No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Improving the protein content and composition of cereal grain
Abstract
Cereals are important sources of protein for human nutrition but have low quality due to limitations in the amounts of essential amino acids, notably lysine. These deficiencies result from the low levels of these amino acids in the prolamin storage proteins and hence are exacerbated when high levels of nitrogen fertiliser are used to increase yield and total protein content.Genetic and genetic engineering strategies to increase both total protein content and the composition of essential amino acids have been employed. These include the exploitation of mutant high lysine genes and the use of transformation to either express additional proteins which are rich in lysine and/or methionine or to increase the free pools of these amino acids.
... Average maize yield in the USA in 2022 was 10.9 t ha À1 (FAO, 2024) and if all of the canopy carbon gain predicted translated into yield, that would increase yield by 1.6 t ha À1 . To maintain a grain protein content of 10% (Shewry, 2007), this would require an additional 25.11 kg [N] ha À1 (Table 2). In the baseline situation, NUE is estimated to be 0.70, while including the additional N costs (in Rubisco and grain) and N return alters estimated NUE to 0.72 (Table 2). ...
... Maize Rice (Fig. 3); 'Average yield', Average country yields for 2022 (FAOstat, 2024); 'Yield gain', Additional yield that would result if all additional crop CO 2 uptake is translated into an equal increase in yield; 'Protein in grain', Fraction of grain mass that is protein (Shewry, 2007); 'N in yield', Mass of N harvested per unit ground area, assuming that N constitutes 16% of the mass of grain protein, calculated from the product 'Average yield' and 'Protein in grain'; 'Additional harvest N', Mass of additional N harvested per unit ground area due to a 20% increase in Rubisco, calculated from the product of 'Crop CO 2 gain' and 'N in yield'; 'N cost ratio', 'Additional harvest N' divided by 'Crop additional Rubisco'. A ratio greater than one indicates that the increase in N demand for additional yield is more than that required to increase leaf Rubisco content by 20%; 'Baseline NUE', the ratio of harvested N ('N in yield') to N inputs (assumed to be the total N in leaves and grain, the sum of 'N in yield' and 'Crop total N') for a typical crop; 'Extra Rubisco NUE', the ratio of harvested N (the sum of 'N in yield' and 'Additional harvest N') to N inputs (the sum of 'N in yield,' 'Additional harvest N', 'Crop total N', and 'Crop additional Rubisco N') for crops with 20% more Rubisco. ...
Global demand for food may rise by 60% mid‐century. A central challenge is to meet this need using less land in a changing climate. Nearly all crop carbon is assimilated through Rubisco, which is catalytically slow, reactive with oxygen, and a major component of leaf nitrogen. Developing more efficient forms of Rubisco, or engineering CO2 concentrating mechanisms into C3 crops to competitively repress oxygenation, are major endeavors, which could hugely increase photosynthetic productivity (≥ 60%). New technologies are bringing this closer, but improvements remain in the discovery phase and have not been reduced to practice. A simpler shorter‐term strategy that could fill this time gap, but with smaller productivity increases (c. 10%) is to increase leaf Rubisco content. This has been demonstrated in initial field trials, improving the productivity of C3 and C4 crops. Combining three‐dimensional leaf canopies with metabolic models infers that a 20% increase in Rubisco increases canopy photosynthesis by 14% in sugarcane (C4) and 9% in soybean (C3). This is consistent with observed productivity increases in rice, maize, sorghum and sugarcane. Upregulation of Rubisco is calculated not to require more nitrogen per unit yield and although achieved transgenically to date, might be achieved using gene editing to produce transgene‐free gain of function mutations or using breeding.
... Protein and amino acid contents are the major considerations in assessing the relative qualities in any food grain (Shewry, 2007). The available literature shows that total protein content of pearl millet ranges between 8.07-18.15 ...
... However, essential amino acid such as lysine (0.03 -0.76 g/100 g of protein) and methionine (0.05 -0.56 g/100 g of protein) with non-essential amino acid cysteine (0.03 -0.48 g/100 g of protein) were at the lowest levels. The observed range in protein content from 10.06 % to 20.31 % is interestingly higher than previously reports in pearl millet (Anitha et al., 2020;Ejeta et al., 1987) as well as in other major cereals like wheat, maize, rice and sorghum (Hajas et al., 2018;Mulugeta et al., 2023;Shewry, 2007;Tomicic et al., 2022;Witten et al., 2020). This was because of the diverse germplasm used in the current study and indicated the importance of the PMiGAP in breeding novel varieties to meet human and animal dietary needs. ...
Pearl millet is a major source of daily protein intake in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Despite considerable importance, the extent of variation in protein and amino acids in pearl millet global germplasm is unknown. The present study assessed 165 genotypes from within the Pearl Millet Inbred Germplasm Association Panel (PMi-GAP), that includes breeding lines, landraces and improved cultivars randomly drawn from a core collection from 23 countries, for protein content and 18 amino acids. The results showed considerable variation for protein content (10.06-20.31 %) and amino acids in PMiGAP. Diverse patterns were observed across the geographical distribution and clustered the germplasm into 7 clusters, with one cluster ("2") containing most of the superior properties. Most amino acid levels were positively correlated but these were negatively correlated with protein content. A set of twelve genotypes was identified having higher protein with better amino acid compositions. These superior genotypes could directly feed into global and regional pearl millet improvement programs to counter hidden hunger in developing countries. We propose that these findings can be combined with the starches, lipids, antioxidants, micronutrients, and other healthful traits for which the PMiGAP resource has been extensively studied.
... Protein content and amino acid compositions are essential ingredients in determining the nutritional qualities of any food grain (Shewry 2007). The total protein content in pearl millet varieties has been reported to range from 10 to 13% and is higher than major cereals like maize, rice, wheat and sorghum (Ejeta et al. 1987;Anitha et al. 2020;Tomicic et al. 2022). ...
... Hidden hunger and malnutrition are serious threats to human health, especially in Asian and African countries, where the majority of people rely on vegetarian sources of nutrition. Especially, protein and essential amino acid contents are the major concern in vegetarian diets (Shewry 2007). Genetic improvement of quantity and quality of protein in major cereals like pearl millet are therefore important in tackling the problem of hidden hunger worldwide. ...
Main conclusion
A total of 544 significant marker-trait associations and 286 candidate genes associated with total protein and 18 amino acids were identified. Thirty-three candidate genes were found near the strong marker trait associations (– log10P ≥ 5.5).
Abstract
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is largely grown as a subsistence crop in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. It serves as a major source of daily protein intake in these regions. Despite its importance, no systematic effort has been made to study the genetic variations of protein and amino acid content in pearl millet germplasm. The present study was undertaken to dissect the global genetic variations of total protein and 18 essential and non-essential amino acids in pearl millet, using a set of 435 K Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and 161 genotypes of the Pearl Millet Inbred Germplasm Association Panel (PMiGAP). A total of 544 significant marker-trait associations (at P < 0.0001; – log10P ≥ 4) were detected and 23 strong marker-trait associations were identified using Bonferroni’s correction method. Forty-eight pleiotropic loci were found in the genome for the studied traits. In total, 286 candidate genes associated with total protein and 18 amino acids were identified. Thirty-three candidate genes were found near strongly associated SNPs. The associated markers and the candidate genes provide an insight into the genetic architecture of the traits studied and are going to be useful in breeding improved pearl millet varieties in the future. Availabilities of improved pearl millet varieties possessing higher protein and amino acid compositions will help combat the rising malnutrition problem via diet.
... High temperatures have a negative influence on nitrogen translocation in building up protein in wheat grain. On average grain protein content varied in bread wheat genotypes in a ratio form by 10% to 15% (Shewry, 2007;Laidig et al., 2016). The protein content in grain usually varies even within the same wheat genotype depending on environmental conditions. ...
... Hydrated gliadin and glutenins interact through the formation of chemical bonds and begin to stick to each other, forming a very extensible, elastic structure that is responsible for the gas-holding ability of bread dough (Metakovsky et al. 1990). Gliadins are responsible for the viscosity of dough, and glutenins for the elasticity and strength of dough (Menkovska et al., 2002;Shewry, 2007). It means that by increasing viscosity gliadins reduce increasing elasticity of gluten complex, and those functional and rheological dough properties are influenced by the ratio of gliadin/ glutenin quantity as well as the ratio of high/ low glutenin polypeptide (Barak et al., 2013;. ...
The storage proteins influence technological quality value of grain wheat, dough quality traits, and loaf quality. The aim of this study is to estimate variability in the dry gluten content, loaf volume, and their relationships with encoding alleles of gliadin and glutenins. Wheat genotypes grown in two vegetation seasons (2015/16 and 2016/17) were studied. The technological quality traits analyzed in this study varied in wheat genotypes within and between vegetation seasons. In both vegetation seasons the highest dry gluten content was established in G-3621-1 (30.23% and 31.15%) and the highest value of loaf volume in G-3621-1 (530 ml and 540 ml). In both vegetation seasons the least dry gluten content was found in G-3606-6 (25.42% and 25.98%) and the least loaf volume in G-3606-6 (380 ml and 390 ml). The composition of gliadin and glutenin alleles in the wheat genotypes analyzed was different. The genotypes carrying Gli-B1b, Gli-D1b, Gli-D2b, and Glu-A1b, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1d had the highest gluten content, while the genotype that carried Gli-B1l and Glu-A1b, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1d had high bread volume. The results have shown relationships between gliadin and glutenin alleles and quality traits of grain, flour, and bread.
... Across a wide range of cereal crops, total dry matter grain yields and nutritional qualities such as macro and micro mineral nutrient concentrations tend to be inversely related (Hay and Porter, 2006). In the case of wheat, this negative correlation is extensively documented for grain yield and grain protein (Giordano et al., 2023;Simmonds, 1995;Triboi and Triboi-Blondel, 2002) High grain protein is valued both for nutritional enhancement as well as improvements in processing and baking (Shewry, 2007). Both grain yield (GY) and grain protein concentration (GPC) are critical to the economic value of a wheat crop, and the dynamics of this relationship have been widely studied due to economic incentives to maximize both terms (Monaghan et al., 2001;Triboi and Triboi-Blondel, 2002). ...
... Section 4), these practices are not always successful due to a myriad of interactions (e.g., soil physicochemical reactions, weather variability) and come with economic and environmental costs. This results in frequent tradeoffs between economic and caloric yield and nutritional quality (Calderini et al., 1995;Shewry, 2007;Simmonds, 1995). ...
