress. To evaluate of expression genes involved in metabolites production, biosynthesis pathways of their production for tolerant and sensitive species, were assessed. Two genes from terpenoids biosynthesis pathway includes 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (MECPS) and a gene from the phenylpropanoids biosynthetic pathway, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA (RAS) were selected and their expression was studied, using RT-qPCR. The results showed that 12 days after stop irrigating, the relative expression of three genes significantly increased in the studied species. Tolerant P1 and Pe1 species had 8-fold more expression for DXR gene compared to P5 and Pe3 sensitive species. On the other hand, for better understand of metabolic relationships in six Pimpinella and three Petroselinum species, chromosomal characteristics and ploidy levels were studied. Five species P1-P5 were diploid (2n=2x=20), P6 was diploid (2n=2x=18) having genome size of 4.64-5.07 pg and three Petroselinum species (Pe1-Pe3) were diploid (2n=2x=22) with 4.89 pg genome size. The results verified that drought stress affected physiological characteristics and secondary metabolism of Pimpinella and Petroselinum that is useful for future work by using metabolic engineering focusing on tolerant species to increase important compounds, e.g. apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol and rosmarinic, caffeic, gallic and ellagic acids.
The present study aimed to determine the effect on different blood parameters (WBCs, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC) in fingerlings of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) weighing 13.5 ± 1 g with pomegranate peels (Punica granatum) in their different forms, raw (PPR), alcoholic (PPA) and water (PPW), which were added to their feed as 0.5% and 1% respectively, in addition to the control treatment (21 replicates). A commercial diet was used containing 35% crude protein, 6% lipid, 12% Ash and 50 TVN for ten weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood was drawn from the heart of the fish, and analyses were performed. The results showed that RBCs, HGB and HCT improved significantly (P< 0.05), while there were no significant differences (P> 0.05) in WBCs, MCH, and MCHC. In short, we recommend adding pomegranate peels or extracts (alcoholic or aqueous) to common carp food at a rate not exceeding 1%.
Objective:
We studied the cytotoxic effects of topical anise oil on NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells using a cell culture assay.
Materials and methods:
NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with fetal bovine serum (10%) and penicillin/streptomycin under standard cell culture conditions in a humidified incubator containing 5% carbon dioxide. For the MTT cytotoxicity experiment, NIH/3T3 cells were plated in triplicate at a concentration of 3x103 per well in 96-well plates and incubated for 24 hours. The cells were treated with anise oil concentrations ranging from 3.13 to 100 μM, and the plates were cultured for 24, 48, and 72 hours under standard cell culture conditions. For assessment by confocal microscopy, NIH/3T3 cells were seeded on sterilized coverslips in 6-well plates at a concentration of 105 cells per well in triplicate. For 24 hours, cells were treated with 100 μM of anise oil. Three wells that were not treated with anise oil served as the control group.
Results:
The MTT findings demonstrated that anise oil is not cytotoxic to NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells. Anise oil stimulated cell growth and triggered cell division at all three incubation intervals of 24, 48, and 72 hours. The maximum growth was obtained in the applied highest concentration of 100 μM anise oil. At doses of 25, 50, and 100 μM, there was also a statistically significant improvement in cell viability. At 72 hours of incubation, dosages of 6.25 and 12.5 micro of anise oil were shown to be viability-inducing for NIH/3T3 cells. In the confocal microscopy pictures, it was found that anise oil was not cytotoxic on NIH/3T3 cells at the applied maximal dose. The experimental group of NIH/3T3 cells exhibited the same cell morphology as the untreated control group. In both sets of NIH/3T3 cells, the nucleus was round and undamaged, and the cytoskeleton was determined to be compact.
Conclusions:
Anise oil is not cytotoxic on NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells and initiates cell growth. Anise oil could be used topically to enhance wound healing after surgical procedures if clinical trials will confirm experimental data.
Zivzik pomegranate (Punica granatum) has recently sparked considerable interest due to its nutritional and antioxidant properties. To evaluate the antioxidant capacities of P. granatum juice, ethanol (EEZP), and water (WEZP) extracts from peel and seed, the antioxidant methods of 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical (ABTS •+) scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH •) scavenging, Fe 3+-2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) reducing, Fe 3+ reducing, and Cu 2+ reducing methods were used. The antioxidant capacities of samples were compared with the most commonly used synthetic antioxidants, i.e., BHA, BHT, α-tocopherol, and Trolox. In terms of setting an example, the IC 50 values of EEZP for ABTS •+ and DPPH • scavenging activities were found to be lower than standards, at 5.9 and 16.1 µg/mL, respectively. The phenolic and flavonoid contents in EEZP peel were 59.7 mg GAE/g and 88.0 mg QE/g, respectively. Inhibition of α-glycosidase, α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase, and human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) enzymes was also investigated. EEZP demonstrated IC 50 values of 7.3 µg/mL against α-glycosidase, 317.7 µg/mL against α-amylase, 19.7 µg/mL against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and 106.3 µg/mL against CA II enzymes. A total of 53 phenolic compounds were scanned, and 30 compounds were determined using LC-MS/MS. E. coli and S. aureus bacteria were resistant to all four antibiotics used as standards in hospitals.
