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Situation and Personality Correlates of Psychological Well-Being: Social Activity and Personal Control
Abstract
Two studies that examined the correlates of peoples′ reports of their own psychological well-being are reported (Ryff, 1989). In Study 1, extraverts reported better psychological adjustment than introverts, especially when they completed the questionnaires with no one else present. Need for social approval and the sex of the participant were unrelated to self-reports of well-being. Satisfaction with social activities, especially activities involving friends and parents, predicted psychological well-being but the frequency of social activity did not. Completing questionnaires in the presence of friends led to better self-assessments of well-being than completing them in the presence of strangers. In Study 2, internal locus of control, high desire for control, and being female, as well as perceived control over the testing situation, were found to predict reports of better psychological adjustment. It is suggested that future research on self-assessments of psychological well-being focus on: (a) the interaction effects of personality and situational variables; (b) the difference between seeking social interaction and seeking social approval: (c) the distinction between platonic and romantic relationships, and; (d) changes in the correlates of psychological well-being throughout the life-cycle.
... It has also been found that life purposes are negatively associated with depression and positively associated with self-esteem (Ryff, 1989; Cenkseven, 2004). Social skills level and relationships with friends and family are major determinants of the positive relations with others dimension of psychological well-being (Cooper, Okamura & McNeil, 1995; Gülaçt & Özen, 2007). Walen and Lachman (2000) claimed that spouse and family support affect psychological well-being positively. ...
... The psychological well-being points of the teacher trainees who declared that they had poor family relationships were lower than those who defined theirs strong and very strong. This agrees with the findings of different studies reporting that psychological well-being is affected positively by social support (Mahon & Yarcheski, 2001; Gençöz & Özlale, 2004), friend and family relationships (Cooper, Okamura & McNeil, 1995; Gülaçt & Özen, 2007) and spouse and family support (Walen & Lachman, 2000). Besides one's awareness of his goals in life and potential, psychological well-being encompasses the quality of relationships with others as well (Ryff, 1989). ...
This study is on teacher trainees’ well-being in terms of time management, gender, family relationships, incomes, parents’ education levels, residence and grade averages. The participants were 186 students between the ages of 20 and 25. The data were collected with a personal information form, time management inventory and psychological well-being scale and analyzed with Pearson correlation technique, t-test and one-way ANOVA. A positive relationship was found between psychological well-being and time planning but those between the former and attitudes toward time and time-consuming things were not significant. The other significant differences were about family relationships and father's education level.
... Autonomy-supportive, as opposed to controlling communications, have been found to be associated with enhanced performance and persistence, more in-depth information processing, and greater well-being (Cooper et al., 1995;Vansteenkiste et al., 2005). Research further suggests that such supportive communications foster a positive environment that encourages individuals to openly discuss challenges and drawbacks and increase their willingness to disclose concerns or limitations (Deci et al., 1989;Lee & Kim, 2021). ...
As healthcare artificial intelligence (AI) systems advance, their capacity for bias (e.g., as a function of patient protected characteristics) increases as well, and these limitations are often left undisclosed by developers. Here, the question arises - does supportive motivational messaging designed to increase buy-in inspire healthcare AI developers to transparently communicate about bias in their technology? Computer science students (Study 1: N=271; Study 2: N=209) were randomly assigned to receive a brief communication framed in either an autonomy-supportive (choice promoting) or controlling (judging and pressuring) way, emphasizing either personal benefits (gaining profit) of transparency or legal implications of non-transparency. Results showed that while communication type was not associated with behavioral intention to engage in an educational course on transparent communication about bias, both internal (self-directed) and external motivation were associated with greater intention to take a course to build transparency-congruent technology skills, as well as with greater ethical voice - intention to speak up in the service of positive transparency-consistent cultural change, and lower antagonism – i.e., a lower critical perspective regarding the need for transparency. Findings suggest that universities and workplaces should provide students and developers with a broadly supportive motivational climate, rather than a singular brief training.
... A statistically significant difference was found between male and female university students in terms of psychological well-being, and the psychological well-being level of female students was higher than that of male students. Based on the literature review, there is also a significant relation between psychological well-being and gender in the age groups of 14 to 17 and 19 to 25 (Eryılmaz & Ercan, 2011), the psychological well-being level of women is higher than that of men, and it is associated with the fact that being a woman supports psychological well-being (Korkmaz, 2012;Yılmaz, 2014;Cooper et al., 1995;Özen & Gülaçtı, 2012;Topuz, 2013). However, a study reported that the psychological well-being level of men was higher than that of women (Güven, 2008). ...
This study was carried out to examine the relationship between university students’ levels of psychological well-being and smartphone addiction. The study group consists of a total of 408 students (303 female and 105 male) selected by random sampling method and studying at the departments of Primary Education, Science Teaching, Art and Crafts Teaching, French Teaching, and Guidance and Psychological Counseling at the Faculty of Education, Ondokuz Mayis University in the 2015-2016 academic year. In this research, the Psychological Well-Being Scale, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, and Personal Information Form were used to collect data.The independent-samples t-test, arithmetic mean, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffé's post hoc test were employed for the analysis and interpretation of data. The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient was used for the relationship between the level of psychological well-being and the use of smartphones, and accordingly the results were evaluated.The relationship between university students’ levels of psychological well-being and smartphone addiction seems to be significant based on this research. Factors affecting university students’ levels of psychological well-being and smartphone addiction include gender, grade, parental attitudes, economic status of the family, and level of perception.
... Our study expands upon these by suggesting that the belongingness derived from the transgender community may be of particular importance. This in line with Cooper, Okamura, and McNeil's (1995) results indicating that satisfaction with social activities predicted psychological well-being, while frequency of social activities did not. Our finding also supports previous studies that have documented relatedness, perceived social support, satis- faction with friends, lack of loneliness, and strength of social relationships as correlates of positive psychological outcomes (Diener & Diener, 1995;Diener & Seligman, 2002; Mellor, This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. ...
This study examined transgender community belongingness as a mediator between strength of transgender identity and well-being. A total of 571 transgender adults (n = 209 transgender women, n = 217 transgender men, and n = 145 nonbinary-identified individuals) completed an online survey assessing transgender community belongingness, strength of transgender identity (operationalized as the extent to which a person self-categorizes their identity as transgender and the extent to which they believe their gender transition to be important to their self-definition), and well-being (using measures of self-esteem, satisfaction with life, and psychological well-being). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. When controlling for participants' income, age, and stage of gender transition, transgender community belongingness fully mediated the relationship between strength of transgender identity and well-being. Strength of transgender identity was indirectly and positively related to well-being through community belongingness, but was not directly related to well-being. Results suggest that transgender community belongingness is an important construct in the mental health of transgender people. The strength of a person's transgender identity also appears to be a significant construct in transgender people's well-being via its relationship with transgender community belongingness. Implications of the findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
... Research has shown that high levels of desire for control often produce positive outcomes, such as elevating subjective well-being and assisting in psychological adjustment (Steptoe and Appels, 1989). Desire for control also leads individuals to engage in attributions that may distort their view of events and others (Burger and Hemans, 1988) but that helps navigate their social world (Cooper et al., 1995). We thus focused on how a sense of control may insulate consumers from concerns about impending terror attacks. ...
