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Noise and newts: public engagement in the UK and Sweden
Abstract
There are many incentives to improve public participation involvement in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and public inquiries not least because the conflicts arising from protests against new developments are practical problems that need to be solved. This paper addresses the ambition of promoting public participation in EIA. In doing this, it illustrates how legal or quasi-legal processes, such as EIA and public inquiries facilitate or restrain public involvement. Two cases of airport developments are compared: the EIA process for the planned extension of the airport in Örebro, Sweden and the public inquiry process for the planned extension of the airport in Manchester, UK. The concluding section discusses how the requirement to achieve efficient public involvement could be met.
... The other form means self-organized participation or "parallel participation" as Richardson et al. (1998, p. 202) put it. These were often specifically formed civic action groups and campaigns, which usually meant protesting against the proposed project, e.g., Soneryd and Weldon (2003); Bond et al. (2004); Soneryd (2004); Elling and Nielsen (2017). ...
... Regarding skills of organizing participatory processes and participating in them, competence to "articulate and create consensus for extremely complex processes" ( Keskitalo et al. 2015). In several articles, it also meant maintaining an open attitude to public/stakeholder input and a belief that participation will lead to improved decision-making (Soneryd and Weldon 2003;Bond et al. 2004;Soneryd 2004;Isaksson et al. 2009;van Buuren and Nooteboom 2009; Van Buuren and Nooteboom 2010; Arbter 2019). ...
The importance of public and stakeholder participation in environmental assessments (EIA and SEA) has been increasing in the EU, international, and national policy contexts. However, to date, no synthesis of the literature that analyses the performance of participation in different EU countries has been conducted. This review aims to contribute to filling this gap, by systematically gathering a pool of empirical scientific literature that focuses on studying participation in EIA and SEA across the EU and analyzing its content. We conducted systematic literature searches in the Scopus database (n = 2272 references), and via a systematic screening procedure, we selected n = 34 empirical full texts for an in-depth qualitative synthesis. We found that the included publications are mostly from West-European countries, focus on the EIA domain (mostly infrastructure projects), and use multiple comparative case study methodologies. Main participatory arenas include formal arenas intended for traditional forms of two-way interaction mechanisms (e.g., public hearings), but informal arenas are also emerging in the literature. The main challenges outlined in the analyzed publications are associated with the low impact of the public or the stakeholders on decisions and timing of participation. Our review was limited to published academic articles, thus, future reviews should include a more diverse set of evidence, and primary research is needed to focus on the performance of participation in the South-and East-European countries' socio-political contexts. We encourage EIA/SEA practitioners to use more widely participatory mechanisms aimed at joint problem-solving.
... See Table 1. While all included texts had a predominant focus on the UK, several also described community engagement in other countries including the US (Beebeejaun, 2006), Sweden (Soneryd & Weldon, 2003), South Korea (Kyung, 2006) and Norway (Abram & Cowell, 2004). ...
... Examples included, among others: community partnership boards as a mechanism for 'community planning', a statutory requirement in Scotland (Sinclair, 2011); consultation of community organisations for the development of strategies within community safety partnerships (Skinns, 2005); and statutory consultations on local licensing policy and opportunities for communities to object to licence applications (Iconic Consulting, 2014). Two texts described engagement as part of processes that have a quasi-legal status in the UK: community consultation as part of evidence-gathering for a health impact assessment of a proposed waste incinerator development (Chadderton, Elliott, Hacking, Shepherd & Williams, 2013), and for an environmental impact assessment into a proposed extension to an airport (Soneryd & Weldon, 2003). ...
Introduction:
Engaging communities in actions to reduce alcohol harms has been identified as an international priority. While there exist recommendations for community engagement within alcohol licensing legislation, there is limited understanding of how to involve communities in local decision-making to reduce harms from the alcohol environment.