Arabian deep-sea red shrimp Aristeus alcocki is considered to be an ideal source of pigments, especially astaxanthin, and its analogs. Extraction of pigments from exoskeleton discards of A. alcocki was analyzed by using organic solvents, namely, n-hexane, acetone, ethyl acetate, methanol, and ethanol under cold and hot conditions. A significantly greater pigments yield was obtained using acetone: methanol (1:1 v/v) (10.4-10.9%) and ethanol (9.3-9.7%) extractions compared with conventional acetone extract (7.4-8.1%) (p < 0.05). Chromatographic experiments with the pigment extracts showed the presence of free astaxanthin, astaxanthin mono-ester, and astaxanthin di-ester.
A field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, in spring season 2016 to study the effect of three types of soil coverings (without coverage, black polyethylene coverage, and white cover), spraying with plant extracts, and consisted of five levels control (without spraying), spray with Blady grass, Nut grass, onion extract and Johnson grass extracts on the vegetative growth of the tomato plant, plant length, stem diameter, number of leaves, leave area and dry weight of the plant. Experiment was applied according to split-plot in the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results were as follows: Soil coverage had a positive effect on all studied vegetative growth properties and the coverage of the soil with the black cover was significantly higher than the second type of cover and the comparison treatment which was not covered. The spraying of the plant extracts separately resulted a significant reduction in all studied vegetative growth properties as compared with control treatment (sprayed with distilled water). The spray treatment with Nut grass extract was characterized by increasing the reduction rate in the measured vegetative growth measurements from other extracts, followed by spraying with the extract of the Johnson grass, then spraying with the extract of the Blady grass and then spraying with the onion extract.
Background
Hypericum heterophyllum has been used as a traditional medicine and includes significant bioactive compounds.
Objective
To quantitatively determine the phenolic and flavonoid contents of Hypericum heterophyllum flowers and evaluate the antioxidant activity. Also, to present the activity-compound relationship.
Method
Flowers of H. heterophyllum Vent., endemic species for Turkey were collected from Yozgat-Turkey. H. heterophyllum flowers were extracted with methanol, ethanol, acetone, and chloroform individually. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis for phytochemicals was carried out for each extract. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were carried out for each extract. The antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH•, ABTS•+, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide radical scavenging assays.
Results
Chlorogenic acid was found as a major compound in all extracts. Among the extracts, methanol extract included the most phenolic compound. The methanol extract and acetone extract consisted of the most flavonoids. Acetone and ethanol extracts revealed the most DPPH and ABTS activity respectively. Acetone extract exhibited the highest hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging effect
Conclusion
Flowers of H. heterophyllum contain bioactive compounds and they revealed good antioxidant activity. Hence, H. heterophyllum flowers could be a promising agent for the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Anise originated in the eastern Mediterranean region and is native to Asia Minor, Greece and Egypt. Principal anise-growing regions are Spain, the Soviet Union, France and North Africa as well as some parts of Germany (Deutschmann et al. 1979; Wagner 1980). Moreover, anise is commercially cultivated in Chile, China and the USA (Embong et al. 1977). The plant belongs to the UmbeUiferae family, has a distinct spicy-aromatic (anise-like) smell, and an aromatic-sweetish taste, with greyish-green upside-down pear-shaped, and about 2-mm-long schizocarps of the 1-year-old herb-like plant which may grow up to 50 cm (Wagner 1980). The plant has fine fusiform roots, the ribbed stem is branched and has pubiscent leaves. The lower vegetative leaves are roundish-reniform, whereas the upper vegetative leaves consist of narrow-leaved pinnas. The blossom is an umbel with filamentous involucral bracts and white and short petals (Deutschmann et al. 1979). As a medicinal herb and aromatic plant, anise is one of the oldest cultigens. Hippocrates used anise for the treatment of jaundice and, in the Middle Ages, it was taken as a medicine for cough and cancer, as well as for cases of snake and scorpion bites, mental diseases and epilepsy; it was even used as a diuretic. The first legal certification of anise oil dates back to the beginning of the 16th century (Gildemeister and Hoffmann 1956). The annual world production of anise oil, including coriander oil, amounts to as much as 500 tons (Gildemeister and Hoffmann 1956, 1966). Anise fruit and its essential oil are used as a spicy seasoning (in biscuits, Vinschgl = a “long-time bread” from South Tyrol and preserved fruits), as a flavour additive in the field of oral hygiene (in toothpastes and gargles), in the confectionery industry and for the production of alcoholic beverages, such as herb liqueur or anise brandy (Wagner 1980; Zepernick et al. 1984). In medicine, the carminative, spasmolytic and expectorant effects of the drug and oil are of interest (Weiss 1974; Wagner 1980; Zepernick et al. 1984). Moreover, the plant’s importance is shown nowadays in its adaptation into essential European pharmacopeias: DAB 8 (FRG), DAB 7 (GDR), ÖAB 9 (Austria), Helv VI (Switzerland) and Ph. Eur. III (Europe).