Terror attacks targeting civilians are becoming more frequent and affecting more places around the globe. Given the increasing intensity of terrorism and the threat of terrorism, consumer behavioral manifestations may occur. We conducted three studies with diverse methodologies and populations to explore how concerns with terrorism affect individuals' behavior. Two studies were conducted in Israel, a Western country that in the last decade experienced frequent terror attacks targeted at civilians. Results show that concerns with frequent terrorism increase people's desire for control and may lead to avoidant behaviors. The extent of the avoidance response depends on consumers' perceptions of whether they have some control over the odds of becoming a casualty should a terror attack occur. When individuals perceive their control to be low (but not high), they exhibit more avoidant behavior, changing their preferences and consumptions. We further find that individuals' general desire for control increases when they are primed with terrorist activities compared with general mortality. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... Otra variable intensamente relacionada con aquél es la autoestima. Muchos estudios han hallado esta vinculación (DeNeve y Cooper, 1998; Diener, 1998; Marks y MacDermid, 1996; Reid y Ziegler, 1980). En este sentido, es un hecho manifiesto que la autoestima decae cuando se atraviesan períodos vitales desafortunados. ...
Resumen En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis del concepto de bienestar subjetivo. Inicialmente se lleva a cabo desde una perspectiva histórica una acotación del término, analizando sus elementos integrantes. Entre éstos destacan sus componentes afectivo-emocional y cognitivo-racional, identificados respectivamente con las medidas de balance afectivo y satisfacción vital. Junto con esta dimensión afectivo-cognitiva, se tienen en cuenta otras –positivo-negativo, frecuencia-intensidad e interno-externo-, así como todas aquellas variables que influyen en el bienestar subjetivo, agrupándolas en las siguientes categorías: salud y variables sociode-mográficas, características individuales, variables comportamentales y acontecimientos vitales. Por último, se describen las teorías y modelos explicativos del bienestar subjetivo, tanto desde la perspectiva abajo-arriba (bottom-up) interesada en la satisfacción de las necesidades humanas como vía para conseguirlo, cuanto desde el enfoque arriba-abajo (top-down), que centra sus esfuerzos en los aspectos interno-perceptivos que condicionan la valoración del sujeto acerca de su bienestar. Entre estas últimas se destaca la Teoría de las Discrepancias Múltiples, de Michalos. Palabras clave: bienestar subjetivo / calidad de vida / estructura factorial / diferencias individuales Abstract In this work, the concept of subjective well-being is analyzed. Firstly, from a his-torical viewpoint, subjective well-being is delimited, focusing the analysis on its com-ponents. The affective and cognitive aspects are emphasized, both of them corres-ponding respectively to the affect balance and the life satisfaction measures. With this affective-cognitive dimension others are taken into account -positive-negative, fre-quency-intensity and internal-external-, besides the variables that influence on the subjective well-being. These variables are classified into the following categories: health and sociodemographic variables, personal characteristics, behavioral variables and life events. Lastly, the theories and explanatory models of the subjective well-being are described, so from a bottom-up perspective concerned in human needs sat-isfaction as the way to achieve it, and from the top-down perspective, that focuses its efforts on the internal-perceptive aspects that alter the person's assessment about his well-being. A remarkable example of the latest ones is the Multiple Discrepancies Theory, by Michalos.
... 격적이고 성취동기가 강하며, 시간 압박감을 느끼고 인내심이 부족한 성향을 보이는 A형 행동유형의 사람들이 그렇지 않은 사람들보다 높은 스트레스 수준과 관련성이 있다는 것을 뒷받 침하고 있다(Cho et al., 2008). 그리고 A형 행동유형의 사람 들은 그렇지 않은 사람보다 스트레스를 많이 받고 이로 인한 부정적 영향으로 인해 심혈관계 질환의 발생이 증가하고 (Cooper et al., 1995; Yoshimasu et al., 2000), 추가적으로 직무 스트레스가 높은 군에서 우울, 불안 등의 증상 발생이 높 게 나타나게 되므로(Park et al., 2008) A형 성격유형의 직장 인들은 스트레스를 관리하지 않을 경우 질병에 걸릴 가능성이 높다고 볼 수 있다(Cha et al., 2005). 그러나 본 연구에서 A형 성격 사무직 근로자들이 B형 성격 사무직 근로자들에 비해 건 강증진행위와 그 하부영역인 휴식 및 수면 영역에서 수행정도 가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. ...
Purpose: The study was done to identify factors influencing health promoting behaviour in office workers according to the type A/B personality. Methods: The data were collected by questionnaires from 249 workers in Seoul and Gyung-gi province. Measures were a health promoting behaviour, the type of personality, self-esteem, perceived health status, social support, and job stress. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients, t-test, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 15.0 version. Results: This study suggests that A type office workers have a little lower degree in health promoting behaviour, self-esteem, social support and have a higher degree in perceived health status, perceived symptoms and job stress than those of B type office workers. The factors which influence A type office workers on health promoting behaviour are social support, perceived health status and self-esteem, which accounted for 40.2% of the variance and those of B type office workers, self-esteem and perceived health status accounted for 24.5%. Conclusion: It needs to develop and operate self-management program for health maintenance and promotion for the type A/B personality White Collar Workers.
... The data, however, suggest that even on these measures, introverts score lower than extraverts. For example, introverts score lower than extraverts across all scales of Ryff's (1989) psychological well-being inventory (Abbott et al., 2008;Cooper, Okamura, & McNeil, 1995). More comprehensively, meta-analyses show a clear positive association between life satisfaction and extraversion (DeNeve & Cooper, 1998;Lucas & Fujita, 2000;Steel et al., 2008). ...
In this chapter we review personality differences in propensities for solitude, focusing on the dimension of introversion-extraversion, and its link with psychological well-being. Although extraversion is often linked with greater happiness, many object to this conclusion. We consider these objections and examine their veracity with regard to empirical work. Although we ultimately conclude that introversion is indeed associated with lower levels of happiness, our review also provides a more nuanced view of this association, for example, how its magnitude can depend on measurement tools or culture. Finally, we review and evaluate theoretical explanations for extraverts' characteristically higher levels of happiness.
... T hat is, children from the prosocial, coercive, and bistrategic groups should report the highest levels of social inuence and desire for social recognition. However, prosocially controlling children should enjoy not only the beneets of innuence, but also the qualities associated with prosociality in general (e.g., welldeveloped social skills, success with peers, and positive wellbeing: Cooper, Okamura, & McNeil, 1995; Rigby & Slee, 1993). We also anticipate these children to express intrinsic motivations to pursue friendships (for pleasure and enjoyment; Deci & Ryan, 1985). ...
We divided children (N = 719, grades 3–6) into five control types based on the degree to which they reported employing prosocial (indirect, cooperative) and coercive (direct, hostile) strategies of control (prosocial controllers, coercive controllers, bistrategic controllers, noncontrollers, and typicals). We tested for differences across the five types on personal characteristics, friendship motivations, wellbeing, and social integration, expecting specific patterns according to whether control is wielded, and whether coercive or prosocial behaviour (or both) is employed. Prosocial controllers revealed positive characteristics (e.g., social skills, agreeableness), intrinsic friendship motivations, and positive wellbeing. In contrast, coercive controllers revealed negative characteristics (e.g., hostility), extrinsic friendship motivations, and ill-being. Bistrategic controllers, as expected, reported the highest control, and revealed characteristics associated with both prosocial and coercive orientations. Noncontrollers, in contrast, did not report having these characteristics and felt the least effective in the peer group. Our evolutionary perspective offers unique predictions of how prosocial and coercive children are similar in terms of their instrumental goals and the consequences of using both strategies or neither.
