Article

Influence of variety and geographical origin on the lipid fraction of hazelnuts (Coryllus avellana L.) from Spain: (II). Triglyceride composition

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Abstract

In a former paper (Parcerisa et al. (1993). Food Chem., 48, 411–14), the fat content and fatty acid composition of hazelnut samples corresponding to four different varieties, all cultivated in two different areas of Catalonia (Spain) during three consecutive years, were analysed. Those results showed that the fatty acid composition was influenced by the geographical origin and harvesting year of samples. In the present paper, results of triglyceride composition corresponding to the same varieties and harvesting years are presented using HPLC. Twelve different triglycerides have been identified. Main proportions correspond to triolein () and linoleodiolein (). Triglyceride composition of samples changed significantly as a function of harvest and geographical origin but not in relation to the hazelnut variety, in agreement with previous results. It is thus established that these factors have a great influence on the characteristics and quality of nuts.In addition, a correlation study with previous fatty acid composition data was carried out, in order to check some aspects related to the biosynthesis of glycerides in these nuts. OOO, POO and LOO are always correlated with all glyceride and fatty acid contents, except with PLP and palmitic acid.

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... We previously reported the influence of environmental factors on the fatty acid, triacylglycerol, and tocopherol contents of hazelnuts harvested in a small area of production in Spain (Parcerisa et al., 1993(Parcerisa et al., , 1994(Parcerisa et al., , 1995a. Here we show the compositional changes of triacylglycerol and phospholipid contents, including their fatty acid profile, in hazelnuts from an area of production in Catalonia (Spain). ...
... The TAGs were identified according to the logarithms of their retention time relative to trioleylglycerol (OOO), based on previous published works (Parcerisa et al., 1994(Parcerisa et al., , 1995b. The TAGs were quantified according to their percentage area obtained by integration of the peak as a semiquantitative method. ...
... Other TAGs had smaller percentages: LLL, LLP, PLO, PLP, POP, PPP, SOO, and SOP (Table 1). These results are consistent with previously published studies (Parcerisa et al., 1994;Shewry et al., 1972;Bazan et al., 1975;Contini et al., 1991a,b). Table 1 reveals an opposite trend between OOO and LOO. ...
Article
We analyzed the triacylglycerol and phospholipid contents of hazelnuts from early development to maturity. Both were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a light scattering detector. Trioleylglycerol, linoleyl-dioleylglycerol, and palmitoyl-dioleylglycerol were the most predominant triacylglycerols throughout development. Triacylglycerols showed small variation during hazelnut development. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol were the most abundant phospholipids. Traces of phosphatidic acid were also detected. The statistical analysis showed that the positive correlation among the individual phospholipid contents was significant. Phospholipid contents showed a steep decrease during hazelnut development. Triacylgycerols and phosphatidylcholine were isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography, and their fatty acid profile was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Triacylglycerols showed a high percentage of monounsaturated fatty acid moieties, whereas phosphatidylcholine had the highest percentage of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid moieties. The polyunsaturated fatty acid moiety showed low percentages in the triacylglycerol and phospholipid backbone.
... Thus, cultivar physical and chemical traits are a main factor to consider. There is available information about hazelnut characteristics and composition from many countries, such as Italy [14][15][16], Spain [2,17], USA [18], Turkey [19], Poland [20][21][22][23] and other European countries [24,25]. ...
... The positive increasing linear trend in oleic acid and stability with kernel size is a very interesting point, which has not been reported to date. In fact, differences among varieties were previously reported [16,17]. In addition, these researchers highlighted the influence of environmental conditions from either the yearly climate or geographical origin. ...
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Kernel size is the main hazelnut quality parameter for the consumption market. However, industrial purposes are the main destination for the main hazelnut cultivars. This work aims to identify industrial aptitude relationships to kernel size, and qualitative nut and kernel traits eligible to enhance hazelnut’s commercial value. The qualitative hazelnut traits of cv “Negret” and “Pauetet” were assessed via in-shell and shelled nut sizes for two years. In-shell hazelnuts were tested for weight, shape, percent kernel, yield and shell thickness. Kernels were measured for shape, weight, roasting aptitude, skin color, moisture content and water activity, free acidity, fat content, crude protein, total sugars, minerals, fatty acid composition, α-tocopherol and oil stability. In-shell hazelnut traits significantly differed between cultivars, sizes and storage period. Shell thickness and nut roundness increased almost linearly with nut caliber, whereas kernel percentage decreased. Kernel roundness increased linearly with caliber. The blanching and roasting aptitude of “Negret” increased linearly with caliber, whereas no significant trend was observed for “Pauetet”. Significant differences between cultivars were confirmed for water activity, oil acidity and skin color. Regarding chemical composition, fat content increased linearly with caliber in both cultivars, and α-tocopherol followed the same trend in “Negret”. The sugar content tended to decrease with caliber, whereas crude protein, fiber and minerals did not show any significant relationship with kernel size. Unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids fitted to linear models related to caliber, showing differences between cultivars. Unsaturated fatty acids increased with caliber, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased, and the oil stability increased linearly with kernel size. These results show that some hazelnut key traits change significantly with kernel size. The linear models presented could be a powerful tool for the confectionery industry to modulate the industrial value of given hazelnut batches.
... Several combinations of analytes have been used for the investigation of seasonal impact on food products such as: trace elements through ICP-MS (Ozden, 2010;Potorti et al., 2013;Rey-Crespo et al., 2013), fatty acid composition (Gurdeniz, Ozen, & Tokatli, 2008), triglyceride composition (Parcerisa et al., 1994), differences in d 13 C, d 15 N and d 34 S values though IRMS (Sant'Ana, Ducatti, & Ramires, 2010;Bahar et al., 2008), inorganic anions (Di Bella et al., 2012), ascorbic acid, lactic, malic and L-pyroglutamic acid content (Maietti et al., 2012), fatty acids analysis, triacylglycerol and tocopherols (Barreira et al., 2012) and, finally, using instrumental texture and sensory evaluation (Di Salvo, Fadda, Sanguinetti, Naes, & Del Caro, 2014). There is relatively limited information about the effect of seasonal variation on elemental composition of food products (Ozden, 2010;Ozden, Erkan, & Ulusoy, 2010;Potorti et al., 2013;Rey-Crespo et al., 2013;Vincevica-Gaile, Klavins, Rudovica, & Viksna, 2013), especially for REEs. ...