Ethanol extracts of 19 Malaysian traditional vegetables (locally known as ‘ulam’) belonging to 15 families were screened for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Both the disc diffusion (qualitative) and tube dilution (quantitative) assays were employed for the determination of antimicrobial activity against six pathogenic microorganisms, i.e. two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium), two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two fungi (Aspergillus ochraceous and Cryptococcus neoformans). Six extracts, i.e. Anacardium occidentale, Garcinia atroviridis, Averrhoa bilimbi, Polygonum minus, Diplazium esculentum and Etlingera elatior, showed antimicrobial with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) values in the respective ranges of 100 ? 800 µg/ml and 400 ? 800 µg/ml. Seven extracts, i.e. Anacardium occidentale, Garcinia atroviridis, Sesbania grandiflora, Barringtonia racemosa, Polygonum minus, Kaempferia galanga and Etlingera elatior displayed cytotoxic activity against the HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) cell line with CD 50 values in the range of 10–30 µg/ml. The ‘ulam’ show potential as ‘functional food’ in view of the significant therapeutic and nutritive benefits.
The antioxidant potential of chum salmon spermary tissue was evaluated using a sardine triacylglycerol emulsion system. Intact and high-molecular weight water-soluble fractions of spermary tissue were found to accelerate both autoxidation and iron/ascorbate-catalyzed oxidation. The low-molecular weight (LMW) fraction inhibited autoxidation and oxidation catalyzed by iron/ascorbate and 2,2‘-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). Inhibition of iron/ascorbate-catalyzed oxidation by the LMW fraction decreased with decreasing pH until no activity was observed at pH ≤6.4. Activity of the LMW fraction was not strongly influenced by pH (5.0−7.0) in the presence of AAPH. Antioxidants in the LMW fraction, including spermine, putrescine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and glutathione, both alone and in combination, exhibited less antioxidant activity than the LMW fraction, indicating that other unidentified antioxidants were present. Keywords: Antioxidants; lipid oxidation; polyamines; fish oil; seafood
The antioxidant activities and total phenolics of 28 plant products, including sunflower seeds, flaxseeds, wheat germ, buckwheat, and several fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants were determined. The total phenolic content, determined according to the Folin−Ciocalteu method, varied from 169 to 10548 mg/100 g of dry product. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract evaluated according to the β-carotene bleaching method expressed as AOX (Δ log A470/min), AA (percent inhibition relative to control), ORR (oxidation rate ratio), and AAC (antioxidant activity coefficient) ranged from 0.05, 53.7, 0.009, and 51.7 to 0.26, 99.1, 0.46, and 969.3, respectively. The correlation coefficient between total phenolics and antioxidative activities was statistically significant. Keywords: Antioxidant activity; phenolics; medicinal plants; oilseeds; buckwheat; vegetables; fruits; wheat products
An antioxidant fraction of Chinese green tea (green tea antioxidant; GTA), containing several catechins, has been previously
shown to inhibit 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced tumor promotion in mouse skin. In the present study, GTA was shown to have
antioxidative activity toward hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the superoxide radical (O2−). GTA also prevented oxygen radical and H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and inhibition of intercellular communication in cultured B6C3F1 mouse hepatocytes and human keratinocytes
(NHEK cells). GTA (0.05–50 μg/ml) prevented the killing of hepatocytes (measured by lactate dehydrogenase release) by paraquat
(1–10 mM) and glucose oxidase (0.8–40 μg/ml) in a concentration-dependent fashion. GTA (50μg/ml) also prevented the inhibition
of hepatocyte intercellular communication by paraquat (5 mM), glucose oxidase (0.8 μg/ml), and phenobarbital (500 μg/ml).
In addition, GTA (50 μg/ml) prevented the inhibition of intercellular communication in human keratinocytes by TPA (100 ng/ml).
Cytotoxicity and inhibition of intercellular communication, two possible mechanisms by which tumor promoters may produce their
promoting effects were therefore prevented by GTA. The inhibition of these two effects of pro-oxidant compounds may suggest
a mechanism by which GTA inhibits tumor promotion in vivo.
The action of the phenolic compounds acetaminophen, salicylate, and 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA) as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation was studied under conditions suitable for establishing their antioxidant potencies. These phenolic compounds react differently with diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and protect differently sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes against lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2+/ascorbate, as evaluated by the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and by the loss of the polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains. 5-Aminosalicylate reacts promptly with DPPH, suggesting a potent radical scavenger activity and was found to be the most active in inhibiting Fe2+/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation. These compounds also exhibit peroxyl radical scavenging activity generated by the water-soluble 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) azoinitiator of peroxyl radicals, as evidenced by the inhibition of cis-parinaric acid fluorescence decay or oxygen consumption. 5-ASA rapidly scavenges peroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase, producing a concentration-dependent inhibition period similar to Trolox or cysteine, suggesting an antioxidant activity of chain-breaking type. By comparison, the reactivities of acetaminophen and salicylate are significantly weaker, acting essentially as oxidation retardants. Although closely related in structure, the antioxidant efficiencies of the three phenolic compounds are significantly different. The higher antioxidant activity of 5-ASA is putatively related with the p-amine relative to the hydroxyl group, potentially increasing the stability of the phenoxyl radical. Such a stabilization is not possible with salicylate and is decreased in acetaminophen by an electron withdrawing effect of the p-acetyl.