... T hat is, children from the prosocial, coercive, and bistrategic groups should report the highest levels of social inuence and desire for social recognition. However, prosocially controlling children should enjoy not only the beneets of innuence, but also the qualities associated with prosociality in general (e.g., welldeveloped social skills, success with peers, and positive wellbeing: Cooper, Okamura, & McNeil, 1995; Rigby & Slee, 1993). We also anticipate these children to express intrinsic motivations to pursue friendships (for pleasure and enjoyment; Deci & Ryan, 1985). ...
... In essence, people who desire control in their lives tend to have many positive experiences because they are more likely to have an internal locus of control and work harder to achieve their goals (Burger, 1984; Gebhardt & Brosschot, 2002). Previous research examining desirability of control has found that the variable is positively related to a number of positive attributes: ability to cope with stress (Burger, 1992a), academic performance (Burger, 1992b), active problem solving (Gebhardt & Brosschot, 2002), dominance (Gebhardt & Brosschot, 2002), general well-being (Cooper, Okamura, & McNeil, 1995), health promotive behaviors (Burger, 1992a; Gebhardt & Brosschot, 2002), and self-esteem (Gebhardt & Brosschot, 2002). Research examining desirability of control has also found that the variable is negatively related to a number of psychopathologies: anxiety (Wilkinson & Chamove, 1992), depression (Burger & Arkin, 1980; Burger, 1984, Gebhardt & Brosschot, 2002), feelings of discomfort stemming from crowding (Burger, Oakman, & Bullard, 1983), inability to cope with stress (Burger, 1992), negative fear of failure (Gebhardt & Brosschot, 2002), social inadequacy (Gebhardt & Brosschot, 2002), trait anxiety (Gebhardt & Brosschot, 2002). ...
This study aims to examine the impact of religiosity on psychological well-being with the intensity of attending Majelis Taklim as a mediator. Employing a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design, the research involved 71 Majelis Taklim attendees from Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, selected through cluster random sampling. Data were collected using three instruments: the Huber and Huber religiosity scale, Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scales (PWB), and a researcher developed questionnaire on the intensity of attending majelis taklim. Data analysis was conducted using path analysis with SPSS 25.0 software and the Sobel Test. The results revealed that
religiosity significantly impacts psychological well-being directly (β = 0.804, p < 0.001) and also significantly affects the intensity of attending majelis taklim (β = 0.778, p < 0.001). Furthermore,
the intensity of attending majelis taklim significantly influences psychological well-being (β = 0.658, p < 0.001). Religiosity accounts for 43.4% of the variation in psychological well-being,
41.2% of the variation in the intensity of attending majelis taklim, and 42.7% of the variation in psychological well-being through the intensity of attending majelis taklim. The intensity of attending majelis taklim has been demonstrated to mediate the effect of religiosity on psychological well-being.These findings support previous theories and research regarding the role of religiosity in enhancing psychological well-being and highlight the importance of engaging in religious activities, specifically majelis taklim, in strengthening this relationship. The practical implications of this study suggest the need for the development of religion-based programs aimed at improving mental health and quality of life, with Majelis Taklim serving as a strategic partner. Nonetheless, further research is required to explore other factors that may influence the
relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being, such as personality, social support, and cultural context.
Öğretmenlerin, toplumların uzun vadeli kalkınmasında ve bireylerin kişisel gelişiminde temel bir role sahip oldukları yaygın şekilde kabul gören bir yaklaşımdır. Ancak öğretmenlerin refahı, genel memnuniyeti ve mental sağlığı sadece kendi sağlıkları için değil, eğitim sisteminin genel başarısı ve sürdürülebilir olması için de kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, ortaöğretim kademelerinde çalışan öğretmenlerin mental iyi oluş ve iş yaşam kalitesi düzeylerinin belirlenmesidir. Araştırma, ilişkisel tarama modelinde tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini ortaöğretim kademesinde çalışmakta olan 1964 öğretmen; örneklemini ise oransız eleman örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen 331 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri, kişisel bilgi formu, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental İyi Oluş Ölçeği ve İş Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda; öğretmenlerin mental iyi oluş düzeyi ve iş yaşam kalitesi algılarının yüksek düzeyde olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca, öğretmenlerin mental iyi oluş düzeyleri ile iş yaşam kalitesi düzeyleri arasında anlamlı, pozitif ve orta düzeyde bir ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Bu araştırmanın amacı Adana ilinde yaşayan ve Gençlik ve Spor Bakanlığına (GSB) bağlı yurtlarda kalan üniversite öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri ile psikolojik iyi oluş düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya gönüllü olarak yaş ortalaması 21.14 olan toplam 365 üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır. Araştırmada demografik bilgi formu ile birlikte; Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi Kısa Formu (UFAA-International Physical Activity Questionnaire) ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği (PİOÖ) kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, Mann- Whitney U testi, Ki kare, Kruskal Wallis testi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan istatiksel analizler sonucunda erkek öğrencilerin düşük şiddetli fiziksel aktivite ve yüksek şiddette fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri ile sportif katılım düzeylerinin kadınlara göre daha yüksek olduğu; psikolojik iyi oluş ve yurt memnuniyeti bakımından cinsiyetin anlamlı bir farklılık yaratmadığı; fiziksel aktivite ile psikolojik iyi oluş düzeyi arasında da pozitif ve düşük düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki (Pearson korelasyon; p
Bu araştırmanın amacı özel yetenekli ergenlerde psikolojik iyi oluş ve algılanan sosyal yetkinlik arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek ve algılanan sosyal yetkinliğin ve cinsiyetin psikolojik iyi oluşu yordama düzeyini belirlemektir. Araştırmada nicel ve nitel araştırma yöntemlerini içeren karma desen kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Bilim ve Sanat Merkezleri’ne devam eden 547 lise öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği ve Algılanan Sosyal Yetkinlik Ölçeği ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Pearson Momentler Çarpımı Korelasyon Katsayısı ve Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon Analizi kullanılmıştır. Nitel verilerin analizinde ise içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, psikolojik iyi oluş ile algılanan sosyal yetkinlik arasında pozitif yönde ilişki olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Cinsiyete göre ise öğrencilerin psikolojik iyi oluş düzeyleri anlamlı farklılık göstermemiştir. Ayrıca algılanan sosyal yetkinliğin, özel yetenekli ergenlerin psikolojik iyi oluşlarını istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde yordadığı görülmüştür. Benzer şekilde nitel bulgular da sosyal yetkinliğin psikolojik iyi oluşa katkısı olduğunu göstermiştir.