Methods:
A scoping literature review was conducted on community engagement in local government decision-making with relevance to the alcohol environment. Academic and grey literature databases were searched between April and June 2018 to identify examples of community engagement in local government in the UK, published since 2000. Texts were excluded if they did not describe in detail the mechanisms or rationale for community engagement. Information was extracted and synthesised through a narrative approach.
Results:
3030 texts were identified through the searches, and 30 texts were included in the final review. Only one text described community engagement in alcohol decision-making (licensing); other local government sectors included planning, regeneration and community safety. Four rationales for community engagement emerged: statutory consultation processes; non-statutory engagement; as part of broader participatory initiatives; and community-led activism. While not all texts reported outcomes, a few described direct community influence on decisions. Broader outcomes included improved relationships between community groups and local government. However, lack of influence over decisions was also common, with multiple barriers to effective engagement identified.
Conclusion:
The lack of published examples of community engagement in local alcohol decision-making relevant to the UK suggests little priority has been placed on sharing learning about supporting engagement in this area. Taking a place-shaping perspective, useful lessons can be drawn from other areas of local government with relevance for the alcohol environment. Barriers to engagement must be considered carefully, particularly around how communities are defined, and how different interests toward the local alcohol environment are represented, or not.
... The term, however, does not specify the nature of the interaction. According to Soneryd and Weldon (2003), public consultation, as opposed to public participation, includes education, information-sharing and negotiations with the concerned public -interested and/or affected parties. ...
... This is by way of increasing the quality of the decision, rendering planning more efficient, attaining transparent decisions and a higher level of commitment to the decision, and avoiding public controversy and creating trust in the applicant and his/her planning. According to Soneryd and Weldon (2003), public involvement is a matter of urgency not only in the interests of promoting participatory democracy or the idea that consultation gives better knowledge about environmental impact, but also because the conflicts arising from projects against new developments are practical problems that ought to be solved. Although some proponents view public participation as an unnecessary increase in cost, the World Bank (1993) noted that it is labour intensive rather than capital intensive. ...
The purpose of the study was to determine the level of public awareness and involvement in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process. The study was exploratory and descriptive and was conducted in the four administrative regions of Swaziland. Three major development projects were purposively sampled per region and a total sample population of 293 respondents was conveniently selected. Interview schedules and physical observations were used during EIA scoping meetings and secondary data were obtained from EIA reports. Quantitative data were coded and analyzed using Microsoft Excel (2003) and the qualitative data were content analyzed according to emerging thematic areas. The findings indicated respondents were generally aware of the development projects being carried out, with those in Hhohho Region taking the lead in awareness. Information provided to the public was considered adequate only by respondents from Shiselweni and Hhohho Regions, while awareness regarding public involvement in the EIA process was largely confined to respondents in Hhohho and
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Lubombo Regions. Except for Hhohho Region, the public was not adequately provided with information on the EIA process. The public was not mobilized to get involved in the EIA process and actual involvement was mostly reported in Hhohho and Lubombo Regions only. Generally, the extent of public involvement in the EIA process on a countrywide scale was poor.
Key words: Environmental impact assessment, public involvement, public awareness.
... As one of the key stakeholders, the public plays an important role in the success of public projects. Ineffective public participation often consumes resources and time, and delays the delivery of social services (Soneryd and Weldon 2003;Irvin and Stansbury 2004). Effective public participation initially requires citizens' positive attitudes towards, and capacity for, participating in EIA (Palerm 2000), as their attitudes and capacities determine their motivation and ability to negotiate for, communicate, and decide and act on collective benefits. ...
... on the performance of public participation in EIA (Webler, Kastenholz, and Renn 1995;Soneryd and Weldon 2003;Almer and Koontz 2004;Nadeem and Fischer 2011;Li, Liu, and Li 2012), the prerequisite of which is that the public has already participated. An equally important phenomenon, which has drawn less attention, is non-participation. ...