Context: Global nutritional health outcomes are directly reliant on agroecosystem nutrient outputs. Appropriately , there is concern surrounding the impacts of a changing climate not only on crop yields, but also on crop nutritional quality (e.g., mineral nutrient concentrations). Quantifying the impacts of elevated CO 2 concentrations , elevated temperature, drought stress, edaphic factors, and agronomic management on crop yields and mineral nutrition is critical, yet a systems-level understanding of these interactive factors is poorly developed, limiting our ability to effectively target solutions. Empirical data for climate impacts on crop nutritional quality remain scarce, with much of the research emerging from valuable, but geographically limited, Free-air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments, several of which suggest that human nutrition will be adversely impacted by e [CO 2 ]. Specific concerns center on observed declines in grain protein, iron, and zinc concentrations due to already widespread human nutritional deficiencies in these nutrients. Objectives: As global change experiments expand to pursue questions regarding interactive climate impacts on crop yields and nutritional quality, it is imperative to interrogate the measurements, data standardization, and metadata needed for unifying synthesis. The data reported for shifts in crop nutritional quality are often incomplete, precluding the generalizability and comparability of results. Methods: We frame this review around six inter-reliant methods, tools, and practices to support maximally useful experimental datasets to inform questions of global change impacts on crop nutrition and aid in detecting genotypic differences in mineral nutrient density. The bulk of the data and discussion centers on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) due to the central role this crop plays in human nutrition and sustained biofortification efforts. Results: To permit experimental comparability and synthesis, datasets should (1) clearly delineate analytical methods and standards and (2) link mean nutrient concentrations with the covariate of yield. (3) Multi-year, multi-location data is required to identify genotypes with significant deviations in nutrient concentrations, with (4) data normalized for yield within appropriate analytical frameworks. (5) Inclusion of data on soil properties, weather, and abiotic and biotic stresses as well as (6) agronomic practices and nutrient management is essential for understanding global change impacts on nutritional outcomes. Conclusions: Coordinated, multi-dimensional data will permit the syntheses and meta-analyses needed to identify and quantify climate impacts on nutrition. Implications: This work is essential to effectively target nutritional solutions, to develop modeling tools to support nutritional planning, and to identify areas where agronomic management and breeding can minimize climate impacts on nutritional outcomes.
... www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Amino acids (AAs) (especially EAAs, i.e., those which cannot be synthesized and therefore must be acquired through nutrition) determine the nutritional value of the CP 48 . The sum of all AA calculated in our study was similar (84 g (100 g BO) −1 for cv. ...
... The second AA limiting the biological value of the protein was THR, followed by ILE and VAL. The values obtained by our study correspond with those from other studies 10,48,53 . Thus, the current amounts of LYS and THR in wheat are insufficient to cover the animals' needs for these AA. ...
Given the low protein coverage by legumes in Poland, alternatives (with high protein content and high nutritional value) are being sought (with high protein content and high nutritional value of protein) that could replace these plants. Cereal cultivation dominates in Poland; hence, the search for high-value plants will also consider this group of plants. The aim of the study was to compare the nutritional value of proteins from two wheat cultivars. A field experiment conducted in Zawidowice in south-western Poland in 2019 investigated the nutritional values of two winter wheat cultivars: Aurelius and Activus. These two cultivars were compared in terms of their chemical composition, the biological value of their proteins for animal nutrition, and the content of macro- and microelements. Significant differences in chemical composition were found between the tested wheat cultivars. In terms of the chemical composition, i.e. the content of protein, fiber and ash, the Activus cultivar was characterized by significantly better parameters. This cultivar also had significantly higher gross energy. In turn, a significantly higher content of essential amino acids, i.e. lysine, cysteine, tryptophan, histidine, leucine, ioleucine, and valine, was found in the Aurelius cultivar; therefore, the indicators determining the biological value of the protein are more favorable in the Aurelius cultivars. Meanwhile, in terms of selected macro- and microelements the Auerlius cultivar was more valuable. Varietal progress is necessary to obtain cultivars with the essential nutrients needed by animals to satisfy their dietary requirements.
... The application of 300 kg ha -1 N level resulted in the highest and 0 kg ha -1 eventuated the lowest (10.70%) crude protein content. Goldberg (2003) reported that cereals contain 6-15% protein and that most corn protein (75%) comes from the endosperm (Shewry, 2007), which is consistent with these findings. One of the reasons for the rise in protein in grain could be due to the presence of N, which is part of protein (Haque et al., 2001). ...
Sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt), is a maize subspecies with rapidly increasing consumption in the world and in Türkiye both in terms of its nutritional content and various uses in fresh, frozen and canned form. Nitrogen plays a crucial role in promoting most of plants growth and productivity. Plant nutrient recommendations are important to maximise profit and productivity in sugar maize production. The influences of nitrogen (N) fertigation on yield and some quality parameters of sweet corn under South Eastern Anatolia Region (Diyarbakır) conditions of Türkiye were investigated in that trial. Fertigation applications were executed under regional conditions of Diyarbakır on the experimental land of GAPUTAEM (GAP International Agricultural Research and Training Center). “BATEM Tatlı” variety of sweet corn was utilized as the plant material. The trial was arranged as randomized complete block design with 4 replications and five different N applications (0-75-150-225-300 kg ha−1) were implemented to trial plots through a fertigation system. During the 2015 and 2016 growing season that the trial was carried out a total of 520 mm and 476 mm of irrigation water were applied, respectively. According to the study results N levels had a significant effect on fresh grain yield, crude protein (p
... However, environmental factors can influence the nutritional composition of wheat grains. With its essential bran, vitamins, and minerals, wheat is regarded as an excellent food for promoting health (Shewry, 2007). Wheat is a grass cultivated globally for its seeds, which are staple foods. ...
Wheat grains are a significant component of the human diet, and their cultivation has expanded over the past few decades to meet the needs of the growing population. This study examined the proximate composition, selected mineral contents, and phytochemical properties of wheat flour, which was produced by drying and grinding wheat grains into powder. The findings reveal that wheat flour contains phytochemicals such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, and saponins in abundance (++ indicating strong presence) but lacks glycosides, tannins, and others. The proximate analysis indicates the presence of fiber (6.001), protein (7.213), carbohydrates (68.701), and others, alongside mineral elements like sodium (85.800), calcium (52.700), and magnesium (65.300), which contribute to healthy growth. The study also shows that the wheat sample is low in fat (2.907), manganese (0.012), and iron (3.010). The health benefits of whole wheat flour are attributed to its bioactive components, such as phytochemicals and dietary fiber.
... 3 1 tryptophan histidine . , 3 1 lysine (Shewry, 2007) 0.70 g (7.7%), 0.72 g (6.6%) 0.46 g (7.8%) ...
This study examines the conformity of senior-friendly seafood products-hash browns (HB), cream gratin (CG), and vegetable porridge (VP)-made from Alaska pollock Theragra chalcogramma, with domestic standard specifications.
According to the Korean Industrial Standard for physical properties, HB, CG, and VP are classified as first-stage (tooth intake), second-stage (gum intake), and third-stage (tongue intake) senior-friendly seafood, respectively. Nu�tritional analysis per 100 g, based on the Korean food code, reveals that HB and CG contain three essential nutrients:
protein, riboflavin, and niacin, while VP contains two essential nutrients: protein and riboflavin. All products tested negative for Escherichia coli, meeting acceptable safety limits for senior-friendly foods. The total amino acid content ranged from 5.88 to 10.93 g/100 g. Digestibility rates for HB, CG, and VP were 81.1%, 85.5%, and 95.8%, respectively, highlighting their suitability for senior consumption
... Additionally, snail-derived proteins could be isolated and developed into valuable protein supplements. Lysine is frequently the limiting amino acid in cereals [31]. Consequently, cereal-based diets, which are common is least developed regions, may be deficient in lysine unless supplemented with lysine-rich dietary sources. ...
This study evaluates the nutritional potential of two cultivated snail species, Acusta despecta and Achatina fulica, sourced from commercial farms in Korea, marking the first comprehensive analysis of A. despecta. The protein content of A. despecta (70.9 g/100 g dry matter) was significantly higher than that of A. fulica (44.2 g/100 g dry matter). Similar trends were observed for ash content (6.3 vs. 4.9 g/100 g dry matter) and crude fiber (2.9 vs. 0.4 g/100 g dry matter). Reflecting the higher protein content, A. despecta contained elevated levels of most amino acids compared to A. fulica. Glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid, with leucine and lysine being the predominant essential amino acids in both species. The total amino acid content was 57.6 g/100 g dry matter for A. despecta and 40.4 g/100 g for A. fulica. Mineral analysis revealed significantly higher concentrations of minerals in A. despecta, except calcium and magnesium. Notably, A. despecta provided over 100% of the RDA/AI for calcium, phosphorus, copper, and manganese and met 94.5% of the iron RDA for women. These results emphasize the potential of A. despecta as a valuable dietary source for addressing protein and mineral deficiencies, particularly in nutrient-poor diets.
... Drone milk typically contains an average of 40 g/100 g proteins in dry matter, with leucine being the predominant amino acid. Lysine, identified as a limiting amino acid in cereals, ranks as the second most abundant amino acid, followed by valine as the third most abundant (Shewry, 2007). Moreover, the bioavailability of essential amino acids is notable, and the ratio between essential and non-essential amino acids is favorable for human consumption (Ghosh et al., 2016). ...
... Wheat flour is versatile, nutrient-dense, and convenient to transport and store. Wheat includes many different types of carbohydrates, protein, B vitamins, and minerals in addition to high fibre content [38,39]. Except for high-gluten flour, which contains approximately 45% protein, all wheat flour sources derive at least 80% of their energy from carbohydrates. ...
... In aquaculture when cultivate omnivorous pond fish, particularly carp, feeds are made mostly out of ripe wheat grain [1]. However, it has a low content of protein and indispensable amino acids ( Table 1) that have to be recovered through use of expensive protein additives [2]. Table 1 -Protein content in ripe wheat and in the "ideal" feed for a carp, % Wheat grain ÇIdeal feedÈ 10-12 30 It is possible to increase the nutrient value of the feed from wheat grain harvesting it before the full-ripe stage. ...
See the retraction notice BIO Web of Conferences 138, 00001 (2024), https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202413800001
... Gluten proteins are a subclass of prolamins, which constitute 70% of total wheat protein (Hudacko et al., 2015). These are poor in the amino acids lysine, tryptophan and methionine (Shewry, 2007). Corn gluten contains nearly 60% of protein, a significant amount of which is bypass protein (Hardwick and Glatz, 1989). ...
This study investigated the effects of wheat gluten and corn gluten, alone as a protein source into rations as protein sources, on fattening performance and the histopathological and autoimmune metabolism of the small intestinal and hepatic tissues in lambs. The animals enrolled in the study were fed on isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets. The protein sources provided to the animals were soybean meal and safflower meal in the control group, wheat gluten in Group Wheat, and corn gluten in Group Corn. The study animals included 24 male Morkaraman (Red Karaman) lambs, which were of a mean age of 9 months and assigned to three groups, each of 8 animals. Mean daily body weight gain (0-56 day) were observed to be significantly lower in Group Wheat (p<0.05). Mean daily feed intake were observed to be significantly lower in Group Wheat and Group Corn (p<0.05). At the end of the study, when compared to the control group, Group Wheat displayed significantly higher levels of villous atrophy, inflammation, crypt hyperplasia and transglutaminase immunopositivity in the small intestinal tissue as well as necrosis, inflammation, bile duct hyperplasia and transglutaminase immunopositivity in the hepatic tissue, and a lower level of degeneration in the liver (p<0.05). The findings detected in Group Corn were variable. In result, wheat gluten significantly affected both performance parameters and the histopathological and autoimmune metabolism of the intestinal and hepatic tissues in lambs. Key words: Corn; gluten; lamb; wheat; histopathological
... However, aspartic acid, leucine, proline, glutamic acid, serine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and some essential and nonessential amino acids are discovered in greater concentrations in millet protein (Sachdev et al. 2023;Saleh et al. 2013;Sá, Moreno, and Carciofi 2020). On the contrary, Shewry (2007) and Abah et al. (2020) have reported low levels of presence of particular amino acids notably tryptophan, lysine, cysteine, methionine, or threonine. Hence, a diverse spectrum of essential amino acid profiles can be found in millets (Kumar, Tripathi, et al. 2021). ...
