Article

Examination of the short form of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) in a young adult university student sample

August 1998
Behaviour Research and Therapy 36(7):789-807

Authors:

Dalhousie University

The 42-item version of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) assesses relative frequency of drinking behavior across eight categories of drinking situations and was originally developed as a method for identifying high-risk situations in alcoholic samples. This study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of the IDS-42 in a sample of university students in order to assess its suitability as an assessment tool in the non-clinical population. Three hundred and ninety-six students (111 M, 283 F, 2 with missing gender data) completed the IDS-42 and a well established measure of drinking motives, the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ). Confirmatory factor analysis of the IDS-42 established a hierarchical factor structure with eight lower-order factors and three higher-order factors of negatively-reinforcing situations, positively-reinforcing situations, and temptation situations. The eight lower-order IDS-42 factors demonstrated moderate to high internal consistency and excellent concurrent validity with conceptually-similar DMQ subscale scores. Non-parametric analyses revealed that male students reported a higher drinking frequency overall as compared to female students, particularly in IDS-42 situations involving Social Pressure to Drink, Pleasant Times with Others, Testing Personal Control, and Urges and Temptations. Across the entire sample of university student drinkers, a higher drinking frequency was reported in positively-reinforcing situations as compared to negatively-reinforcing situations and temptation situations, as predicted. Results suggest the IDS-42 possesses good psychometric properties and support its utility as a tool in identifying situation-specific antecedents to drinking among university students.

Identifying Patterns of Situational Antecedents to Heavy Drinking among College Students

Article

Mar 2016

Background: Emerging adults have the highest prevalence of heavy drinking as compared to all other age groups. Given the negative consequences associated with such drinking, additional research efforts focused on at-risk consumption are warranted. The current study sought to identify patterns of situational antecedents to drinking and to examine their associations with drinking motivations, alcohol involvement, and mental health functioning in a sample of heavy drinking college students. Method: Participants were 549 (65.8% women) college student drinkers. Results: Latent profile analysis identified three classes based on likelihood of heavy drinking across eight situational precipitants. The "High Situational Endorsement" group reported the greatest likelihood of heavy drinking in most situations assessed. This class experienced the greatest level of alcohol-related harms as compared to the "Low Situational Endorsement" and "Moderate Situational Endorsement" groups. The Low Situational Endorsement class was characterized by the lowest likelihood of heavy drinking across all situational antecedents and they experienced the fewest alcohol-related harms, relative to the other classes. Class membership was related to drinking motivations with the "High Situational Endorsement" class endorsing the highest coping- and conformity-motivated drinking. The "High Situational Endorsement" class also reported experiencing more mental health symptoms than other groups. Conclusions: The current study contributed to the larger drinking literature by identifying profiles that may signify a particularly risky drinking style. Findings may help guide intervention work with college heavy drinkers.

Interpretive biases and their relation to alcohol-related problems and drinking motives in heavy and light drinking students

Conference Paper

May 2011
ALCOHOL

Affective Priming of Alcohol Schema in Coping and Enhancement Motivated Drinkers

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2002
Cognit Behav Ther

This study investigated whether Coping Motivated and Enhancement Motivated drinkers differ in their degree of semantic activation of alcohol concepts on a primed Stroop colour-naming task following exposure to negative and positive affect primes, respectively. Participants were 48 undergraduates (not necessarily problem drinkers) who had elevated scores on the Coping Motivated or Enhancement Motivated subscale of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire - Revised. The Stroop task involved negative, positive and neutral primes that preceded alcohol and no-alcohol target words. As hypothesized, Coping Motivated drinkers showed semantic activation of alcohol concepts following exposure to negative but not neutral primes. Also as hypothesized, Enhancement Motivated drinkers showed semantic activation of alcohol concepts following exposure to positive but not negative primes. Unexpectedly, semantic activation of alcohol concepts was also observed among Coping Motivated drinkers following positive primes and among Enhancement Motivated drinkers following neutral primes. Theoretical implications are discussed, as are implications for improving cognitive behavioral interventions for problem drinkers.

The relationship between drinking motives and alcohol-related interpretation biases

Article

Nov 2014

Tell Me … Why Do You Drink? A Study of Drinking Motives in Adolescence

Article

Jan 2007

Emmanuel Kuntsche

Affective Priming of Alcohol Schema in Coping and Enhancement Motivated Drinkers

Data

Jan 2002
Cognit Behav Ther

Big-five personality domains predict internal drinking motives in young adults

Article

Aug 2010
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Relations between personality domains, internal drinking motives, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems were examined. Undergraduate student drinkers (N = 521) completed the NEO-FFI, the Modified DMQ-R, a quantity/frequency measure of alcohol use, and the RAPI. A path analysis was performed to test a theoretical model of relations between these variables which specified internal drinking motives as mediators of the relations between personality domains and alcohol use/drinking consequences. Coping-depression drinking motives were predicted by Neuroticism, coping-anxiety drinking motives by Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness, and enhancement drinking motives by Extraversion and low Conscientiousness. Moreover, heavier drinking was predicted by enhancement motives, while alcohol-related problems were predicted by both coping-anxiety and coping-depression drinking motives. The results support the distinction between coping-anxiety and coping-depression drinking motives in that a different pattern of personality domains was associated with each. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)

Anxiety Sensitivity and Situation-Specific Drinking

Article

Sep 1998
J ANXIETY DISORD

To assess the typical drinking situations of high anxiety sensitive individuals, relative to low anxiety sensitive individuals, a large sample of university student drinkers (N = 396) completed the 42-item version of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI). As hypothesized, ASI scores were significantly positively correlated with drinking frequency on the higher order IDS-42 factor of negatively reinforcing drinking situations and not significantly correlated with drinking frequency on the higher order factor of positively reinforcing drinking situations. Also, ASI scores were significantly positively correlated with drinking frequency on the lower order drinking situations factors of Conflict with Others, Unpleasant Emotions, and Physical Discomfort. ASI scores were also unexpectedly significantly correlated with more frequent drinking on the higher order factor of temptation drinking situations and with more frequent drinking on the lower order drinking situations factor of Testing Personal Control. These results have important implications for designing early prevention and intervention programs for high anxiety sensitive university student drinkers by helping them to develop alternatives to drinking in those situations (e.g., negatively reinforcing drinking situations) which place them at greatest risk for alcohol misuse.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Short Form Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) in a Community-Recruited Sample of Substance-Abusing Women

Article

Feb 2000
J Subst Abuse

Purpose: We investigated the psychometric properties (factor structure, internal consistency reliability, concurrent validity) of the Short Form Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) in women substance abusers. Methods: A sample of 297 substance-abusing women was recruited from the community. The women completed the IDS-42 and the three-factor Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ). Results: Confirmatory factor analyses of IDS-42 items suggested a hierarchical structure for the scale. Eight factors (corresponding to Marlatt and Gordon's eight heavy drinking situations) provided the best model fit at the lower-order level, and three factors (i.e., Negatively Reinforcing vs. Positively Reinforcing vs. Temptation Situations) provided the best model fit at the higher-order level. Lower- and higher-order IDS-42 subscales were shown to possess adequate-to-high levels of internal consistency. The eight lower-order IDS-42 factors demonstrated excellent concurrent validity with conceptually similar DMQ subscale scores. Across the entire sample of female substance abusers, a higher frequency of heavy drinking was reported in Positively Reinforcing Situations and Unpleasant Emotions Situations, as compared to other heavy drinking situations. Implications: Results support the IDS-42's good psychometric properties and demonstrate its utility as a tool in identifying situation-specific antecedents to heavy drinking among women substance abusers.

The lexical decision task and implicit alcohol cognitions : a better measure for predicting alcohol use in women?

Article

Full-text available

Marita Campos-Melady

Research on the etiology of alcohol use disorders has focused increasingly on how the beliefs people have about alcohol influence their motivation to drink. Implicit alcohol expectancies, or beliefs about alcohol which exist outside of conscious awareness in the form of memory associations, are thought to uniquely affect drinking behavior. Research also has indicated that there may be a distinctive relationship between negative reinforcement and alcohol use in women. However, the most common measures used to examine implicit alcohol cognitions may be insufficient to examine associations involving negative reinforcement. The current study utilized the Lexical Decision Task (LDT) to examine the relationship between implicit alcohol cognitions and reported drinking in a sample of college women. Seventy-eight female participants completed a LDT including alcohol- and emotion-words, measures of explicit alcohol expectancies, and a measure of drinking behavior at baseline and after two months. Strong associations between negative emotion-words and alcohol-words (as measured by the LDT) were found to predict drinking at follow up, and to account for unique variance in drinking beyond the contribution of explicit measures. In addition, women who reported heavier drinking in response to social conflict on an explicit measure showed stronger priming of alcohol words by negative emotion words, thus implying that the LDT may tap into implicit cognitions related to alcohol use as a method of coping. These findings suggest that the LDT is sensitive to negative-reinforcement associations in a way that other measures are not. Psychology Masters University of New Mexico. Dept. of Psychology Smith, Jane Ellen Moyers, Theresa Goldsmith, Timothy

Association between polymorphism in gene related to the dopamine circuit and motivations for drinking in patients with alcohol use disorder

Article

Nov 2020
PSYCHIAT RES

The development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is influenced by genetic, psychological, and social factors. However, the identification of the load of each of these factors and the association between them is still debatable. This study aimed to explore the load of the association between AUD and polymorphisms in genes of the dopaminergic system, as well as with drinking triggers. The study comprised 227 inpatients with AUD and 174 controls. The pattern and motivations for drinking were evaluated using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS). Analyses of genetic variation in genes encoding dopaminergic were performed using next generation sequencing. We observed an significant association between a polymorphism in DDC (rs11575457) and AUD. Positive reinforcement factors as urges/temptations to drink and pleasant emotion, in isolation, were the significantly related elements to drinking. In addition, negative (physical discomfort) and positive reinforcement factors (testing personal control; pleasant time with others) significantly reinforced the interaction with DDC genetic variant for increased odds of an individual presenting AUD. These results indicated a complex relationship between the dopaminergic system and the drug-seeking behavior profiles.