Public participation in environmental impact assessment is recognised as key to sustainable development. However, its role in public projects in China remains limited. The issue of non-participation is explored by focusing on the attitude and capacity of the citizens who experienced the Wuhan-Guangzhou High Speed Railway project through interviews and field surveys in multiple geographical sites along the line. Passive attitudes and low capacity were observed. While some respondents considered participation in government-owned projects unthinkable, most of them were discouraged by the absence of a sense of security and significance. Institutional barriers identified include a lack of participation channels and project information and the absence of transparent and proper processes of handling social impacts. Policy suggestions beyond the regulatory realm to encourage effective public participation are provided.
... neighbouring owners were not involved, wood trade was not protected and interference from the federal government was too salient (Brunson et al., 1996). Not only forest owners showed an increasing distrust for the traditional representatives of the political system (Hiedanpaa, 2002),d istrust for the institutional framework of politics is harboured by citizens in general (Soneryd and Weldon, 2003). Further, landowners indicated that in order to encourage woodland management they preferred educational support to government costshare programmes (Jones et al., 1995;Barden et al., 1996). ...
... Further, landowners indicated that in order to encourage woodland management they preferred educational support to government costshare programmes (Jones et al., 1995;Barden et al., 1996). Arrangements meant to encourage citizens to adopt government policies need to encourage more participatory forms of public involvement in decision-making (Soneryd and Weldon, 2003). As indicated by the low support some of the traditional policy instruments received from private forest owners (Brunson et al., 1996), more successful instruments should inform and educate the owner, allow wood trade, involve the owners of the neighbouring forests and be independent of regional (e.g. ...
To meet public expectations in densely populated regions, forest management should be multifunctional, not solely in public but also in private forests. Governments could induce private forest owners to manage their properties multifunctionally. ‘Traditional’ policy instruments do not achieve this objective sufficiently and therefore the potential of a new policy instrument was tested, namely the forest group or cooperative forest management, in implementing close-to-nature practices as part of multifunctional forest management. Data from three types of interviews were used: expert interviews (N=95), individual NIPF owners’ interviews (N=404) and NIPF owners’ focus groups (N=11). It was found that stimulating close-to-nature management in private forests is more fruitful in a forest group than it would be outside the forest group. However, owners participating in a forest group still experience practical difficulties in implementing close-to-nature management practices. To trigger a change in forest management, the forest group should identify and focus on the practical difficulties that NIPF owner's experience. A forest group could, at least in part, remove these difficulties by means of: (1) personal contact between the coordinator of the forest group and the forest owners; (2) a periodical magazine providing information on technical, financial and legal aspects; (3) time-extensive practical-based education, (4) establishing local pilot-forests, managed by the Forest Service or conservation groups and (5) including economic as well as ecological and recreational aspects of forest management in all communications about close-to-nature management with the participants of a forest group.
... Diversas investigaciones han explorado el tema de la participación pública en el contexto de las evaluaciones de impacto ambiental (ver, por ejemplo, Palerm, 1999a(ver, por ejemplo, Palerm, y 1999bSinclair & Diduck, 2000;Soneryd & Weldon, 2003;Bond, Palerm & Haigh, 2004). En estos estudios la recogida de información se realizó utilizando una combinación de revisión documental (incluyendo la revisión de las Declaraciones de Impacto Ambiental) y entrevistas con personas clave. ...
... Much of the literature on public engagement has sprung out of sociological investigations of the environment, environmental politics, and environmental engagement (Irwin 1995, 2001, Leach et al. 2005, Lidskog & Sundqvist 2011, Soneryd and Weldon 2003. Within this field, some strands have been interested in public engagement broadly defined, investigating how lay people, ad hoc groups, and local activists have gathered around specific issues (Latour 2004, Marres 2007. ...
... 5 T.ex. grodor(Tryggestad et al., 2013) och vattenödlor(Soneryd & Weldon, 2003). 6 T.ex. ...