India is dealing with both nutritional and agricultural issues. The maximum area of agricultural land with irrigation capabilities has been largely utilized, while the amount of dry land is expanding. The influence is distinct on farmer's livelihoods and earnings, which ultimately affects nutritional security. In order to attain nutritional security and the goal of SDG (Sustainable Development Goals), millets are sustainable solutions, with respect to high nutritional content, bioactive and medicinal properties, and climate resilience. The nutrient profile of millet includes 60%-70% carbohydrate content, 3.5%-5.2% fat, and 7.52%-12.1% protein sources. A wide spectrum of amino acids, including cysteine, isoleucine, arginine, leucine, tryptophan, lysine, histidine, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine are generally present in millets. Mineral content in millets includes calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Additionally, millets are an excellent source of bioactive molecules such as polyphenol, phenolic acid, flavonoids, active peptides, and soluble fiber, which have a wide range of therapeutic applications, including the prevention of free radical damage, diabetes, anti-microbial, anti-biofilm, and anti-cancer effects. This review will focus on the nutritional profile and health benefits of millet considering the present-day food security problems.
... Grains are pivotal in global agriculture, contributing significantly to food security and providing more than 25% of individuals' calories (Annual Report on Agricultural Development in the Arab). Additionally, they are a vital source of protein in human nutrition (Shewry, 2007;Karim, 2012). In Iraq, the northern region, particularly the Nineveh Governorate, holds a prominent position in wheat production, accounting for 69.1% of the country's total production (Pomeranz, 2001). ...
This research focused on developing a nanopesticide derived from silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through the metabolic activities of the fungus Lecanicillium lecanii Gams & Zare 2001). The study aimed to assess its efficacy against the flour beetle Tribolium confusum and explore its synergistic effects with two chemical pesticides, Sivanto 20% and deltamethrin 2.5%. Biotinylated AgNPs were successfully produced using the biomass of the fungus L. lecanii. Characterization of silver nanoparticles was achieved through the observable color change of silver nitrate solution (AgNO₃) from a clear or watery state to red, brown, or dark red, confirmed by UVV is spectroscopy, with the highest absorption peak at 420 nm, indicative of silver element absorption. Transmission electron microscope images illustrated that the biologically prepared AgNPs with L. lecanii exhibited spherical shapes with sizes ranging from 12 to 40 nanometers. Various concentrations of nanopesticide, Sivanto, and deltamethrin were tested for the treatment of grains. A concentration of 1 ml/L of deltamethrin showed superior performance, with the mortality ratio increasing with prolonged exposure. Both Sivanto and deltamethrin (0.5 ml/L and 0.4 ml/L) caused 100% mortality, followed by the nanopesticide (30% concentration), reaching a corrected mortality rate of 39.3% against adults of T. confusum. In the larval experiment, the mortality rate was high when applying AgNPs at a concentration of 100%, comparable to Sivanto 0.5 ml/L under similar conditions. Deltamethrin exhibited complete mortality at a 1 ml/L concentration. [ Keywords: Silver Nanoparticles, Lecanicillium lecanii, Tribolium confusum
... The amino acid composition of cereal grains is largely determined by the endosperm, which constitutes approximately 80% of the grain's weight. The aleurone and embryo tissues of grains exhibit a higher essential amino acid content compared to other grain components (Shewry, 2007). Lysine is the most limiting amino acid in wheat. ...
Wheat grain has a unique nutritional value and contains health-promoting and essential components in the daily human diet. Increasing consumer awareness of health and nutrition has led to a greater focus on sustainable and healthy wheat production in the face of climate change. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen on yield and protein characteristics as well as antioxidant capacity and essential amino acid profile of bread wheat genotypes adapted to different ecological conditions. Different nitrogen doses (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1) were applied to 15 genotypes (3 lines, 1 hybrid and cultivars) with different growth habit to determine yield, quality, antioxidant and amino acid composition parameters. As a result of this study, total phenol content, antioxidant activity and gluten index of wheat decreased although grain yield potential increased in genotypes. In the results where the genetic factor is the primary focus, it was established that the responses to nitrogen fertilizer doses exhibited variability across different years particularly the case during the dry season. With regard to the YearxNitrogenxGenotype interaction, a notable increase was observed in total phenol content and antioxidant activity, while a decline was evident in yield, protein, and wet gluten parameters, particularly in the nitrogen dose applied during the dry season. The increase in protein content contributed significantly and positively to the essential amino acid composition. However, increasing the amount of some amino acids negatively affects others. The objective of this study is to identify and contribute insights into the impact of nitrogen factor on product quality, health and nutrition issues, grain yield potential of genotypes, plant breeding and agronomic studies.
... В аквакультуре при разведении всеядных прудовых рыб, в частности, карпа, корма приготовляют в основном из фуражного зерна [1]. Но большинство зерновых культур имеет низкое содержание протеина и незаменимых аминокислот (таблица 1), что приходится компенсировать использованием дорогостоящих белковых добавок [2]. ...
Необмолоченные колосья зерновых культур ранних фаз созревания могут быть использованы как сырье для приготовления корма. Цель исследования: разработка и обоснование технологии переработки необмолоченных колосьев ранних фаз спелости в корм для всеядных рыб. Объектом исследования являлся технологический процесс приготовления гранулированного корма из необмолоченных колосьев ранних фаз спелости. Была разработана предварительная технологическая схема приготовления гранулированного корма из колосьев. Опытная проверка выявила недостатки в реализации технологического процесса производства корма из необмолоченных колосьев, снижающие его энергетическую и экономическую эффективность и негативно сказывающиеся на производительности технологической линии и качестве корма. Были разработаны возможные способы их решения. Для эффективной реализации технологии производства гранулированного корма из колосьев ранних фаз созревания необходимо совместить выполнение технологических операций сушки и измельчения сырья, а также его измельчения и смешивания, для чего предложены новые технологические решения. Была разработана усовершенствованная технологическая схема производства гранулированного корма для рыб из необмолоченных колосьев ранних сроков созревания, включающая совмещенные технологические операции. В новую схему интегрированы подлежащие разработке и уже разработанные новые технические средства. Результаты исследования показывают, что технология производства гранулированного корма из необмолоченных колосьев является эффективным средством повышения рентабельности производства продукции животноводства, так как произведенный по этой технологии корм содержит большее количество протеина, чем традиционный корм на основе обмолоченного фуражного зерна, вследствие чего в его состав можно включать меньшее количество дорогостоящих белковых добавок. Внедрение новой технологии приготовления гранулированного корма для рыб из необмолоченных колосьев позволит использовать раннюю уборку зерновых культур способом очеса для увеличения питательной ценности кормов.
The grain crops’ non-threshed ears of the early stages of ripeness as raw materials for feed preparation can be used. The purpose of this study was: non-threshed ears of early ripeness phases into food for omnivorous fish processing technology developing and substantiating. This study object – was the technological process of granulated feed from non-threshed ears of early ripeness phases preparing. A preliminary technological scheme for granular feed preparation from ears had been developed. An experimental test had revealed shortcomings in technological process of feed from non-threshed ears producing implementation, reducing its energy and economic efficiency and the processing line’s productivity and feed quality’s negative affecting. Possible solutions had been developed. For granular feed production from early ripening phases ears technology effective implementation, it is necessary the raw materials’ drying and grinding as technological operations, as well as its grinding and mixing to combine, for which new technological solutions were proposed. An improved technological scheme for granular fish feed from non-threshed ears of early ripening producing has been developed, including combined technological operations. New technical means to be developed and already developed into the new scheme are integrated. The results of the study had shown that the technology of granulated feed from non-threshed ears producing – is an effective means of livestock production’s profitability increasing, since feed produced by this technology using contains more protein than traditional one based on threshed forage grains, as a result fewer expensive protein additives in its composition can be included. The introduction of a new technology for the granular fish feed from non-threshed ears preparation will make it possible early grain crops harvesting by the oches-method using for the feed nutritional value increasing.
... Furthermore, the intake and digestion of macromolecules, such as proteins, are also considered important for human health. However, the protein quality of wheat bread is poor, given that wheat flour has low levels of essential amino acids, most notably lysine [44]. The effects the breadmaking process can have on the digestibility of proteins are therefore important additional parameters to consider when characterizing the nutritional profile from wheat breads. ...
Bread can vary in textural and nutritional attributes based on differences in the bread making process (e.g., flour type, fermentation agent, fermentation time). Four bread recipes (BRs) made with sourdough preferments (BR1, white flour; BR2, whole grain flour) or regular yeast breads (BR3, white flour; BR4, whole grain flour) were evaluated for texture, digestibility, and their effect on the metabolic activity and composition of the gut microbiota using texture profile analysis (TPA) coupled with in vitro upper gastrointestinal (GIT) digestion and colonic fermentation (Colon-on-a-plate™ model), using fecal samples from eight healthy human donors. TPA revealed significantly higher values for hardness, fracturability, gumminess, and chewiness, and significantly lower values for springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience with whole grain versus white breads (all p < 0.001); values for springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience were significantly higher for sourdough versus yeast bread (p < 0.001). Nutrient composition and bioaccessibility were generally comparable between sourdough and yeast bread with similar flours. Following simulation of upper GIT digestion, all BRs demonstrated good digestibility of minerals, carbohydrates, and proteins. Colonic fermentation revealed changes in gut microbiota composition, significant increases in short-chain fatty acids, and a significant decrease in branched short-chain fatty acids with all BRs versus a blank. Overall, new insights into wheat bread digestibility and colonic fermentation were provided, which are important aspects to fully characterize bread nutritional profile and potential.
... Cereals serve as a primary source of dietary protein for humans [241]; however, they are frequently infested by various stored food pests, mainly Coleoptera. These infestations lead to both quantitative and qualitative losses and can adversely affect food safety [242]. ...
Drimenol, a phytochemical with a distinct odor is found in edible aromatic plants, such as Polygonum minus (known as kesum in Malaysia) and Drimys winteri. Recently, drimenol has received increasing attention owing to its diverse biological activities. This review offers the first extensive overview of drimenol, covering its sources, bioactivities, and derivatives. Notably, drimenol possesses a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antifungal, antibacterial, anti-insect, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. Moreover, some mechanisms of its activities, such as its antifungal effects against human mycoses and anticancer activities, have been investigated. However, there are still several crucial issues in the research on drimenol, such as the lack of experimental understanding of its pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and toxicity. By synthesizing current research findings, this review aims to present a holistic understanding of drimenol, paving the way for future studies and its potential utilization in diverse fields.
... Statistical comparisons were performed using Student's t-test; all data were compared with WT (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01) complex, polygenic and consist of mixture of polypeptide which are further polymorphic in nature. The induced mutations in a single or few genes may have no significant influence on SSPs composition (Shewry 2007;Kawakatsu et al. 2010). Moreover, the nature of being major or minor gene/s, epistatic effects and environmental interaction is also not contain considerable impact. ...