Challenges in understanding the co-prevalence of eating and substance use problems and responding with integrated services

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2007

Disordered eating and substance use problems are significant and often co-occurring mental and physical health issues facing women today (see Chapter 13 of this book). Some suggest that when these two conditions co-exist, it may reflect a more significant emotional struggle than when either problem occurs alone (Singer et al., 1993). Researchers are beginning to argue that such co-occurrence must be taken into consideration in the development of more helpful treatment strategies for women (Holderness et al., 1994). Current research, including our own (Stewart et al., 2006), has explored, and continues to explore, common triggers and underlying motivations for both issues. Findings on this topic could be helpful to identify at-risk women, and could also clarify some of the factors associated with co-prevalence, which would be useful in improving current treatments. Through a brief overview of two key studies, as well as our own recent research, this chapter examines how an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the co-occurrence of disordered eating and substance use problems in women can improve women’s health programming, both in terms of modifying existing treatments and developing preventive measures and early interventions that can help avoid the emergence of more extreme clinical problems. For the past 25 years, the frequent co-prevalence of disordered eating and substance use problems among women has been widely documented. Connections between eating problems, particularly bulimic behavior, among women and the harmful use of alcohol and other drugs have now been strongly established (Krahn, 1991; Singer et al., 1993; see also Goldbloom, 1993; Holderness et al., 1994; Sinha & O’Malley, 2000; and Wilson, 1993, for reviews). Several recent studies, including our own (Stewart et al., 2006), have investigated the possibility that binge eating and problematic substance use may be so highly co-prevalent because they reflect a common mechanism or mechanisms involving emotional regulation: namely, providing emotional rewards (e.g., fulfilling needs and desires) and/or emotional relief from psychological distress (e.g., reducing anxiety or depression).

Motivation for Substance Use: Why Do People Use Alcohol, Tobacco and Marijuana?

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2013

The research aimed to explore the salience of different motives for substance use among alcohol, tobacco and marijuana users, and to investigate the difference in motives' salience with regard to frequency of substance use and respondents' socio-demographic characteristics. Data were collected among subsamples of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana users drawn from the representative sample of Croatian citizens (N = 4756). Respondents assessed four types, and for marijuana use five types of motives for each substance use (enhancement, social, conformity, coping, and expansion). The enhancement motives were assessed as the most, and conformity motives as the least salient motives among all groups of substance users. Generally, enhanced salience of motives was related to the frequency of all types of substance use. While age had significant effect on the salience of social motives for tobacco use, gender and marital status had significant effect on the salience of all motives for alcohol use, and age had significant effect only on the salience of enhancement and social motives for alcohol use. Among marijuana users, only marital status had significant effect on the salience of expansion motives for marijuana use. Results are discussed within the framework of motivational models for substance use.

Do friends always help your studies? Mediating processes between social relations and academic motivation

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2013

Previous studies suggest that social relations can increase one’s motivation to learn in school. However, other evidence showed that having more friends may also distract from one’s academic involvement. To understand the mechanisms behind this apparent contradiction, this study identified and tested the effects of a potentially important positive and negative mediator between social relations and academic motivation. A total of 226 university students were used to test the hypothesized path model. Results showed that the impact of social relations on students’ academic motivation was negatively mediated by alcohol use, but positively mediated by their place attachment to the university, although the model fit differed for women and men. Implications for social relations, school policy and freshman orientation programs are discussed.

Relation between personality and drinking motives in young adults

Article

Sep 2000
PERS INDIV DIFFER

The purpose of the present study was to place drinking motives within the context of the Five-Factor Model of personality. Specifically, we sought to determine whether certain personality domains and facets of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) predict Enhancement, Coping, Social, and/or Conformity drinking motives from the Revised Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ-R). A sample of 256 university student drinkers (M age =21.3 years) completed the NEO-PI-R and DMQ-R. In bivariate correlations, the two negative reinforcement motives (Coping and Conformity) were positively correlated with Neuroticism and negatively correlated with Extraversion. The two positive reinforcement motives (Enhancement and Social) were positively correlated with Extraversion and negatively correlated with Conscientiousness. Multiple regression analyses revealed that personality domain scores predicted two of the four drinking motives (i.e. the internal drinking motives of Coping and Enhancement), after controlling for the influences of alternative drinking motives. Enhancement Motives were predicted by high Extraversion and low Conscientiousness, and Coping Motives by high Neuroticism. Supplementary correlational analyses involving certain personality facet scores revealed that the depression and self-consciousness facets of the Neuroticism domain were positively correlated with residual Coping and Conformity Motives, respectively, and that the excitement-seeking and gregariousness facets of the Extraversion domain were positively correlated with residual Enhancement and Social Motives, respectively. These results provide further validation of Cox and Klinger’s 2×2 (valence [positive vs negative reinforcement]×source [internal vs external]) model of drinking motivations, and confirm previous speculations that drinking motives are distinguishable on the basis of personality domains and facets. Understanding the relations between personality and drinking motives may prove useful in identifying young drinkers whose drinking motivations may portend the development of heavy and/or problem drinking.

Why Do Women with Alcohol Problems Binge Eat?

Article

Jan 2006

Questionnaires assessing heavy drinking and binge eating were administered to 58 women with alcohol problems. A sub-sample of the binge-eaters then participated in qualitative interviews about their perceptions of the connections between their two problems. Seventy-one percent self-identified as binge-eaters with most reporting ‘severe’ binge eating. Binge-eaters were younger, more frequent drinkers and drank more often for emotional relief than non-binge-eaters. Binge eating and heavy drinking appeared to serve similar functions in a given client (i.e. emotional relief or reward functions). We discuss implications of the findings for the development of better treatments for women struggling with both health issues.

Anxiety sensitivity and social affiliation as determinants of alcohol consumption

Article

Mar 1999
BEHAV THER

An accumulating body of evidence suggests that individuals high in anxiety sensitivity (AS; fear of anxiety symptoms) may be at heightened risk for alcohol problems. Our study was designed to validate differences in self-reported drinking motives and contexts between high and low AS individuals using analogue methods. Participants were nonclinical young adults who scored high (n = 26) or low (n = 26) on the Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Participants were exposed to a social affiliative context manipulation where they played the same game, either alone (solitary context) or with two confederates (social context), followed by a mock beverage taste-rating task which provided an unobstrusive measure of ad-lib alcohol consumption. As predicted, high AS-solitary participants consumed significantly more alcohol as compared to high AS-social and low AS-solitary participants. Unexpectedly, high AS-social participants also consumed significantly more nonalcoholic control beverages as compared to high AS-social and low AS-solitary participants. However, only alcoholic beverage consumption was marginally positively correlated with negative affect scores and only for high AS participants. These results provide preliminary validation of previous self-report findings suggesting the use of high ASI scores as a potential marker for a pattern of context-dependent drinking that is associated with problematic alcohol use. We discuss some specific implications of our findings for prevention of the development of drinking problems, and the relevance of laboratory research for advancing behavior therapy in general.

Examining Alcohol Outcome Expectancies in Laboratory and Naturalistic Bar Settings: A Within-Subject Experimental Analysis

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2001

Using a within-subject design, this study investigated the situational-specificity hypothesis, namely that alcohol outcome expectancies (AOEs), subjective evaluations of AOEs, and the speed with which AOEs are accessed from memory vary as a function of environmental setting. Thirty-nine undergraduates (20 women), of legal drinking age, responded to the Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol questionnaire (K. Fromme, E. Stroot, & D. Kaplan, 1993) that was presented on a laptop computer in 2 counterbalanced contexts: a laboratory setting and an on-campus bar. Response latencies served as dependent measures for memory accessibility. Consistent with previous research (A.-M. Wall, S. A. McKee, & R. E. Hinson, 2000), evidence in support of the situational-specificity hypothesis was found. Specifically, environmental context influenced undergraduates’ expectations concerning alcohol’s effects and subjective evaluations of AOEs, as well as the speed with which specific AOEs were accessed from memory. Overall, these findings suggest the need for greater attention to situational variation in AOEs.

Drinking to Cope Mediates the Association between Dyadic Conflict and Drinking Behavior: A Study of Romantic Couples during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2023
Int J Environ Res Publ Health

The COVID-19 pandemic spurred public health measures to reduce viral spread. Concurrently, increases in alcohol consumption and conflict in romantic partnerships were observed. Pre-pandemic research demonstrated a bidirectional association between couples’ conflict and drinking. Recent research shows one’s drinking motives (proximal predictors of drinking behavior) can influence another person’s drinking in close relationships. It is possible that individuals are drinking to cope with distress following romantic conflict. The current study examined 348 cohabitating couples during the first lockdown in the spring of 2020. Our analyses examined coping motives as a mediator between dyadic conflict and drinking behavior using actor–partner interdependence models. Results showed that conflict was associated with greater reports of own drinking in gendered (distinguishable) and nongendered (indistinguishable) analyses through coping motives. Further, in mixed-gender couples, men partners’ coping motives predicted less drinking in women, while women partners’ coping motives predicted marginally more drinking in men. Partner effects may have been observed due to the increased romantic partner influence during the COVID-19 lockdown. While these results suggest that men’s coping motives may be protective against women’s drinking, more concerning possibilities are discussed. The importance of considering dyadic influences on drinking is highlighted; clinical and policy implications are identified.