The antioxidant activities of methanol and ethyl ether extracts obtained from Thymus zygis, collected during the flowering or non-flowering period, were evaluated and compared. To investigate this potential, extracts were tested on their capacity to react with diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in a homogeneous medium, and to inhibit Fe2+/ascorbate-induced membrane lipid peroxidation, as estimated by the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Although methanol extracts reduce DPPH radicals more efficiently than ethyl ether extracts, suggesting a potent radical scavenger activity, the ethyl ether extracts were found to be most active in inhibiting lipid peroxidation in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes. In addition, both extracts present peroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activities. Peroxyl radicals were generated by the water soluble 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) azoinitiator, and the scavenging activities of the extracts were measured by the inhibition of cis-parinaric acid (PnA) fluorescence decay in SR. Superoxide radicals were generated either by an enzymatic or a non-enzymatic system, and the scavenger ability was evaluated by the inhibition of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. Methanolic extracts are more potent as scavengers of peroxyl and superoxide radicals than the ethyl ether extracts. Apparently, there is a relationship between antioxidant potency and the total phenolic groups content in each extract.
It was found possible to distinguish between four kinds of crude drugs containing anethole, fennel, sweet fennel, anise, and star anise from their essential oils, using infrared absorption spectra. For this purpose, anethole content and difference in coexisting components were spectrally analyzed. For the determination of anethole, characteristic absorption of a propenyl group at 961cm⁻¹ was used. In fennel, characteristic absorption of fenchone at 1743cm⁻¹ was used. For discrimination of anise and star anise oils, differential method was used and a good result was obtained by the use of absorption at 1371cm⁻¹, appearing stronger in star anise oil. This absorption was considered to be due to the concerted effect of isopropyl group in cineol, terpineol, and phellandrene.
Antioxidative activity of aromatic amino acids and indole compounds for the autoxidation of linoleic acid was found to correlate in some extent with the highest occupied molecular orbital energy which represents the electron donor property of respective molecule. 5-Hydroxytryptophan, one of the best electron donor among the compounds tested, was the most effective antioxidant. However, antioxidative activity of some indole compounds could not be interpreted simply by their highest molecular orbital energies.
Neither the chelating action for the possible metal traces nor the accelerated decomposition of hydroperoxide produced during the course of the reaction explained these actions of indoles. Tryptophan, while preventing the autoxidation of linoleic acid, underwent the ring cleavage at the position of between C2 and C3 or hydroxylation at C5 to yield formylkynurenine, kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, etc. Following mechanisms which were compatible with the experimental results were proposed for the antioxidative action of indoles; indole donates an electron from its π-pool to linoleic acid radical or peroxy radical produced during the autoxidation of linoleic acid to form a loose charge transfer complex through a “local” interaction; an electron transfer occurs within the complex, which brings cleavage of indole rings and an inhibition of autoxidation.
A fully automated-continuous flow 40-sample/ hour procedure was adapted from the Singleton-Rossi method of analysis for total phenols in wine and other plant extracts. It was compared with small-volume manual and semiautomated versions of this analysis. The agreement in mg of gallic acid equivalent phenol (GAE) per liter among a series of dry wines was excellent by all three procedures. The coefficients of variation in replicate analyses averaged 5.8% for the manual, 6.2% for the semi-automated and 2.2% for the automated procedure. This greater reproducibility, plus savings of about 70% in labor and up to 40% in reagents, makes the automated procedure attractive for laboratories doing enough total phenol analyses to recoup the cost of the automating equipment. For continuous flow, color development with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in alkaline solution must be hastened by heating compared to slower room temperature development for the manual methods. Heating of sugar-containing samples in the alkaline solution gives interference presumably from endiol formation. Examples are given of corrections which were used successfully to estimate the true phenol content of sweet wines.
Maillard reaction products (MRP) were prepared by refluxing the mixture of L-histidine and D-glucose (1:3 molar ratio) in 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 5, 7, and 9) for up to 24h. It was found that antioxidative effect of MRP increased as a function of reaction time, particularly at the later stage of the reaction. At higher initial pH, antioxidative effect of MRP became significant. It was also revealed that antioxidative effect exponentially increased as a function of the development of reducing power. MRP also retarded autoxidation of sardine oil, but their antioxidative effect to sardine oil was less than that to linoleic acid. Since POV of sardine oils which had been already oxidized (POV about 50 or 100) was decreased to some extent by the addition of MRP, it was sug-gested that MRP worked as peroxide destroyers besides autoxidation-breakers. Application of MRP (pH 9, 24h heating) to Kamaboko-type sardine products (boiled or deep-fried) was also performed. MRP were mixed in sardine minced meats at the levels of 0-5%. and the products were stored at 4°C. It was found that MRP effectively inhibited autoxidation of sardine products during storage.
Products of browning reaction of glucosamine were prepared from glucosamine-HCl by incubating it at 37°C for 0-30 days, and the antioxidative activity, reducing power, degree of browning, aminosugar contents, pH, moisture and total nitrogen contents of the products were measured. In addition, the brown products prepared from glucosamine by incubation at 37°C for 0, 15 and 30 days were fractionated by gel filtration using Sephadex G-15, and the antioxidative activity, reducing power, degree of browning and pH of each fraction were also measured.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) When white powder of free glucosamine was allowed to stand for 3 days at 37°C, it transformed to a brown paste.
