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A calibration system for a Holter pump for hyperalimentation infusion
Abstract
Pumps are being used for precise, constant fluid delivery. Many pumps of reasonable cost require tedious calibration by serial
changing of dial-settings, observing with a stopwatch the time for delivery of a certain volume of fluid, and then calculating
the rate for each setting.
A simpler method has been developed whereby, from a graph calculated from observed rate at only two dial-settings, the dial
is set to give anapproximate flow-rate. Then, from a table previously calculated from a mathematical formula, the number of observed drops at the bedside
is adjusted by the dial to give anexact flow-rate.
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While the concept of providing sufficient nutrition parenterally to patients who are either unable or unwilling to eat adequately has been developing for some time, it has been relatively recent changes that have established the techniques for safe intravenous administration of total nutrients.
This study sought answers to these questions: (1) how is the pharmacist's time utilized in small hospitals, i.e., what does he actually do when he goes to work, and (2) how much pharmacist time might be saved by the delegation of selected tasks to an auxiliary worker? The selected tasks were those recommended for delegation by the Task Force on Roles of the Practitioner of Pharmacy and the Subprofessional in Pharmacy.
The study methodology included work sampling, continuous observations, examination of records and interviews. All work papers encountered during the study period were photocopied, all areas were photographed, all systems were flow-charted, and the volume and distribution of workload was recorded. Particular attention was given to the development of 142 detailed work category definitions useful in future studies of broader scope.
The sample included all of the pharmacists employed in each of five hospitals, picked at random from strata by size of the nearest city. Each of eight pharmacists was observed continuously by two trained observers during one normal workweek (5-7 days).
It was found that the subjects spent most of their productive time in drug distribution activities, ranging from 14.76 to 37.94^ of their total time.
The subjects spent from 40.88 to 67.77% of their time in nonproductive activity, mostly Idle and Personal.
It was estimated that the amount of time spent by the pharmacists in productive tasks which an auxiliary worker could perform ranged from 11.37% to 35.95%. Those functions requiring a pharmacist's immediate presence in the pharmacy occupied a percent of total time ranging from 17.30 down to 5.46.
It was concluded that in the hospitals studied there exists an untapped pharmacist manpower potential of considerable magnitude. The pharmacists studied already have a considerable amount of free time, and even more could be freed through the use of auxiliary workers. The alternative uses of this time for (I) new activities and (2) the reduction of the amount of time purchased per hospital were discussed. Inadequacies in the Report of the Task Force were identified. The work categories defined in the study were listed.
Elemental diets in the management of clinical nutritional problems
- M Deitel
- A K Syed
- M. Deitel
Deitel, M., and Syed, A. K. Elemental diets in the management of clinical nutritional problems. Modern Medicine of Canada, 1974, 29, 471-475.
Intravenous infusion pumps-An added dimension to parenteral therapy
- J J Monohan
- J W Webb
- J. J. Monohan