Bu araştırmada üniversite öğrencilerinde akademik erteleme ve akademik mükemmeliyetçilik ile psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu uygun örneklem yöntemiyle ulaşılan 490 lisans öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada “Akademik Erteleme Ölçeği”, “Akademik Mükemmeliyetçilik Ölçeği”, “Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği” ve bu araştırma kapsamında hazırlanan “Demografik Bilgi Formu” kullanılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen analizler sonucunda öğrencilerin cinsiyeti, yaşı ve akademik not ortalamasının psikolojik iyi oluş düzeyleri ile istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde ilişkili olmadığı ancak akademik erteleme ve akademik mükemmeliyetçilik düzeylerinin psikolojik iyi oluş düzeyleri ile istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde negatif yönde ilişkili olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca ilgili değişkenler öğrencilerin psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerinin %16’sını yordamaktadır.
(PDF) AKADEMİK ERTELEME VE AKADEMİK MÜKEMMELİYETÇİLİK İLE PSİKOLOJİK İYİ OLUŞ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION AND ACADEMIC PERFECTIONISM AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358041480_AKADEMIK_ERTELEME_VE_AKADEMIK_MUKEMMELIYETCILIK_ILE_PSIKOLOJIK_IYI_OLUS_ARASINDAKI_ILISKININ_INCELENMESI_INVESTIGATION_OF_THE_RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_ACADEMIC_PROCRASTINATION_AND_ACADEMIC_PERFECTIONISM_A [accessed Jan 23 2022].
Bu çalışmada yetişkinlik dönemindeki bireylerin psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerini yordamada bilişsel esneklik, bilinçli farkındalık ve umut değişkenlerinin rolü araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini kolay örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen ve Google Formlar aracılığıyla ulaşılan 354 kadın, 165 erkek olmak üzere 519 yetişkin birey oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcılara veri toplama aracı olarak “Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği”, “Bilişsel Esneklik Envanteri”, “Sürekli Umut Ölçeği”, “Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği” ve “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 22 istatistiksel analiz programı aracılığıyla Bağımsız Örneklem t Testi, Kruskall- Wallis Testi, Mann Whitney U Testi, Pearson Korelasyon Analizi ve Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon Analizi kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda psikolojik iyi oluş puanlarının cinsiyet, medeni durum, çocuk sahibi olma durumu, çalışma durumu değişkenlerine göre anlamlı olarak farklılık gösterdiği bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Pearson Korelasyon Analizinden elde edilen bulgulara göre, psikolojik iyi oluş ile bilişsel esneklik, bilinçli farkındalık, umut arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Regresyon analizi sonucunda umut ve bilinçli farkındalığın psikolojik iyi oluşun anlamlı yordayıcıları olduğu fakat bilişsel esnekliğin anlamlı yordayıcı olmadığı sonucu elde edilmiştir. Söz konusu bu değişkenlerin ortak etkilerinin psikolojik iyi oluş puanına ilişkin toplam varyansın %47’sini açıkladıkları tespit edilmiştir.
İlkokul 4. ve ortaokul 5. sınıf öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlıkları ile psikolojik
iyi oluşları arasındaki ilişkinin tespit edilmesi amacıyla yapılan bu araştırmanın
yöntemi ilişkisel taramadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini 2018-2019 eğitim-öğretim
yılında İstanbul Beylikdüzü, Esenyurt, Esenler, Avcılar, Güngören ve Zeytinburnu
ilçelerinde bulunan devlet okullarında öğrenimine devam eden toplam 741 ilkokul 4.
ve ortaokul 5. sınıf öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemi kolay
ulaşılabilir örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada verilerin elde
edilmesinde “Çocuklar ve Gençler İçin Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği ve “Stirling
Çocuklar için Duygusal ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada
elde edilen verilerin analizinde t testi, F testi (ANOVA) Basit Doğrusal Regresyon
ve Korelasyon (Pearson Momentler Çarpımı-r) kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına
göre, öğrencilerinin psikolojik iyi oluşları ile psikolojik sağlamlıkları arasında
pozitif yönlü bir ilişkinin olduğu ve psikolojik iyi oluşun psikolojik sağlamlığın
anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca erkek öğrencilerin kız
öğrencilere göre psikolojik sağlamlıklarının daha yüksek olduğu; arkadaşı olmanın
ve aile yanında kalmanın ise psikolojik iyi oluşu olumlu etkilediği belirlenmiştir.
Ayrıca kardeş sayısının psikolojik iyi oluş ve psikolojik sağlamlık üzerinde etkili
olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Recent technological advent in virtual reality (VR) has attracted a lot of attention to the VR shopping, which thus far is designed for a single user. In this paper, we envision the scenario of VR group shopping, where VR supports: 1) flexible display of items to address diverse personal preferences, and 2) convenient view switching between personal and group views to foster social interactions. We formulate the Multiview-Enabled Configuration Recommendation (MECR) problem to rank a set of displayed items for a VR shopping user. We design the Multiview-Enabled Configuration Ranking System (MEIRS) that first extracts discriminative features based on Marketing theories and then introduces a new coupled tensor factorization model to learn the representation of users, Multi-View Display (MVD) configurations, and multiple feedback with content features. Experimental results manifest that the proposed approach outperforms personalized recommendations and group recommendations by at least 30.8% in large-scale datasets and 63.3% in the user study in terms of hit ratio and mean average precision.
Objective: To examine unique relations of three distinct dimensions of desirability of control with psychological and physical well-being and coping. Design: Study 1 (n = 122) surveyed undergraduates’ response to everyday stressors, and Study 2 (n = 105) examined undergraduates’ adjustment to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks at 1 and 3 months post-attack. Main outcome measures included psychological distress, perceived stress, rumination, health behaviors, alcohol use and active vs. avoidant coping. Study 1 Results: Self- and other-control were associated with active coping, whereas relinquishing control was linked with avoidant coping. Only relinquishing control was uniquely linked with outcomes, including worse psychological and physical well-being and alcohol use; avoidant coping mediated relations to psychological well-being. Study 2 Results: Again, self-control was associated with active coping whereas relinquishing control was linked with avoidant coping. Self-control was associated with enhanced psychological well-being at T1 and increases in well-being over time; by contrast, relinquishing control was associated with worse T1 psychological well-being, which was mediated by avoidant coping. Conclusion: This is the first study to examine the unique contribution of each DOC dimension with outcomes. Self-control and relinquishing control showed divergent relations to psychological well-being, mediated by different coping pathways.
Background & objectives: One of the important areas of health of the elderly persons is its psychological aspect that requires special attention and prevention of disorders such as anxiety in them. Death anxiety as an abnormal fear of his death undermines effective compatibility. This study aimed to investigate the role of cognitive fusion, locus of control and cognitive avoidance in the prediction of death anxiety in the elderly. Method: The conducting method was a descriptive and correlative study. The statistical population of this study included all the male elderly over-60 years old of Ardabil in 2016, which 108 persons of them were selected as the study sample using the convenience sampling. For data collection, the cognitive fusion scale (CFQ), locus of control scale (RLOC), cognitive avoidance scale (CAQ) and death anxiety scale (DAS) were used. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression tests in SPSS 21 statistical software. Findings: The study results showed a significant positive relationship between cognitive fusion and death anxiety (r=0.41, p<0.05) and a significant negative relationship between locus of control and death anxiety (r=-0.46, p<0.05). Additionally, a significant positive relationship existed between cognitive avoidance and death anxiety (r=0.42, p<0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that cognitive fusion 0.31, locus of control-0.36 and cognitive avoidance 0.30 significantly predict death anxiety of the elderly persons (p<0.05). Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that cognitive fusion, locus of control and cognitive avoidance are considered the predicting variables related to death anxiety.
