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Positive effect of salicylates on the flowering of African violet
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of 1.0 μM to 0.1 nM concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) were sprayed on African violet grown under greenhouse conditions to estimate its effect on the flower expression of the plant. These solutions were sprayed on the shoots of the plant on three occasions, 21, 28 and 35 days after being potted. Salicyliclate at 0.1 nM increased the number of leaves from 16 to 19, the number of flower primordia from 8 to 14, the rosette diameter from 130 to 177 mm in comparison with the control. The same concentration induce flowering at 74 days of plant age whilest the control plants last 89 days to flower.
... "Festival" sprayed with 3 mM salicylic acid showed the highest significant mean values for number of leaves per plant, crown numbers per plant, and leaf area per plant in both growing seasons. Similar results were obtained by Rao and Shantoram (2000), Martin-Mex et al. (2005), Gad et al. (2007), and El-Korany and Mohamed (2008). The obtained results complement those reported by Hancock (1999). ...
... This result was supported by Raskin, et al. (1987) who confirmed that salicylic acid functioned as endogenous growth regulator for flowering and florigenic effects. The current study complements those reported by Rao and Shantoram (2000), Martin-Mex et al. (2005), Gad et al. (2007), and El-Korany and Mohamed et al. (2008). ...
... The results of the current study generally match the results reported by other researchers (Rao and Shantoram, 2000;Martin-Mex et al., 2005;Gad et al., 2007). ...
The effects of salicylic acid on growth, flowering, yield, yield components, and fruit quality of three strawberry cultivars (Festival, Sweet Charli, and Vertona) were investigated during the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 growing seasons. Foliar applications of salicylic acid at 0, 1, 2, and 3 mM levels were applied to strawberry cultivars growing outside in a split plot, using a randomized complete block design. Application of a salicylic acid foliar spray at the 3 mM level significantly increased vegetative growth, number of flower clusters, and earliness in the treated strawberry cultivars. Of the treated cultivars, Festival produced the highest fruit yields per plant, along with an extended production season, and lowest percentage of gray mold. The Vertona cultivar had a higher total soluble tissue than the other cultivars, and the Sweet Charli cultivar had the highest titratable acidity.
... Growth enhancing effects of SA depends upon the plant species, concentration of SA and developmental stage (Rivas-San Vicente and Plasencia 2011). It was found that shoot and root growth was enhanced by 20% and 45% with 100 µM and 10 mM SA application, respectively, in African violet flowers (Martín-Mex et al. 2005). Moreover, when 100 µM concentration of SA supplied to wheat grains, it resulted in increased dry mass, fresh weight and leaf number per plant of seedlings (Hayat et al. 2010). ...
... Moreover, SA application enhanced growth and flowering in Calendula officinalis L. (Pacheco et al. 2013). Also, in ornamental plant Sinningia speciosa, foliar spray of SA promoted anticipated flowering as compared to the untreated ones (Martín-Mex et al. 2005). Another confirmation has been obtained which shows that SA-stimulated flowering is dependent upon FCA, FVE, LD genes of autonomous pathway (Martínez et al. 2004). ...
Salicylic acid (SA) has multiple functions in plants, either under optimal or environmental stress conditions. In salt-stressed plants, SA in coordination with other plant hormones (e.g., auxins, abscisic acid, gibberellins) and other signaling molecules can take part to the finely tuned regulatory network, to promote the stimulation of plant defenses aimed at counteracting the salt-triggered harmful effects. This review summarizes the most updated literature dealing with the roles of SA in salt-stressed plants with the aim to provide a comprehensive picture about physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms mediated by SA during salt stress, to highlight the possible beneficial effect of SA supplementation and to orientate the direction of future research on this topic.
... Also spraying this hormone leads to a significant increase in leaf area, length and diameter of flower buds, stalk length, and also increase the fresh and dry weight of the plant and improve the quality of rose cut flowers (Mansouri et al., 2015). Investigating the effect of salicylic acid on growth and flowering of African violets was done by Martin et al. (2005) by means of0, 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 μM concentrations through spraying 18, 25 and 32 days after transferring the plants to the pot. It was observed that at all concentrations were increasedby 16% in leaf volume compared to the control. ...