... Various chemometric methods have been applied to study seasonal variation. Principal component analysis (PCA) (Di Salvo et al., 2014;Gurdeniz et al., 2008;Ku et al., 2010;Maietti et al., 2012;Potorti et al., 2013) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Barreira et al., 2012;Di Bella et al., 2012;Di Salvo et al., 2014;Ku et al., 2010;Maietti et al., 2012;Ozden et al., 2010;Parcerisa et al., 1994;Potorti et al., 2013;Rey-Crespo et al., 2013;Sant'Ana et al., 2010), and multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) have been used most. Other methods that have been used are soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) (Gurdeniz et al., 2008;Ku et al., 2010;Mannina, Marinic, Gobbino, Sobolev, & Capitani, 2010), discriminate factor analysis (DFA) (Sant'Ana et al., 2010), canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) (Di Bella et al., 2012), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) (Barreira et al., 2012), partial least-squares to latent structure (PLS) (Ku et al., 2010), PLS-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) (Mannina et al., 2010) and orthogonal PLS discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) (Ku et al., 2010). ...
Article
This study examines the trace and rare earth elemental (REE) fingerprint variations of PDO (Protected Designation of Origin) “Fava Santorinis” over three consecutive harvesting years (2011–2013). Classification of samples in harvesting years was studied by performing discriminant analysis (DA), k nearest neighbours (κ-NN), partial least squares (PLS) analysis and probabilistic neural networks (PNN) using rare earth elements and trace metals determined using ICP-MS. DA performed better than κ-NN, producing 100% discrimination using trace elements and 79% using REEs. PLS was found to be superior to PNN, achieving 99% and 90% classification for trace and REEs, respectively, while PNN achieved 96% and 71% classification for trace and REEs, respectively. The information obtained using REEs did not enhance classification, indicating that REEs vary minimally per harvesting year, providing robust geographical origin discrimination. The results show that seasonal patterns can occur in the elemental composition of “Fava Santorinis”, probably reflecting seasonality of climate.
... TAG are increasingly used in the food industry as a tool to assess the quality and authenticity of vegetable oils [118,119], particularly adulteration of olive oil with hazelnut oil [Butler, Campanica, Cosford, Couplat, Daviana, Ennis, Fertille de Coutard, Grossal, Gunslebert, Lansing, Longa A total of 13 TAG (including one unknown) have been determined in crude hazelnut oils extracted from various hazelnut varieties grown in different countries (Table 12.7); these are LLL, OLL, PLL, OOL, POL, PPL, OOO, POO, PPO, unknown, PPP, SOO, and PSO (where P, palmitoyl; S, stearoyl; O, oleoyl; and L, linoleoyl) [4,12,122]. In addition, Parcerisa et al. [4,105,123] detected trace amounts of PPP in different hazelnut varieties cultivated in Spain. In contrast, Ayorinde et al. [124] analyzed hazelnut oil by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization−time-of-flight (MALDI- TOF) mass spectrometry and pointed out that minor quantities of SLL and SOL could be coeluted with OOL and OOO, respectively. ...
... and POL (0.79%– 4.31%). As shown in Table 12.7, significant differences in TAG composition exist among hazelnut varieties, which can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors as well as detector used [4,120,122,123,126]. A good agreement between fatty acid profiles and the TAG composition has been found [4,10,12,122]. ...
... Parcerisa et al., using an RI detector (44,55) and MS detector (31), have reported higher values for LLL (0.5-3.6%), OLL (1.8-10.8%), POL (2.7-6.5%), and PPO (0.7-2.4%) and much lower values for OOO (32.3-57.0%) ...
... Parcerisa et al. (44,45,55) detected trace amounts of PPP. In contrast, Ayorinde et al. (35) have analyzed hazelnut oil by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and pointed out that minor quantities of SLL and SOL could be coeluted with OLL and OOO, respectively. ...
Article
The quality of crude oil extracted from Tombul (Round) hazelnut, grown in the Giresun province of Turkey, was evaluated for its fatty acid, triacylglycerol (TAG), tocol, and phytosterol compositions. Oleic acid contributed 82.78% to the total fatty acids, followed by linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Among 12 TAGs separated, 11 were identified (including one unknown): LLL, OLL, PLL, OOL, POL, PPL, OOO, POO, PPO, SOO, and PSO (where P, palmitoyl; S, stearoyl; O, oleoyl; and L, linoleoyl). The main components were OOO (71.31%), OOL (12.26%), and POO (9.45%), reflecting the high content of oleic acid present in hazelnut oil. Seven tocol isoforms (four tocopherols and three tocotrienols) and eight phytosterols as well as cholesterol were positively identified and quantified; among these, alpha-tocopherol (40.40 mg/100 g) and beta-sitosterol (134.05 mg/100 g) were predominant in hazelnut oil and contributed 78.74 and 81.28% to the total tocols and phytosterols present, respectively. Tocotrienols were detected in small amounts (1.02% to the total tocols). The crude hazelnut oil extracted from Turkish Tombul hazelnut, thus, serves as a good source of nutrients, bioactives, and health-promoting components.
... The fatty acid (FA) composition and quantity of hazelnut oil vary depending on the geographical origin, variety, cultivation practices, ripeness, calibration, climate, and storage conditions [18][19][20] [21,22]. The oil obtained from raw nuts with lower content of linoleic acid (C18H32O2, C18: 2, (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien acid) and higher content of oleic acid (C18H34O2, C18:1, (9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid) is more stable to oxidation [23]. ...