Denna rapport behandlar konflikter, konflikthantering och konfliktförebyggande åtgärder inom rovdjursför- valtningen som är anpassade till förvaltningens förut- sättningar. Det är en kunskapsöversikt som kan bidra till reflektion, kompetensutveckling och strategiutveckling för framför allt förvaltande myndigheter, men även för andra aktörer, så som politiker och representanter för berörda intresseorganisationer.
... Worldwide, an increasing number of initiatives focus on growing public participation in environmental impact assessments partly because it has been recognised that dialogue ensures a more detailed knowledge on environmental impacts and can contribute to tackling related conflicts and practical problems [21]. ...
The so-called ‘soft factors’ are playing an increasing role in urban planning.
Alternative strategies based on these can include bottom-up initiatives in which
citizens intend to find solutions to noise-related problems in their settlement
through their participation and in accordance with their requirements. This paper
intends to give a brief introduction to the role of individuals regarding their
participation in such programmes, based on the literature available and the
results of a questionnaire survey carried out in the Town of Debrecen (East
Hungary). The results of the survey indicated that the overall picture of the
residents’ opinions on noise pollution is rather contradictory: they basically seem
to perceive the impacts and the relevance of this issue, however, in general, the
respondents did not recognise their own roles in resolving the problem itself –
neither as ‘polluters’ nor as ‘endurers’.
Keywords: noise nuisance, sustainable urban development, liveability, mental
infrastructure, public participation, noise prevention programmes
1 Introduction
Humankind seeks better quality and more secure housing. On the basis of the
available literature, it is quite difficult to define better quality housing. One
aspect, however, is clear, a healthy physical or built environment is a necessary
precondition for the viability of settlements [1]. The condition of the
environment (i.e., air, soil, water, noise, etc.) is, in addition to the quality of life,
one of the main factors influencing urban tourism [2], a sector considered to be a
major priority in the economic development of the town of Debrecen, which is
the focus of this study.
... Such joint initiatives can establish community 'life' [5]. Worldwide, an increasing number of initiatives focus on growing public participation in environmental impact assessments partly because it has been recognised that dialogue ensures a more detailed knowledge on environmental impacts and can contribute to tackling related confl icts and practical problems [38]. The individual's capacity for participation (i.e., the extent and way of participation) will be, on the one hand, infl uenced by his/her knowledge on noise nuisance infl uenced by access to relevant information and his/her level of interest. ...
The so-called 'soft factors' are playing an increasing role in urban planning. Alternative strategies based on these factors can include bottom-up initiatives in which citizens intend to find solutions to noise-related problems in their settlement through their participation and in accordance with their requirements. This paper intends to give a brief introduction to the role of individuals regarding their participation in such programmes, based on the literature available and the results of a questionnaire survey carried out in the Town of Debrecen (East Hungary). The results of the survey indicated that the overall picture of the residents' opinions on noise pollution is rather contradictory: they basically seem to perceive the impacts and the relevance of this issue, however, in general, the respondents did not recognise their own roles in resolving the problem itself - neither as 'polluters' nor as 'endurers'.
... Thus, place purification involves not only drawing together various entities and activities within a shared frame, but also disregarding others and eliminating them from the narrative. Finally, although this case illustrates the strength of networking and storytelling, it also indicates that, in protecting urban greenery, "nature" might need allies (cf.Čapek 2010; Molotch et al. 2000;Soneryd and Weldon 2003). In this case, the royal historical framing supplies castles and other objects of cultural-historical interest that were enlisted as allies in the endeavor to protect urban greenery and public space. ...