Effect of alcohol ad content regulations on young people. A multi-method study

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Purpose - Upstream social marketers advocate implementing effective public policies to protect vulnerable populations from the impacts of advertising harmful products. This research explores how alcohol ad content restrictions (as practised in some countries where ads may only convey factual information and objective properties of alcohol products) versus non-regulated advertising affect consumers’ product perceptions, attitude towards the ad, and desire to drink. It also examines how such restrictions influence the noticeability of text health warnings in ads (signalling alcohol-related risks) depending on their prominence. Design/methodology - A multi-method study was used to increase the validity of results. An online quantitative survey (n = 348) and an eye-tracking study (n = 184) were conducted on young French people (15–30). The eye-tracking method is particularly relevant for objectively measuring visual attention. Findings - Results show that content restrictions on alcohol advertising reduce ad appeal and desire to drink. A more prominent format enhanced attentional processing of the text warning, whereas none of the tested ad contents influenced its noticeability. Originality - To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first multi-method study that assesses the effect of regulated vs. non-regulated alcohol ads in terms of persuasion and of text warning visibility. Practical implications - This study assesses scientific evidence of the effect on alcohol ad content regulations adopted by some countries and provides arguments for upstream social marketers to inform and influence policy makers.

Romantic Relationship Status, Stress, and Maturing Out of Problematic Drinking

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2021

Objective: The current study examined the unique influences of romantic relationship status and episodic and chronic stress associated with relationships in predicting changes in alcohol consumption and drinking motivations from college to post-college life. Method: Moderate to heavy college student drinkers reported their drinking level and drinking motives using an Internet-based daily diary for 30 days in college and again 5 years later. At the post-college wave, participants also completed a semi-structured phone-based interview to assess romantic relationship stress. Results: Multiple regression analysis indicated that chronic relationship stress and relationship dissolution stress were uniquely related to mean daily levels of post-college drinking to cope (DTC) motivation, but not to mean daily levels of enhancement motivation. Some evidence was found for the effect of relationship status, but not stress, on mean daily heavy drinking levels. We also found evidence that chronic stress moderated the effect of relationship dissolution stress, with individuals showing higher mean daily chronic stress levels displaying a stronger positive association between relationship dissolution and post-college DTC motivation. Conclusions: Results are discussed in terms of how negative reinforcement processes might be an important mechanism underlying commonly found associations between romantic relationship status and problematic drinking during young adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Impact of alcohol marketing content regulation on consumers’ responses and warnings’ visibility

Conference Paper

Mar 2020

Study objectives: Our research tackles the effectiveness of alcohol marketing regulation. More precisely, this research examines how content-regulated (CR) marketing as proposed in the French Evin law (that mandates ads and packaging to convey only factual information and objective qualities of alcohol products) compared to non-regulated marketing - and particularly “limited edition” (LE) ads and packs (with novel designs or innovations) - can influence perceptions, attitude, desire to consume alcohol and the noticeability of warnings displayed in ads to inform about risks. Methods and material: A between-subject designed experiment was conducted on 696 individuals aged 15-30 with an online questionnaire. Twelve stimuli were used: 3 (alcohol brands: Absolut Vodka, Hennessy cognac and Moet & Chandon champagne) x 2 (CR packs presented in regulated ads vs. LE packs presented in non-regulated ads) x 2 (warning format: less vs. more prominent). Each participant was exposed to 3 stimuli of 3 the different brands. The LE pack (and ad) of Absolut was designed by a fashion designer, the LE of Hennessy by an artist and the LE Moet was a golden LE launched for the New Year. Results: Results show that CR packs and ads, compared to LE ones, reduce attractiveness of the ad, products’ appeal and desire to consume alcohol. While prominence enhances warning’s attentional processing, none of the tested ad types influenced its noticeability. Conclusion: Content-regulated laws such as the Evin law in France are effective way to reduce alcohol appeal among young adults.

A Method for Classifying Pathological Gamblers According to “Enhancement,” “Coping,” and “Low Emotion Regulation” Subtypes

Article

Aug 2017

Pathological gamblers vary in their personality traits, psychopathological characteristics, and motivations for gambling. Methods for classifying them according to disseminated subtyping schemes, however, are not readily available, which may hinder further research on subtypes or efforts to incorporate subtyping schemes into clinical practice. With regard to affective motivations for gambling, we describe and evaluate a method for classifying pathological gamblers according to “enhancement,” “coping,” and “low emotion regulation” subtypes. Generalized squared distance was used to determine the best profile fit for 158 pathological gamblers on the basis of their Inventory of Gambling Situations (IGS) scores and in relation to refined IGS subtype profiles obtained through cluster analysis, these refined subtypes also having been validated via Gambling Motives Questionnaire scores. No gamblers were misclassified, suggesting that this method may perform well on cross-validation. For interested researchers and practitioners, an easy-to-use tool is available that automates this profile-matching approach to classification. Additional research is needed on how this method fares in independent samples of regular gamblers and of individuals with gambling disorder.Les joueurs pathologiques varient quant à leurs traits de personnalité, leurs caractéristiques psychopathologiques et leurs motivations à jouer. Il n’existe cependant pas de méthodes facilement utilisables pour les classés selon des schémas de sous-types disséminés, ce qui risque de ralentir la recherche sur les sous-types ou les efforts déployés pour intégrer des schémas de sous-types à la pratique clinique. En ce qui concerne les motivations affectives au jeu, la présente étude décrit et analyse une méthode de classement des joueurs pathologiques reposant les sous-types suivants : la « stimulation », l’« adaptation » et la « faible régulation des émotions ». La distance généralisée au carré a été utilisée pour déterminer la « meilleure correspondance de profil » pour 158 joueurs pathologiques en fonction de leur score au questionnaire de la liste des occasions de jeu (LOJ) et relativement à des profils plus précis de sous-types de la LOJ obtenus au moyen d’une analyse typologique et validés à partir des résultats du questionnaire sur les motivations à jouer. Aucun joueur n’a été classé de manière erronée à l’aide de la méthode analysée, ce qui laisse entendre qu’elle peut être efficace dans le cadre d’une validation croisée. Un outil « facile d’emploi » permettant d’automatiser une telle approche de classification par association avec des profils se trouve ainsi accessible aux chercheurs et aux praticiens intéressés. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour déterminer l’efficacité de cette méthode avec des échantillons indépendants de joueurs ordinaires et de joueurs présentant un problème de jeu.

A Method for Classifying Pathological Gamblers According to “Enhancement,” “Coping,” and “Low Emotion Regulation” Subtypes

Article

Dec 2016

Alcohol Use and Reasons for Drinking as Risk Factors for Suicidal Behavior in the U.S. Army

Article

Aug 2016

Objective: High levels of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems are associated with suicidal behaviors (i.e., seriously considering and/or attempting suicide) in military and civilian populations. Examination of reasons for drinking alcohol may identify subgroups of soldiers who may either be at risk for suicidal behaviors or resilient to suicidality. Method: We examined the associations among reasons for drinking, level of alcohol use, and past year suicidality in 3,813 U.S. Army soldiers using the Department of Defense Survey of Health-Related Behaviors among Active Duty Military Personnel. Results: Six percent of soldiers reported suicidal thoughts and behaviors within the past year. Those who reported the highest level of alcohol use were more likely to have seriously considered and/or attempted suicide. Drinking to avoid rejection/"fit in" was associated with suicidality, even after adjusting for level of alcohol consumption, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression. Although unadjusted analyses revealed a relation of pleasure-seeking drinking motives to suicidality, this association did not remain significant after controlling for covariates. Conclusions: Drinking to avoid rejection/"fit in" is associated with suicidality above overall alcohol consumption. Screening for this reason for drinking may be useful for suicide prediction and prevention.

Gender-specific effects of comorbid depression and anxiety on the propensity to drink in negative emotional states

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2016
ADDICTION

Background and aims: Depression and anxiety are often comorbid with alcoholism and contribute to craving and relapse. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of life-time diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD), substance-induced depression (SID), anxiety disorder (AnxD) and substance-induced anxiety (SIA), the effects of these comorbidities on the propensity to drink in negative emotional states (negative craving), and test whether these effects differ by sex. Design: Secondary analyses of baseline data collected in a single-arm study of pharmacogenetic predictors of acamprosate response. Setting: Academic medical center and affiliated community-based treatment programs in the American upper mid-west. Participants: A total of 287 males and 156 females aged 18-80 years, meeting DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence. Measurements: The primary outcome measure was 'propensity to drink in negative emotional situations' (determined by the Inventory of Drug Taking Situations) and the key predictors/covariates were sex and psychiatric comorbidities, including MDD, SID, AnxD and SIA (determined by Psychiatric Research Interview of Substance and Mood Disorders). Findings: The prevalence of the MDD, SID and AnxD was higher in females compared with males (33.1 versus 18.4%, 44.8 versus 26.4% and 42.2 versus 27.4%, respectively; P < 0.01, each), while SIA was rare (3.3%) and did not differ by sex. Increased propensity to drink in negative emotional situations was associated with comorbid MDD (β = 6.6, P = 0.013) and AnxD (β = 4.8, P = 0.042) as well as a SID × sex interaction effect (P = 0.003), indicating that the association of SID with propensity to drink in negative emotional situations differs by sex and is stronger in males (β = 7.9, P = 0.009) compared with females (β = -6.6, P = 0.091). Conclusions: There appears to be a higher prevalence of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders as well as propensity to drink in negative emotional situations in female compared with male alcoholics. Substance-induced depression appears to have a sex-specific effect on the increased risk for drinking in negative emotional situations in males.