Article
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Chocolate bars with whole nuts are a popular type of chocolate. However, their shelf life is limited by the roasted hazelnuts, which can become rancid or cause fat bloom, a whitish layer on the chocolate surface. Both are thought to be related to the nut oil that rises to the surface. Surface oil is prone to rancidity due to contact with oxygen. In addition, when the nuts are used in chocolate, the surface oil can be washed off by the chocolate during mixing or can migrate into and through the chocolate to become visible as fat bloom. Although fat bloom tends to occur on only a few nuts in a bar, the presence of fat bloom on just one nut is enough to reduce enjoyment because consumers associate it with mold. In this study, the influence of origin and roasting conditions on both quality changes was investigated. Hazelnuts of caliber 11–13 mm harvested from two different regions of Turkey, namely, Akçakoca and Ordu, were subjected to four different roasting conditions. The roasting process was performed either at low temperature for a long time (at 142°C for 30 or 50 min) or at high temperature for a short time (at 200°C for 7 or 9.5 min) in an industrial scale roaster (capacity of 50 kg per batch). Assessment of oxygen consumption and hexanal headspace measurement, both indicative of rancidity, showed increased oxidative stability for nuts roasted at the lower temperature. Roasted nuts from all roasting trials were used to produce various nut chocolate bars for storage tests. During these storage tests, the development of fat bloom was quantified using the DigiEye colorimetric measurement system, which is a box with defined lighting conditions and a fixed and calibrated digital camera. Images taken with this system were used to evaluate the whiteness index, an indicator of fat bloom. The migration of oil from the roasted hazelnuts into liquid cocoa butter was studied in a model system. Higher oxygen consumption and hexanal formation could be clearly related to the higher roasting temperature of 200°C. Oil migration in the model system as well as in the chocolate bars was independent from the roasting conditions, but hazelnuts from Ordu showed a higher oil release than those from Akçakoca. Fat bloom formation was clearly related to the storage temperature of the chocolate bars but independent of the origin of the hazelnuts and the roasting conditions. However, in individual bars with the same production processes, hazelnuts of the same origin and roasting conditions showed fat bloom only on some nuts and not on all, indicating that there are additional factors affecting fat bloom formation.
... The need to know, in detail, the TAG molecular and intramolecular structures is determined by their specific role in the life of plants, animals and humans: (i) TAGs are the main component of natural oils and fats of plant and animal origin, including all edible oils [1]; (ii) TAGs are one of the main energy sources for living organisms [2]; (iii) TAGs are the most important source of FAs that are essential for human health [3]; (iv) the intramolecular structure of TAGs strongly influences both the digestibility and metabolism of dietary FAs [4]. On the other hand, the TAG composition of plants is impacted by cultivar, harvest period and geographical origin [5][6][7][8], while that of animals depends on feeding as well [9,10]. Thus, the detailed examination of the TAG molecular structure has always been one of the main tasks of lipid analysis. ...
Article
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The efforts to reveal, in detail, the molecular and intramolecular structures of one of the main lipid classes, namely, triacyl-sn-glycerols, which are now known to affect their specific and important role in all living organisms, are briefly overviewed. Some milestones of significance in the gradual but continuous development and improvement of the analytical methodology to identify the triacylglycerol regio- and stereoisomers in complex lipid samples are traced throughout the years: the use of chromatography based on different separation principles; the improvements in the chromatographic technique; the development and use of different detection techniques; the attempts to simplify and automatize the analysis without losing the accuracy of identification. The spectacular recent achievements of two- and multidimensional methods used as tools in lipidomics are presented.
... Additionally, hazelnut oil is also used in cosmetics as a skin moisturizer (Bail et al., 2009). The nutritional and sensory values of hazelnut oil depend on the geographical origin, hazelnut variety and the extraction process (Parcerisa et al., 1993(Parcerisa et al., , 1994Benitez-Sanchez et al., 2003). In addition, the fatty acid composition of hazelnut oil is very similar to that of olive oil (Bacchetta et al., 2013). ...
... A number of studies have been reported on chemical composition of hazelnut oils obtained from various cultivars. Chemical composition of different oils from Portugal [7], Italy [8], New Zealand [9], Spain [10] and USA [11] has been published in several reports. Turkish hazelnut oils obtained from different varieties have been evaluated for their fatty acid composition [12][13][14][15], triacylglycerol profile [16,17], tocopherol [18,19] and sterol content [20]. ...
Article
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Triacylglycerol structures of Turkish hazelnut oils were determined to make classification by chemometric analysis. During 2009 and 2010 crop seasons, 50 samples of 19 hazelnut cultivars (Fosa, Sivri, Mincane, Kalınkara, Kara, Yassıbadem, Tombul, Allahverdi, Kus, Cakıldak, Uzunmusa, Kargalak, Acı, Yuvarlakbadem, Kan, Cavcava, İncekara, Palaz and Bolu) were collected from Giresun, Trabzon, Ordu and Bolu provinces of Turkey. Hazelnut oils were obtained by solvent extraction, and samples were evaluated for their fatty acid, sn-2 fatty acid and triacylglycerol compositions. Results have shown that water and oil content of the hazelnuts were between 3.17-4.32 % and 55.01-64.85 %, respectively. Oleic acid is the major fatty acid in all samples ranged between 81.03 and 86.63 %. Higher percentages of oleic acid were determined at sn-2 position of triglycerides as between 86.57 and 91.45 %, followed by linoleic and palmitic acids. Main triacylglycerols of hazelnut oils were OOO, OOL, OOP, SOO and OLL. Triolein was the major one ranging between 57.86 and 68.99 %. A one-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences between variables in the cultivars. Principle component and hierarchical cluster analyses enabled the classification of varieties based on their triacylglycerol structure. Discriminant analysis separated the samples according to their geographical origin.