... So, the best treatment for growth and flowering of this plant was 0.001 μM of salicylic acid. From this experiment, it can be concluded that salicylates have a significant effect on parameters such as the number of flowers per plant and number of days until the flowering of African violets (Martin et al., 2005). To investigate the effect of salicylic acid on flowering of Gloxinia, an experiment was designed by Martin et al. (2015) andduring this experiment, four treatments, different concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 0001, 0.01 and 0.1 μM) on 18th, 25th and 32nd days after flowering were sprayed on the potted plant and the researchers achieved fascinating results. ...
... The increased percentage of emergence and biomass with increasing dose is probably due to increased SA in plant cells, as reported in other crops. For example, increased percentage of emergence and growth was observed by Singh and Usha 40 and Dolatabadian et al. 41 in wheat seeds, Tavares et al. 28 in rice, Khodary 42 in maize, Jadhav and Bhamburdekar 43 and Szepesi et al. 44 in tomato, Martin-Mex et al. 45 in African violet, McCue et al. 46 in pea seeds, Almeida et al. 47 in wheat and barley seeds which revealed that MeSA accelerates germination greatly. Seed treatment with MeSA may help in the metabolic pentose phosphate pathway, benefiting the hydrolysis of reserves and increasing the availability of energy to the germination process and seedling emergence 25 . ...
... Seed treatment with MeSA may help in the metabolic pentose phosphate pathway, benefiting the hydrolysis of reserves and increasing the availability of energy to the germination process and seedling emergence 25 . Several reports were published in the last decade demonstrating the role of SA applied as seed soaking treatment on various physiological processes [44][45][46][47] . It was shown that the pre-soaking of pea seeds in SA had a beneficial effect on growth and photosynthesis 48 . ...
Methyl salicylate (MeSA) is a volatile organic compound synthesized from salicylic acid (SA) a plant hormone that helps to fight against plant disease. Seed treatment with MeSA, is an encouraging method to the seed industry to produce more growth and yield. The aim of our study is to find out the growth, development and disease tolerance of rice seed treated with different concentrations of MeSA. Also the seed treatments were studied to determine whether they directly influenced seedling emergence and growth in rice (Oryza sativa L) cultivars ‘IR 20, IR 50, IR 64, ASD 16, ASD 19 and ADT 46’ under greenhouse condition. MeSA seed treatments at 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg /L significantly increased seedling emergence. Effects were stronger in IR 50, and IR 64 and the effects were dose dependent, although the relationship between dose and effect was not always linear. MeSA seed treated rice plant against bacterial blight were analyzed. Bacterial blight was more effectively controlled by the seed treated with 100 mg/L than others. These results suggest that seed treatment with MeSA alters plant physiology in ways that may be useful for crop production as well as protection.
... The stimulatory role of H 2 O 2 and SA could be attributed to early development of phenological stages in field crops (Sakhabutdinova et al. 2003;Kreslavski et al. 2009;Ghani et al. 2021). Numerous investigations have indicated the role of SA and H 2 O 2 in flowering, crop growth, and maturity (Martin-Mex et al. 2005;Wang et al. 2016Wang et al. , 2017Ishibashi et al. 2011). Exogenous application of ascorbic acid and MLE used in this study also delayed the phenology of cotton crop. ...
... The stimulatory role of H 2 O 2 and SA could be attributed to early development of phenological stages in field crops (Sakhabutdinova et al. 2003;Kreslavski et al. 2009;Ghani et al. 2021). Numerous investigations have indicated the role of SA and H 2 O 2 in flowering, crop growth, and maturity (Martin-Mex et al. 2005;Wang et al. 2016Wang et al. , 2017Ishibashi et al. 2011). Exogenous application of ascorbic acid and MLE used in this study also delayed the phenology of cotton crop. ...
Different environmental conditions affect the phenology and insect/disease incidence in cotton crop. Studies on modulatory role of plant growth stimulants on cotton phenology, insect/disease incidence, and the bolls opening under various thermal regimes/sowing dates under field conditions are lacking. In this study, different growth stimulants, e.g., hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2-30 ppm), salicylic acid (SA-50 ppm), moringa leaf extract (MLE-30 times diluted), and ascorbic acid (AsA-70 ppm), were applied at squaring, flowering, and boll formation. June/late thermal regime showed higher incidence of CLCV, insect-infected bolls, and unopened bolls than April/early and May/normal sowing dates. Among the biostimulants, foliar spray of H 2 O 2 and SA (averaged across) reduced the incidence of CLCV, cotton boll worms, and unopened bolls by 25%, 30%, and 29% in June thermal regime than water-treated plants of respective sowing date. April thermal regime took more days for the accumulation of required growing degree days for all phenological components, i.e., days to squaring, flowering, boll splition, boll maturation period, and node number for first fruiting branch, while June thermal regime took less days to initiate these phenological stages. Foliar spray of H 2 O 2 and SA (averaged across) increased earliness at squaring and flowering by 12% and 7%, respectively under April thermal regime while MLE and AsA delayed earliness. The results indicate that exogenous application of SA and H 2 O 2 could improve cotton phenology but reduce the insect and disease incidence under field conditions.