Drinking Motives and Attentional Bias to Affective Stimuli in Problem and Non-Problem Drinkers

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2014

Problem drinking may reflect a maladaptive means of coping with negative emotions or enhancing positive emotions. Disorders with affective symptoms are often characterized by attentional biases for symptom-congruent emotionally valenced stimuli. Regarding addictions, coping motivated (CM) problem gamblers exhibit an attentional bias for negative stimuli, whereas enhancement motivated (EM) problem gamblers exhibit this bias for positive stimuli (Hudson, Jacques, & Stewart, 2013). We predicted that problem drinkers would show similar motive-congruent attentional biases. Problem and non-problem drinkers (n � 48 per group) completed an emotional orienting task measuring attentional biases to positive, negative, and neutral stimuli. As predicted, EM problem drinkers showed an attentional bias for positive information (i.e., reduced accuracy for positively cued trials). However, CM problem drinkers displayed a general distractibility (i.e., reduced accuracy, regardless of cue valence). The results add further support for Cooper et al.’s (1992) motivational model of alcohol use, and indicate potential motivation-matched intervention targets. Current Study Given the importance of emotional cues in understanding craving-related processes in EM and CM drinkers, the current study extended the findings of Hudson et al. (2013) from problem gamblers to problem drinkers. We hypothesized that performance would vary as a function of drinking motives and problem drinking status with EM and CM problem drinkers showing attentional biases for positive and negative cues, respectively. Attentional biases for emotional cues were not predicted for SM problem drinkers, or for non-problem drinkers regardless of motives group.

Assessment of Addictions in Clinical and Research Settings

Chapter

Dec 2007

In both research and therapeutic intervention, accurate assessment is essential for the development of effective case formulations, planning treatments, and evaluating outcomes. To these ends, important areas to assess include problem severity, relapse risk, substance use expectancies, motivations to engage in addictive behavior, and treatment readiness. When one is selecting appropriate assessment instruments, it is important to consider factors such as acceptability of the instrument to clients, the availability of population norms, the time required to administer the measure, clinician training required for administration, and the psychometric properties of the measure. Instruments have been developed for such purposes as to screen for possible addiction, diagnose addictive disorders, measure the quantity and frequency of addictive behaviors, assess symptom severity, and plan treatment. Instruments should be selected in accordance with the purpose for which they have been developed. This chapter reviews the purposes and psychometric properties of a number of addiction measures.

Dyadic Conflict, Drinking to Cope, and Alcohol-Related Problems: A Psychometric Study and Longitudinal Actor-Partner Interdependence Model

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2015

The motivational model of alcohol use posits that individuals may consume alcohol to cope with negative affect. Conflict with others is a strong predictor of coping motives, which in turn predict alcohol-related problems. Two studies examined links between conflict, coping motives, and alcohol-related problems in emerging adult romantic dyads. It was hypothesized that the association between conflict and alcohol-related problems would be mediated by coping-depression and coping-anxiety motives. It was also hypothesized that this would be true for actor (i.e., how individual factors influence individual behaviors) and partner effects (i.e., how partner factors influence individual behaviors) and at the between- (i.e., does not vary over the study period) and within-subjects (i.e., varies over the study period) levels. Both studies examined participants currently in a romantic relationship who consumed ≥12 alcoholic drinks in the past year. Study 1 was cross-sectional using university students (N = 130 students; 86.9% female; M = 21.02 years old, SD = 3.43). Study 2 used a 4-wave, 4-week longitudinal design with romantic dyads (N = 100 dyads; 89% heterosexual; M = 22.13 years old, SD = 5.67). In Study 2, coping-depression motives emerged as the strongest mediator of the conflict-alcohol-related problems association, and findings held for actor effects but not partner effects. Supplemental analyses revealed that this mediational pathway only held among women. Within any given week, alcohol-related problems changed systematically in the same direction between romantic partners. Interventions may wish to target coping-depression drinking motives within couples in response to conflict to reduce alcohol-related problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).

Enhancement motives moderate the relationship between high arousal positive moods and drinking quantity: Evidence from a 22-day experience sampling study

Article

Mar 2015

Individuals who consume alcohol may be distinguished by their drinking motives. Enhancement motives involve drinking to enhance positive moods. Research on the moderating effect of enhancement motives on the within-person relation between daily positive mood and drinking has not differentiated between high- (e.g. hyper) and low-arousal (e.g. cheerful) positive moods. The present study addressed this limitation. We hypothesised that enhancement motives would positively moderate the relationship between mid-afternoon high-arousal positive mood and evening drinking. Using a palm pilot-based experience sampling design, 143 undergraduate drinkers answered daily surveys assessing positive mood (mid-afternoon) and drinks (evening) for 22 consecutive days. As hypothesised, enhancement motives strengthened the relation between high-arousal positive moods and drinking. Upon closer examination, the mood-drinking slope for those high in enhancement motives was unexpectedly flat, whereas the mood-drinking slope for those low in enhancement motives was negative. We demonstrated that high enhancement-motivated drinkers exhibit a high, stable drinking level, regardless of the intensity of their high-arousal positive mood. In contrast, low enhancement-motivated drinkers decrease their drinking when in a high-arousal positive mood state. Clinicians may be able to help reduce heavy alcohol consumption in enhancement-motivated drinkers by teaching them to reduce their drinking when in a high-arousal positive mood state. [Gautreau C, Sherry S, Battista S, Goldstein A, Stewart S. Enhancement motives moderate the relationship between high-arousal positive moods and drinking quantity: Evidence from a 22-day experience sampling study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015]. © 2015 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs.

Situational Determinants of Use and Treatment Outcomes in Marijuana Dependent Adults

Article

Nov 2013

Research and theory strongly support the importance of situational determinants of substance use as targets for intervention, but few studies have systematically examined situational use characteristics in marijuana dependent adults. The present study describes situational use of marijuana in a population of 87 marijuana dependent adults and reports relationships with outcomes of treatment. Use in negative affective situations was independently associated with psychological distress, maladaptive coping strategies, lower self-efficacy, and poorer outcomes post-treatment. The findings were consistent with research on using drugs to cope with negative affect providing evidence of convergence between two different methods of assessing high risk situations for substance use. The results support continued emphasis on coping with negative affect as a target in treatments for marijuana dependence.

IMPLICIT COGNITIONS AND UNDERGRADUATE DRINKING: CONCURRENT AND PROSPECTIVE RELATIONSHIPS

Article

Paul W Masterman

Article

Full-text available

May 2013

Although studies on explicit alcohol cognitions have identified positive and negative reinforcing drinking motives that are differentially related to drinking indices, such a distinction has received less attention in studies on implicit cognitions. An alcohol-related Word-Sentence Association Task was used to assess implicit alcohol-related memory associations in positive and negative affect situations in 92 participants. Results revealed that enhancement motives were specifically associated with the endorsement of alcohol words in positive affect situations and coping motives were associated with the endorsement of alcohol words in negative affect situations. Furthermore, alcohol associations in positive affect situations predicted prospective alcohol use and number of binges, depending on levels of working memory capacity. The current findings shed more light on the underpinnings of alcohol use and suggest that implicit memory processes and working memory capacity might be important targets for intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).

Negative-reinforcement drinking motives mediate the relation between anxiety sensitivity and increased drinking behavior

Article

Jul 2001
PERS INDIV DIFFER

We examined whether certain “risky” drinking motives mediate the previously established relation between elevated anxiety sensitivity (AS) and increased drinking behavior in college student drinkers (n=109 women, 73 men). Specifically, we administered the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), Revised Drinking Motives Questionnaire, and a quantity-frequency measure of typical drinking levels. Participants were parceled according to high (n=30), moderate (n=29), and low (n=34) AS levels. As expected, high AS participants reported a higher typical weekly drinking frequency than the low and moderate AS students regardless of gender. Similarly, high AS participants (particularly high AS men) reported a higher yearly excessive drinking frequency than low AS students. Only the negative reinforcement motives of Coping and Conformity were found to independently mediate the relations between AS and increased drinking behavior in the total sample. High AS women's greater drinking behavior was largely explained by their elevated Coping Motives, while heightened Conformity Motives explained the increased drinking behavior of high AS men. Finally, associations between AS and increased drinking behavior in university students were largely attributable to the “social concerns” component of the ASI. We discuss the observed relations with respect to the psychological functions of drinking behavior that may portend the development of alcohol problems in young adult high AS men and women.

Social Anxiety, Reasons for Drinking, and College Students

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2010

Recent research suggests that social anxiety may be associated with higher rates of alcohol problems in women, yet may be associated with lower levels of drinking in men. The current study investigated putative mechanisms that may underlie potential gender differences in the social anxiety-alcohol relationship. One hundred and eighteen college students (61.0% women) completed an interview assessing drinking behaviors and questionnaires measuring social anxiety, drinking motives, and drinking situations. Although college men and women both reported similar frequencies of drinking in positive situations and to enhance positive emotions, women reported drinking more often in negative situations and to cope with aversive emotions than men. Mediated moderation analyses suggested that women with social anxiety may be at greater risk of encountering adverse consequences because of their likelihood to drink to conform or to cope with the aversive affect they experience in negative situations. Conversely, when men experience high rates of adverse consequences, it may be due to drinking greater quantities of alcohol in positive situations. Highly socially anxious college men may drink less alcohol and experience fewer adverse consequences than their nonanxious or mildly anxious counterparts because they may find themselves in positive situations and drinking to enhance positive feelings less often, potentially due to avoidant behavior. These findings may help to explain why social anxiety serves as a potential risk factor for alcohol-related problems for college women, but a protective factor for college men.