2) The strongest antioxidative activity was observed in the product obtained after incubation between 20 and 30 days.
3) The increase in antioxidative activity of the products of browning reaction was accompanied by the increase in the degree of browning.
4) The brown products prepared from glucosamine by long incubation were fractionated into fractions according to their molecular weights.
Antioxidative activity was detected in the fractions corresponding to intermediate molecular weight.
The scavenging effects of twenty-five tannins including low-molecular polyphenols on the superoxide anion radical (O2-) generated in the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system were estimated by electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements of the adducts formed by 5, 5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) and the radical. The scavenging effects of tannins and related polyphenols having ortho-trihydroxyl (pyrogallol) structure [galloyl, hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) groups in hydrolyzable tannins, galloyl group in acylated proanthocyanidins, and the B-ring of some flavan-3-ols] were stronger than the effects of unacylated proanthocyanidins. The effects of tannins and related polyphenols on the superoxide anion radical were also compared with those on the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Each tannin in an ethanol solution of DPPH radical reduced the intensity of the signal of the DPPH radical, and gave a weak signal assignable to a radical derived from that tannin, in a similar way to the appearance of the signal of dl-α-tocopherol radical, accompanied with reduction of the signal of DPPH radical, in a mixture of dl-α-tocopherol and the DPPH radical. In contrast to the case of the superoxide anion radical, the effects of unacylated proanthocyanidins on DPPH radical were comparable with those of the other types of tannins. The scavenging effects of all of the tannins and related polyphenols tested in the experiments on DPPH radical were stronger than that of dl-α-tocopherol.
The spontaneous reaction of atmospheric oxygen with organic compounds leads to a number of degradative changes that reduce the lifetime of many products of interest to the chemical industry, especially polymers, as well as causing the deterioration of lipids in foods. The importance of oxygen in the deterioration of rubber was demonstrated over a century ago,¹ and this finding led chemists to investigate the chemistry of oxidative deterioration and its inhibition.
1. Oxygen is a toxic gas - an introductionto oxygen toxicity and reactive species 2. The chemistry of free radicals and related 'reactive species' 3. Antioxidant defences Endogenous and Diet Derived 4. Cellular responses to oxidative stress: adaptation, damage, repair, senescence and death 5. Measurement of reactive species 6. Reactive species can pose special problems needing special solutions. Some examples. 7. Reactive species can be useful some more examples 8. Reactive species can be poisonous: their role in toxicology 9. Reactive species and disease: fact, fiction or filibuster? 10. Ageing, nutrition, disease, and therapy: A role for antioxidants?
The genusPimpinella contains pseudoisoeugenols, phenylpropanoids with a rare 2,5-dioxy substitution pattern on the phenyl ring. To study the biosynthesis of these compounds, we set up a leaf-differentiating tissue culture ofPimpinella anisum. These cultures mainly produce epoxy-pseudoisoeugenol-(2-methylbutyrate). To corroborate the biosynthetic pathway of epoxy-pseudoisoeugenol-(2-methylbutyrate) as proposed on the basis of investigations with13C/14C-labelled precursors, the key steps of the pathway were investigated at an enzyme level. Experiments with cell-free homogenates clearly revealed that L-phenylalanine is converted to (E)-cinnamic acid by phenylalanine ammonia lyase and that (E)-cinnamic acid is converted top-coumaric acid by cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase. L-2-aminooxy-3-phenylpropionic acid, an analogue of L-phenylalanine, inhibited the incorporation of L-[3'-13C]phenylalanine into epoxy-pseudoisoeugenol-(2-methylbutyrate). Up to 2% of the precursor DL-[3'-13C]phenyllactate was incorporated into epoxy-pseudoisoeugenol-(2-methylbutyrate). Inhibition experiments with oxalacetic acid clearly showed that cinnamic acid is not formed by dehydration of phenyllactic acid in this leaf-differentiating tissue culture ofP. anisum.
Hairy root cultures of Pimpinella anisum were established following inoculation of aseptically grown plantlets with an A(4) pRiA(4) 70 GUS strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The essential oils from the hairy roots, maintained in four different media, and from the fruits and roots of the parent plant were analysed and their compositions compared by GC and GC-mass spectrometry. The major components of the essential oils from the hairy root cultures were trans-epoxypseudoisoeugenyl 2-methylbutyrate, geijerene, pregeijerene, zingiberene and beta-bisabolene, in varying amounts depending on the light or dark growth conditions and on the culture media tested. trans-Epoxypseudoisoeugenyl 2-methylbutyrate, beta-bisabolene and pregeijerene were the major components of the essential oil from the roots of the parent plant, whereas the main component of the fruit oil was trans-anethole. Geijerenes were not detected in the fruit oil. The essential oil yield of the transformed roots grown in one of the media was comparable with that obtained for the roots of the parent plant and, calculated on a dry weight basis, the oil yield of these hairy roots was comparable with that of the fruits. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
METHODS for measuring antioxidants and appraising antioxidant activity appear to be of two general types. If the chemical nature of the antioxidant is known, one may strive for a test specific for the compound or group of interest; for example, the nitroprusside test for sulphydryl groups. Alternatively one may observe the inhibition of some natural oxidative process such as the β-oxidation of fats, as a function of the added antioxidant.