The nutritional quality improvement is among the most integral objective for any rice molecular breeding programs. The seed storage proteins (SSPs) have greater role to determine the nutritional quality of any cereal grains. Rice contains relatively balanced amino acid composition and the SSPs are fractioned into albumins (ALB), globulins (GLO), prolamins (PRO) and glutelins (GLU) according to differences in solubility. GLUs are further divided into subfamilies: GluA, GluB, GluC, and GluD depending on resemblance in amino acid. The GLU protein accounts for 60–80% of total protein contents, encoded by 15 genes located on different chromosomes of rice genome. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system was employed to knockout Glu-B (LOC-Os02g15070) gene in non-basmati rice PK386 cultivar. The mutant displayed two base pair and three base pair mutation in the targeted regions. The homozygous mutant plant displayed reduction for both in total protein contents and GLU contents whereas, elevation in GLO, ALB and PRO. Moreover, the mutant plant also displayed reduction in physio-chemical properties e.g., total starch, amylose and gel consistency. The agronomic characteristics of both mutant and wild type displayed non-significant differences along with increase in higher percentage of chalkiness in mutant plants. The results obtained from scanning electron microscopy showed the loosely packed starch granules compared to wild type. The gene expression analysis displayed the lower expression of gene at 5 days after flowering (DAF), 10 DAF, 15 DAF and 20 DAF compared to wild type. GUS sub-cellular localization showed the staining in seed which further validated the results obtained from gene expression. Based on these findings it can be concluded Glu-B gene have significant role in controlling GLU contents and can be utilized in breeding programs to enhance the nutritional quality of rice, and may serve as healthy diet for patient allergic with high GLU contents.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40529-024-00432-0.
... The numerous investigations showed positive association of glutenin component 5+10 encoded by d allele at Glu-D1 and component 2* encoded by d allele at Glu-A1 with dough quality, bread volume (Dvořáček et al., 2013;Vaiciulyte-Funk et al., 2015;Knežević et al., 2022), glutenin subunits 6+8 encoded by d allele at Glu-B1 and subunits 2+12 encoded by a allele at Glu-D1. The previous investigation showed that these subunits associated with poor dough and bread quality (Menkovska et al., 2002;Wrigley et al., 2006;Shewry et al., 2007;2022). ...
ABSTRACT: Seed protein content is important component of technological quality of flour, dough and wheat end
products. Proteins are genetically determined and its content varied in depending of environmental
factors and interaction of genotypes/environment. The aim of this work is analysis of seed protein
content and dry gluten content in wheat grown under different environmental conditions. In this
research were analyzed 10 genetically divergent wheat genotypes (G-3512, G-3530, G-3535-1, G-
3520, G-3513, G-3524, G-3535, G-3536-1, G-3549, G-3553) which grown in field condition in two
vegetation season (2015/16 and 2016/17) which are differed in wether condition (temperature and
precipitation). The protein content and dry gluten content variate in analyzed wheat genotypes and
were different in both years of investigation. In the first vegetation season, the dry gluten content
varied between 23.28% (G-3549) and 29.04% (G-3530), while in the second, all genotypes had
higher gluten content, which variate in the range from 25.36% (G-3549) to 32.56% (G-3530). The
seed protein content varied from the lowest (11.40%) in genotype G-3520 to the highest 14.10% in
G-3535 in the first vegetation season. In the second vegetation season seed protein content was
higher than in the first vegetation season in all genotypes, and found in the range from 12.50% in
genotype G-3520 to the highest 15.20% in genotype G-3535. Different value of protein content and
gluten content in genotypes within the seasons and between vegetation seasons indicate genotype
differences in response of genotype to changed environmental conditions.
Keywords: Protein, gluten, seed, wheat, quality
... As of the 2020/21 production season, total area planted was 47 000 ha, from which R888 million was realized (DALRRD 2022) ranking it a second legume after soybean. The crop is grown for its dry seeds which can have up to 25% protein (Sathe 2002) exceeding that found in other crops such as maize, wheat, and rice (Shewry 2007), making it an affordable protein source. This legume is further used in animal feed formulations (Mahmoud et al. 2020;Osmane et al. 2017) and soil improvement purposes (DAFF 2010;Kebede 2021;Stagnari et al. 2017) through its endosymbiotic relationship with Rhizobium species that fix nitrogen. ...
Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important commercialized field crop in South Africa for aiding in food security as a cheap protein source. However, it is highly susceptible to root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne species. Use of indigenous nematophagous fungi as bio-control agents (BCA) of Meloidogyne nematodes is a promising research focus area. This is because indigenous fungal species are naturally part of the ecosystem and therefore compatible with other biological processes unlike most synthetic chemicals. The objective of the study was to identify indigenous nematophagous fungal BCA and establish their potential efficacy in reducing M. enterolobii population densities on dry bean with and without incorporation of compost. Screened indigenous fungal species included Aspergillus terreus, Talaromyces minioluteus, T. sayulitensis, Trichoderma ghanense, and T. viride. There were observed significant parasitism differences (P ≤ 0.05) among the BCA, with T. ghanense showing the highest egg parasitism (86%), followed by T. minioluteus (72%) and T. sayulitensis (70%). On the other hand, the highest J2 parasitism was observed on T. minioluteus (95%), followed by A. terreus and T. viride (63%). A similar trend was observed under in vivo conditions, with higher efficacy with compost incorporation. This provides a highly encouraging alternative and ecologically complementary Meloidogyne management in dry bean production.
... It is currently considered one of the most important basic foodstuffs for humanity due to its connection to people's food security. Wheat and its products are the main source of carbohydrates and protein, supplying the world's population with about 20%. of their total dietary calorie needs [2][3][4]. First of all, post-harvest grains are subject to long-distance commercial transportation and relatively long storage periods, as they and their products are considered durable food commodities, constitute the majority of commodities kept in storage, and represent the most important elements in the global food supply [5]. Losses resulting from insects of stored materials have also been estimated. ...
The toxicity of three types of inert dusts was tested by mixing them: kaolinite, silica and zeolite against adults of the red rust beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrindae) using four concentrations: 5, 10, 20, 40 dust/kg wheat seeds, and each concentration had three replicates. The experiment was carried out in an incubator at a constant temperature and relative humidity in the laboratory of the Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The readings were taken after (24, 48 and 72) hours of treatment under a probability level of (0.01), with a significant difference. The highest percentage of mortality T.castaneum at a concentration of) 40 (grams within) 72 (hours was 100% compared to) 48 and 24 (at the same concentration, 93.00 and 83.00%, respectively. The germination percentage and root length were also tested using four concentrations as shown above, and the highest germination percentage was %65.17 at the (5) grams concentration, which was a significant difference from the germination percentage of wheat grains of 10, 40, and 20g, which amounted to 58.75, 52.25, and 54.00%, respectively. While the highest percentage for the control treatment at all concentrations was 93%, and the lowest for the silica treatment was 0.00 at a concentration of 40 grams. The highest average root length for the kaolin treatment was 2.50 cm, which differed significantly from the zeolite and silica treatment, amounting to (1.80 and 0.50) cm, respectively. The results of the study also brought to light that different concentrations of the chemical pesticide, Viperidicide, were used against T. castaneum , using three concentrations: 2.5, 5, 7.5 g/emulsion/kg wheat seeds, and each concentration had three replicates. The experiment was carried out on the mortality rate under laboratory conditions in the laboratory of the Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The readings were taken after (24, 48 and 72) hours of treatment under a probability level of (0.01), and with a significant difference, the highest percentage of mortality of T. castaneum at the concentration of 7.5 cm within (72) hours was 100% compared to (48 and 24) at the same concentration of 63.00 and 90.00% respectively. Besides, the root length was tested using three concentrations as shown. above. The highest average root length of Viperidicide pesticide was 2.03 cm at a concentration of 7.5 cm, compared to the lowest at a concentration of 5 and 2.5 cm, 1.86 and 1.50 cm for each, respectively. The germination rate was 100%.
... Sonication might have resulted in enhanced mass transfer, improved solvent penetration, and accelerated diffusion, resulting in extraction of polymeric protein. In another study, ultrasound-assisted extraction and purification of kafirin were performed [46]. This methodology used heptane for defatting of the sorghum flour; then, albumins were extracted from the defatted sample using water at ambient temperature and the residue was recovered via centrifugation. ...
Kafirin is an endosperm-specific hydrophobic protein found in sorghum grain and the waste by-product from sorghum biorefineries known as sorghum dried distillers’ grain with solubles (DDGS). Because of kafirin’s poor nutritional profile (negative nitrogen balance, slow digestibility, and lack of some essential amino acids), its direct human use as a food is restricted. Nevertheless, increased focus on biofuel production from sorghum grain has triggered a new wave of research to use sorghum DDGS kafirin as a food-grade protein for biomaterials with diverse applications. These applications result from kafirin’s unique chemical nature: high hydrophobicity, evaporation-induced self-assembling capacity, elongated conformation, water insolubility, and low digestibility. Aqueous alcohol mixtures have been widely used for the extraction of kafirin. The composition, structure, extraction methodologies, and physiochemical properties of kafirin, emphasising its biomaterial functionality, are discussed in detail in this review. The literature survey reveals an in-depth understanding of extraction methodologies and their impact on structure functionality, which could assist in formulating materials of kafirin at a commercial scale. Ongoing research continues to explore the potential of kafirin and optimise its utilisation as a functional biomaterial, highlighting its valuable structural and physicochemical properties. Further studies should focus on covering gaps in the research as some of the current structural understanding comes from data on zein protein from maize.
... Critical attributes vital for superior bread-making encompass protein content, ideally ranging between 11.5% and 15%, WG accounting for 75%-85% of total grain proteins, the Zeleny sedimentation test as an indicator of gluten quality, starch conversion, hectoliter weight (HLW) reflecting grain development, and kernel hardness influencing milling and baking characteristics (Belderok et al., 2000;Canada Grains Council, 1998;Martin et al., 2001;Shewry, 2007;Slaughter et al., 1992;Szabó et al., 2016;Zeleny et al., 1960). ...
In Ethiopia, wheat variety development has traditionally prioritized yield and disease resistance over bread‐making quality. To address this gap, our study evaluated 22 Ethiopian bread wheat varieties across six locations during the 2015/2016 season, utilizing a randomized complete block design with three replications. Various quality traits, including 1000‐kernel weight (TKW), hectoliter weight (HLW), Perten hardness index (HI), single kernel weight (SKW), single kernel diameter (SKD), grain protein content (PC), wet gluten (WG), Zeleny value (ZV), and starch content (SC), were analyzed. Significant effects of varieties, locations, and their interactions on these traits were observed (p < 0.01). Madawalabu, Danda'a, and Mekelle‐4 displayed superior TKW (>40 g), while Menze and Bolo exhibited higher HLW. HI values ranged from 82.8% in Sofumar to 35.5% in Mekelle‐3, indicating diverse grain hardness. Favorable milling traits were observed with SKW values exceeding 30 mg and SKD surpassing 2.5 mm. Genotype and location influenced PC (9.5%–11.0%) and WG content (21.6%–25.2%), meeting bread‐making requirements. ZV ranged from 21.9% to 31%, and SC varied from 64% to 68%, reflecting changes in starch concentration between varieties. Varietal performance varied, with Madawalabu, Menze, and Bolo showing promise. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations among HLW, SKD, SKW, TKW, PC, WG, and ZV, and a negative correlation with SC. These insights provide a foundation for targeted breeding strategies to enhance specific attributes crucial for optimal bread quality, contributing valuable information to wheat breeding programs.
... Wheat seed is the main source of protein in food products for man and animal nutrition. The bread wheat seed protein content varies in average between 12-14% (Shewry, 2007) In wheat seed endosperm are deposited proteins which differed according the molecular weight and solubility. The main fraction of endosperm storage proteins are gluten proteins and nongluten proteins. ...