Background & objectives: One of the important areas of health of the elderly persons is its psychological aspect that requires special attention and prevention of disorders such as anxiety in them. Death anxiety as an abnormal fear of his death undermines effective compatibility. This study aimed to investigate the role of cognitive fusion, locus of control and cognitive avoidance in the prediction of death anxiety in the elderly. Method: The conducting method was a descriptive and correlative study. The statistical population of this study included all the male elderly over-60 years old of Ardabil in 2016, which 108 persons of them were selected as the study sample using the convenience sampling. For data collection, the cognitive fusion scale (CFQ), locus of control scale (RLOC), cognitive avoidance scale (CAQ) and death anxiety scale (DAS) were used. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression tests in SPSS 21 statistical software. Findings: The study results showed a significant positive relationship between cognitive fusion and death anxiety (r=0.41, p<0.05) and a significant negative relationship between locus of control and death anxiety (r=-0.46, p<0.05). Additionally, a significant positive relationship existed between cognitive avoidance and death anxiety (r=0.42, p<0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that cognitive fusion 0.31, locus of control-0.36 and cognitive avoidance 0.30 significantly predict death anxiety of the elderly persons (p<0.05). Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that cognitive fusion, locus of control and cognitive avoidance are considered the predicting variables related to death anxiety.
Background & objectives: One of the important areas of health of the elderly persons is its psychological aspect that requires special attention and prevention of disorders such as anxiety in them. Death anxiety as an abnormal fear of his death undermines effective compatibility. This study aimed to investigate the role of cognitive fusion, locus of control and cognitive avoidance in the prediction of death anxiety in the elderly. Method: The conducting method was a descriptive and correlative study. The statistical population of this study included all the male elderly over-60 years old of Ardabil in 2016, which 108 persons of them were selected as the study sample using the convenience sampling. For data collection, the cognitive fusion scale (CFQ), locus of control scale (RLOC), cognitive avoidance scale (CAQ) and death anxiety scale (DAS) were used. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression tests in SPSS 21 statistical software. Findings: The study results showed a significant positive relationship between cognitive fusion and death anxiety (r=0.41, p<0.05) and a significant negative relationship between locus of control and death anxiety (r=-0.46, p<0.05). Additionally, a significant positive relationship existed between cognitive avoidance and death anxiety (r=0.42, p<0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that cognitive fusion 0.31, locus of control-0.36 and cognitive avoidance 0.30 significantly predict death anxiety of the elderly persons (p<0.05). Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that cognitive fusion, locus of control and cognitive avoidance are considered the predicting variables related to death anxiety.
Introduction: Diabetes is one of the chronic illnesses and nowadays one of the most important methods for evaluation of treatment and care is to assess the quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the role locus of control and cognitive fusion in the prediction of quality of life in diabetic patients.
Methods: The study was based on a descriptive correlation method. Statistical population consisted of all patients with type 2 diabetes in Ardabil city in 2015. 116 diabetic patients were selected as the statistical sample using the convenience sampling. Data were collected through Rotter's locus of control scale (1966), Gillanders cognitive fusion scale (2014) and the world health organization quality of life Scale (1996). Research data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression methods.
Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between locus of control and quality of life in diabetic patients (r= 0.467, P=0.001). Also there is a significant relationship between cognitive fusion and quality of life in diabetic patients (r= -0.346, P=0.001). Beta coefficients for predictor variables indicated that, locus of control 0.46 (P=0.001) and cognitive fusion -0.31 (P=0.001) have significantly predictive capability of quality of life in diabetic patients.
Conclusion: Hence, it can be concluded that, locus of control and cognitive fusion are considered as the variables related to quality of life in diabetic patients and have predictive capability of it.
The present study addresses proposals that Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) can influence self-determined motivation. Triathletes received REBT education, followed by either Rational Emotive Personal-Disclosure Mutual-Sharing (REPDMS), or PDMS. Measurements of irrational beliefs and self-determined motivation were collected prior to REBT (baseline), during the REBT education period, and after the REPDMS session (post-intervention). An ABC single-case design was adopted, allowing for statistical and visual analysis of data over time and between groups. Findings indicate that REBT led to decreased irrational beliefs and increased self-determined motivation. REPDMS appeared to have no influence on irrational beliefs over and above REBT education.
Bu çalışmada amaç; son yıllarda, psikosağaltım alanında farkındalığa dayalı terapötik yaklaşımların ağırlık kazanmaya başladığı alanyazını ile tartışmaktır. Bu yaklaşımın merkezinde “dikkatin sürekli olarak şimdiki yaşantılara ve anlık deneyimlere odaklanması hali” olarak tanımlanabilen Farkındalık kavramı yer almaktadır. Farkındalık; yargısız bir şekilde, şimdiki ana odaklanabilmek amacıyla, dikkati toplayabilmektir. Psikosağaltım ekolleri açısından değerlendirildiğinde, Farkındalık Temelli Sağaltımların, Bilişsel ve Davranışçı Sağıltımlar kapsamında ele alınmaktadır. Farkındalık kavramıyla ilgili araştırmalar göz önüne alındığında, kavramı özellikle dikkat ya da üstbiliş gibi bilgi işleme süreçleriyle ilişkilendiren çalışmalar vardır. Farkındalık Temelli Sağaltımlardaki değişim süreçleri, maruz bırakma, dikkat yönetimi, duygu yönetimi gibi etki mekanizmalarına dayanarak açıklanmaktadır. Batı dünyasında yeni bir kavram olan Farkındalık stresi azaltmada, kendini fark etmeyi arttırmada, duygusal zekâyı geliştirmede, yıkıcı, duygusal, bilişsel ve davranışsal süreçleri zayıflatmada, her geçen gün daha fazla kullanılan, etkin bir yöntemdir. Pek çok kişi, Farkındalık ile derin düşünme birlikte eş anlamlı bir yerde tutmasına rağmen, aslında açıklık, farkına varma, odaklanmanın olduğu bir zihin durumunu geliştirecek yollardan sadece biri derin düşünmedir. Farkındalık bir anlamda, uyanmak, kendimizle temasa geçmek ve yaşamın her anının içeriğini değerlendirebilmektir. Bu, psikolojik ve duygusal esnekliği geliştirmenin ve yaşamsal tatmini arttırmanın derin bir yoludur. Bu durum bireyin psikolojik iyi olma ile farkındalık arasındaki iç içe ilişkililiği ortaya koymaktadır. Psikolojik iyi oluş kavramının içeriğini iyilik hali kavramı oluşturmaktadır. Çünkü iyilik hali, diğerlerinin ıstıraplarına duyarlı olmayı, diğerlerinin acılarının farkında olmayı, bu ıstırap ve acılardan bağlantısız olmamayı ve sakınmamayı, diğerlerine şefkatli olmayı, diğerlerinin ortaya çıkan ıstıraplarını hafifletme arzusunu ve başarısız olan veya yanlış yapan kimseleri yargılamadan anlamayı içerir. Psikolojik iyi oluş, bireyin acı ve başarısızlık durumlarında kendini eleştirmekten ziyade kendine özenli ve anlayışlı davranma, yaşadığı olumsuz deneyimleri insanoğlunun yaşamının bir parçası olarak görme, olumsuz duygu ve düşüncelerin üstünde fazlaca durmaktansa mantıklı çözüm yolları arama olarak tanımlanmaktadır.