... These elements are essential to the proper functioning of the body and are among the main sources of micronutrients to food balance in the body. Minerals are of interest because of their pro -oxidant activity and benefits to human health (Parcesio et al., 1995;Pershern et al., 1995;Alphan et al., 1996) . Various dysfunctions and diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients, especially minerals (calcium, potassium , magnesium) and trace elements (iron, copper ) (Besançon, 1990). ...
... According to Parcerisa et al. (1994), TAG composition has been established as a measurement of the quality and purity of vegetable oils. In fact, traceability and authenticity of olive oils has been the object of numerous studies using fatty acid and TAG compositions (Tsimidou et al. 1987;Aranda et al. 2004;Ollivier et al. 2006). ...
Article
This work was carried out on the characterization of virgin olive oils from Spanish cultivars: “Arbequina,”“Arbequina I-18” and “Arbosana” and Greek one “Koroneiki” in northern Tunisia under high-density planting system. The quality and typicality of the oils were to be ascribed not only to the olive variety but in large part also to zone of plantation so that, the aim of this work was to study the behavior of these varieties and mainly changes in their oil composition under Tunisian pedo-climatic conditions. Analyses of major components (fatty acids and triacylglycerols) and minor ones (pigments and phenolic compounds) were carried out. Oxidative stability, free acidity, peroxide value, ultraviolet characteristics, accumulation and changes in fatty acid levels during fruit ripening were also analysed. Results showed significant differences between oils from the studied cultivars and the majority of the studied analytical parameters were greatly influenced by the cultivar-environment interaction. The use of different cultivars, Spanish or from other countries could be interesting, based on their agronomical as well as their oil composition and sensorial profile. However, before using new cultivars or cultivars from other environments, they must be properly tested. Therefore, we have found that it's judicious to study the behavior of these varieties and mainly changes in their oil composition under Tunisian pedo-climatic conditions.
... In relation to the geographical origin, significant differences were found for the following parameters: induction time, manganese content and copper content, and in relation to the harvesting year significant differences were found for the following parameters: a-tocopherol content, acid value and copper content. It should be pointed out that no statistical differences were found for any parameter between the four varieties studied, in agreement with previous findings for fatty acids (Parcerisa et al., 1993a) and triglyceride composition (Parcerisa et al., 1993b) in the same hazelnut samples. ...
Article
Induction time, acid value and α-tocopherol content of hazelnut oil and some mineral contents (manganese, iron and copper) of hazelnut kernels cultivated in Catalonia (Spain) are determined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that statistically significant differences existed for: α-tocopherol content, acid value and copper content in relation to the harvesting year of samples. Significant differences were also found for: induction time, manganese and copper contents in relation to the location of samples. On the other hand, no significant differences were found between varieties. In addition, a correlation study was performed between all parameters included in this work. A strong negative correlation was observed between linoleic acid and manganese content, and also copper content and oil stability (Rancimat).
... The influence of ecology on fruit quality is very well known (Dokuzoguz 1974). There also have been several studies concerning the effects of geographic origin on physical and chemical characteristics of nuts (Parcerisa et al. 1993(Parcerisa et al. , 1994(Parcerisa et al. , 1995Agar et al. 1995;Balcı 2002). Temperature is one of the most important ecological factors affecting fruit quality walnuts ( en 1986;Akça 2001). ...
Article
Nuts of walnut (Juglans regia L.), cultivated in the district of Denizli (altitude of 300 m) and Cameli (altitude, 1200 m) in the Aegean region of Turkey, were used to determine the effects of altitude on fruit quality and the force and energy required to crack the nuts. The varieties used were Bilecik, Sebin, Yalova-1, Yalova-3 and Yalova-4. For all cultivars, walnut trees grown at the higher altitude produced small size nuts with thick shells. Based on the average for all cultivars, kernel removal quality decreased with high altitude. The nuts obtained from the high-altitude location were lighter-colored and required more force to fracture the nuts than those harvested at the low altitude. The amount of energy required to crack the nuts was higher for the nuts grown at the low-altitude location except for the cultivar, Sebin.
... Significant differences among genotypes and cultivation areas were found in the proportions of palmitic, palmitoleic and stearic FAs for almond kernels in California production regions (Abdallah et al., 1998). A strong influence of environmental and harvest factors on the synthesis of triglycerides was found in hazelnuts, namely those with at least one linoleic acid moiety in their structure (trilinolein, oleo-diolein, dilinolein-palmitin, dioleo-linolein and palmito-oleo-linolein) (Parcerisa et al., 1994). Myristic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids were negatively correlated with latitude of non-glutinous rice cultivars in Japan (Kitta et al., 2005). ...
Article
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In recent years, chestnuts have increasingly become important in human nutrition because of their nutrient contents and potential beneficial health effects. In Portugal, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro is the most important region for chestnut production, generating 85% of the total national output. In 1994, three chestnut protected designation of origin (PDO) areas were created: Terra Fria, Soutos da Lapa, and Padrela within the jurisdiction area of the Regional Agricultural Services of Trás-os-Montes Region. Seventeen cultivars were selected from these PDO to evaluate crude fat content and fatty acid (FA) composition over a period of 2 years. Total fat extraction was performed according to AOAC methodology, using a Soxhlet apparatus for 16 h. Petroleum ether was used for extraction and FAs were identified and quantified by gas chromatography. The cultivars studied confirm that chestnuts have low crude fat content, low saturated fatty acids (SFA) (17%) and high unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) (83%). The major FAs are linoleic, oleic and palmitic; these accounted for more than 85% of the total FA content. From the results two potentially health-beneficial cultivars were identified: cv. Lada, with high linoleic acid content, and cv. Aveleira, with higher USFA content. With respect to FA profiles of chestnuts from the three PDO regions, Padrela chestnuts consistently contained the highest level of linoleic acid. The variation detected among cultivars and PDO areas may reflect differences in genotype and are influenced by environmental and growing conditions. The Longal chestnuts, the only traditional cv. growing on two different PDO areas, had better nutritional qualities in PDO Terra Fria, which confirm that the ecological conditions where chestnut orchards are established influences nut quality.
... Unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, such as a-tocopherol, and mineral components, such as iron, manganese and copper, are involved in rancidity. Therefore, varieties having low unsaturated/saturated ratios, and which are low in pro-oxidant components, rich in anti-oxidant components and low in enzymatic activities, are preferred, because they minimise post-harvest quality losses, packaging and refrigeration costs (AcË kurt et al., 1999;O È zdemir & Devres, 1999;Parcerisa, Boatella et al., 1993a;Parcerisa, Rafeces et al., 1993b;Pershern, Breene & Lulai, 1995;Parcerisa & Rafeces, 1995a). Currently cultivated commecial varieties and new varieties, from breeding 0308-8146/01/$ -see front matter # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. ...
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The effects of variety and geographical origin on vitamin and mineral composition of eight different varieties of hazelnut cultivated in the Black Sea Region of Turkey were studied. The mean contents of niacin, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 and α-tocopherol were 1.81±0.28, 0.30±0.07, 0.10±0.01, 0.240±0.05, and 35.53±3.82 mg/100 g, respectively. The mean contents of iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese, calcium, potassium and sodium were 2.32±0.21, 1.95±0.25, 0.65±0.29, 144±14.86, 6.09±4.17, 83.5±5.14, 637±105.33 and 0.70±0.10 mg/100 g, respectively. Vitamin and mineral compositions of the varieties were not significantly different from each other. Geographical region differences did not significantly affect α-tocopherol, iron, manganese and calcium contents of the samples. Zinc, manganese, and sodium levels of Akçakoca samples were higher than for the other regions. Correlation analysis showed that α-tocopherol content correlated strongly with minerals (manganese, sodium, zinc, potassium) and vitamin B6.
... Unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, such as a-tocopherol, and mineral components, such as iron, manganese and copper, are involved in rancidity. Therefore, varieties having low unsaturated/saturated ratios, and which are low in pro-oxidant components, rich in anti-oxidant components and low in enzymatic activities, are preferred, because they minimise post-harvest quality losses, packaging and refrigeration costs (AcË kurt et al., 1999;O È zdemir & Devres, 1999;Parcerisa, Boatella et al., 1993a;Parcerisa, Rafeces et al., 1993b;Pershern, Breene & Lulai, 1995;Parcerisa & Rafeces, 1995a). Currently cultivated commecial varieties and new varieties, from breeding 0308-8146/01/$ -see front matter # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. ...
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Five new hybrids (T. Kolon, H190, H260, H262, H580) of Turkish hazelnut varieties were evaluated in terms of total oil, fatty acid composition, α-tocopherol, unsaturated/saturated ratio, stability index and mineral in comparison with five commercial Turkish hazelnut varieties (Tombul, Palaz, Mincane, Foşa and Çakıldak). Significant differences in total oil, fatty acid composition, stability index, α-tocopherol content and mineral composition were observed between varieties. The highest stability index values were observed in commercial Tombul (6.29), Foşa (5.93) and Palaz (5.42) varieties. No significant advantage of new hybrid varieties over commercial varieties was observed in terms of stability of hazelnuts.
... Today, the genetic characterization of vegetal species can be obtained by means of molecular markers such as the microsatellites SSR (Coombs et al., 2004;Ghislain et al., 2004;Feingold et al., 2005;Moisan-Thiery et al., 2005). For some years, some analytical methods have been available to determine the geographic origin of food products, such as those based on the analysis of organic compounds as aminoacids (Airesde-Sousa, 1996), vitamins andpro-vitamins (Ferland andSadowski, 1992), fats and free fat acids (Parcerisa et al., 1994), all of which provide a high percentage of correct classification (70-90%). However, the content of organic substances in potato can significantly change during storage. ...
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A two-year study was carried out in three regions of Italy and the crop performance and the chemical composition of tubers of three typical potato varieties evaluated. Carbon and nitrogen tuber content was determined by means of an elemental analyzer and the other mineral elements by means of a spectrometer. The same determinations were performed on soil samples taken from experimental areas. The Principal Component Analysis, applied to the results of mineral element tuber analysis, permitted the classification of all potato tuber samples according to their geographic origin. Only a partial discrimination was obtained in function of potato varieties. Some correlations between mineral content in the tubers and in the soil were also detected. Analytical and statistical methods proved to be useful in verifying the authenticity of guaranteed geographical food denominations.
... Triacylglycerides were identi®ed as described previously (Goiffon et al, 1981;Parcerisa et al, 1994). TAGs were quanti®ed by normalization, assuming that the detector response was the same for all molecules. ...
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Milk triglycerides from colostrum, transitional and mature human milk, were analyzed and compared in order to determine the differences in triacylglycerol composition throughout lactation. Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Barcelona, Spain, and Neonatology Department of the University Hospital of Granada, Spain. Twenty-two healthy lactating women aged 21-35. Design and interventions: The triacylglycerol profiles of 47 breast milk samples including colostrum (1-3 days), transitional milk (7-10 days) and mature milk (25-60 days) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with light-scattering detection (LSD). Significant differences regarding several triglycerides were found between three milk classes when the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was applied to 47 human milk samples that had been compared using the complete chromatographic triacylglycerol profile. The ANOVAS for each equivalent carbon number (ECN) group of triglycerides revealed significant differences between colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk. By the discriminant analysis of triacylglycerol percentages, in 19 colostrum samples, 14 transitional milk samples and 14 mature milk samples, three milk types were distinguished, and three triglycerides (peak no. 4, LnOO and SOO) were found to be the most predictive variables over all the triacylglycerol profile or ECN groups. Each state of lactation shows a specific profile of triacylglycerol composition in human milk. However the two most abundant triacylglycerides in colostrum, POO and POL, which account for more than 49% of the total, are also dominant in transitional (34%) and mature milk (42%).