The storage proteins content and their composition have important role in determination of protein quality in bread wheat. The aim of this work is analysis of gluten content, loaf volume and their relationship with gliadin and high molecular weight glutenin subunits in bread wheat. In investigation included 10 wheat genotypes grown in two vegetation seasons (2015/16 and 2016/17) with different climatic conditions. In the first year, the genotype G-3634-2 had the lowest dry gluten content (21.20%) and loaf volume (380 ml), while genotype G-3622-1, had the highest dry gluten content (26.54%) and loaf volume (500 ml). In second year, the lowest dry gluten content (23.44%) and the lowest loaf volume was in wheat G-3601-4 (400 ml), while in genotype G-3622-1, found the highest dry gluten content (29.86%) and loaf volume (540 ml). Wheat genotypes which possess glutenin subunits 2* encoded by Glu-A1b, 7+9 encoded by Glu-B1c, and 5+10 encoded by Glu-D1d. For improving bread making quality are necessary select and wheat genotypes in terms of gluten protein composition (gliadin and glutenin’s) and higher gluten content.
... Assessing correlations to determine the extent of relationships between different traits associated with yield is an important issue that reveals a complex chain of associations (Majumder et al., 2008;Mohammadi et al., 2012). Wheat grain yield is a dominant feature of the economic value of the crop (Shewry, 2007). Test weight and 1000 grains weight are important traits for breeding programs in wheat (Aydin et al., 2010). ...
The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of IRGR-Sadovo in the period 2018-2020. The sixteen old varieties of common winter wheat, created in IRGR, were tested in yield for two years. The yield, plant height and physical properties of the grain were obtained: 1000 g kernel weight and test weight (kg/hl). The obtained data are processed by statistical methods-dispersion, variation and analysis of the main components. The results show that the influence of the genotype, environment and their interaction has been proven in all monitored traits. All varieties have significantly higher yields than the standard. The highest grain yield was reported for the varieties Joanna, KM 135, Diamand and Guinness. There is no significant higher 1000 kernel weight and the test weight of only two varieties is significantly higher than the standard. The aim of the study is to test the effect of climate change on the grain yield, plant height and physical properties of old varieties of common winter wheat, as the main food crop, and to assess their resilience to climate change.
... Cereal-based foods in general, are a major component in human diets in Ethiopia since they are the main sources of energy and many essential nutrients (Bondia-Pons et al., 2011). Even though cereal products constitute an important source of dietary protein, the protein composition is not adequate when consumed alone without other sources of protein in the diet (Shewry, 2007). In addition to cereals, pseudo-cereals have gained great interest due to their nutritional quality (Repo-Carrasco-Valencia et al., 2010). ...
Injera, bread, and other baked Ethiopian foods are typically made from a single cereal grain, which is insufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of all age groups. Enrichment of cereal with easily affordable cereals andpseudocereals that have superior nutritional value is an important approach to producing nutrient-dense foodproducts. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition, phytochemical content, functionaland pasting properties of teff, pearl millet, and buckwheat composite flour. The design used during the con-ducting of the experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD). The nutritional composition, functionaland pasting properties of composite flour were determined using standard procedures. The resulting compositeflour from the study contained protein of 8.59–9.94 %, crude fat of 3.70–5.40 %, crude fiber of 2.28–2.62 %,total ash of 1.86–2.28 %, carbohydrate of 71.80–74.90 % and energy of 367.24–375.88 kcal/100 g. The mineralcontent (mg/100 g) ranged from 8.64 to 11.12, 72.82–93.14, and 1.32–1.74 iron, calcium, and zinc, respectively.Functional properties of composite flours such as bulk density (BD), water absorption index (WAI), and watersolubility index (WSI) ranged from 555.08 to 596.23 kg/m, 2.12–2.18 g/g and 6.63–7.00 % respectively. Thehighest and lowest total phenolic content values were observed in composite flour of 10 % pear millet,70 % teff,and 20 % buckwheat (110.42 mg GAE/100 g) and composite flour of 40 % pear millet,55 % teff, and 5 %buckwheat (101.42 mg GAE/100 g), respectively. The addition of pearl millet and buckwheat flours to teff floursignificantly (p ˂ 0.05) increases the functional and pasting properties of composite flour. Pasting properties ofcomposite flours contained peak viscosity ranging from 1454 to 2071cP, trough viscosity 619–883cP, breakdownviscosity 835–1188cP, setback viscosity 1127–1483cP, pasting temperature 73.77–75.10 ◦C, and peak time5.22–5.27 min. Pearl millet, buckwheat, and teff are three gluten-free grains that are increasingly being used inindustrial applications. Teff, pearl millet, and buckwheat composite flour are all high in nutrients, and they offera variety of health benefits. Blending these three grains can create a nutritious and delicious product that is alsogluten-free. This study found that composite flour made from 70 % teff, 20 % buckwheat, and 10 % pearl millethas improved nutritional properties and could be used to make healthier food products in the food industry.
... Prolamin was structurally delineated into three sub sections; 10 kDa (RP 10 ), 13 kDa (RM 1 , RM 2 , RM 4 , & RM 9 ), and 16 kDa (Kawakatsu et al. 2008). Albumins and globulins are jointly synthesized in the rice bran, and proportionally removed during the milling process (Shewry 2007). Globulins retains tranquil digestion ) and is restricted for gene identification, as explained by (Bhullar and Gruissem 2013). ...
Unlabelled:
Rice grain quality is a multifarious attribute mainly governed by multiple nutritional factors. Grain protein is the central component of rice grain nutrition dominantly affecting eating-cooking qualities. Grain protein content is quantitatively influenced by its protein fractions. Genetic quantification of five protein fractions-albumins, globulins, prolamins, glutelin, and grain protein content-were evaluated by exploiting two BC3F2 mapping populations, derived from Kongyu131/TKM9 (population-I) and Kongyu131/Bg94-1 (population-II), which were grown in a single environment. Correlation studies among protein fractions and grain protein content were thoroughly investigated. A genetic linkage map was developed by using 146 single sequence repeat (SSR) markers in population-I and 167 markers in population-II. In total, 40 QTLs were delineated for five traits in both populations. Approximately 22 QTLs were dissected in population-I, derived from Kongyu131/TKM9, seven QTLs for albumin content, four QTLs for globulin content, three QTLs for prolamin content, four QTLs for glutelin content, and four QTLs for grain protein content. In total, 18 QTLs were detected in population-II, derived from Kongyu131/Bg94-1, five QTLs for albumin content, three QTLs for globulin content, four QTLs for prolamin content, two QTLs for glutelin content, and four QTLs for grain protein content. Three QTLs, qAlb7.1, Alb7.2, and qGPC7.2, derived from population-II (Kongyu131/Bg94-1) for albumin and grain protein content were successfully validated in the near isogenic line (NIL) populations. The localized chromosomal locus of the validated QTLs could be helpful for fine mapping via map-based cloning to discover underlying candidate genes. The functional insights of the underlying candidate gene would furnish novel perceptivity for the foundation of rice grain protein content and trigger the development of nutritionally important rice cultivars by combining marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01436-7.
... These studies collectively reinforce the notion that lysine is a critical amino acid of concern in wheat and highlight the importance of addressing its deficiency to enhance the nutritional value of wheat-based products. Therefore, several approaches have been developed in recent decades to improve the lysine content in cereals [93][94][95]. Alternatively, combining cereals with foods that have a high lysine content (i.e., legumes and oilseeds) will produce a meal complete in lysine and all other limiting amino acids [61,96]. ...
Creating wheat genotypes characterized by high grain yield, high protein content, and favorable amino acid composition is the main goal of breeders, especially in developing countries where wheat is a staple food. An experiment with 20 wheat genotypes, released through breeding activities in the Serbian region at different periods and adapted to its pedoclimatic conditions, was conducted with the aim of determining the genetic potential of the analyzed genotypes for grain yield and quality. Due to the divergence of the examined wheat germplasm, the factor of genotype had the largest share in the variation of all yield parameters (>66%). The genotypes Zadruga and Agrounija exhibited superior abilities for overall grain yield. Also, genotype Zadruga stood out in a distinct cluster group due to high values of both thousand grain weight and grain yield per plant. A continuous improvement in protein content was found, with newer genotypes having 17.13% higher protein content compared with older genotypes. Genotype Sloga stood out with the highest protein content (13.93%). On the other hand, the old genotype Balkan was distinguished by the highest content of nonessential amino acids (61.5 g 100 g−1 protein), which makes it a good genetic resource. Genotypes Agrounija (32.62 g 100 g−1 protein) and Tanjugovka (32.47 g 100 g−1 protein) had the highest content of essential amino acids. The highest AAS value was established for tryptophan (1.81) and the lowest for lysine (0.61). Genotypes Tanjugovka and Zadruga had the highest AAS, i.e., protein completeness. The genotypes Zadruga, Tanjugovka, Agrounija, and Sloga have demonstrated high-yield capacity and possess a favorable amino acid profile, making them promising candidates for enhancing the nutritional quality of wheat and potentially benefiting human health.
Breast cancer causes the deaths of approximately 685,000 women annually, posing a severe threat to women’s health. Consequently, there is an urgent need for low-cost, low-toxicity and effective therapeutic methods to prevent or mitigate breast cancer progression. PDBP are natural, non-toxic, and affordable substances and have demonstrated excellent anti-breast cancer activities in inhibiting proliferation, migration, and invasion, and promoting apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo , thus effectively preventing or inhibiting breast cancer. However, there are no comprehensive reviews summarizing the effects and mechanisms of PDBP on the treatment of breast cancer. Therefore, this review described the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of active peptides from different plant protein sources on breast cancer. Additionally, we summarized the advantages and preparation methods of plant protein-derived anticancer peptide-encapsulated nanoparticles and their effects in inhibiting breast cancer. This review provides a scientific basis for understanding the anti-breast cancer mechanisms of PDBP and offers guidance for the development of therapeutic adjuvants enriched with these peptides.
The red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) is a major pest causing significant damage to stored grains, leading to substantial economic losses. This study evaluated the repellent and insecticidal effects of red pepper (Capsicum frutescens), moringa (Moringa oleifera), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) powders against T. castaneum larvae and adults. Plant materials were dried, ground, and applied to crushed rice grains at concentrations of 1%, 2.5%, and 5%. The repellent effect was assessed by recording the number of insects leaving treated grains over five days, while the insecticidal effect was determined by calculating the corrected mortality percentage after seven days of treatment. Results showed that eucalyptus powder at 5% concentration had the highest repellent effect on larvae, with an overall repellence rate of 46.01%. Red pepper powder at 5% concentration was most effective in repelling adults, with an average repellence rate of 71.46%. Moringa powder at 5% concentration exhibited the highest insecticidal effect, causing 66.67% mortality in both larvae and adults. The efficacy of plant powders increased with higher concentrations. The repellent and insecticidal effects of these plant powders may be attributed to their volatile compounds, secondary metabolites, and physical properties. This study demonstrates the potential of using red pepper, moringa, and eucalyptus powders as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic insecticides for protecting stored rice grains from T. castaneum infestation. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of these plant powders in protecting other stored crops from various storage pests.