Anxiety Sensitivity and Situation-Specific Drinking in Women With Alcohol Problems

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2006

We examined the unique contributions of depression, anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity (AS) in predicting frequency of drinking in different high-risk situations among 60 women receiving treatment for alcohol problems. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, and Short Form Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42). Together, the negative emotionality variables reliably predicted scores on the IDS-42 negative and temptation drinking situations subscales but did not reliably predict scores on the IDS-42 positive drinking situations subscales. With one exception, only AS contributed unique variance in predicting negative and temptation context drinking. Both AS and depression contributed unique variance in predicting drinking in conflict with others situations. Implications for treating comorbid emotional and alcohol-use disorders in women are discussed.

A daily level analysis of drinking to cope motivation and interpersonal stress

Article

Jun 2021
ADDICT BEHAV

Interpersonal stress is a commonly reported drinking-related problem and evidence indicates that it is associated with drinking to cope (DTC) motivation. The preponderance of evidence for DTC motivation as a risk factor for increased interpersonal stress, however, comes mainly from studies examining between-person associations. Findings suggest that individuals who commonly report drinking to cope with stress show higher average levels of drinking-related interpersonal problems. To better understand the dynamic processes linking DTC motivation with interpersonal stress, we used a micro-longitudinal design to examine whether nighttime drinking-episode specific levels of three subtypes of DTC motivation (DTC related to anxiety, depressive affect and anger) were associated with concurrent and next-day levels of interpersonal stress, controlling for drinking levels. Participants (N = 939) reported their drinking motives, drinking level, and drinking-related problems daily for 30 days during college and again approximately five years later (post-college). Results indicated that, controlling for drinking levels, DTC motivation associated with depressive affect and anger, but not anxiety, were positively associated with concurrent nighttime interpersonal stress. Only DTC related to anger was associated with higher levels of next-day interpersonal stress, controlling for previous night's stress. The only other motive to predict next-day interpersonal stress was conformity motivation. None of the effects of motives varied across study wave. Findings are discussed in terms of how DTC anger might exacerbate interpersonal problems via processes associated with alcohol myopia.

An examination of the extent to which drinking motives and problem alcohol consumption vary as a function of deprivation, gender and age

Article

Nov 2020

Introduction Existing research points to a link between socioeconomic factors, alcohol consumption and harms, while another body of work documents the importance of varying motivations to drink in shaping alcohol behaviours. Yet, little is currently known about the extent to which alcohol consumption may be differentially associated with drinking motives as a function of deprivation, gender and age. Methods Cross‐sectional analysis of data from a UK sample aged between 18 and 75 years (n = 1639; 51% male, Mage 47.74, SD 14.66). Structural equation modelling, using clustering to account for the multi‐level nature of the data set, was carried out to assesses the relationships between deprivation (Index of Multiple Deprivation), occupation, age, gender and problem alcohol consumption (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) and social, conformity, enhancement and coping drinking motives. Results Coping, enhancement and conformity, but not social, motives were associated with problem alcohol consumption. Drinking motives were stronger predictors of problem consumption than gender and age, with motives tending to be endorsed more strongly by younger and male respondents. Responses from participants with working‐class occupations tended to be characterised by elevated endorsements of coping motives. Discussion and Conclusion Drinking motives are stronger predictors of problem alcohol consumption than socio‐demographic variables although these factors exert influences on people's motives to drink.

Drinking Beyond the Binge Threshold in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents

Article

Jan 2020

Background and aims: Nearly all of the research conducted on high intensity drinking has focused on college and school-based samples, with recent calls for research to understand this risky drinking pattern in non-school-based samples and across time. This study aimed to characterize predictors and consequences of non-binge drinking, age- and gender-adjusted binge drinking (Level I), and drinking at levels representing 2 or more times (Level II), and 3 or more times the Level I binge threshold (Level III) in a clinical sample of adolescents followed into young adulthood. Design: Cross-sectional associations between non-binge drinking, binge levels, and negative alcohol-related consequences were examined during adolescence; prospective analyses tested whether adolescent non-binge drinking and binge levels predicted alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms in young adulthood, and whether changes in drinking motives over time were associated with binge levels in young adulthood. Setting: US clinical settings. Participants: 432 adolescents (ages 12-18) with alcohol-related problems followed into young adulthood (ages 19-25). Measurements: Lifetime Drinking History, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM AUDs, and Inventory of Drinking Situations. Findings: Results were generally consistent with a distinction between Binge Level I versus Levels II-III on various negative alcohol-related consequences in adolescence (ps<.05) that were maintained in young adulthood (ps<.01). The maintenance of relatively high endorsement of enhancement and social motives over time was associated with Binge Levels II-III in young adulthood (ps<.001); decreases in coping motives were associated with less risky drinking in adulthood (p=.003). Conclusions: Among US adolescents with alcohol-related problems who were followed up in young adulthood (19-25 years), standard threshold binge drinking (5+ drinks per occasion; Level I) was generally associated with fewer alcohol-related consequences and problem behaviors than binge drinking at two or more times (Level II) or three or more times (Level III) the standard binge threshold.

The relationship between situational determinants of use and drinking motives

Article

Apr 2017

Objective: Recent research has focused on motives as proximal factors of alcohol use that relate to problematic outcomes. High-risk situations for use are also salient predictors of use and negative consequences, and there is some evidence to suggest that situations of use align with motives for alcohol use. The goal of the current study was to examine whether situational use variables can potentially be a proxy for motives for use by evaluating the relationships between motives, rates of alcohol use, and situational use variables (situations of use, locations of use, use companions). Methods: We utilized data from a randomized controlled treatment trial of a brief personalized feedback intervention and subsequent online assessments that focused on motives for alcohol use among 303 college students (77.9% female, mean age = 19.8 years). Results: Results substantiated several theoretical relationships between Social motives and drinking in positive affect situations with others, Coping motives and drinking alone in negative affect-driven situations, Enhancement and use in positive affective situations, and Conformity and drinking in situations that are not indicative of pleasant emotions. However, we failed to find significant relationships with overall rates of use except for among Enhancement-oriented drinkers. Conclusion: Results provide insight into the relationships between motives and situations of use. Findings broadly support the use of situational measures as an indicator of motives and suggest future avenues of research and intervention.

Drinking Motives and Attentional Bias to Affective Stimuli in Problem and Non-Problem Drinkers

Article

Jan 2015

Anxiety Sensitivity and the Situational Antecedents to Drug and Alcohol Use: An Evaluation of Anxiety Patients with Substance Use Disorders

Article

Jun 2002

Although anxiety and substance use disorders co-occur at a high rate, little is known about the cause of this association. Relations between anxiety sensitivity (AS), posited to play an important role in the development of anxiety disorders and some substance use problems, the situational antecedents of drug and alcohol use, and substance preference, were evaluated in inpatients with anxiety or mood disorders and concurrent substance use disorders. AS predicted substance use even after controlling for variance attributable to trait anxiety and diagnostic status. AS was more strongly associated with the use of depressants in situations involving negative reinforcement. If AS proves to be a reliable risk factor for anxiety disorders co-occurring with substance use disorders, interventions structured to reduce AS would become important components of treatment and prevention programs.

The influence of depressed mood on action tendencies toward alcohol: The moderational role of drinking motives

Article

Jul 2013

Research suggests that depressed mood is associated with alcohol-related problems, though its relation with drinking behavior has been inconsistent across studies. Efforts to better understand the link between depressed mood and alcohol use have examined drinking motives as a potentially important moderating variable. The current study sought to examine whether drinking motives moderate the influence of depressed mood on alcohol-related action tendencies. Based on Baker, Morse, and Sherman's (1986) positive and negative reinforcement schema model, two competing moderational hypotheses regarding the influence of depressed mood on appetitive responses for alcohol were tested. One hundred and sixty-nine college student drinkers completed assessments of drinking motives and alcohol use. Subjects were exposed to a neutral or depressed mood induction followed by a computerized measure of action tendencies toward alcohol stimuli. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine whether the influence of depressed mood on action tendencies toward alcohol was moderated by drinking motives. Results showed that there was a significant interaction between mood induction condition and enhancement motives, such that depressed mood appeared to suppress appetitive responding toward alcohol among those with higher enhancement motives. In contrast, there was no evidence that coping motives moderated the association between mood and appetitive response to alcohol. These results suggest that inhibiting affect states associated with one's motivational disposition for drinking may result in the devaluation of alcohol. Limitations and implications are discussed.

The Drinking Context Scale

Article

Mar 2001
J SUBST ABUSE TREAT

Thomas O'Hare

The current article examines the development and validation of the Drinking Context Scale through the use of confirmatory factor analysis. The scale measures the self-reported likelihood of excessive drinking across a number of specific social–cognitive drinking contexts. Five-hundred-and-five college students adjudicated for breaking university drinking rules filled out the anonymous questionnaire. Three factors including convivial, intimate, and negative coping contexts were confirmed, and these factors demonstrated good reliability and evidence of concurrent validity with other substance abuse indices, including the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the College Alcohol Problem Scale. Implications for the DCS as an assessment tool for prevention and early intervention with young people are discussed.

Big-Five personality domains predict drinking motives

Article

Oct 2004
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Relations between the Big-Five personality domains and motivations for drinking alcohol were examined. Young adult drinkers (n=581) completed the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised and the 100-item International Personality Item Pool questionnaire measuring the Big-Five personality domains. Multiple regression analyses revealed that personality domains predicted both external (Conformity and Social), and particularly, internal (Coping and Enhancement) drinking motives after controlling for usual weekly drinking levels, demographic variables and overlap between drinking motives. Replicating previous findings with the NEO personality scales, Coping motives were predicted by low Emotional Stability, and Enhancement motives were predicted by high Extraversion and low Conscientiousness. Additional relations not previously documented with the NEO personality scales were observed between personality domains and drinking motives (e.g., low Extraversion predicted Coping motives, and high Intellect/Imagination and low Agreeableness predicted Enhancement motives). Thus, converging evidence suggests the presence of personality vulnerability factors associated with risky internal reasons for drinking.