... TAGs, whose names do not indicate positional location of FAs in the glycerol molecule, were identified using logarithms of selectivity values (log a), and the equivalent carbon number (ECN), as described previously (Goiffon et al, 1981;Parcerisa et al, 1994;Morera et al, 1998b) and also by HPLC and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) with a positive mode of operation; TAGs were quantified by normalisation, assuming the detector response to be the same for all molecules. ...
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The aim of this paper was to establish the mineral contents of oil-bearing seeds and kernels such as peanut, turpentine, walnut, hazelnut, sesame, corn, poppy, almond, sunflower etc., using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). Significant differences in mineral composition were observed among crops. All seeds and kernels contained high amounts of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P and Zn. B, Cr, Cu, Li, Ni, Sr, Ti while V contents of the crops were found to be very low. The levels of K and P of all crops in this study were found to be higher than those of other seeds and kernels. The results obtained from analyses of the crops showed that the mean levels of potassiumcontent ranged from 1701.08 mg/kg (corn) to 20895.8 mg/kg (soybean), the average content of phosphorus ranged from 3076.9 mg/kg (turpentine) to 12006,5 mg/kg to 2617.4 mg/kg (cotton seed), and Ca from 68.4 mg/kg (corn) to 13195.7 mg/kg (poppy seed). The results show that these values may be useful for the evaluation of dietary information. Particularly the obtained results provide evidence that soybean, pinestone and poppy seed are a good source of K, P and Ca, respectively. Whereas pinestone is a good source of zinc.
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We analysed the triacylglycerol, tocopherol and sterol composition of hazelnut oil, olive oil and their mixtures (90% olive oil with 10% hazelnut oil, 70% olive with 30% hazelnut oil and 50% olive oil with 50% hazelnut oil). The main triacylglycerols were 1,2,3-trioleylglycerol, 2,3-dioleyl-1-palmitoylglycerol, 2,3-dioleyl-1-linoleylglycerol and 2,3-dioleyl-1-stearoylglycerol. Non-saponfiable compounds (tocopherols and sterols) were derivatised as O-trimethylsilyl ethers. Alpha-tocopherol was the main vitamin E isomer in all samples; however, small amounts of beta-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol were also found. Beta-sitosterol and delta5-avenasterol were the principal sterols in all samples; campesterol and stigmasterol were minor sterol compounds in all samples. Obtusifoliol, which was a major sterol in olive oil and oil mixtures, was not found in hazelnut oil. The discriminant analysis showed that hazelnut oil, olive oil and oil mixtures were clearly separated according to their triacylglycerol composition.
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Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IR-MS) have been used to examine the multi-elemental composition and (15)N/(14)N and (13)C/(12)C isotope ratios of three spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes (Orthega, Barke, and Bartok) grown in three typical Danish agricultural soils (North Jutland, West Jutland, and East Zealand) differing in soil fertility. The aim of the study was to examine whether it was possible to generate a unique elemental fingerprint of individual barley genotypes irrespective of the elemental imprint plants had received from soils differing in fertility and agricultural practice. Multivariate statistics were used to analyze the elemental fingerprints of the barley genotypes at different times during a full growing season from early tillering to full maturity of the barley grains. Initially, 36 elements were analyzed in the plant samples but this number was subsequently reduced to 15 elements: B, Ba, C, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn. These elements exceeded the limit of detection ( LOD) for all genotypes, soil types, and plant growth stages and for these elements the accuracy was better than 90% compared with apple leaf certified reference material (CRM). Principal component analysis (PCA) separated multi-elemental data in accordance with soil type when plants of similar physiological age were compared, whereas this separation disappeared if plants of all ages were compared simultaneously. Isotope ratios (delta(15)N) of plants also proved to be a highly accurate property for classification of samples according to soil type. In contrast, the differences in delta(13)C were too small to enable such classification. The differences in delta(15)N among soils were so pronounced that separation of samples according to the physiological age of plants became redundant. However, delta(15)N and the multi-elemental analysis revealed no differences between the three barley genotypes, indicating that the influence of soil chemistry and possibly also climate and agricultural practice was too large to allow an unique elemental fingerprint for the genotypes. This finding was substantiated by analyzing the multi-elemental composition of grain from two additional genotypes (Otira and Barthos) grown at the north and east locations, respectively. PCA showed not only that the elemental fingerprints of these two genotypes were similar to those of the others, but also that the soil in which the plant had been growing could be accurately predicted on the basis of the PCA scores from the genotypes Orthega, Barke, and Bartok. Similar conclusions could be drawn using delta(15)N data.
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A total of 26 walnut (Juglans regia L.) samples from 9 cultivars (Arco, Franquette, Hartley, Lara, Marbot, Mayette, Mellanaise, Parisienne, and Rego) harvested in the 2001, 2002, and 2003 crop years and grown in two geographical origins (Braganca and Coimbra, Portugal) were evaluated with regard to their triacylglycerol composition. The methodology employed was reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to an evaporative light-scattering detector (RP-HPLC-ELSD) after extraction of the lipidic fraction of the nuts. Nine compounds were separated, identified, and quantified. All samples presented an identical qualitative profile composed by LLnLn, LLLn, LLL, OLLn, OLL, PLL, OOL, and PLO (P = palmitoyl; O = oleoyl; L = linoleoyl; Ln = linonenoyl). Trilinolein (LLL) was the major triglyceride, followed by dilinoeoyl-oleoyl-glycerol (OLL) and dilinoleoyl-linolenoyl-glycerol (LLLn), with mean values of 37.7, 18.5, and 18.4%, respectively. Significant differences in composition were found between cultivars, and these differences were also significant when cultivars were grouped by year of production, showing that besides genetic factors, the triacylglycerol composition can be strongly influenced by environmental factors.