This paper analyzes two phases of the history of the National City Park in Stockholm: the process preceding formal park establishment and the ongoing place construction following park establishment. With thematic narrative analysis, I show that constructing the National City Park as a “place” relied on considerable abstraction. Similarly, the construction of the park's uniformity relied on an organizing principle that eliminated many entities and activities from the narrative of the place. This case study also demonstrates that “nature” might need allies in the endeavor to protect urban greenery. The framing of the narrative in historical and cultural heritage terms was a key factor in the effort to protect the National City Park from urban development.Protegiendo el Verde Urbano: El Caso del Parque Nacional de la Ciudad de EstocolmoResumenEste artículo analiza dos fases de la historia del Parque Nacional de la Ciudad de Estocolmo: el proceso anterior al establecimiento formal del parque y la construcción actual del lugar luego del establecimiento del parque. Usando análisis temático narrativo, muestro que el construir el Parque Nacional de la Ciudad como un “lugar” se basó en un trabajo considerable de abstracción. Del mismo modo, la construcción de la uniformidad del parque se basó en un principio organizativo que eliminaba de la narrativa del lugar a varias entidades y actividades. Este caso también muestra que la “naturaleza” puede necesitar aliados humanos en el esfuerzo de proteger el verde urbano. El enmarcado de esta narrativa en términos de herencia histórica y cultural fue un factor clave en el trabajo de proteger al Parque Nacional de la Ciudad del desarrollo urbano.
... Role of public participation in environmental decision-making Soneryd and Weldon (2003) state that public participation is a matter of urgency, not only in the interests of promoting participatory democracy, or because consultation gives better knowledge about the environmental impact, but also because the conflicts arising from protests against new developments are practical problems that need to be solved. The exercise, if properly undertaken, ensures that significant aspects of a project, plan, policy and/or programme are not overlooked (André et al., 2006). ...
Mechanisms that restrict public participation during environmental decision-making in Kenya still exist almost a decade after the inception of the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (EMCA) of 1999. This paper analyses the current situation concerning public participation during environmental impact assessment (EIA) and strategic environmental assessment (SEA). It presents the barriers that may impede effective public participation in environmental decision-making in Kenya and draws attention to possible solutions, including the potential of SEA as a bridge to better public participation.
... It should therefore be considered to be best practice, within EIA, to involve the community in the vicinity of a site at the outset to, not only identify key local environmental knowledge, but also to gain mutual support between the public and the project construction. Soneryd and Weldon (2003) reinforce the need for research in the topic of participation and development. They stated that the difference between scientific and context-dependent knowledge systems mean that qualitative concerns, such as the impact of a development on the 'quality of life', have not been integrated into the EIA process. ...
Research for this paper was undertaken into the relationship between public opinion on wind power and public participation in turbine site planning and design. The research focussed on the contribution of environmental attitude studies to participatory environmental impact assessment of renewable energy policy and land use. A questionnaire survey was undertaken at wind farm sites at three stages in the site planning process and at three public events where the application of wind power was a topic of discussion. The attitudinal data produced was subjected to a series of statistical tests to determine which of the attitudes revealed could be quantified significantly in terms of public opinion. The most significant responses related to the proximity of wind turbines to respondents' homes with the proposition that wind turbine designers should seek community input of the highest significance. Respondents also indicated a preference for traditional turbine structures that blended in with the landscape and remained out of sight. Respondents' personal perception of land use change regarding wind power near them was mostly significant relative to respondent age with younger respondents tending to be more accepting of wind turbine land use whilst older respondents objected. Living place was also found to be significant with urban respondents more accepting of wind power than rural ones. Fundamentally respondents although polarised for or against on certain issues, all shared a wish for more public input and participation in local land use for wind power.
... Increasing the involvement of a broader array of stakeholders has been suggested as a means to improve the transparency and legitimacy of environmental decisionmaking (for example, IEMA, 2002;Sheppard and Bowler, 1997;Soneryd and Weldon, 2003) and yet in EIA practice, genuine attempts to incorporate a wide array of stakeholder perspectives remain the exception (Lidskog and Soneryd, 2000;Petts, 1999). In addition, methods that are capable of both capturing and articulating values and subjective judgments in a transparent manner, and that can effectively bridge the`expert^lay divide', have remained elusive. ...