Background:
Recovery high schools (RHS) vary in organization and operating philosophy, but are designed to support the unique needs of students struggling with substance use disorders (SUD). Previous research on youth risk taking behaviors suggests emotion regulation is a key predictor of outcomes. Specifically, the ability to respond in adaptive rather than maladaptive ways is often associated with challenges of impulsivity, poor distress tolerance, and adolescent substance use.
Objectives:
The current study considers data from RHS students in order to answer research questions concerning impulsivity and emotion regulation of youth working to change their risk trajectories in comparison to group of typically developing youth.
Methods:
Participants (n = 114) in the study were composed of students enrolled in 3 RHS programs and a comparison group of similar aged youth (15-20 years) without an identified SUD. Data collection occurred through an anonymous online survey set of four measures of reactivity and impulsivity, emotion regulation, and parent and peer influence, as well as an online version of the Stroop Inhibitory Control Task.
Results:
Participants in the three RHS groups reported decreased emotion regulation abilities, increased impulsivity and increased peer influence when compared to the comparison group; differential effects within RHS are presented. Conclusions/Importance: Results are consistent with the extant literature that difficulty regulating emotions is associated with an increased risk for substance abuse and suggests these difficulties persist in early recovery. Results also suggest the need to better understand how different operating philosophies of programs influence student outcomes and the recovery process.
Objectives: The present study was conducted to assess the relationship of Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) and psychosocial stress with fatigue in manufacturing workers. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The subjects were 358 employees working in manufacturing industries with fewer than fifty persons. Data were collected through a survey using a structured selfadministered questionnaire. Findings: The degree of fatigue experienced by the subjects was significantly higher in the TABP group than in the Type B Behavior Pattern (TBBP) group, and was also significantly higher in the high-risk group of psychosocial stress. Moreover, fatigue Symptoms (MFS) had a significantly positive correlation with TABP and psychosocial stress level. TABP and psychosocial stress were major factors affecting the MFS. Improvements/Applications: These survey results suggest that the TABP and psychosocial stress was a profound related with MFS.
The purpose of this study was to define the quality of nursing services in relation to a nurse`s psychosocial factors (type A behavior pattern, self-esteem, locus of control, and anxiety), job stress, and fatigue. This study targeted 503 nurses currently working at one of six general hospitals in Daejeon city, the data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire, which was surveyed from April 1 to June 30, 2014. According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, the high self-esteem, locus of control, and strong support by supervisor and co-workers decrease the risk of a low career quality. In contrast, high situational fatigue and overall fatigue increase the risk of a low career quality. According to the results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis, the quality of nursing services increased with age, the subjective health condition was satisfying, aptitude corresponded to the jobs, self-esteem was high, anxiety was low, support by co-workers was strong, and the overall fatigue was low. Above results suggest that the quality of nursing services of nurses who work at a general hospital has a strong correlation with the psychosocial factors, job stress, and fatigue.
The aim of the study is to examine the intermediary role of loneliness in the relation between the social interaction anxiety and happiness amonBu araştırmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal etkileşim kaygısı ile mutluluk arasındaki
ilişkide yalnızlığın aracı rolünün incelemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Fırat
Üniversitesi’nde öğrenim gören 324 kadın, 270 erkek olmak üzere 594 üniversite öğrencisi
oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama araçları olarak; Etkileşim Kaygısı Ölçeği, UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği ile
Oxfort Mutluluk Ölçeği Kısa Formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada veriler korelasyon ve regresyon
teknikleri kullanılarak çözümlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; sosyal etkileşim kaygısının
yalnızlığı ve mutluluğu yordadığı, yalnızlığın mutluluğu yordadığı ve sosyal etkileşim kaygısı ile mutluluk arasındaki ilişkide yalnızlığın kısmi aracılık ettiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.g university students.
The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of how university students' psychological well-being are predicted by their level of career decision self-efficacy, vocational outcome expectations, perceived social support and perceived parental attitudes (rejection, over protection, emotional warmth). The university students who attended Istanbul University during 2013-2014 academic year was the participants of the study. The study consisted of 425 first, second, third and fourth year students from various faculties and departments in Istanbul University, 304 of whom were female and 121 of whom were male. Personal Information Form, Scales of Psychogical Well-Being, Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form, Vocational Outcome Expectations Scale, Social Provisions Scale, Short-EMBU (The Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran) were administered to the students. The results of the regression analyses revealed that the variables, in accordance with their contributions to the total variance, perceived social support, career decision self-efficacy and perceived parenting attitudes-rejection attitute from mother were, respectively, significant predictors of psychological well-being. All the variables mentioned explained 50.3 % of the total variance.
Moreover, the results of the mediator analyses revealed that both career decision self-efficacy and vocational outcome expectations had a partial mediating role on the relationship between perceived social support, perceived parenting attitudes-rejection attitute (from father), perceived parenting attitudes-emotional warmth (from both father and mother) and psychological well-being; however, only vocational outcome expectations had a partial mediating role on the relationship between perceived parenting attitudes-rejection attitute (from mother) and psychological well-being.
The results of the study were discussed within the relevant literature; in addition, shortcomings and implications were determined and suggestions for future studies were discussed.
Adolescence is a physical, sexual, cognitive, emotional and social development period. Adolescents may experience difficulties about meeting their psychological needs, adapting themselves to changing life conditions. Psychological counseling and guidance services not only focus on identifying and treating psychological disorders, but also they should focus on the positive developmental aspects of mental health. By doing so, they may contribute youths to attain better understanding about their strong aspects and sources they have, to develop effective strategies against life difficulties, to set realistic targets about future, and eventually to obtain psychological well-being (PWB). Adolescents’ positive characteristics may be improved with school-based applications long before problem emerges and before adolescents’ psychological well-being is not ruined, their live skills may be strengthened, and their positive coping skills and selfesteem may be increased. In this chapter we propose to introduce the concept of PWB, to explain variables related to PWB, to discuss the importance of PWB in the field of psychological counseling and guidance.
This study intends to investigate the health behavior, self-efficacy, behavior pattern and social support among hospital of nurses, to provide the basic data for self-efficacy promoting program and social support promoting program. The self-administered questionnaires were given to 202 nurses employed in hospital during the period from June 10 to June 26, 2011. As a results, the score of level of self-efficacy was statistically significant difference according to educational status, working period, marital state, place of duty, religion, night-duty, distribution of household labor, exercise and stress management. The score of level of social support was statistically significant difference according to place of duty, religion and distribution of household labor, alcohol drinking, smoking, and stress management. But the score of level of behavior pattern was not statistically significant difference according to self-efficacy and social support. In correlation, the score of self-efficacy level correlated positively with social support and not with behavior pattern.
Main objective of this study is to determine whether there is a significant relationship between the well-being of teacher candidate's and their skills to solve problems. This study was conducted using relational scanning method. Research group consisted of teacher candidates studying at Ahmet Keleşoǧlu education faculty. In this study, Subjective Well-being Scale developed by Dost (2004) and Social Problem Solving Inventory-short form developed by D'Zurilla and his colleagues were utilized. Analysis of data was performed using SPSS 15 for windows (2006) program. While there is a positive relationship between well-being of teacher candidates and sub-dimensions of social problem solving approachng the problem in a positive way, rational problem solving, there is a negative relationship between the well-being of teacher candidates and sub-dimension of approaching the problem negatively.