A method for determining different types of reducing activity in aqueous leaf extracts of various edible herb species [watercress (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), basil (Ocimum basilicum), and sage (Salvia officinalis L.)] was developed. This method, based on kinetics of the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), was employed to study the correlation between leaf senescence rates under darkness and their relative reducing capacity in aqueous extracts, which represents an oxidative defense mechanism. Evidence is presented showing that the total reducing capacity is negatively correlated with the relative senescence rate of these four herb species and thereby provides a means to predict their storage potential. Also, the initiation of senescence processes was associated with a weakening of the oxidative defense systems. Exogenous application of active reducing agents (morin, ferulic acid, kaempferol, and glutathione) inhibited significantly chlorophyll degradation of detached parsley leaves to an extent related to their in vitro effectiveness of reducing activity. The results further emphasize the correlation between decreasing senescence rate and increasing reducing activity, thereby confirming the possible involvement of reducing compounds in oxidative defense systems of various edible senescing leaves.
The total antioxidant-activity (TAA) has been evaluated as a marker of the deterioration of apple juice during storage. Unfortified juice, juice fortified with vitamin C, and an apple ''drink'' (6% juice), to which vitamin C (300 ppm) is added during manufacture, were evaluated. Vitamin C activity represented a minor fraction of the TAA (ca. 1%) of ''longlife'' apple juice, with chlorogenic acid and phloretin glycosides as the major identifiable antioxidants (ca. 32% and 11% of the TAA, respectively). Antioxidant activity ascribable to these substances was stable under the storage conditions examined, whereas ascorbic acid added into the juice was unstable; in fortified whole apple juice the TAA value correlated significantly with the decline in the ascorbic acid concentration, while in the apple drink there was a direct relationship between TAA and ascorbate.
The scavenging effect of methanolic extracts of peanut hulls (MEPH) on free-radical and active-oxygen species was investigated. MEPH showed marked activity as a radical scavenger in the experiment using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, indicating that MEPH has effective activities as a hydrogen donor and as a primary antioxidant to react with lipid radicals. MEPH also possessed antioxidative activity toward hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2 radical anion), indicating that MEPH has a scavenging activity on H2O2 and O2 radical anion. The scavenging effect of MEPH on hydroxyl radical was investigated by means of electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry. MEPH exhibited a marked scavenging effect on hydroxyl radical, and the scavenging activity of MEPH depended on its concentrations. These results indicate that MEPH is also active as an oxygen scavenger and as a secondary antioxidant. The overall antioxidant effect of MEPH on lipid peroxidation might be attributed to its properties of scavenging free-radical and active-oxygen species.
The antioxidant activity and free-radical and active oxygen-scavenging activity of burdock extracts were investigated. Of
the solvents used for extraction, water yielded the greatest amount of extract that exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity.
Water extracts of burdock (WEB) and hot water extracts of burdock (HWEB) exhibited comparable and marked activity on inhibition
of linoleic acid peroxidation, indicating that heat treatment did not alter the antioxidant activity of WEB. WEB and HWEB
produced significantly lower (P<0.05) malondialdehyde (MDA) in both linoleic acid and liposome model systems than did the control. Moreover, mixtures of
tocopherol (Toc), WEB, and HWEB exhibited a remarkable synergistic antioxidant effect in a liposome system; WEB and HWEB thus
potentiated the action of Toc. Furthermore, WEB and HWEB displayed a marked inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation of rat
liver homogenate in vitro. WEB and HWEB exhibited an 80% scavenging effect on α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl radical and marked reducing power, indicating
that WEB and HWEB act as primary antioxidants. Both extracts at a dose of 1.0 mg exhibited a 60.4–65.0% scavenging effect
on superoxide and an 80.5% scavenging effect on hydrogen peroxide. They also showed a marked scavenging effect on the hydroxyl
radical. These results revealed that WEB and HWEB are also active as oxygen scavengers and as secondary antioxidants. Based
on these results, termination of free-radical reactions and quenching of reactive oxygen species in burdock extracts are suggested
to be, in part, responsible for the antioxidant activity of burdock extracts.
Free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constantly formed in the human body. Free-radical mechanisms have
been implicated in the pathology of several human diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, malaria, and rheumatoid arthritis
and neurodegenerative diseases. For example, the superoxide radical (O
2
·−
) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are known to be generated in the brain and nervous system in vivo, and several areas of the human brain are rich in iron, which appears to be easily mobilizable in a form that can stimulate
free-radical reactions. Antioxidant defenses to remove O
2
·−
and H2O2 exist. Superoxide dismutases (SOD) remove O
2
·−
by greatly accelerating its conversion to H2O2. Catalases in peroxisomes convert H2O2 into water and O2 and help to dispose of H2O2 generated by the action of the oxidase enzymes that are located in these organelles. Other important H2O2-removing enzymes in human cells are the glutathione peroxidases. When produced in excess, ROS can cause tissue injury. However,
tissue injury can itself cause ROS generation (e.g., by causing activation of phagocytes or releasing transition metal ions
from damaged cells), which may (or may not, depending on the situation) contribute to a worsening of the injury. Assessment
of oxidative damage to biomolecules by means of emerging technologies based on products of oxidative damage to DNA (e.g.,
8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine), lipids (e.g., isoprostanes), and proteins (altered amino acids) would not only advance our understanding
of the underlying mechanisms but also facilitate supplementation and intervention studies designed and conducted to test antioxidant
efficacy in human health and disease.