The concept of the significance of effects is a critical yet poorly understood component of environmental impact assessment (EIA). In this paper we explore the potential of fuzzy-set theory and simulations of environmental change for delineating evaluations of impact significance made by a range of stakeholders. The theoretical basis of fuzzy sets is explained and the approach is applied to the noise and visual effects associated with a ‘live’ windfarm EIA case study. In the final part of the paper we critically reflect on the approach before drawing conclusions.
Göran Sundström, Linda Soneryd and Staffan Furusten 2010. All rights reserved.
The task of moving health higher up the European agenda is grounded in the institutional history of the European Union (EU) and health is highly valued by citizens of Member States. Health issues are also of increasing importance in the context of the EU. European policies influence not only the health of European citizens through impacts on determinants of health, but also the available policy space at national and local level for health promotion, protection, and the financing and organization of health systems. Thus European policies influence the scope and nature of regulatory measures both at European-level and within Member States. The European agenda is influenced by different priorities and aims. The aim of moving health higher up the European agenda implies a higher importance of health policy priorities and needs as part of broader European-level decision-making. The task and challenge of moving health higher up the European agenda thus does not only imply a focus on how to ensure that health is integrated in other policies or whether different policies are coherent, but also ensures that health-policy priorities, public interests and high levels of health protection remain respected, recognized and acted on as part of all European policies and processes. Therefore moving health higher up the European agenda is important so that we can be sure that European policies and processes do not hinder the scope of national policy space for healthy public policies within Member States.
The purpose of this chapter is to highlight how European Union (EU) policies can be assessed and reformed to improve the nutrition and public health of Europe's citizens. Whereas food safety has been given a high profile with the recent establishment of the European Food Safety Authority in Parma, Italy, there is substantial room for improvement when it comes to political action to improve nutrition and prevent obesity and chronic diseases. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the Health and Consumer Protection strategy are two food-related policies that need to become fully coherent with public health goals, which is also a legal obligation according to Articles 152 and 153 of the Treaty of the European Union. Since changes in food production and marketing will have financial implications for the food sector, the evidence on the links between commercial practices and public health is regularly questioned by producers. In the long term a more prominent health profile in the food supply chain could lead to greatly reduced costs to the health care sector, owing to reductions in the rates of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer, improved health and well-being for individuals and to better welfare for society as a whole. This chapter discusses how EU policies influence the supply and demand of food and their impact on nutrition and public health, and how the policies can be improved to benefit the health of the European population. Four suggestions are made as to how public health and nutrition can reach a higher profile on the political agenda in the EU. First, increasing the knowledge
The forest group is a new policy instrument in Flanders (northern Belgium) to realise multifunctional forest management. This
group was introduced in 1995 and organises the various kinds of forest owners, private as well as public, on a local basis
(mean working area 751 km2), with voluntary participation (as in all forest owner organisations). This study evaluates forest groups in Flanders through
an analysis of their relevance, effectiveness, utility and implementation. The targets of forest groups are relevant to the
evolving needs and priorities at the local, regional, national and international level. The effectiveness analysis reveals
that most indicators — including the quantity of timber harvest, the number of members, the forest area with an accepted management
plan, the area under management and the area with small-scale ecological measures — have been improving between 1995 and 2004.
The utility analysis emphasises that the owners are motivated because the forest group provides information and increases
knowledge, includes the owner into a collective management plan, offers a platform for sharing management experiences and
acts as a union force against the government. However, the forest group is not the solution to introduce multifunctional forest
management by all forest owners. The implementation analysis identifies a number of impeding factors, including the imbalance
between rights and duties, inconsistencies between various policy aims, and failure of forest groups to act as a common forum
for all stakeholders in their working area.