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The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of chemical profiling methods combined with multivariate methods to differentiate the geographical growing regions of pistachios (Pistachia vera). Elemental analysis (Ba, Be, Ca, Cu, Cr, K, Mg, Mn, Na, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ti, Cd, and P) of pistachios samples was performed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Analysis of inorganic anions and organic acids (selenite, bromate, fumarate, malate, selenate, pyruvate, acetate, phosphate, and ascorbate) of pistachio samples was performed using capillary electrophoresis. Bulk carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were performed using stable isotope MS. There were nearly 400 pistachio samples analyzed from the three major pistachio growing regions: Turkey, Iran, and California (United States). A computational evaluation of the trace element data sets was carried out using statistical pattern recognition methods including principal component analysis, canonical discriminant analysis, discriminant analysis, and neural network modeling. Several linear discriminant function models classified the data sets with 95% or higher accuracy. We report the development of a method combining elemental analysis and classification techniques that may be widely applied to the determination of the geographical origin of foods.
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This paper describes the composition of authentic hazelnut oils obtained from nuts collected from five countries that are major suppliers of hazelnut oil. Oils were analyzed using standard methods for fatty acids, fatty acids in the triacylglycerol 2-position, tocopherols and tocotrienols, triacylglycerols, sterols, steradienes, and iodine value. The results were generally in good agreement with those of other publications. Tocotrienols, previously unreported in hazelnut oil, were detected in one sample. There were no major differences in the composition of oils from different countries. Roasting the nuts prior to pressing had little effect on oil composition.
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The oil of several hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) samples was extracted and evaluated for their triacylglycerol (TAG) composition. Trials were conducted in two Portuguese localities (Vila Real and Felgueiras) during three consecutive years and involved a total of 19 cultivars. The samples were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection. Sample preparation was fast and simple, consisting only of the dissolution of the oil in acetone, homogenization, and filtration, allowing this technique to be suitable for routine analyses. All samples presented a similar qualitative profile composed of eleven compounds: LLL, OLL, PLL, OOL, POL, PPL, OOO, POO, PPO, SOO and PSO (P, palmitoyl; S, stearoyl; O, oleoyl; and L, linoleoyl). The main components were OOO, LOO, and POO, reflecting the high content of oleic acid in hazelnut oils. A total of 79 different samples were studied, and the obtained data were statistically analyzed. Significant differences were verified in canonical variate plots when cultivars were grouped by country of origin. In general, the American cultivars were richer in TAGs with saturated fatty acids moieties, and the group of French, German, and English cultivars was richer in TAGs containing linoleic acid moieties. Differences were also significant when cultivars were grouped by year of production, showing that besides genetic factors, the TAG composition can be influenced by environmental factors.
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1. 3-sn-Phosphatidylcholine was identified as the major lipid in cotyledons from the developing seeds of soya bean, linseed and safflower when tissue was steamed before lipid extraction. The proportion of oleate in this lipid decreased markedly and that of the polyunsaturated C(18) fatty acids increased when detached developing cotyledons were incubated for up to 3h. Similar but less pronounced changes occurred in diacylglycerol, which had a fatty acid composition resembling that of the 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine from cotyledons of the same species. 2. [1-(14)C]Acetate supplied to detached cotyledons was incorporated into the acyl moieties of mainly 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine, 1,2-diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol. Initially label was predominantly in oleate, but subsequently entered at accelerating rates the linoleoyl moieties of the above lipids in soya-bean and safflower cotyledons and the linoleoyl and linolenyl moieties of these lipids in linseed cotyledons. In pulse-chase experiments label was rapidly lost from the oleate of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and accumulated in the linoleoyl and linolenoyl moieties of this phospholipid and of the di- and tri-acylglycerols. 3. [2-(3)H]Glycerol was incorporated into the glycerol moieties of mainly 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and di- and tri-acylglycerols of developing linseed and soya-bean cotyledons. The label entered the phospholipid and diacylglycerol at rates essentially linear with time from the moment the substrate was supplied, and entered the triacylglycerol at an accelerating rate. With linseed cotyledons the labelled glycerol was incorporated initially mainly into species of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and diacylglycerol that contained oleate, but accumulated with time in more highly unsaturated species. In pulse-chase experiments with linseed cotyledons, label was lost from both 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and diacylglycerol, preferentially from the dioleoyl species, and accumulated in triacylglycerol, mainly in species containing two molecules of linolenate. 4. The results suggest a rapid turnover of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine during triacylglycerol accumulation in developing oilseeds, and are consistent with the operation of a biosynthetic route whereby oleate initially esterified to the phospholipid is first desaturated, then polyunsaturated fatty acids transferred to triacylglycerol, via diacylglycerol. The possible role of oleoyl phosphatidylcholine as a substrate for oleate desaturation is discussed.
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The separation of the hydrocarbons and the triglycerides was achieved on a stainless steel column (25cm x 4.6mm i.d.) packed with 5 µm Spherisorb S5W with a Spectra Physics 8700 solvent delivery system, an SP 8750 organiser and a Foxboro-Wilks Miran infrared detector set at 5.75µmn. The solvent programme consisted of 5 min with 100 per cent heptane, over the next 15 min the solvent composition was changed to heptane:chloroform (70:30) which concentration was held for 10 min. The hydrocarbons were eluted after 3 min and were detected with a Waters differential refractometer and the triglycerides after 22 min. The levels of hydro­carbons in the extracted oils were low (0.02-0.04 per cent) which is the level expected from the literature values of unsaponifiable matters for those oils. Each of the hydrocarbon fractions was analysed on a Pye 104 dual flame ionisation g.l.c. instrument using a 5 ft x ¼ inch glass column packed with 3 per cent OV 17 on Supelcoport (100-120 mesh). The chain length distribution of the triglycerides was obtained by analysis on a Pye 104 dual flame ionisation g.l.c. instrument with a glass column (18 x 1/8 inch) packed with 3 per cent OV17 on Supelcoport (100-120 mesh).
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The aim of this paper is to study the influence of geographical origin, variety and year of harvest on the fat content, moisture and fatty acid composition of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) from Spain. We analyzed 24 samples corresponding to four different varieties (T. Romana, Pauetet, Gironell and Negret) and to two geographical origins (Reus and Falset), both situated in the region of Tarragona, Spain. The study covered three consecutive harvests (1990, 1991 and 1992).