The ability of seeds to restore their amino acid content and composition after the elimination of the most abundant seed storage proteins (SSPs) is well‐documented, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To better understand how seeds compensate for major proteomic disruptions, we conducted a comprehensive analysis on an Arabidopsis mutant lacking the three most abundant SSPs, the cruciferins. Our initial findings indicated that carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur levels, as well as total protein and oil content, remained unchanged in these mutants suggesting rebalanced seeds. Transcriptomics and proteomics performed during seed maturation of Col‐0 and the triple mutant revealed significant modulation in many components of the translational machinery, especially ribosomal proteins (RPs), and in the antioxidation response in the mutant. These findings suggest that RPs play a critical role in facilitating proteomic homeostasis during seed maturation when proteomic perturbation occurs. Biochemical and metabolic analyses of the triple mutant dry seeds revealed increased protein carbonylation and elevated glutathione levels further supporting the link between SSP accumulation and seed redox homeostasis. Overall, we propose that in response to significant proteomic perturbations, changes in the proteome and amino acid composition of seeds are accompanied by a broad remodeling of the translation apparatus. We postulate that these alterations are key elements in seed adaptability and robustness to large proteomic perturbations during seed maturation.
Background and Objectives
The deficiency of essential amino acids such as methionine, lysine, and tryptophan in maize protein presents a significant challenge in meeting nutritional demand. Comprehensive evaluation of maize germplasm for variability of essential amino acids, protein content, starch content, and β‐carotene contents in grains, along with their relationships with yield and its associated traits, is a prerequisite for strengthening genetic enhancement for nutritional traits. Thus, the current study presents the profiling of 60 maize inbred lines across 11 nutritional quality and yield, aiming to identify variability in these traits and potential donor candidates for commercial breeding.
Findings
The test inbreds exhibited significant variations in the content of grain methionine (0.04%–0.28%), tryptophan (0.019%–0.069%), lysine (0.063%–0.318%), protein (9.31%–11.80%), starch (58.32%–70.88%), and β‐carotene (2.38 ppm–6.79 ppm). Additionally, variations were noted in grain yield (0.87–2.52 t ha ⁻¹ ). Inter‐relationship analyses suggested the feasibility of simultaneous selection of essential amino acids (methionine, tryptophan, lysine) and β‐carotene. The germplasm stock was clustered, and potential diverse donors identified were recommended for utilization in breeding programs. Furthermore, the use of Attenuated Total Reflectance‐Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy for screening high methionine and high lysine lines in large germplasm based on differences in peak intensity at 2922 cm ⁻¹ and 1110 cm ⁻¹ was reported, respectively.
Conclusions
The multilocation experiment revealed genetic diversity in both nutritional quality and yield across the 60 inbreds. The absence of a negative correlation between the amino acids and β‐carotene indicates the possibility of the development of hybrids with elevated essential amino‐acid levels combined with high β‐carotene content.
Significance and Novelty
This is the first holistic report on the variability of nutritional quality traits coupled with yield in maize germplasm. Identified nutrient‐rich inbreds will serve as valuable germplasm in maize biofortification programs. AT‐FTIR is proposed as an easy screening technique and the first report, which can be employed for the initial screening of a large set of germplasm for methionine and lysine content.
For the development of sustainable agriculture and prosperity, it is important to breed new wheat genotypes that can produce stable yields even under increasingly adverse environmental conditions. In this study, the interactions between genotype and environment (G × E) on yield stability of thirty-five wheat genotypes under different conditions were investigated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates each. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences (p < 0.01) among genotypes, environments and their interactions, suggesting a high degree of variability in performance under these test conditions. A two-dimensional GGE biplot was used to illustrate how the different genotypes performed in the different environments responsible for 96.15 and 3.24% difference in GEI for yield per plant. Stable and high yielding genotypes such as G4, G10, G34 and G35 were also identified. The application of the AMMI model for the analysis of genotype-by-environment data showed that G34 performed best in several variables. The most promising genotypes with high average yield with high stability under terminal heat stress conditions are, in rank order, G34, G33, G32 and G31. The application of the AMMI model for the analysis of genotype-by-environment data showed that G34 performed best in several variables. The most promising genotypes with high average yield with high stability under terminal heat stress conditions were, in rank order, G34, G33, G32 and G31. Based on the AEC line, G33 and G31 were more stable, while G1 and G29 were less stable. The complex relationships between the genotypes and the environmental conditions were efficiently visualized by GGE and AMMI biplots, allowing a classification of the genotypes into three categories. The evaluation procedure was simplified by this graph which helped to clarify how well a genotype adapts and is commercially cultivated in various adverse environmental conditions.
Plant-based polysaccharides are considered a good alternative for obtaining edible films and coatings. In this research the objective was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of corn starch obtained from QPM Sac-Beh (SBCS) and Delonix regia galactomannan (DRG) and use them to produce films. Films were elaborated from 1 %(w/v) film-forming solutions (FFS) with SBCS:DRG 1:0, 1:1, and 0:1 ratio. Some films were prepared with glycerol 0.4 %(w/v) and vanillin 0.1 %(w/v). SBCS and DRG were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. SBCS presented low crystallinity which agrees with a low gelatinization ΔH observed. The SBCS:DRG 1:0 FFS without glycerol did not form films; however, DRG addition allows film formation. It was also found that glycerol addition reduced tensile strength to 10.3 MPa, from 41.3 MPa. The lowest water vapor permeability was found in films with 1:1 SBCS: DRG and 0.1 %(w/v) vanillin. This formulation was used to coat D’Anjou pears. This coating conserved the pears’ color for 24 days while the control ones started to get a brown color on day 6. Based on the results obtained, FFS elaborated with 1:1 SBCS:DRG and 0.1 %(w/v) vanillin had potential use as edible film material for coating on climacteric fruits preservation.
This study was carried out to determine the hyperglycemic effect of diets prepared with different particle sizes of composite flour from Maize (Zea mays), Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and African breadfruit (Treculia africana) on adult diabetic albino rats (Rattus norvegcus). The samples were milled into different particle flour sizes and used to prepare three different sets of diets (diet A, diet B, and diet C). Diet A represents the fine particle size composite flour, diet B represents medium particle size composite flour, while diet C represents coarse particle size composite flour. The broiler finisher, which serves as the control represents diet D. Sixteen rats were used in this experiment and separated into four groups of four rats each (three experimental groups and one control group). The experimental groups were injected with alloxan to induce diabetes, while the control group was injected with saline solution. Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were fed with diets A, B, C and D respectively and their fasting blood glucose level were determined at intervals for a period of twenty-one days. Group 3 had the lowest blood glucose level range (80 to 100 mg/dL) more than diets A and B which has blood glucose level range of 82 to 109 mg/dL and 103 to 124 mg/dL respectively. This is an indication that the particle size of diet C is the best in the management of diabetes among the other diets. Therefore, the particle size of diet C is more effective in the management of diabetes than that of diets A and B. However, the three diets were able to reduce the blood glucose level to normal.
Abstract
Background and Objectives
Field experiments were conducted to assess the influence of in-season split application of nitrogen (N) on grain protein, protein digestibility, and amino acid dynamics in grain sorghum, in three different environments. Treatments included a zero N check and eight treatments with varying N application timings and amounts.
Findings
The five high N treatments had significantly greater grain protein content than all the lower N treatments. As the total protein increased, the kafirin portion of the protein increased, whereas the albumin-globulin levels decreased. Nitrogen treatment had a significant effect on 13 of the 18 amino acids. High N applications significantly increased amino acids on a protein basis including alanine, glutamic acid, leucine, proline, and phenylalanine.
Conclusions
Treatment N92 with N applied at 92 kg N ha−1 as split application at three different growth stages including planting, panicle initiation, and booting emerged as the optimum N treatment for increasing protein and amino acid concentration in grain sorghum.
Significance and Novelty
The ideal N application approach identified can be used to screen a wide range of sorghum hybrids under varying levels of irrigation and the same N treatments can be adopted by producers to enhance grain protein in sorghum.
The current study based on using morphological traits and simple sequence repeat(SSRs) markers to study variation among ten Iraqi wheat genotypes. Primers wmc596 and wmc603 produced three alleles distributed between one in wmc596 and two in wmc603 with an average number of 1.50 allele per locus . Primer wmc603 was more informative than wmc596 as produced PIC reached 0.3750. Morphological traits including whole plant ( dry weight , height ,leaf number ,leaf area and branches number) , spike( dry weight ,length and number) and weight of 100 grain used for cluster analysis .Cluster analysis depending on morphological traits grouped wheat genotypes among two major groups , the first included only Faris genotype while the other large one included the rest genotypes which further divided in to two sub clusters. Genotypes identification and studying genetic variation produce an efficient tool for genotypes selecting in breeding programs.
Context: Owing to the interaction between genotype and environment (G x E), identifying traits to increase wheat yield and grain protein concentration simultaneously or increasing one without affecting the other remains a challenge. Phenotypic plasticity is an insightful perspective to understand G x E. Objective: To explore the relations of wheat yield and grain protein concentration in response to N input and its physiological basis from the perspective of phenotypic plasticity. Method: We established a factorial experiment combining 14 winter wheat cultivars and four N fertilization rates (0, 45, 90 and 135 kg ha − 1) in eight environments. We analyzed the interaction of cultivar and N combining a phenotypic plasticity framework and a three-phase model of grain yield and protein response to N input. The phases are: phase I, N supply limits both yield and grain protein; phase II, N supply limits grain protein but not yield; and phase III, N supply does not limit yield or grain protein concentration Results: Grain yield plasticity was positively associated to yield in high-yielding environments without N limitations (phase II) with no cost in low yielding environments, and associated to harvest index. Grain protein plasticity was positively associated to protein in high protein environments without N limitations (phase III). Plasticity of grain protein concentration was negatively associated to grain number m − 2 , resulting in moderate negative association of protein plasticity and yield. Grain C:N ratio associated weakly and positively with yield plasticity and strongly and negatively for grain protein plasticity. Conclusion: This work proposes a yield-protein plasticity framework combined with a three-phase model that allows to disclose G × N interactions. Under our experimental conditions, we identified physiological mechanisms associated to yield and protein plasticity. Implications: Yield and protein plasticity can contribute guiding grower's cultivar selection towards high yield plasticity cultivars when aiming to high yield with acceptable protein levels or high protein plasticity cultivars to ensure high protein at the expense of lower yields. Yield plasticity brings opportunity to breed for high yielding cultivars while maintaining grain protein concentration. Accuracy of N recommendations models and mecha-nistic crop models can be improved by accounting for G × N interactions through plasticity of yield and grain protein.
Dates are considered one of the most important foods consumed in Arab countries. Dates are commonly infested with the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis. Consequently, the date yield, quantity, and quality (economic value and seed viability) are negatively affected. This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of air evacuation as eco-friendly and safe control method against adult O. surinamensis. Insects were obtained from the infested date purchased from a private store in sakaka city, Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia. Air evacuation (using a vacuum pump) and food deprivation were applied to O. surinamensis, and insect mortality was observed daily in comparison with the control group (administered both food and air). Application of both air evacuation, and food deprivation, significantly, increased the percentage of daily mortality when compared to control. Percentage accumulative mortality displayed very strong positive correlation with the time course in both cases of air-deprived and food-deprived groups. On the basis of lethal time values, the air evacuation method resulted in a comparable effect of food deprivation. Conclusively, the air-evacuation of the package is a very effective Eco-friendly and safe control method against O. surinamensis.