... Pure inbred lines of maize, brought by the supervisor doctor, have been used and input in a semi-diallel-crosse program according to the second model of (10). charides ready to support shoot system growth and cause late flowering, this result agrees with what's found by (14), who suggested that the plants sprayed with salicylic acid would early reach ear flowering. The interaction between spray treatments with salicylic and genotypes concentration has a significant effect; the same table shows the dominance of 2X1 hybrid plant cultured in 400 salicylic concentration with an average rate of 58.33 in the spring season with no difference from two cooperative hybrids. ...
An experiment was conducted at Al- Hamidhia Research Fields, Faculty of Agriculture / Al- Anbar University in North Ramadi city to study the levels of salicylic acid 0, 200 and 400 mg. L-1 and fifteen genotypes (5 inbred lines + 10 hybrids) of maize. A randomized complete block design was used in a slit table arrangement; thus, the main treatments are for salicylic spray, and the secondary tables are for genotypes (inbred lines and hybrids). Three replications were made to produce two-purpose hybrids (grain and forage yield) by introducing some inbred lines and maize hybrids grown by the semi-co-breeding program. Results have shown the dominance of hybrid BK104× Zm6 giving the highest product of leaves staying green that reached 222.1g and 8.9 leaves, successively in the spring season. In comparison, the hybrid Inb-27× BK104 has dominated in the fall season, giving yield and leaves stay green as 247.01g and 9.45 leaves successively. The reason for these hybrids dominance returned to their dominance with grains numbered a row, grain weight and dominance of salicylic acid concentration 400 mg.L-1 for both seasons, giving the highest yield as 179.10 and 177.33g and didn't differ significantly from salicylic acid concentration 200 mg.L-1. The interaction treatments were significant for all the traits, except the trait of 300 grains weight for the spring season. So, we recommend using 200 mg.L-1 concentration of salicylic acid and the dominant hybrids in yield for both seasons. Keywords: AS, Inbred lines, Diallel crops, plant growth regulator, grains yield, grain weight.
... The role of bioactive SA in flowering, ion uptake, and stomatal and photosynthetic regulation has been explored in detail Kadioglu et al. 2011). It has been reported that SA can increase leaf number and area in plants like violets (Martin-Mex et al. 2001). The suppressive effect of exogenous SA at rates of >1 mM has also been reported according to which SA had a conflicting role in plant metabolism. ...
The decay of vegetables and fruits causes a major loss to the harvested produce. Synthetic pesticides and fungicides have been used frequently to overcome the degradation in perishable produce. These chemicals are harmful to the environment and human health. Therefore, environmental safe methods and techniques are required to be adopted to maintain the preserve quality of harvested produce, one of such is the application of salicylic acid (SA). SA plays a critical role in the regulation of cascade responses against stress and developmental processes of plants. This chapter emphasizes the biosynthesis and metabolism of the SA in plants. In addition, we have elaborated the role of preharvest factors that affect the postharvest quality of perishable crops. The impact of SA on ethylene production also has been described in detail. SA also plays a significant role in reducing the occurrence of diseases of horticultural produce by promoting systemically acquired pathogen resistance mechanisms. It also modulates antioxidant enzyme activities, thus reducing oxidative stress and increasing horticultural products’ resistance to chilling injury. Therefore, SA may be successfully used as an alternative to toxic synthetic chemicals for postharvest management of fresh horticultural products to improve shelf life and ensure food health.
... The role of bioactive SA in flowering, ion uptake, and stomatal and photosynthetic regulation has been explored in detail Kadioglu et al. 2011). It has been reported that SA can increase leaf number and area in plants like violets (Martin-Mex et al. 2001). The suppressive effect of exogenous SA at rates of >1 mM has also been reported according to which SA had a conflicting role in plant metabolism. ...