This study was intended to assess fatigue symptoms of nurses working for general hospitals and to reveal its association with the type A behavior pattern. The self-administered questionnaires were given to 306 nurses employed in general hospitals from May, 1st to June, 30th 2011. As a results, The proportion of behavior pattern was 50.7%, of type A, and 49.3% of type B. The distribution of fatigue symptoms was 76.8% of normal group, and 23.2% of high risk group. In terms of the distribution of fatigue symptoms according to the type A behavior pattern, the normal group of fatigue symptoms was higher in the type B behavior pattern group, but the high risk group of fatigue symptoms was higher in the type A behavior pattern group. The type A behavior pattern was significant positive correlation with fatigue symptoms. In logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odds ratio of the high risk fatigue symptoms were significantly increased in the group of type A behavior pattern than type B behavior pattern. As a conclusion, fatigue symptoms was higher in the group of type A behavior pattern than the group of type B behavior pattern. Hereafter, the sustainable study would require that the relation between type A behavior pattern and fatigue symptoms to the various study subjects.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between quality of school work life (QSWL) and psychological well-being (PWB) of public school teachers. Cluster random sampling technique was used to collect data from 784 teachers in 120 schools across six providences in Turkey. Data were primarily collected with two validated scales: Psychological Well-being, and the Quality of School Work Life. The study revealed that teachers rated their level of Quality of School Work Life moderately, and rated their level of Psychological Well-being relatively higher. The findings of the study indicate that there were some differences in QSWL levels of teachers in connection with some demographic variables. Further, stepwise linear regression revealed that their Quality of School Work Life rating described teachers' Psychological Well-being. The findings are compared with previous research, and finally, the limitations of the study are discussed with recommendations for future research.
This study was conducted to determine the levels of job stress, as well as its association with psychosocial factors (type A behavior pattern, locus of control, and self-esteem). Self-administered questionnaires were given to 634 clerical public officers in the C Provincial Office between February 18 and Mar. 10, 2013. As a result, the job stress levels of the subjects was significantly different according to age, sex, educational level, marital status, job position, job career, satisfaction in job life, smoking, alcohol drinking, sleeping time, type A behavior pattern, locus of control, and self-esteem. Regarding the correlation of job stress and psychosocial factors, the level of job demand was negatively correlated with the internal locus of control. The decision latitude was negatively correlated with the type A behavior pattern, internal locus of control and self-esteem. Supervisor support was negatively correlated with the external locus of control. In hierarchial multiple regression analysis, the affecting factors to the job stress selected variables, such as age, subjective health status, job position, overtime work, experience of sick absence, satisfaction in work, sleeping time, leisure time, visiting out-patient department, type A behavior pattern, locus of control, and self-esteem, and the explanatory powers of these factors was 32.1%. In particular, the factors related to the psychosocial factors (type A behavior pattern, locus of control, self-esteem) were strongly related to the job stress, increasing the explanation of factors up to 15.0%.
Esta investigación examinó el papel que desempeñan la personalidad y determinados factores psicosociales en relación con criterios de salud (bienestar, satisfacción y conductas preventivas), y el afrontamiento ante los problemas de salud. Ciento setenta y tres participantes completaron medidas de los Cinco Factores, Percepción de Autoeficacia Generalizada (AEG) y Competencia Percibida en Salud (CPS), junto con criterios de salud y afrontamiento. Los resultados mostraron que los rasgos se conectaron más con la satisfacción, mientras que AEG y CPS se vincularon más estrechamente con las conductas preventivas y el bienestar, respectivamente. Asimismo los rasgos dieron cuenta de una mayor varianza del afrontamiento instrumental y emocional, en comparación con AEG y CPS. Sin embargo CPS fue el principal predictor de estos dos tipos de afrontamiento. Estos resultados sugieren que la consideración conjunta de las dimensiones de personalidad y los factores psicosociales permite clarificar su utilidad predictiva en el campo de la salud.
Objectives: This study was performed to determine the levels of depression symptoms among the community elderlies and to reveal its related factors, specifically aimed at revealing psycho-social factors such as social support net-work, sense of self-esteem, state anxiety, interpersonal behavior trait and locus of control. Methods: The interviews were performed during the period from April 1st to June 30th, 2007 to the 790 elderlies in urban and rural areas. Results: The mean scores of depression (CES-D) among all subjects were 16.65±10.97(urban: 18.81±10.31, rural: 14.49±11.20) and they were higher in urban than rural. The level of depression symptoms was influenced by the variables of educational level, with or without spouse, bear for living expenses, sense of satisfaction in daily life. As for health related behaviors, they were influenced by the variables of with or without regular exercise. As for health status, they were influenced by the subjective health status, with or without disability of body, visual acuity, hearing ability, ability of food mastication, urinary incontinence, with or without help in activity of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activity of daily living (IADL). As for social support net-work and social activities, they were influenced by number of offspring, frequency of offspring contents, frequency of going out and activity of hobbies. As for psycho-social factors, they were influenced by sense of self-esteem, state anxiety and social support, especially, the level of depression symptoms was higher influenced by the variables of psycho-social factors than other variables. Conclusions: Lower of the level of depression symptoms among the community elderlies would require development and application of programs to keep under management psycho-social factors as well as looking for ways to promoting the present health status.
Aggression is increasingly seen in most parts of South African society. Aggressive behaviour of boys in secondary school often results from frustrations caused by perceived high expectations of others regarding the role, locus of control, and personality of boys. Locus of control plays an important role in a person's perception concerning a situation and possible reactions to what is happening, or should be happening. A 56-item questionnaire, based on Rotter's "Locus of control" questionnaire, and the DIAS Scale were used. The questionnaire was completed by 440 boys in Grades 9, 10, and 11. Various factor, item and differential statistical analyses were conducted. Three constructs were identified, i.e. physical, verbal, and indirect aggression. Results indicated that locus of control has a significant influence on verbal and indirect aggression. The differential analysis indicated that contextual variables (language of tuition, age, and grade) play a significant, but not substantial, role in aggression. Furthermore, boys with an internal locus of control are significantly and substantially less aggressive than boys with an external locus of control, with respect to physical, verbal and indirect aggression.
Desire for control (DC) or need for control has frequently been proposed as an important personality characteristic and as a possible crucial moderator within the fields of achievement, psychological adaptation, stress, and health. However, unlike locus of control, hardly any effort has been undertaken to assess the construct. An exception is the work of Burger and Cooper on the Desirability of Control Scale (1979). In the present study, the psychometric properties of a Dutch version of the DC scale were tested in three different samples (total N = 1044). Furthermore, relationships between DC, its subscales, and various psychological personality and outcome measures were examined.