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An analysis of the neutral lipid fraction of both cotyledon and axis tissue in germinating Corylus avellana (L.) seeds has been carried out. In the cotyledons the triglyceride components are utilized non-selectively resulting in little change in the relative acyl-fatty acid content and glyceride groups during germination. Glycerides in the embryo were mainly triglyceride groups containing largely unsaturated acyl fatty acids, and on germination the unsaturated acids decreased and an increase in the saturated (14C) triglycerides was observed.
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The structure determination of triglycerides by RP HPLC is discussed, and the importance of temperature and mobile phase composition demonstrated. The formation of brominated triglycerides followed by RP HPLC analysis allows rapid determination of cocoa butter equivalents (CBE ) in cocoa butter and chocolate products.
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In rape seed, low temperatures and low light intensities increase the level of linoleic acid at the expense of oleic acid biosynthesis without change o
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In a winter variety of rapeseed, low temperatures enhance fatty acid desaturation as evidenced by 14C-acetate incorporation into fatty acids or 14C-oleate desaturation in vivo; similarly, low temperatures favour polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulation during the maturation of the seeds. Oleate desaturation was slightly higher under 16 hr daylight exposure than under 9 hr treatment.
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Percentages of linoleic, oleic and stearic acids present significant differences between growing areas, whereas palmitic acid content remains practically constant, or at least presents no significant relation to the growing area. Nevertheless, palmitic acid appears to follow a pattern that relates its content to the total content of the other three major fatty acids. Seeds grown in the northern part of Spain presented a higher linoleic content than seeds grown in the South, which is in agreement with the general theory found in prior studies. Although there is an inverse correlation between oleic and linoleic content, we have found that the total content of both is neither constant nor independent of temperature, and increases when temperature and oleic acid increase. However, stearic content increases when the combination of linoleic and oleic acid decreases, suggesting a total constant value for the combination of these three acids. The average temperature of the are during development of the seed and the local climatic conditions have the greatest influence over fatty acid composition, while the seed variety presents limited influence.
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Fatty acid composition was determined among seven U.S. runner-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars: Florunner, Sunrunner, GK-7, Southern Runner, Sunbelt Runner, Okrun, and Langley. Significant year and cultivar differences were found within these fatty acid profiles. Southern Runner had the best oleic to linoleic ratio and iodine values; whereas Florunner, Sunrunner, and Langley were the highest in unsaturated and lowest in saturated and long-chain fatty acids. For the future, breeding programs need to continue developing peanut cultivars with improved oil quality.
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The analyses of the fats and oils used in the chocolate industry are reported. Triglyceride mixtures are directly injected on an FSOT column coated with a phenylmethylsilicone gum stationary phase. On phenylmethylsilicone phase, besides a carbon number separation, the triglycerides are separated according to the different combinations of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the triglycerides. Cocoa butters of different origin were analyzed and their POP:POS:SOS ternary diagram is discussed. The profiles of the non-cocoa butter fats such as butter oil, oils originating from nuts (e.g., hazelnut, almond, Brazil nut, walnut) and cocoa butter equivalents are presented. The elucidation of a complex chocolate fat mixture is shown and discussed in view of the recognition of the different constituents (pattern recognition) and in view of the detection and quantification of adulterations.
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Twenty-four commercially pressed cocoa butters and 39 laboratory solvent extracted cocoa butters were evaluated. A rapid method using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate the hardness of small quantities of cocoa butter. In the DSC thermogram of a quenched sample, the percentage area under the polymorph II endotherm had a positive correlation (r=0.74) with the mechanical hardness. Soft cocoa butters were characterized by high POO, SOO content (P=palmitic acid, O=oleic acid, S=stearic acid), high iodine value, low percentage, area under the polymorph II endotherm from the DSC scanning, and low SOS. Hard cocoa butters displayed opposite characteristics. In general, South American cocoa butters were the softest and had a 37.03 iodine value, a total of 9.1% POO and SOO, and a 26.4% area under the polymorph II endotherm. Cocoa butters from Asia and Oceania were the hardest and had a 34.74 iodine value, a total of 4.1% POO and SOO, and a 35.65% area under the polymorph II endotherm. North and Central American and African cocoa butters were intermediate in hardness characteristics.
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Triglyceride analysis of cocoa beans from twenty different geographical origins was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography with an RI detector. Our results show the different compositions of the fatty fraction of cocoa beans and the discriminant analysis applied is useful for identifying samples from different origins.
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A change in ambient temperature caused marked alterations, over a 24h period, in the proportions of the unsaturated C18 fatty acids in 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and 1,2-diacyglycerols during the development of soya-bean and linseed cotyledons. The molar proportion of oleate increased when the temperature was increased whereas that of linoleate or linolenate, depending on the species, increased when the temperature was lowered. Concomitant changes in the composition of 3-sn-phosphatidylethanolamine and triacylglycerols were small.
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A coupled TLC-HPLC procedure is proposed for the separation and determination of plasma triglycerides. The method was tested by application to plasma samples corresponding to a normal population of Barcelona (Spain). Eighteen different triglyceride types were identified and their relative proportions were established, in order to give a "normal profile" for men and women. Sex-related differences (p < 0.05) were only found for dioleostearin and palmitodilinolein + linoleooleopalmitolein (LLP+LOPa). A correlation study showed that palmitodiolein and total cholesterol levels increase with age, whereas LLP-LOPa decreases in men and palmitolinoleoolein + palmitooleopalmitolein in women.
Distribution of fatty acids in triglycerides from Coryllus avellana L. oilseeds
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Application de la chromatographie liquide haute performance a l'analyse des triglycerides des corps gras. II—Grandeurs de retention des triglycéides
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Unsaturated fatty acids in manufacturing seeds of sunflower and rape: regulation by temperature and light intensity
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Etude de l'insaponificable et de la composition des glycerides des huiles d'espècies de coryllus
  • Van Dijk