Salicylic acid (SA) is an imperative plant hormone that regulates plant growth, photosynthesis, and different metabolic processes. SA as a signaling molecule plays an imperative role in plant acclimation against different abiotic stresses. The impact of exogenously applied SA on the processes of photosynthesis under optimal and suboptimal conditions is controversial. The SA application improves the stomatal conductance, electron transportation, and antioxidant activities at lower concentration and thus improves the photosynthetic efficiency. The mode of SA action depends on the plant species, environmental conditions and method, and the dose of SA application. The suboptimal environmental conditions can increase the endogenous SA levels which provide them protection against these conditions. Moreover, exogenously applied SA alleviates the negative effects of different stresses and improves the plants’ photosynthetic efficiency and their acclimation to changing environmental conditions. Therefore, in this chapter, we discussed the role of SA on photosynthesis under normal and stressed conditions.
... The role of bioactive SA in flowering, ion uptake, and stomatal and photosynthetic regulation has been explored in detail Kadioglu et al. 2011). It has been reported that SA can increase leaf number and area in plants like violets (Martin-Mex et al. 2001). The suppressive effect of exogenous SA at rates of >1 mM has also been reported according to which SA had a conflicting role in plant metabolism. ...
Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heavy metals, metalloids, cold, UV‐B radiation, etc., are a challenge to crop yields and agricultural productivity. These stresses individually or combined induce several adverse effects in plant growth and development, including biochemical, physiological, and molecular processes, and finally reduce 50–70% of crop yield. Phytohormones such asauxins, brassinosteroids (BRs), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs), (GAs), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene, and gibberellin play a significant role in plants’ growth and alleviate the plant tolerance to different abiotic stresses. In particular, being an endogenous plant growth regulator and a signaling molecule, SA involves in the regulations of plant signaling processes to ameliorate stress tolerance. Thus, in several recent studies, SA has increasingly been acknowledged in improving plant stress‐tolerance via SA‐involved metabolic processes. It is considered a mitigating tool and all‐rounder in plants and also is well known that SA theoretically generates a wide range of metabolic processes in plants under different stress conditions. Although it actively mitigates plants under adverse environmental conditions, SA‐induced plant tolerance remains least discussed. Accordingly, understanding the recent updates of SA mechanism in plants would help to speed up the process of developing plants’ abiotic stress tolerance. According to recent reports, in this book chapter, we present an overview of SA's background and biosynthesis under both different stress and normal conditions in plants. Besides, we review the SA functions in plants and cross‐talk potential mechanisms and finally highlight unexplored aspects of SA significantly.
... SA activates alternative respiration, thus, producing heat and causing volatilization of putrid smelling compounds to attract pollinating insects (Chen et al. 2009). Previous studies reported that SA treated Carica papaya plants successfully produced higher fruit sets (Martin-Mex et al. 2005). The spray of low concentrations of SA significantly enhanced fruit yield in cucumber and tomato plants (Larque-Saavedra and Martin-Mex 2007). ...
In present time, the ever-increasing development has contributed a lot towards the polluted environment. This has led to contamination of soil and water bodies used in agricultural fields which adversely affects the crop plants. Thus, it has become a major concern, and there is a need to improve the tolerance of plants towards several kinds of abiotic stresses such as heavy metal, pesticides, salinity etc. as well as various biotic stresses. It is well known that, on stress exposure plants initiate a signaling mechanism against it; therefore the role of different plant hormones is being studied under stressed conditions. Salicylic acid (SA) is one of them; it is an anti-oxidant phytohormone as well as a signal molecule which plays an important role in plant defense against a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses. Against the stress, SA has shown to interact with nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and other different molecules which are still being explored. Application of SA has shown to regulate various physiological processes in the plants exposed to stress but whether SA performs this via production of different metabolites or using which mechanistic pathway is still not completely understood. In plants, several signal transduction pathways run in response to disease resistance such as jasmonic acid, ethylene and obviously salicylic acid too. In the future, research on salicylic acid and its application in crop plants may make them more tolerant to pathogen associated diseases and other stresses. This chapter focuses on the major stresses in environment, ROS signaling mechanisms which are linked to SA signal transduction pathway and the ways by which they ultimately execute stress tolerance response in the plants, which is an area of interest still being understood by researchers.
... SA application increases the plant height because of increased rubisco chemical action and photosynthetic activity [12]. SA causes plant growth to increase with increasing cell division in both stem and roots, thus increasing plant height under greenhouse and field conditions [13]. ...
Marigold (Tagetes patula) is one of the popular annual, herbaceous, attractive flowers. Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic phytohor�mone and is found in plants with roles in plant growth and development, photosynthesis, transpiration, ion uptake and transport.