The results show that the psychometric properties of the original DC scale could be successfully transposed to the Dutch version. Furthermore, factor analyses (PCA) led to the construction of three reliable subscales: ‘control others’ (desire to be in charge of and control others), ‘control self’ (desire to control one's own life), and ‘relinquish control’ (desire to leave others in control). The pattern of relationships with convergent and outcome variables supports the interpretation of these subscales. For ‘control others’, as for the total DC scale (i.e. a total of all 20 items), the emphasis of these relationships was on dominance, active coping, and psychological adjustment. ‘Control self’ was mainly related to self-sufficiency and independence, while ‘relinquish control’ was clearly associated with passive coping and poor psychological adjustment. In summary, the DC scale appears to be a psychometrically sound instrument to assess desire for control and its subdimensions. Copyright
Meta-analytic techniques were used to synthesize findings on the social activity/subjective well-being relation. We chose zero-order and first order associations as our dependent variables and several different measure, sample, and study quality characteristics as our independent variables. We found that social activity is positively and significantly related to subjective well-being. Contrary to activity theory, informal activities and activities with friends were not related to subjective well-being consistently more strongly than were formal activities and activities with neighbors. In addition, the remaining measure, sample, and study quality characteristics were not adequate predictors of variation in activity/subjective well-being associations.
Reigning measures of psychological well-being have little theoretical grounding, despite an extensive literature on the contours of positive functioning. Aspects of well-being derived from this literature (i.e., self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth) were operationalized. Three hundred and twenty-one men and women, divided among young, middle-aged, and older adults, rated themselves on these measures along with six instruments prominent in earlier studies (i.e., affect balance, life satisfaction, self-esteem, morale, locus of control, depression). Results revealed that positive relations with others, autonomy, purpose in life, and personal growth were not strongly tied to prior assessment indexes, thereby supporting the claim that key aspects of positive functioning have not been represented in the empirical arena. Furthermore, age profiles revealed a more differentiated pattern of well-being than is evident in prior research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examined the relationship between managerial locus of control (Rotter's Internal–External Control Scale), perceived stress (Subjective Stress Scale), coping behaviors (task- vs emotion-centered as defined in the R. L. Kahn et al 1964 typology), and performance (credit ratings). 90 small business owner-managers participated in 2 data collection phases over a 2½-yr interval following the effects of a major disaster. Internals were found to perceive less stress, employ more task-centered coping behaviors, and employ fewer emotion-centered coping behaviors than externals. Successful internals became more internal, whereas unsuccessful externals became more external over the 2½-yr interval. Changes in performance were related to changes in locus of control. The nature of locus of control as a possible cause of task behavior and as an effect of environmental experience is examined. (15 ref)
DATA ON AVOWED HAPPINESS ARE SUMMARIZED UNDER THE HEADINGS OF (1) MEASUREMENT, RELIABILITY, AND VALIDITY; (2) DIMENSIONS; AND (3) CORRELATES. THE HAPPY PERSON EMERGES AS A YOUNG, HEALTHY, WELL-EDUCATED, WELL-PAID, EXTRAVERTED, OPTIMISTIC, WORRY-FREE, RELIGIOUS, MARRIED PERSON WITH HIGH SELF-ESTEEM, HIGH JOB MORALE, MODEST ASPIRATIONS, OF EITHER SEX, AND OF A WIDE RANGE OF INTELLIGENCE. (2 P. REF.)
A new social desirability scale was constructed and correlated with MMPI scales. Comparison was made with correlations of the Edwards Social Desirability scale. The new scale correlated highly with MMPI scales and supported the definition of social desirability. Ss need to respond in "culturally sanctioned ways."
This article reports the development and validation of a scale to measure global life satisfaction, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Among the various components of subjective well-being, the SWLS is narrowly focused to assess global life satisfaction and does not tap related constructs such as positive affect or loneliness. The SWLS is shown to have favorable psychometric properties, including high internal consistency and high temporal reliability. Scores on the SWLS correlate moderately to highly with other measures of subjective well-being, and correlate predictably with specific personality characteristics. It is noted that the SWLS is Suited for use with different age groups, and other potential uses of the scale are discussed.
A flood of new studies explores people's subjective well-being (SWB) Frequent positive affect, infrequent negative affect, and a global sense of satisfaction with life define high SWB These studies reveal that happiness and life satisfaction are similarly available to the young and the old, women and men, blacks and whites, the rich and the working-class Better clues to well-being come from knowing about a person's traits, close relationships, work experiences, culture, and religiosity We present the elements of an appraisal-based theory of happiness that recognizes the importance of adaptation, cultural world-view, and personal goals
Social activity has been identified as one of the most consistent predictors of peoples' subjective reports of happiness. Recent research has examined factors that influence this relationship, including personality moderators and distinctions among types of social activities. Two studies are reported in which undergraduates completed measures gauging their (a) extraversion, (b) need for social approval, and (c) satisfaction with and frequency of four types of social activities (with parents, relatives, friends, and groups). Subjective well-being was defined as (a) life satisfaction, (b) experience of positive affect, and (c) experience of negative affect. In addition, participants completed the measures while alone, with friends present, or with strangers present. Results revealed that satisfaction with social activities was the strongest (positive) predictor of subjective well-being, though the personality measures were significant (positive) predictors as well. Among frequency measures of social activity, the number of activities with groups was the only consistent (positive) predictor of happiness. Also, participants completing questionnaires in the presence of friends reported greater life satisfaction than participants completing questionnaires with strangers.
The psychological construct of desirability of control was related to several theoretical statements (e.g., Kelley, 1971; White, 1959) and areas of current research (e.g., Glass & Singer, 1972; Deci, 1975) in psychology. A scale designed to measure individual differences in the general level of motivation to control the events in one''s life was presented. The Desirability of Control Scale was found to have substantial internal consistency (.80) and test-retest reliability (.75), as well as discriminant validity from measures of locus of control (Rotter, 1966) and social desirability (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960). The results of an illusion of control study (cf. Langer, 1975) provided construct validation: only subjects high in the desire for control displayed a belief in personal control over chance outcomes. Construct validation was also provided from studies on learned helplessness and hypnosis. The practical, as well as theoretical, value of the instrument was discussed.
Eleven mood scales were employed in four of all of six studies in which a combined total of 172 subjects recorded their mood ‘right now’ on from three to twenty occasions and in a variety of conditions. Effects of Psychoticism, Extraversion and Neuroticism were examined in a statistical review. Stronger correlations with average mood than with mood variation suggested some pervasive effects from both Neuroticism and Extraversion. The combination of high Neuroticism and low Extraversion was associated with more negative and less positive average mood and some greater mood variation, whereas low Neuroticism and high Extraversion made for better and more stable mood. These small personality influences modify a natural pattern of basically positive mood interrupted occasionally by more negative states. The pervasive effect of Extraversion helps to preserve positive mood. The active influences of Neuroticism are upon negative affect, and include an element which augments depressed feelings.
Two personality constructs, desire for control and locus of control, were related to depression among college students. Measures of levels of depression, desire for control, and locus of control were taken from subjects. Approximately six months later 71% of these subjects returned a questionnaire concerning their experiences with depression during that six-month period. It was found that locus of control scores, particularly the extent to which subjects perceived that their lives were controlled by chance, were significantly related to the depression levels. It was also found that high desire for control subjects who held external perceptions of control were most likely to seek nonprofessional help for depression. In addition, high desire for control subjects who perceived their lives as generally controlled by chance were most likely to have suicidal thoughts. The results are interpreted in terms of a general style that may promote a proneness to depression for certain individuals.