Thalipeeth is Maharashtrian ethnic food which is usually consumed during snack with curd or ghee. It is made by combination of pulses and cereals which provide nutritionally balance amount of nutrient and protein. Malting is process which improves the minerals and vitamins such as B 1 , B 2 B 6 , folic acid and vitamin C and reduces anti nutritional factors like phytate, tannins and oxalates. In this study flours of wheat, rice, Bengal gram dhal, black gram dhal sorghum, soybean and ragi (malted) was taken in equal proportion(i.e. 1:1:1:1:1:1:1) , thalipeeth was made with the traditional method and packed in to standy pouches and kept under ambient condition i.e. at 25 °C+/-2 and at frozen condition i.e.-4°C+/-2. The storage study was conducted for 60 days. From the study, it is concluded that the quality of ready to eat thalipeeth at ambient as well as at frozen condition were found to be remained in good condition till the last day of analysis (60 h day) with respect to the quality characteristics like sensory, microbial and proximate parameters. However, the frozen product was highly superior in terms of high moisture retention and other quality parameters as compared to ambient stored sample. There were no significant difference observed during 60 days of storage study and therefore, this can be serving as good RTE product for people and it can be consumed at any time either after heating or as such after opening the packet.
Cookies are one of the most popular bakery products. It is a rich source of protein, fat and carbohydrates but limiting in minerals and dietary fibers. A malted ragi flour cookie is rich in iodine, minerals like iron, calcium, phosphorus, fiber and vitamin contents. It was prepared with per 100gm of malted ragi flour and other minor ingredients added based on sensory trials like Vanaspati oil(50gm), Butter (10gm), Sugar(25gm), cumin(4gm), salt(2gm) etc. we take three trials like T 1, T 2 and T 3 for preparation of malted ragi cookies by using different proportion of flour. From above three trials T 3 was selected according to ten panelist members by using five point hedonic scale. Then we start storage study up to 60 days after interval of 10 days. The values of nutrients were increase significantly while the values of protein content, fat content and sensory score decreases significantly during 60 days of storage at ambient temperature. From above storage study we observe shelf life of malted ragi cookies are 60 days. After storage study the Physicochemical, Microbial and Sensory quality attributes of the product were evaluated. Malted ragi cookies contain Energy (357.00 kcal), Carbohydrate (74.09 gm), Protein(10.40gm), Fat(3.04 gm), Crude fiber(3.05gm).Those cookies beneficial for growing children decrease malnutrition problem, teenagers , pregnant and lactating women due to its high nutritive value.
Donalda, a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), was developed at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. It is an awned, hollow-stemmed cultivar with high yield potential, short in stature with good lodging tolerance. During the 3 years of testing in the Western Bread Wheat Registration tests during 2018–2020, Donalda yielded 4.3% higher than Carberry and displayed similar physiological maturity. Additional features of Donalda that paralleled the performance of Carberry included plant height, tolerance to lodging, and quality parameters related to test weight, grain weight, and grain protein content. Overall, during the 3 years of testing, Donalda was rated “resistant” to the prevalent races of leaf, stem, and stripe rusts, “moderately susceptible” to common bunt and “intermediate” to Fusarium head blight. Three years of the end-use quality evaluation indicated that Donalda met the quality guidelines for the Canada Western Red Spring wheat market class.
Maize (Zea mays L.) plays a very important role in human and animal nutrition in a number of developed and developing countries, worldwide. Breeding for improved protein quality in maize began in the mid-1960s with the discovery of mutants, such as opaque-2, that produce enhanced levels of lysine and tryptophan, the two amino acids deficient in maize endosperm proteins. However, adverse pleiotropic effects imposed severe constraints on successful exploitation of these mutants. Interdisciplinary and concerted research efforts led to amelioration of the negative features of the opaque phenotype, and the rebirth of 'Quality Protein Maize' (QPM). QPM holds superior nutritional and biological value and is essentially interchangeable with normal maize in cultivation and kernel phenotype. This paper deals with the salient sequence of events associated with the development of QPM, the present understanding of genetic, biochemical and molecular bases of QPM, and the recent technological developments that could potentially enhance the efficiency of QPM breeding and the reach of QPM cultivars.
Grain Protein Content (GPC) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and T. turgidum L.) is important for improved nutritional value and is also one of the major factors affecting breadmaking and pasta quality. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) for high GPC was detected a few years ago in the short arm of chromosome 6B from accession FA15‐3 of Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides New molecular markers are presented here to facilitate the transfer of this high GPC gene into tetraploid and hexaploid wheat cultivars. Two sets of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) primers were designed to amplify regions of the non‐transcribed spacer of the XNor‐B2 locus. This locus was selected because it mapped on the peak of the QTL for GPC. The first pair of allele‐specific primers produced an amplification product only when the T. turgidum var. dicoccoides XNor‐B2 allele was present. The second pair of primers amplified fragment(s) of similar length in the different genotypes that after digestion with the restriction enzyme BamHI allowed differentiation of the T. turgidum var. dicoccoides allele. Four microsatellites markers were mapped on the short arm of chromosome 6B at both sides of the QTL peak and two on the long arm. Five additional amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were mapped into the QTL region on 6BS. These PCR markers together with 10 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers showed that the hexaploid cultivar Glupro, selected for high GPC, carries a distal segment of chromosome 6BL and a proximal segment of 6BS from dicoccoides accession FA15‐3 encompassing the segment with highest LOD score for the GPC QTL.
The British tables of Paul and Southgate provide by far the most extensive introductory and explanatory material with the tables. As it is a resource which is often utilized, we thought it important to mention here. Since, however, the introduction is 52 pages long and is already in the English language we refer you to the original. A sample page is presented (see Table 1).
A chimeric gene encoding a precursor polypeptide of sesame 2S albumin, a sulfur-rich seed storage protein, was expressed in transgenic rice plants under the control of the glutelin promoter with the aim of improving the nutritive value of rice. Rice grains harvested from the first generation of ten different transformed lines inherited the transgene, and the accumulated sesame 2S albumin was presumably processed correctly as its mature form in sesame seed. This transgene was specifically expressed in maturing rice seeds with its encoded sesame 2S albumin exclusively accumulated in the seeds. The crude protein content in rice grains from five putative homozygous lines was increased by 0.64-3.54%, and the methionine and cysteine contents of these transgenic rice grains were respectively elevated by 29-76% and 31-75% compared with those of wild-type rice grains.
Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.)is the sixth most planted crop in the world, grown on over 100 million acres /year worldwide and currently produces ~60 million metric tons of grain per year. Sorghum is the dietary staple food to over half a billion people in developing countries. However, sorghum grain is low in protein quality due to its low content of essential amino acids, such as lysine. The reliance on sorghum as an important food in regions of Africa and Asia can result in problems associated with malnutrition, especially of children.
Five high-lysine mutants of maize, opaque-1 (o1), opaque-9 (o9), opaque-11 (o11), floury-1 (fl1), and floury-3 (fl3) have been compared with the appropriate controls for their effect on endosperm growth, protein composition, and endosperm quality related traits. All mutants with the exception of o9 and fl1 had a significant reduction in endosperm weight at maturity. The o1, o11, fl3 mutants had a negative effect on the total protein content due to a significative reduction in overall zein content. In particular, the fl3 mutation causes a large reduction in overall zein content to 76% of that of the wild-type due to a sizeable reduction in all α-zein classes, although this reduction was greatest for the 22-kD α-zeins. In addition our data indicated that this reduction is reflected by a lower mRNA concentration in the fl3 mutant, and particularly in those mRNAs encoding the 22-kD α-zein class. The fl3 endosperm also lacks an albumin of 14-kD throughout endosperm development. For the o1 and fl1 mutants a substantial reduction in zein level was not observed; however, at maturity a significant increase in lysine and tryptophan contents comparable to that found in o2 mutant endosperm was measured in these mutants. No clear relationships occurred between the level of four enzymes involved in N metabolism and the extent of zein repression brought about by the mutants.
Barley is one of the cereals in which the possibilities for improving the nutritional value of the seed protein have been studied extensively. Detailed knowledge of barley proteins and their genetics is available (for a survey see, e.g. Miflin and Shewry [43], Thomson and Doll [66], and Tallberg [65]). Increases in the content of lysine and other essential amino acids of the protein have been achieved, but unfortunately, the changes in protein composition interfere with the carbohydrate accumulation in the seed. It has not yet been possible to produce a barley variety with improved protein quality and normal grain yield.
Grain protein concentration (GPC) is an important component of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) quality. The 'Langdon'-Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides chromosome 6B substitution line [LDN(DIC-6B)] contains the high GPC quantitative trait locus "QGpc.ndsu.6Bb." We evaluated the effect of this quantitative trait locus on GPC, grain yield, and other agronomic traits in an adapted durum wheat background, verified its location on chromosome 6B and determined its relationship to the GPC locus previously identified. A recombinant inbred population consisting of 110 lines segregating for high GPC was developed from the LDN(DIC-6B) with two doses of adapted germplasm. This population was evaluated in the field for GPC at two locations in 1995, and for GPC, grain yield, and other agronomic characteristics at three locations in 1996. Segregation analysis for GPC showed a bimodal distribution, indicating a single genetic factor or a tightly linked gene cluster controlling high GPC. This high GPC locus was insensitive to environmental conditions. Grain protein concentration was not correlated with plant height, but was loosely correlated with grain yield and heading date. Quantitative trait locus analysis using simple regression and interval mapping procedures identified a locus flanked by Xcdo365 and Xmwg79 on chromosome 6B as having a major effect on GPC. This high GPC locus, which explained up to 72% of the phenotypic variance, accounted for a 15 g kg-1 increase in average GPC. Selection for the two markers flanking the GPC QTL would be highly effective in introgressing this QTL into durum wheat breeding programs.
The term albumin was initially applied to plant proteins which resembled hen egg albumin in being coagulable but was subsequently restricted to proteins which were soluble in water and coagulable by heat (Osborne, 1924). Osborne (1924) also recognised a problem in defining albumins which remains to this day: direct water extracts of tissues will contain low concentrations of salts which need to be removed by dialysis in order to obtain a true albumin fraction. Osborne concluded that albumins are generally present in small quantities in seeds and listed four types which had been characterized in most detail: leucosin from barley, wheat and rye, legumelin from a range of legumes (including pea, soybean and cowpea), phaselin from kidney bean and ricin from castor bean.
Maize starchy endosperm mutants have kernel phenotypes that include a brittle texture, susceptibility to insect pests, and inferior functional characteristics of products made from their flour. At least 18 such mutants have been identified, but only in the cases of opaque2 (o2) and floury2 (fl2), which affect different aspects of storage protein synthesis, is the molecular basis of the mutation known. To better understand the relationship between the phenotypes of these mutants and their biochemical bases, we characterized the protein and amino acid composition, as well as the mRNA transcript profiles, of nearly isogenic inbred lines of W64A o1, o2, o5, o9, o11, Mucuronate (Mc), Defective endosperm B30 (DeB30), and fl2. The largest reductions in zein protein synthesis occur in the W64A o2, DeB30, and fl2 mutants, which have ∼35 to 55% of the wild-type level of storage proteins. Zeins in W64A o5, o9, o11, and Mc are within 80 to 90% of the amount found in the wild type. Only in the cases of o5 and Mc were significant qualitative changes in zein synthesis observed. The pattern of gene expression in normal and mutant genotypes was assayed by profiling endosperm mRNA transcripts at 18 days after pollination with an Affymetrix GeneChip containing >1400 selected maize gene sequences. Compared with W64A sugary1, a mutant defective in starch synthesis, alterations in the gene expression patterns of the opaque mutants are very pleiotropic. Increased expression of genes associated with physiological stress, and the unfolded protein response, are common features of the opaque mutants. Based on global patterns of gene expression, these mutants were categorized in four phenotypic groups as follows: W64A+ and o1; o2; o5/o9/o11; and Mc and fl2.