This research was conducted to assess the effects of foliar application of salicylic acid on growth and yield of marigold from July
2019 to November 2019. The research was conducted in the horticulture field of IAAS, Lamjung Campus, Nepal under Randomized
Complete Block Design with three replications and six treatments viz. (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500) ppm of salicylic acid. The marigold
flowers were harvested when the outer petals unfold nearly perpendicular to the stem. Parameters like plant height, plant width,
days to flowering, number of flower diameter and total yield were observed and analyzed using SPSS. Greater plant height was found
on treatment 500 ppm which is statistically on par with 400 ppm and 300 ppm and lowest at 0 ppm. Similarly, plant width is greater
in 500 ppm while the lowest in 0ppm. Days to flowering were lower in 500 ppm which is statistically similar with 400 ppm, 300 ppm
and 200 ppm and higher in 0 ppm. Best results were found in 500 ppm with the number of flowers, the diameter of the flower, and
flower yield. Thus, results revealed that increasing the concentration of salicylic acid increases the production of marigold.
... At drought condition leaf numbers of violet and gloxinia were enhanced by 10% using SA (Martin-Mex et al., 2005). These observations uphold by the present study. ...
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone that plays major role to modulate the impacts of different abiotic stresses especially drought. Current pot experiment was conducted to find out the possible drought stress mitigation by SA in pansy flower in Cholistan desert conditions of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. For this purpose, plants were grown under four different drought levels i.e. 100%, 80%, 60% and 40% field capacity (FC). For the control of drought stress, three different concentrations of salicylic acid (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mmol L-1) were used and compared with non SA application. The experiment was conducted at research area of Department of Horticultural Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. The pots were arranged according to completely randomized design (CRD) with two factor factorial arrangement which were replicated thrice. The results showed that lowest drought level i.e. 100% and 60% FC produced maximum vegetative and reproductive growth. Plant height, flower diameter, root length, number of leaves and root fresh weight were produced under 80% FC. SA concentration of 0.5 to 1.0mmol L-1 proved to be satisfactory level for the mitigation of drought stress whereas 1.5mmol L-1 SA and maximum drought level (40% FC) reduces the plant morphological characteristics. All parameters were reduced tremendously with 40% FC which indicated the susceptibility of pansy flower under severe drought conditions. From this study it can be concluded that pansy flowers can be grown successfully under medium drought conditions and 0.5-1.0mmol L-1 SA are ideal dose for successful plant growth under hot and harsh climatic conditions of Cholistan desert.
... ers is its role in the process of signaling of the plant hormones during transition from the vegetative to reproductive phase (Barth et al. 2006). The same explanation may be true for the role of thiamine as a vitamin in increasing the number of flowers.Mansoori et al. (2015) revealed that thiamine increased the number of flowers in gerbera plants.Martin-Mex et al. (2005)observed that lower concentration of SA induces flowering and increases the number of flower buds in African violet. Higher number of flowers has been reported in bachelor button plants treated with SA (Kamali et al. 2012). On the other hand, Seyed Hajizadeh and Aliloo (2013) stated that floret number decreased in cut Lilium when SA was ...
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is a major ornamental plant with high economic importance. The effect of various rates of salicylic acid (SA) (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg l-1) and thiamine (100 and 150 mg l-1) was studied on some morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of cut chrysanthemums in an experiment on the basis of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the highest stem diameter, stem length, flower diameter, flower number, cut flower number, carotenoid, shoot fresh weight and root uptake were related to thiamine rate of 100 mg l-1. Thiamine rate of 150 mg l-1 was associated with the highest vase life, chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll. The highest reduced sugar and the lowest flowering time were observed in flowers treated with 150 mg l-1 SA. Also, the highest peroxidase was related to SA rate of 200 mg l-1. In total, it was found that thiamine and SA play an important role in improving morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of cut chrysanthemums. However, different rates of these two compounds entailed various impacts. Citation: Babarabie M, Zarei H and Badeli S, 2018. Morphological, physiological and biochemical response of Chrysanthemum to thiamine and salicylic acid. Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 8(2): 109-120.
... Since salicylic acid increases some growth regulators including cytokinins, and cytokinins stimulate the growth of lateral buds (Krantev et al. 2008), these results are predictable. The present results are consistent with the study of Martin- Mex et al. (2005), who reported the increase of the number of lateral branches due to salicylic acid foliar application in African violets. ...