Plant phenolics, especially dietary flavonoids, are currently of growing interest owing to their supposed functional properties in promoting human health. Antimicrobial screening of 13 phenolic substances and 29 extracts prepared from Finnish plant materials against selected microbes was conducted in this study. The tests were carried out using diffusion methods with four to nine microbial species (Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis). Flavone, quercetin and naringenin were effective in inhibiting the growth of the organisms. The most active plant extracts were purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) against Candida albicans, meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.), willow herb (Epilobium angustifolium L.), cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) and raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) against bacteria, and white birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.), pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum. L.) against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus.
The fumigant activity of essential oil vapours distilled from anise Pimpinella anisum, cumin Cuminum cyminum, eucalyptus Eucalyptus camaldulensis, oregano Origanum syriacum var. bevanii and rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis were tested against eggs of two stored-product insects, the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum, and the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella. The exposure to vapours of essential oils from anise and cumin resulted in 100% mortality of the eggs. Oregano achieved mortalities as high as 77 and 89% in T. confusum and E. kuehniella, respectively. The highest mortalities caused by essential oils of eucalyptus and rosemary were 45 and 65%, respectively. At a concentration of 98.5 μl anise essential oil/l air, the LT99 values were 60.9 and 253.0 h for E. kuehniella and T. confusum, respectively. For the same concentration of the essential oil of cumin, the LT99 value for E. kuehniella was 127.0 h. As the essential oils from other plants investigated were less active their estimated LT99 values were too far beyond the tested exposure range to be reliable.
The antioxidant activity of water extracts of Harng Jyur (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) from four varieties, including Huang Harng Jyur (HHJ), Bai Harng Jyur (BHJ), Gan Harng Jyur (GHJ), and Kung Harng Jyur (KHJ), was investigated. The water extracts of the four Harng Jyur varieties showed strong antioxidant activity in linoleic acid and liposome model systems. Each extract at 20 mg exhibited 65.3–71.8% inhibition on malondialdehyde formation of rat liver homogenate in vitro, greater than 20 mg of tocopherol. A correlation established between the total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, yielded a coefficient of r2=0.934, 0.997, 0.758 and 0.983 for HHJ, BHJ, GHJ and KHJ respectively. Each extract of the four Harng Jyur varieties had effective activities as radical scavengers, metal chelators, and active oxygen scavengers. These properties may be the major reasons for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Of the four varieties, BHJ was the most significant antioxidative material. No mutagenicity in the four varieties was found in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98, either with or without S9 mix.
Gewebekulturen von Radix Anethi und Radix Anisi, die zum Teil im Dauerlicht, zum Teil im Dauerdunkel gehalten worden waren, wurden nach sechsmonatiger Kultivierung (3–5 Passagen) auf Cumarine und Sterole untersucht. In den Kulturen von Radix Anethi konnte Scopoletin und Umbelliferon sowie Stigmasterol und β–Sitosterol nachgewiesen werden. In den Kulturen von Radix Anisi wurde Scopoletin, Umbelliferon und Bergapten sowie Stigmasterol gefunden.
The antioxidative activities of twenty types of citrus fruits were investigated with a screening method which is based on rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The activities of the exocarp were greater than those of the sarcocarp and the activities from immature fruits (collected in July-August) were greater than those from mature fruits. The strongest antioxidative activity was found in ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco) collected in July.
Reactive oxygen species are constantly formed in the human body and removed by antioxidant defenses. An antioxidant is a substance that, when present at low concentrations compared to that of an oxidizable substrate, significantly delays or prevents oxidation of that substrate. Antioxidants can act by scavenging biologically important reactive oxygen species (O2-., H2O2.OH, HOCl, ferryl, peroxyl, and alkyl), by preventing their formation, or by repairing the damage that they do. One problem with scavenging-type antioxidants is that secondary radicals derived from them can often themselves do biologic damage. These various principles will be illustrated by considering several thiol compounds.
The essential oil of anise (fruits and shoots) was investigated focusing on the composition of the hydrocarbon fraction. Several sesquiterpenes were identified by GC-MS and the relative composition of the fractions was established by GC analysis. gamma-Himachalene and the diterpene neophytadiene were isolated by TLC and column chromatography at low temperatures. Their structures were determined by MS and NMR including 1H-1H correlated COSY and NOE experiments.
Nine newly synthesized eugenol derivatives were investigated in rats or mice as to their anesthetic, hypothermic, myorelaxant and anticonvulsant effects. Additional pharmacological activity which appeared during the experiments is described. For comparative purposes, six naturally occurring eugenol analogues were included in the study. The results are further discussed as to possible structure-activity relationships between the test compounds and the four investigated effects.