Cet article est destiné à présenter les enjeux et les limites d'une intégration des préoccupations sociales et environnementales dans la gestion des grands projets. L'Etude d'Impact Social est décrite comme une action visant à étudier et à anticiper les conséquences sociales, économiques et culturelles de grands projets sur les populations impactées. Les conditions d'un processus participatif sont examinées afin d'en faire un véritable instrument d'apprentissage social et un moyen pour trouver des solutions communes acceptables. This paper is designed to present the stakes and limits of integrating social and environmental issues in large projects management. The Social Impact Assessment is described as a process which aim to study and anticipate social, economic, and cultural large projects consequences on people well being in order to avoid or mitigate them. The conditions of a participative process are examined so that it could be a real social learning tool and a mean to find jointly acceptable solutions. oui
Public approval of a project usually is combined with different conditions that the project is required to meet. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) constitutes one important basis for decisions regarding possible conditions to impose. The focus of this paper is to clarify the roles that EIA can have in such decision-making processes. Three common decision-theoretical perspectives are used to illustrate the decision-making process. A total of 45 EIAs of petroleum field development have been studied. Five issues, each representing a potential conflict area between the oil company and public interests, have been classified according to type of content [professional (technical) or political] and form of government (detailed regulation or conflicting/diffuse goals). The empirical research shows that the framework — based on the outlined three types of decision processes and a classification of issues according to the type of content and form of governance — provides a useful tool for understanding the role EIAs can have in decision-making processes.
In this paper we discuss whether environmental impact assessment (EIA) can serve as an arena for including citizens in the decisionmaking process. Through a case study of a proposed extension of a regional airport in Sweden, the role of EIA, and to what degree different actors and arguments influenced the decision, is analysed. It is found that there are serious problems concerning public participation when it comes to projects which extend beyond the local level and which play an important part in the regional economy. In these cases there is a risk, despite the aims of EIA, that the process will be characterised by public exclusion rather than by public involvement.
Webler, Tuler / THEORETICAL REFLECTIONS This article reports progress on developing a theory of public participation that may prove useful to administrative bodies. The authors review a theory of public participation based on Habermas's theory of communicative action and then reconsider the theory in light of a case study. Participants of a forest policy–making process reported their perceptions of a good process, and the authors used grounded theory methodology to induce criteria of good process. By contrasting the case study results with the theoretical criteria, insights are left into the strengths and shortcomings of the theory.
This article presents a personal review by the author of Collaborative Planning: Shaping Places in Fragmented Societies, published in 1997. It explains how the book came to be written and makes some comments on the various criticisms it has attracted. The first section introduces key experiences that fed into the book followed by a brief summary of the key ideas that underpin its arguments. In reviewing the critiques, the article focuses in particular on the treatment of `context', the emphasis on `process', the use of `social theory', and `power', and the development of `institutionalist' analysis. This is followed by a comment on the normative biases in the work. In conclusion, the author makes a plea for continuing attention to the complexity and diversity of urban governance contexts and the importance for practical action of grasping the particularities of situated governance dynamics
This paper offers an evaluation of selected Canadian environmental assessment (EA) processes to reveal the extent to which they facilitate mutual learning by EA participants. The evaluation criteria were derived from transformative learning, which presents a comprehensive theory of how adults learn. Data collection methods were document review and semistructured qualitative interviews. A primary area of strength of the EA processes examined was in the provision of accurate and complete information. Other areas of strength were found in selected dimensions of openness to alternative perspectives, equal opportunity to participate and opportunity to have arguments evaluated in a systematic fashion. Conspicuous weaknesses were evident in structuring processes to be free from coercion and providing equal opportunity to participate. Deficiencies were also found in dimensions of the provision of accurate and complete information and opportunities to critically reflect upon presuppositions. Consideration of process deficiencies illuminated areas for EA reform to facilitate mutual learning by all participants.
Decision-making processes for projects requiring EIA: case studies in six European countries
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- Interviews
Interviews and official documents
EIA. The application from O ¨ rebro Airport, The National Franchise Board for Environmental Protection, journal number 171-190-97, act number 221; available from the Environmental Office in
O ¨ rebro, SE-701 35 O ¨ rebro, Sweden; 1997a.