Increased grain protein is desirable for many bread and pasta products. Because of its importance to end-use quality and human nutrition, this trait has been widely studied. This study was conducted to (i) identify genomic regions associated with high grain protein concentration (GPC) inherited from Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides in three hard red spring wheat recombinant inbred (RI) populations (ND683/'Bergen', 'Glupro'/'Keene', and Glupro/Bergen); (ii) examine the effects of genetic background and environment on these genes; and (iii) determine the genetic size of the Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides chromosomal segment introgressed into hard red spring wheat genotypes. The F5-derived RI lines were grown at five environments for the ND683/Bergen population and at three environments for the other two populations. The range of GPC in the ND683/Bergen, Glupro/Keene, and Glupro/Bergen population was 142 to 179, 149 to 182, and 139 to 183 g kg-1, respectively. The four parental genotypes were surveyed for polymorphisms with 96 low copy DNA clones located on group 5 and 6 chromosomes. A single region associated with high GPC was detected with five RFLP markers (Xcdo365, Xmwg79, Xbcd102, Xbcd357, and Xcdo1380) located near the centromere on chromosome 6B. One of the markers (Xcdo365) identified a 6.5-kb restriction fragment in Triticum turgidum var. L. dicoccoides, Glupro, ND645, and ND683. Hence, this fragment is in coupling linkage to high GPC gene(s). This marker explained 21 to 35% of the phenotypic variation in GPC in the three populations. The DNA marker in this region might be used to rapidly introgress this gene for high GPC into other wheat germplasm.
A 'Langdon' durum wheat line with a pair of 6B chromosomes from an accession of Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides (Korn. in litt., in Schweinf.) Bowden [LDN(DIC-6B)] previously was shown to have a gene(s) for high grain protein content (GPC). The objectives of this study were to develop a mapping population segregating only for genes on chromosome 6B, map the gene(s) for high GPC, and identify closely linked markers for use in marker-assisted breeding for this trait. The 6B mapping population was grown in replicated field trials and evaluated for GPC. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) map of this population was available. The quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses provided strong evidence that a gene(s) for high GPC (named QGpc.ndsu-6Bb) is located near the centromere of 6B. The most likely location for the gene(s) is in the short arm between Xabg387-6B and Xmwg79-6B. The logarithm of the odds (LOD) score for this interval is 18.9. Segregation in this segment accounted for 66% of the variation in GPC. Eleven additional markers have been mapped within 7 centimorgans (cM) of the midpoint of Xabg387-6B and Xmwg79-6B. One or more of these markers should be useful in marker-assisted breeding for high GPC in durum wheat.
Opaque-2 (o2) is a mutation in one of the regulatory loci that control storage protein gene transcription in maize (Zea mays L.) kernels. It results in a significant reduction in the prolamine content of the endosperm, which becomes chalky and soft. Quality Protein Maize (QPM) genotypes are modified, hard-endosterm, o2 mutants that carry genetic factors responsible for increased synthesis of the γ-zein protein (mol. wt. 27 kD). The genes encoding this storage protein are not under regulatory control of the 07 locus
The improvement of grain-protein content is an important goal of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) and other wheat breeding programs. The objective of this study was to determine the chromosomal location of genes for high grain-protein content in an accession of wild tetraploid (emmer) wheat (T. turgidum L. var dicoccoides) having seeds with high grain-protein content. The method was to substitute each of the dicoccoides (DIC) chromosomes into Langdon' (LDN) durum by crossing and backcrossing with a set of LDN D-genome disomic substitution lines (...)
Over 200 maize ( Zea mays L.) strains were evaluated for seedling growth on lysine‐plus‐threonine supplemented media in an attempt to find feedback resistant mutants. Five of 92 inbreds, most of which were developed for use in hybrid production, were resistant (i.e., root length on lysine + threonine medium exceeded 50% of control). Resistant inbreds B37 and B76 were from the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS) population. Nine of 103 random line isolates from the BSSS population were resistant. From 16 of the 17 original BSSS component lines tested, only Ill. 12‐E was resistant. Seven broad base maize populations did not yield resistant types.
Resistance was expressed only when seedlings were derived from germinating whole kernels. Seedlings derived from dissected embryos of resistant strains were inhibited. Studies of kernel aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase activities indicated that alterations in the feedback regulation of these enzymes were not the basis of the observed lysine + threonine resistance.
The opaque‐2 version of B37 was inhibited. This observation and amino acid data led to the tentative hypothesis that resistance is a function of the relative amounts of methionine and lysine (M/L ratio) in the kernel with a high M/L ratio leading to resistance and a low M/L ratio leading to inhibition. All three resistant strains analyzed had a high M/L ratio compared with four inhibited strains. Kernels of one strain, BSSS 53, had approximately 21% more total methionine than the other four inbreds analyzed (two resistant, two inhibited) yet retained the typical dent kernel phenotype. Kernels of the resistant strains also tended to have higher percent protein. Specific approaches are suggested for selecting high methionine or high lysine maize.
Maize ( Zea mays L.) endosperm mutant shrunken ‐4 ( sh 4 ) was compared with nine other starch mutants and three “high‐lysine” mutants for lysine and zein and nonzein protein content at 22 days after pollination and at maturity. The sh 4 mutant was unique in showing no zein at 22 days and only 10% of the normal value at maturity. Nonzein protein and lysine/kernel were extremely low at maturity in sh 4 , showing almost no increase after 22 years. The effects of sh 4 on protein content appear to be an exaggerated form of those produced by the highlysine mutant opaque ‐7.
Seeds from over 9,000 lines in the world sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] collection were classified for endosperm phenotype to identify floury endosperm lines and evaluate each for potential increases in lysine concentration. Sixty-two floury endosperm lines were selected and analyzed for protein and lysine composition. Two floury lines of Ethiopian origin, IS 11167 and IS 11758, were exceptionally high in lysine at relatively high levels of protein.
The average whole grain lysine concentration of high lysine lines IS 11167 and IS 11758 was 3.34 and 3.13 (g/lOOg protein) at 15.7 and 17.2% protein, respectively. Both lines were also high in percent oil. Carbohydrate analyses of whole grain samples of the two high lysine lines were similar to that of normal sorghum grain except for a twofold increase in sucrose concentration.
The high lysine gene altered the amino acid pattern in hl hl hl endosperm tissue relative to normal endosperm checks. The major changes were increased lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, and tryptophan concentrations and decreased amounts of glutamic acid, proline, alanine, and leucine in the hl hl hl endosperm.
Inheritance studies suggest that the increased lysine concentration of each line is controlled by a single recessive gene, although it is not known whether the genes from both lines are allelic. The high lysine gene(s) present in IS 11167 and IS 11758 from Ethiopia is (are) herein designated as hl. The endosperm of kernels homozygous for the hl gene is partially dented.
The biological value of the high lysine lines was much higher than that of average sorghum lines. In a 28-day isonitrogenous feeding experiment the weight gain of weanling rats was three times higher on an IS 11758 ration and twice as high on an IS 11167 ration as weight gains on rations prepared from normal sorghum lines. When fed rations without any dilution except the usual 2% vitamin and 4% mineral supplementation, rats gained 94 g on high lysine sorghum (IS 11758) and 28.5 g on our current best nutritional quality sorghum line (IS 2319), versus 91.5 g on opaque-2 corn (Zea mays L.) and 30.2 g on normal corn in a 28-day feeding trial. Feed efficiency ratios for this trial were 3.0 for high lysine sorghum, 6.8 for IS 2319, 3.4 for opaque-2 corn, and 7.4 for normal corn.
Allergenicity to Brazil nut protein fractions and to a purified methionine‐rich 2S protein, considered to be similar to the allergens of other oilseeds, has been followed through IgG1 and IgE synthesis after mouse subcutaneous immunization. The allergenic capacities of all protein fractions and of the 2S protein are not as prominent. Oral intake of Brazil nuts in several doses was also tested in mice and rats as a possible route of immunization, but instead of immunization, a systemic tolerance was induced. This state of immunological tolerance was more efficiently induced by a scheme of multiple feeding than by a single feeding.
Cereal grains and legume seeds, which are key protein sources for the vegetarian diet, are generally deficient in essential amino acids. Maize, in particular, is deficient in lysine. The inherent lack of lysine-rich proteins in maize has necessitated the search for heterologous proteins enriched in this amino acid, the isolation of the corresponding gene and its ultimate introduction into maize through plant transformation techniques. However, a rate-limiting step to this strategy has been the availability of plant-derived lysine-rich proteins. An appealing solution to the problem is to artificially increase the lysine content of a given protein by mutating appropriate residues to lysine. Here, we expound this strategy, starting with the protein alpha-hordothionin that is derived from barley seeds and consists of five lysine residues in a total of 45 amino acids (11% lysine). To facilitate rational substitutions, the 3-D structure of the protein has been determined by homology modeling with crambin. Based on this model, we have identified surface residues amenable to substitution with lysine. Furthermore, the acceptability of the mutations has been validated through the synthesis and characterization of the derivatives. To this end, our approach has permitted the creation of a modified alpha-hordothionin protein that has a lysine content of similar to 27% and retains the antifungal activity of the wild-type protein.
beta-Sheet propensities of different amino acids depend on the context of both secondary and tertiary structure. In an attempt to establish general empirical relationships that determine this context dependence, we have determined the free energy of unfolding of a series of mutants at six positions in the beta-sheet of chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 (CI2). We have generated the series Val-->Ala-->Gly and Val<->Thr at five positions, as well as the side-chain deletion Ile-->Val at residue 49 and Ala-->Gly at residue 77. In the series Val-->Ala-->Gly, the ranking order in terms of stability is Val > Ala > Gly at all positions. However, the change in free energy on deletion of methylene groups varies greatly. When Val and Thr are interchanged, the wild-type residue is always the more stable, but by a different amount at each position. We have attempted to rationalize the data by relating it to changes in solvent-accessible surface area, packing density, and statistically derived pseudo-energy functions that depend on phi,psi angles. There is no significant correlation of the energies with any of the variables except with the pseudo-energy function, but the deviations from these values are large. We conclude that thermodynamic scales for beta-sheet propensity are currently of insufficient precision for general design purposes, although they may be useful in special cases.
Grain from hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum ’Neepawa’) grown with nine rates of N fertilizer (0–400 kg/ha) was analyzed for total N, non-protein N (NPN), and amino acids. In addition, the amino acid compositions of the various soluble protein fractions were determined. The percentages of total N, NPN, and protein N of the grain increased with each 50-kg increment of N up to the 150-kg rate. The proportions of glutamate, proline, and phenylalanine in the seed increased whereas threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, and valine decreased with the first three or four increments of N fertilizer. With increasing N content in the seed, the proportions of albumin, globulin, and glutenin 2 decreased while the proportions of gliadin and glutenin 1 increased. The various protein fractions differed from each other in amino acid composition but the amino acid composition of each fraction was not influenced significantly by N application.