Functional associations among trauma, PTSD, and substance-related disorders

Article

Nov 1998
ADDICT BEHAV

This review article presents several potential functional pathways which may explain the frequent co-occurrence of PTSD and substance abuse disorders in traumatized individuals. Emerging empirical studies which have examined these potential pathways are reviewed, including studies on relative order of onset, PTSD patients’ perceptions of various drug effects, comparisons of PTSD patients with and without comorbid substance use disorders, and correlational studies examining the relations between severity of specific PTSD symptom clusters and substance disorder symptoms. Research on the acute and chronic effects of alcohol and other drugs on cognitive and physiological variables relevant to PTSD intrusion and arousal symptoms is reviewed to highlight ways in which these two sets of PTSD symptoms might be functionally interrelated with substance abuse. Finally, based on these findings, recommendations are made for the treatment of individuals with comorbid PTSD-substance use disorders.

Drinking for negative reinforcement: The semantic priming of alcohol concepts

Article

Dec 2008

Cognitive models of alcohol abuse posit that the context typically associated with alcohol use, such as negative affect, implicitly activates alcohol use cognitions, which in turn leads to alcohol consumption. We selected 40 undergraduate women based upon their alcohol use and reported anxiety sensitivity, and proposed that drinking for the purpose of negative reinforcement would predict increased semantic priming between anxiety and alcohol concepts. A lexical decision task compared the response latencies of alcohol targets preceded by anxiety words to those same targets preceded by neutral words (anxiety–alcohol priming). Level of anxiety sensitivity did not relate to anxiety–alcohol priming, but drinking following social conflict was associated with increased anxiety–alcohol priming. This study specifically suggests that the contextual antecedents to drinking behavior relate to the organization of semantic information about alcohol, and more generally supports cognitive models of substance abuse.

Memory associations between negative emotions and alcohol on the lexical decision task predict alcohol use in women

Article

Jan 2012

Implicit alcohol expectancies, or beliefs about alcohol which exist in the form of automatic memory associations, are thought to uniquely affect drinking behavior. Research also has indicated that there may be a distinctive relationship between negative reinforcement and alcohol use in women. However, the most common measures used to examine implicit alcohol cognitions may be insufficient to examine associations involving negative reinforcement. The current study utilized the Lexical Decision Task (LDT) to examine the relationship between implicit alcohol cognitions and reported drinking in a sample of college women. Seventy-eight female participants completed a LDT including alcohol- and emotion-words, questionnaire measures of explicit alcohol expectancies, and a measure of drinking behavior at baseline and after two months. Strong associations between negative emotion-words and alcohol-words (as measured by the LDT) were found to predict drinking at follow up, and to account for unique variance in drinking beyond the contribution of explicit measures. In addition, women who reported heavier drinking in response to social conflict on an explicit measure showed stronger priming of alcohol words by negative emotion words, thus implying that the LDT may tap into implicit cognitions related to alcohol use as a method of coping. These findings suggest that the LDT is sensitive to negative-reinforcement associations in a way that other measures are not.

Drinking Motives in Clinical and General Populations

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2011
EUR ADDICT RES

This paper had three aims: (1) to validate a Spanish adaptation of the Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (M DMQ-R), (2) to explore the relationship of each drinking motive with different patterns of alcohol use, and (3) to compare the drinking motives of moderate drinkers, heavy drinkers, and alcohol abusing/dependent individuals. Two studies were carried out. In Study 1, a sample of 488 participants completed the M DMQ-R and a self-report scale of alcohol consumption in order to study the factor structure and different indices of reliability and validity of the Spanish M DMQ-R. In Study 2, we compared the drinking motives of moderate and heavy drinkers from Study 1 and an additional sample of 59 clinical drinkers. The M DMQ-R demonstrated sound reliability and validity indices. Coping-with-anxiety, social, and enhancement motives predicted higher alcohol use on weekends, but only coping-with-anxiety and social motives were related to consumption on weekdays. Furthermore, moderate drinkers had the lowest scores for all motives, whereas alcohol-dependent participants obtained the highest scores for negative reinforcement drinking motives. The Spanish M DMQ-R is a reliable and valid measure of drinking motives and has potential for assisting with treatment planning for problem drinkers.

The role of anxiety sensitivity and drinking motives in predicting alcohol use: A critical review

Article

Oct 2010

Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is a cognitive, individual difference variable that refers to the fear of arousal-related bodily sensations. Persons with high AS fear these sensations because they believe the sensations are signs of impending catastrophic events. AS has been linked to increased alcohol consumption and also risky drinking motives, including coping and conformity motives. This paper summarizes statistical modeling studies and experimental research on the functional relationships between AS and drinking motives and alcohol consumption. AS functions as a risk factor that sets the stage for negative reinforcement by alcohol use. Whether alcohol use becomes a method of coping with AS depends on multiple risk factors and motivations. We propose an integrated model to account for the observed relationships and to guide future research. In addition, we identify key methodological limitations and directions for future research.

Evaluation of Goodness-of-Fit Indices for Structural Equation Models

Article

Full-text available

May 1989

Discusses how current goodness-of-fit indices fail to assess parsimony and hence disconfirmability of a model and are insensitive to misspecifications of causal relations (a) among latent variables when measurement model with many indicators is correct and (b) when causal relations corresponding to free parameters expected to be nonzero turn out to be zero or near zero. A discussion of philosophy of parsimony elucidates relations of parsimony to parameter estimation, disconfirmability, and goodness of fit. AGFI in {lisrel} is rejected. A method of adjusting goodness-of-fit indices by a parsimony ratio is described. Also discusses less biased estimates of goodness of fit and a relative normed-fit index for testing fit of structural model exclusive of the measurement model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Development and Validation of a Three-Dimensional Measure of Drinking Motives

Article

Full-text available

Jun 1992

Despite consistent evidence that alcohol can be used to cope with negative emotions or to enhance positive emotions, research on drinking motives has focused primarily on coping and social motives. This article reports on the development of a 3-factor measure that also assesses enhancement motives. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the authors demonstrated that enhancement motives are empirically distinct from coping and social motives and that a correlated 3-factor model fits the data equally well across race and gender groups in a large representative sample. Each drinking motive was also shown to predict distinct aspects of alcohol use and abuse. Finally, interaction analyses suggested that coping and enhancement motives differ in the magnitude of their effects on drinking behavior across Blacks and Whites and that enhancement motives differ in their effects across men and women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Motivations for Alcohol Use Among Adolescents: Development and Validation of a Four-Factor Model

Article

Full-text available

Jun 1994

Mary Lynne Cooper

A 4-factor measure of drinking motives based on a conceptual model by M. Cox and E. Klinger (see PA, Vol 75:32975; see also 1990) is presented. Using data from a representative household sample of 1,243 Black and White adolescents, confirmatory factor analyses showed that the hypothesized model provided an excellent fit to the data and that the factor pattern was invariant across gender, race, and age. Each drinking motive was related to a distinct pattern of contextual antecedents and drinking-related outcomes, and these relationships did not generally vary across demographic subgroups. Results support both the conceptual validity of Cox and Klinger's model and the utility of this measure for clinical and research purposes across a diverse range of adolescent populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Situational Determinants of Heavy Drinking Among College Students

Article

Full-text available

Apr 1993

Kate Carey

The situations associated with excessive drinking among college students were investigated. 78 undergraduates completed an assessment of their recent drinking patterns and the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS). In comparison with light and moderate drinkers, heavy drinkers were more likely to report excessive drinking in situations involving social pressure to drink, pleasant times with others, pleasant emotions, and physical discomfort. Heavy drinkers were no more likely than light and moderate drinkers to drink excessively in response to unpleasant emotions, testing of personal control, or urges and temptations to drink. The findings suggest that the IDS is a promising assessment tool for identifying triggers of excessive drinking among at-risk college student drinkers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Overall Fit in Covariance Structure Models: Two Types of Sample Size Effects

Article

Full-text available

Mar 1990

Kenneth A Bollen

Acontroversial area in covariance structure models is the assessment of overall model fit. Researchers have expressed concern over the influence of sample size on measures of fit. Many contradictory claims have been made regarding which fit statistics are affected by N. Part of the confusion is due to there being two types of sample size effects that are confounded. The first is whether N directly enters the calculation of a fit measure. The second is whether the means of the sampling distributions of a fit index are associated with sample size. These types of sample size effects are explained and illustrated with the major structural equation fit indices. In addition, the current debate on sample size influences is examined in light of this distinction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models

Article

Full-text available

Mar 1990

P. M. Bentler

Normed and nonnormed fit indexes are frequently used as adjuncts to chi-square statistics for evaluating the fit of a structural model. A drawback of existing indexes is that they estimate no known population parameters. A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models. Two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes. CFI avoids the underestimation of fit often noted in small samples for Bentler and Bonett's (1980) normed fit index (NFI). FI is a linear function of Bentler and Bonett's non-normed fit index (NNFI) that avoids the extreme underestimation and overestimation often found in NNFI. Asymptotically, CFI, FI, NFI, and a new index developed by Bollen are equivalent measures of comparative fit, whereas NNFI measures relative fit by comparing noncentrality per degree of freedom. All of the indexes are generalized to permit use of Wald and Lagrange multiplier statistics. An example illustrates the behavior of these indexes under conditions of correct specification and misspecification. The new fit indexes perform very well at all sample sizes.