Diskurs, rätt och demokrati (Discourse, law and democracy) Göteborg: Daidalos
- J Habermas
Habermas J. Diskurs, rätt och demokrati (Discourse, law and democracy). Göteborg: Daidalos; 1995.
Evaluation of the Performance of EIA process
- Ch Wood
Wood, Ch. Evaluation of the Performance of EIA process. Final Report. Volume 1: Main Report.
Directive 85/337/EEC: REPORT 1, European Commission: Manchester, October; 1996.
Boken om MKB för detaljplan (The book on EIA for detailed plans)
- G Jonsson
- I Palm
Jonsson G, Palm I. Boken om MKB för detaljplan (The book on EIA for detailed plans). Karlskrona:
Boverket; 2000.
the European Communities Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council providing for public participation in respect of the drawing up of certain plans and programmes relating to the environment and amending council directives 85/337/EEC and 96/61/ EC
the European Communities Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of
the Council providing for public participation in respect of the drawing up of certain plans and
programmes relating to the environment and amending council directives 85/337/EEC and 96/61/
EC, Brussels 18.01.2001, COM 2000: 839, 2000.
Lifeworld and system: a critique of functionalist reason. Cambridge: Polity
- J Habermas
Habermas J. The theory of communicative action: Vol. 2. Lifeworld and system: a critique of functionalist reason. Cambridge: Polity; 1987.
Shaping places in fragmented societies
- P Healey
Healey P. Collaborative planning. Shaping places in fragmented societies. London: MacMillan Press,
1997.
Fairness and competence in citizen participation. Evaluating models for environmental discourse
- O Renn
- T Webler
- P Wideman
Renn O, Webler T, Wideman P, editors. Fairness and competence in citizen participation. Evaluating models for environmental discourse. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishing; 1996. p.
1 -16.
Miljöarenan och politikens möjligheter att styra vår miljö. [War at the Environmental Arena - An essay on the power of environmental politics and law, in solving and neutralizing conflicts between different interests on the arena
- M Svenning
- Miljökriget
Svenning, M. Miljökriget. Miljöarenan och politikens möjligheter att styra vår miljö. [War at the
Environmental Arena -An essay on the power of environmental politics and law, in solving and
neutralizing conflicts between different interests on the arena] Margaretha Svenning och. Eslöv:
Lorentz förlag; 1996.
Law Service Office, statements to the Government
- Eia
- Mattsons
EIA. Mattsons' Law Service Office, statements to the Government, journal number 171-5-93, act
number 9, 1998-05-11 and journal number M98/1692/8, act number 21, 1998-06-08, available
from the Environmental Office in Ö rebro, SE-701 35 Ö rebro, Sweden; 1998b.
Interview with a man 72 years old who is a farmer and has lived in the same estate since 1928 when he was born
- Interview
Interview. Interview with a man 72 years old who is a farmer and has lived in the same estate since
1928 when he was born, 2001-05-10; 2001a.
Interview with a woman 28 years old, has lived in the estate, south of the airport, since 1997
- Interview
Interview. Interview with a woman 28 years old, has lived in the estate, south of the airport, since
1997. She works as a teacher, her husbands family has been farming in the area for three generations, 2001-05-08; 2001b.
Telephone interview with a representative of the local protest group
Interview. Telephone interview with a representative of the local protest group, 2001-09-08; 2001c.
Interview. Telephone interview with a representative of the local protest group, 2001-09-10; 2001d.
Interview. Interview with a representative of the local protest group, 2001-09-12; 2001e.
Noise Investigation. Ö rebro-Bofors Airport, 1999-09-08, journal number 99.13, available from the
Environmental Office in Ö rebro, SE-701 35 Ö rebro, Sweden; 1999a.
Interview with a representative of the local protest group
- Interview
Establishing the rules of laws: constructing expert authority
- Wynne