Although the role of free radicals has continued to capture the imagination of scientists, the interest in nutritional aspects of free radicals is relatively recent. Oxidative stress, which often arises as a result of the imbalance in the human antioxidant status, has been implicated in ageing and in a number of human diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, malaria and in rheumatoid arthritis. This review discusses the current status of free radicals in nutrition and dietary antioxidants and considers the possibility that use of a range of antioxidants, which have been carefully evaluated, combined with methods for measuring oxidant generation, would help to delineate the contribution of nutrients to the modulation of the consequences of free radicals in the human body.
The diffusion methods required by various pharmacopoeias were investigated in comparison to the bioautographic TLC assay in regard to the applicability and the statistical evaluation for testing the antibacterial activity of natural substances. Naringenin as an example for a weakly effective lipophilic natural compound and tetracycline as standard were used. Data were analysed by linear regression and ANOVA. The comparison of the disk diffusion method, the hole-plate diffusion method, and the bioautographic TLC assay showed that nature and amount of substance influence to a great extent the selection of the test method. The evaluation of parallelism demanded by the pharmacopoeias may provoke problems in comparing natural substances with strongly effective antibiotics. The simultaneous influence of different variables was examined with the help of ANOVA. The bioautographic TLC assay showed for spotted compounds a comparable reproducibility and accuracy to the diffusion methods mentioned above.
Flavonoids are polyphenolic antioxidants naturally present in vegetables, fruits, and beverages such as tea and wine. In vitro, flavonoids inhibit oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and reduce thrombotic tendency, but their effects on atherosclerotic complications in human beings are unknown. We measured the content in various foods of the flavonoids quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, apigenin, and luteolin. We then assessed the flavonoid intake of 805 men aged 65-84 years in 1985 by a cross-check dietary history; the men were then followed up for 5 years. Mean baseline flavonoid intake was 25.9 mg daily. The major sources of intake were tea (61%), onions (13%), and apples (10%). Between 1985 and 1990, 43 men died of coronary heart disease. Fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction occurred in 38 of 693 men with no history of myocardial infarction at baseline. Flavonoid intake (analysed in tertiles) was significantly inversely associated with mortality from coronary heart disease (p for trend = 0.015) and showed an inverse relation with incidence of myocardial infarction, which was of borderline significance (p for trend = 0.08). The relative risk of coronary heart disease mortality in the highest versus the lowest tertile of flavonoid intake was 0.42 (95% CI 0.20-0.88). After adjustment for age, body-mass index, smoking, serum total and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, physical activity, coffee consumption, and intake of energy, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and dietary fibre, the risk was still significant (0.32 [0.15-0.71]). Intakes of tea, onions, and apples were also inversely related to coronary heart disease mortality, but these associations were weaker. Flavonoids in regularly consumed foods may reduce the risk of death from coronary heart disease in elderly men.
The paradox of aerobic life, or the 'Oxygen Paradox', is that higher eukaryotic aerobic organisms cannot exist without oxygen, yet oxygen is inherently dangerous to their existence. This 'dark side' of oxygen relates directly to the fact that each oxygen atom has one unpaired electron in its outer valence shell, and molecular oxygen has two unpaired electrons. Thus atomic oxygen is a free radical and molecular oxygen is a (free) bi-radical. Concerted tetravalent reduction of oxygen by the mitochondrial electron-transport chain, to produce water, is considered to be a relatively safe process; however, the univalent reduction of oxygen generates reactive intermediates. The reductive environment of the cellular milieu provides ample opportunities for oxygen to undergo unscheduled univalent reduction. Thus the superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide and the extremely reactive hydroxyl radical are common products of life in an aerobic environment, and these agents appear to be responsible for oxygen toxicity. To survive in such an unfriendly oxygen environment, living organisms generate--or garner from their surroundings--a variety of water- and lipid-soluble antioxidant compounds. Additionally, a series of antioxidant enzymes, whose role is to intercept and inactivate reactive oxygen intermediates, is synthesized by all known aerobic organisms. Although extremely important, the antioxidant enzymes and compounds are not completely effective in preventing oxidative damage. To deal with the damage that does still occur, a series of damage removal/repair enzymes, for proteins, lipids and DNA, is synthesized. Finally, since oxidative stress levels may vary from time to time, organisms are able to adapt to such fluctuating stresses by inducing the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes and damage removal/repair enzymes. In a perfect world the story would end here; unfortunately, biology is seldom so precise. The reality appears to be that, despite the valiant antioxidant and repair mechanisms described above, oxidative damage remains an inescapable outcome of aerobic existence. In recent years oxidative stress has been implicated in a wide variety of degenerative processes, diseases and syndromes, including the following: mutagenesis, cell transformation and cancer; atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, heart attacks, strokes and ischaemia/reperfusion injury; chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus and psoriatic arthritis; acute inflammatory problems, such as wound healing; photo-oxidative stresses to the eye, such as cataract; central-nervous-system disorders, such as certain forms of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, certain glutathione peroxidase-linked adolescent seizures, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's dementia; and a wide variety of age-related disorders, perhaps even including factors underlying the aging process itself. Some of these oxidation-linked diseases or disorders can be exacerbated, perhaps even initiated, by numerous environmental pro-oxidants and/or pro-oxidant drugs and foods. Alternatively, compounds found in certain foods may be able to significantly bolster biological resistance against oxidants. Currently, great interest centres on the possible protective value of a wide variety of plant-derived antioxidant compounds, particularly those from fruits and vegetables.