A Motivational Model of Alcohol Use

Article

Full-text available

May 1988

The final, common pathway to alcohol use is motivational. A person decides consciously or unconsciously to consume or not to consume any particular drink of alcohol according to whether or not he or she expects that the positive affective consequences of drinking will outweigh those of not drinking. Various factors (e.g., past experiences with drinking, current life situation) help to form expectations of affective change from drinking, these factors always modulated by a person’s neurochemical reactivity to alcohol. Such major influences include the person’s current nonchemical incentives and the prospect of acquiring new positive incentives and removing current negative incentives. Our motivational counseling technique uses nonchemical goals and incentives to help the alcoholic develop a satisfying life without the necessity of alcohol. The technique first assesses the alcoholic’s motivational structure and then seeks to modify it through a multicomponent counseling procedure. The counseling technique is one example of the heuristic value of the motivational model.

Forget “Drinking to Forget”: Enhanced Consolidation of Emotionally Charged Memory by Alcohol

Article

Full-text available

Aug 1997

Social drinkers (42 men, 18-34 years old) participated in a study of the effects of alcohol consumption on incidental memory for emotionally salient verbal stimuli. Participants rated depressing, elating, and neutral statements while sober. Fifteen minutes later they consumed alcohol or active placebo (1.0 or 0.1 ml/kg) in an environment with minimal retrograde interference. In surprise memory testing 24 hr later, when participants were again sober, the alcohol group had increased recall across statement type. The alcohol group also had better recognition of depressing and elating statements, but recognition of neutral statements did not differ between groups. Findings suggest alcohol produced a nonspecific enhancement of incidental memory and that alcohol's motivational properties were not implicated.

A primer of LISREL: Basic applications and programming for confirma-tory factor analytic models

Book

Jan 1989

Barbara M. Byrne

Health and Behavioral Consequences of Binge Drinking in College

Article

Dec 1994

Henry Wechsler

Objective. —To examine the extent of binge drinking by college students and the ensuing health and behavioral problems that binge drinkers create for themselves and others on their campus.Design. —Self-administered survey mailed to a national representative sample of US 4-year college students.Setting. —One hundred forty US 4-year colleges in 1993.Participants. —A total of 17592 college students.Main Outcome Measures. —Self-reports of drinking behavior, alcohol-related health problems, and other problems.Results. —Almost half (44%) of college students responding to the survey were binge drinkers, including almost one fifth (19%) of the students who were frequent binge drinkers. Frequent binge drinkers are more likely to experience serious health and other consequences of their drinking behavior than other students. Almost half (47%) of the frequent binge drinkers experienced five or more different drinking-related problems, including injuries and engaging in unplanned sex, since the beginning of the school year. Most binge drinkers do not consider themselves to be problem drinkers and have not sought treatment for an alcohol problem. Binge drinkers create problems for classmates who are not binge drinkers. Students who are not binge drinkers at schools with higher binge rates were more likely than students at schools with lower binge rates to experience problems such as being pushed, hit, or assaulted or experiencing an unwanted sexual advance.Conclusions. —Binge drinking is widespread on college campuses. Programs aimed at reducing this problem should focus on frequent binge drinkers, refer them to treatment or educational programs, and emphasize the harm they cause for students who are not binge drinkers.(JAMA. 1994;272:1672-1677)

"How Big Is Big Enough?": Sample Size and Goodness of Fit in Structural Equation Models with Latent Variables

Article

Feb 1987

Jeffrey S. Tanaka

The large-sample statistical theory for latent-variable structural equation models offers little solace to the developmental psychologist, who is often confronted with less than optimally large sample sizes. This article reviews previously proposed alternatives to the sample-size and goodness-of-fit issue in latent-variable structural equation models. Various nonparametric fit indices for latent-variable systems are reviewed with their strengths and weaknesses discussed. An alternative estimation strategy called ME2 estimation is introduced as a possible alternative solution to the small-sample problem.

Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors

Article

Jan 1985

Nonparametric Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences

Article

Jan 1956

S. S. Siegel

Confirmatory factor analysis: A preface to LISREL

Article

Jan 1983

J Scott Long

Problem drinkers: Guided self-change treatment. Treatment manuals for practitioners.

Article

Our primary goal in writing this book was to increase the consciousness and knowledge of service providers about how to identify problem drinkers and about what types of treatment approaches make sense for such individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Examination of a Three-dimensional Drinking Motives Questionnaire in a Young Adult University Student Sample

Article

Feb 1996
BEHAV RES THER

The literature on drinking motives suggests that individuals drink for three distinct reasons: coping motives (CM: to reduce and/or avoid negative emotional states); social motives (SM: to affiliate with others); and enhancement motives (EM: to facilitate positive emotions). Cooper, Russell, Skinner and Windle (1992) [Psychological Assessment, 4, 123–132] developed a 3-dimensional self-report instrument, the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ), with subscales designed to assess relative frequency of drinking for each of these three motives. This study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of the DMQ in a large sample of young adult university students. Three hundred and fourteen students voluntarily served as subjects; 266 students (85% of the total sample; 196F and 70M) reported drinking on the DMQ. These students were divided into two age groups [20 yr and under (n = 117); 21 yr and older (n = 149)]. Analyses of variance indicated: (a) main effects of gender, with men scoring significantly higher on the DMQ-EM subscale and tending to score higher on the DMQ-SM subscale when compared to women; (b) a main effect of age group on the DMQ-EM subscale, with younger students scoring significantly higher than older students; and (c) a significant main effect of drinking motive, with the most relatively frequent drinking reported for SM and the least for CM overall. Although mild-to-moderate shared variance between subscales was noted, the three subscales of the DMQ were found to possess adequate-to-high levels of internal consistency. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the hypothesized 3-factor model provided a better fit than either a unidimensional or 2-factor model in explaining the underlying structure of the DMQ. Some suggestions for improvements in DMQ item content are made. The present results replicate and extend previous findings by Cooper and colleagues to a sample of university students, and support the utility of using the DMQ in future investigations of the drinking motives of young adults.

Anxiety sensitivity alcohol use motives

Article

May 1995
J ANXIETY DISORD

The present study was designed to examine the relationship between anxiety sensitivity (AS; fear of anxiety symptoms) and alcohol use motives. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Subscale (STAI-T), and the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ) were administered to 314 university students. Higher ASI scores were found to be significantly associated with greater scores on the Coping Motives (CM) subscale of the DMQ, particularly in the female subjects. In contrast, ASI scores were not found to be related in a linear fashion to scores on either the Enhancement Motives (EM) or Social Motives (SM) subscales of the DMQ. A regression equation involving a weighted linear combination of scores on the ASI and STAI-T significantly predicted scores on the CM subscale of the DMQ; the regression equation was significantly better at predicting the frequency of coping-related drinking in women than men. When “primary” motives were examined, a significantly greater percentage of high than low AS subjects (particularly high AS women) were found to drink primarily for coping-related motives, and a significantly greater percentage of low than high AS subjects were found to drink primarily for social-affiliative motives. This pattern of drinking motives points to potential difficulties with alcohol in individuals (particularly women) who are high in both AS and trait anxiety, since drinking primarily for CM as opposed to SM has previously been shown to be associated with more drinking alone, heavier alcohol consumption, and more severe alcohol-related problems.

Anxiety sensitivity and self-reported alcohol consumption rates in university women

Article

Dec 1995
J ANXIETY DISORD

A growing literature suggests a significant relationship between “anxiety sensitivity” (AS; fear of anxiety symptoms) and alcohol use/abuse. The present study examined the relationship between levels of AS and self-reported rates of weekly alcohol consumption and frequency of “excessive drinking” (i.e., number of times legally intoxicated per year). Subjects were 30 nonalcoholic university women, divided into three AS groups (high, moderate, and low) based upon scores on the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI). High AS women reported consuming significantly more alcoholic beverages on a weekly basis and drinking to excess more times per year than low AS controls. ASI scores were found to be significantly positively correlated with both measures of self-reported alcohol consumption. The results support the hypothesis of a positive relationship between AS levels in young adult women and extent of excessive alcohol use.

Siegel S. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.: New York

Chapter

May 1957

Article

Oct 1975

Problem and nonproblem drinkers indicated on a questionnaire the degree to which they used alcohol in certain situations. The responses were factor analyzed and seven factor scales were developed. It is suggested that the questionnaire could be used as an initial diagnostic step leading to specific treatment alternatives.

Factor structure of the Inventory of Drinking Situations

Article

Feb 1991
J Subst Abuse

Carl Isenhart

The Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS; Annis, 1982) was developed to help identify situations in which a person may return to alcohol use after a period of abstinence. In this project, the IDS protocols of 543 male veterans were subject to factor analytic techniques to assess the factorial validity of the instrument. The results suggest that it is premature to assume the IDS items can be subsumed into eight high-risk categories. There is strong evidence that the IDS assesses three categories of high-risk situations, and some suggestion that two additional situations also may be assessed. Additional reliability and validity studies using a variety of populations are encouraged.

College Students' Definitions of Social and Problem Drinking

Article

Feb 1990

College students (N = 276) completed surveys describing two common drinking situations. One scenario described a student alone in an apartment after a weekday class; the other, the same student at a weekend party. Sex of the drinker in the scenario was systematically varied. Students estimated the number of drinks a social drinker and a problem drinker would have in each situation. Results indicated that: 1) definitions of social and problem drinking are strongly influenced by drinking context, and 2) male and female subjects estimated that problem drinkers of the opposite sex drank more than problem drinkers of their own sex. Problem drinkers were regularly estimated to consume three to four more drinks than the subject would in the same situation. Implications for education and prevention are discussed.

Drinking in college: Consumption patterns, problems, sex differences and legal drinking age

Article

Dec 1990

Thomas M. O'Hare

Data from 606 (75.8%) undergraduate respondents drawn from a random sample (N = 800) at Rutgers University demonstrate that, although fewer college students may be drinking when compared to some previous estimates, there is still a large number of heavy drinkers. In addition, traditional demographic variables continue to predict alcohol consumption levels. Students also report a similar variety of drinking related problems as in previous college drinking studies. Women constitute half as many heavy drinkers as men, but report an equal amount of alcohol-related problems in this sample. When controlling for race, it appears that white students continue to drink the most, and show heavy drinking rates comparable to a previous large college sample in the northeast. Students who live on campus drink more than their commuting counterparts, and the drinking age has little effect on consumption levels or total reported alcohol-related problems, although it alters the context of drinking somewhat. Findings are generally compared to previous as well as more recent college drinking data. Sex differences and similarities are discussed, as well as the findings concerning legal drinking status. Implications for prevention efforts are suggested.

Principal components analysis of the Inventory of Drinking Situations: Empirical categories of drinking by alcoholics

Article

Feb 1990
ADDICT BEHAV

Male alcoholics (n = 336) were given the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS), a 100-item questionnaire that asks subjects to rate the frequency with which they drank in various situations during the previous year. A principal components analysis of the responses suggests there are three major categories of situations in which alcoholics are likely to drink: negative affect states, positive affect states combined with social cues to drink, and attempts to test one's ability to control one's drinking. These categories are compared with recent empirical attempts to define categories of alcohol and smoking relapse.

Social contexts and motives for drinking in men

Article

Dec 1983

1,517 28–87 yr old healthy males, who regularly consumed alcohol, completed a 34-item drinking questionnaire that identified drinking companions, places, times, and motives connected with alcohol consumption (AC). 188 Ss were classified as problem drinkers, and 9 contextual-motivation factors were identified. These factors were important correlates of level of AC, even when controlling for demographic variables. Four of the 9 factors were more significant predictors of level of AC than age, marital status, and SES; the factor Solitary (i.e., drinking at home alone) was the best single predictor of AC. Ss who drank for Salutary reasons and in Social Settings were much less likely to report alcohol-related problems than men drinking equal quantities but who drank to Reduce Negative Affect, for Social Enhancement, or in contexts of Masculine Activities. Implications are discussed in terms of prevention strategies directed toward educating the general public about responsible drinking behavior. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Health and Behavioral Consequences of Binge Drinking in College. A National Survey of Students at 140 Campuses

Article

Jan 1995

To examine the extent of binge drinking by college students and the ensuing health and behavioral problems that binge drinkers create for themselves and others on their campus. Self-administered survey mailed to a national representative sample of US 4-year college students. One hundred forty US 4-year colleges in 1993. A total of 17,592 college students. Self-reports of drinking behavior, alcohol-related health problems, and other problems. Almost half (44%) of college students responding to the survey were binge drinkers, including almost one fifth (19%) of the students who were frequent binge drinkers. Frequent binge drinkers are more likely to experience serious health and other consequences of their drinking behavior than other students. Almost half (47%) of the frequent binge drinkers experienced five or more different drinking-related problems, including injuries and engaging in unplanned sex, since the beginning of the school year. Most binge drinkers do not consider themselves to be problem drinkers and have not sought treatment for an alcohol problem. Binge drinkers create problems for classmates who are not binge drinkers. Students who are not binge drinkers at schools with higher binge rates were more likely than students at schools with lower binge rates to experience problems such as being pushed, hit, or assaulted or experiencing an unwanted sexual advance. Binge drinking is widespread on college campuses. Programs aimed at reducing this problem should focus on frequent binge drinkers, refer them to treatment or educational programs, and emphasize the harm they cause for students who are not binge drinkers.

Psychometric evaluation of a short form of the inventory of drinking situations

Article

Jun 1993

Carl Isenhart

The Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS) was developed to assess the likelihood of alcoholic relapse in eight high-risk situations. Previous research questioned the factor stability of the instrument; therefore, an alternative, short form of the IDS (IDS42) was developed and subjected to preliminary examination. This project reports on the further examination of the psychometric characteristics of the IDS42. The instrument's primary factor stability and higher-order factor structure were examined, and subscale means, standard deviations, alpha coefficients, interscale correlations and independence (unique variance) were determined. Also, the relationships between the IDS42 subscale scores and alcohol dependence, social desirability and demographic characteristics were explored. Results of the principal components analysis support the instrument's primary factor stability and indicate that the scales load onto one higher order dimension. The subscale internal consistency estimates were very high. Significantly high positive correlations were found between the IDS42 subscales and alcohol dependence. The IDS42 is influenced by a socially desirable response set that may result in spuriously low IDS42 scale elevations. The subscales initially demonstrated high interscale correlations; however, estimates of unique variance show that the IDS42 scales have an acceptable level of independence. Except for a significant negative correlation with age for three subscales, demographic characteristics do not appear to influence IDS42 results. These findings support the use of the IDS42 in assessing the extent to which heavy alcohol use has occurred in five situations. With this information, it may be possible to prepare to avoid or cope with these situations in the future and, consequently, to reduce the potential for relapse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Measurement of antecedents to drug and alcohol use: Psychometric properties of the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations (IDTS)

Article

Jun 1997
BEHAV RES THER

The development, factor structure, and validity of the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations (IDTS) is described. This 50-item self-report questionnaire, which is an extension of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (Annis, 1982. Inventory of drinking situations; Annis, Graham & Davis, 1987, Inventory of drinking situations (IDS): User's guide), is designed to assess the situational antecedents to use of a wide range of drugs of abuse. The IDTS consists of 8 subscales that measure a client's substance use in the 8 situations identified in the work of Marlatt (1978, Alcoholism: New directions in behavioral research and treatment): Unpleasant Emotions, Physical Discomfort, Pleasant Emotions, Testing Personal Control, Urges and Temptations to Use, Conflict with Others, Social Pressure to Use, and Pleasant Times with Others. Reliability, factor structure and validity of the IDTS were assessed on 699 clients admitted to the Addiction Research Foundation's treatment facility in Toronto. The IDTS was shown to have reliable subscales. The IDTS total score correlated with self-ratings of the severity of the clients' substance use problem, and with retrospective reports of frequency of use (drugs) and quantity of use (alcohol), years of usage, and severity of dependence. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the fit of the data to Marlatt's model of substance use situations, as well as to several alternative models. The goodness-of-fit indicators suggested that the best fit for the data was an 8-factor model corresponding to the 8 subscales based on the Marlatt categories. Evidence was presented that the 8 subscales can be further grouped into 3 second-order factors: (1) negative situations, (2) positive situations, and (3) temptation situations. The negative situation subscales of Unpleasant Emotions, Conflict with Others and Physical Discomfort were found to be correlated with the SCL-90R Depression scale. Interpersonal Sensitivity scale and Somatization scale respectively. The positive social situation subscales of Pleasant Times with Others and Social Pressure to Use were found to be negatively correlated with percentage of time using alone, and positively correlated with pressure from friends and family to use. On the States of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scales (SOCRATES), clients at the precontemplation stage of change had relatively flat, undifferentiated IDTS profiles (i.e. little scatter of subscale scores), whereas clients in the determination stage had the most differentiation in their IDTS subscale scores. Excellent comparability was found for alcohol clients between the IDS and the IDTS. Evidence was also presented for adequate comparability between the computer and paper and pencil administrative formats of the IDTS.

Relationships between dietary restraint and quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption

M Angelopoulos
S H Stewart
J M Baker
F Boland

Angelopoulos, M., Stewart, S. H., Baker, J. M. and Boland, F. (1997). Relationships between dietary restraint and quantity and fre-quency of alcohol consumption. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Consistency of alcohol consumption measures: eects of gender and social drinking context. Paper presented at the International Conference on the Social and Health Eects of Dierent Drinking Patterns Relapse prevention: maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviors

Jan 1985

A B Macdonald
S H Stewart
S B Samoluk
S D Sweet
G A Marlatt
J R Gordon

MacDonald, A. B., Stewart, S. H., Samoluk, S. B. and Sweet, S. D. (1995). Consistency of alcohol consumption measures: eects of gender and social drinking context. Paper presented at the International Conference on the Social and Health Eects of Dierent Drinking Patterns, Toronto. Marlatt, G. A. and Gordon, J. R. (1985). Relapse prevention: maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviors. New York: Guilford Press.

Evaluation of goodness-of-®t indices for structural equation models Drinking in college: consumption patterns, problems, sex dierences and legal drinking age

Jan 1989
536-541

S A Mulaik
L R James
Van Alstine
J Bennett
N Lind
S Stilwell

Mulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Van Alstine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-®t indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 430±445. O'Hare, T. O. (1990). Drinking in college: consumption patterns, problems, sex dierences and legal drinking age. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 51, 536±541.

Drinking in college: consumption patterns, problems, sex dierences and legal drinking age

Jan 1990
536-541

O 'hare

O'Hare, T. O. (1990). Drinking in college: consumption patterns, problems, sex dierences and legal drinking age. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 51, 536±541.

Consistency of alcohol consumption measures: effects of gender and social drinking context

A B Macdonald
S H Stewart
S B Samoluk
S D Sweet

Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS) User's Guide. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation

H M Annis
J M Graham
C S Davis

Annis, H. M., Graham, J. M. and Davis, C. S. (1987). Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS) User's Guide. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation.

Examination of the short form of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) in a young adult university student sample

Abstract

No full-text available

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