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most widely consumed fruit vegetables throughout the world. In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of salicylic acid (0.00, 0.001, 0.01, 0.10, and 1.00 mM) and two methods of its application (foliar spraying or seed priming) were investigated on morphological and physiological traits of greenhouse cucumber cv. Dream. The application methods were one-time foliar application in four-leaf stage of seedlings and seed priming in salicylic acid solutions for 24 h. Results showed that the highest values for stem length, number of branches, number of leaves, number of fruits per plant, fruit diameter, fresh and dry weight of stems, and dry weight of leaves and fruits were obtained in seeds priming of 0.01 mM salicylic acid and other measured traits were also improved compared with control. In addition, the prevalence of disease was not observed in 0.01 mM salicylic acid. Furthermore, in treatment of 0.01 mM salicylic acid, stem diameter and stem fresh weight showed a significant increase compared with control. The highest fresh and dry weight and root volume were obtained by foliar application of 0.01 mM salicylic acid. The highest percentage of potassium and phosphorus in leaf samples were observed by foliar application of 0.10 and 1.00 mM salicylic acid. Thus, the best values for the measured traits were observed by seed priming with 0.01 mM salicylic acid.
... (Shaaban andMahmoud 2012, Larqué andMartin 2007). SA is one of the growth regulators which is now in demand by the producers to enhance the papaya production by about 20% (Herrera-Tuz, 2004;Martin-Mex et al., 2005). Moreover, in other plants, grown in green house and in open conditions, the lower concentration (10 -6 M) of SA increased the fruit yield from 90 to 120 ton/ha in commercial plantations without affecting the quality of fruits. ...
... These results were in conformity with Hayat and Ahmad (2007); Hayat et al. (2010) who had reported similar results. The findings are in line with Martin et al. (2005) in African violates. The maximum shelf life of flower (50.14 days) was found under the treatment SA 1 (100 ppm), which decreased (49.97 days) with SA 2 (200 ppm) and control attained minimum shelf life (44.92 ...
A field experiment was conducted during the year 2018-2019 to study the effect of spacing (50×50, 50×60 and 50×75), dose of vermi-compost (0, 5.0 and 10.0 ton/ha) and foliar application of salicylic acid (0, 100 and 200 ppm) on the growth, flowering and soil health of chrysanthemum. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with twenty seven treatments and three replications. Significant improvement in growth and flowering characters was recorded with closer spacing (50×50 cm) except plant spread, number of flowers/plant, weight of individual flower, diameter of flower, shelf life and stalk length while, plants grown at wider spacing had maximum available NPK in post harvested soil. Gradual increases doses of vermicompost for 0 to 10.0 ton/ha significantly improved plant growth, flowering and yield attributing traits alongwith higher availability of NPK in post harvested soil. Among the foliar spray of salicylic acid, salicylic acid (100 ppm) significantly produced good plant growth and flower yield except induced early flowering and 50% flowering however, control showed maximum availability of NPK in post-harvested soil. Among the combined combinations, maximum flower yield/plant was recorded with treatment combination T26 (S3+VC2+SA1) and treatment combination T8 (S1+VC2+SA1) resulted in maximum flower yield/plot and flower yield/ha during course of study.
... Martinez et al., (2004) and decreasing the duration of first flower opening on the spike might be due to the given emergence of floral bud (36). These results were in conformity with (37,38). The maximum spike length (101.54cm) and rachis length (69.01cm) was recorded with 50 ppm salicylic acid sprayed. ...
ABSTRTACT A field experiment was conducted during the year 2008-2009 to study the effect of spacing (20x10, 20x20 and 20x30), dose of vermicompost (0, 1.0 and 2.0 ton/ha) and foliar application of salicylic acid(0, 50 and 100 ppm) on the growth and flowering of gladiolus. Significant improvement in growth and flowering characters was recorded with the corm planted at wider spacing (20x20) over those grown at closer spacing (20x10 and 20x20). Gradual increase in the dose of vermicompost for 0 to 2.0 tone/ha significantly improved plant growth and flowering quality. Higher concentration of salicylic acid (100 ppm) significantly notably produced good plant growth and flower yield but also induced early flowering during the course of study.
... Increased plant height in marigold with the application of SA could be the increased rubisco chemical action and photosynthetic rate. According to [23], SA cause an increase in plant growth with increasing cell division in both stem and root, hence increasing plant height (~23%) under greenhouse and field condition. Furthermore, foliar application of SA treatment on African violets increased length of petioles and improved height in onion [7]. ...
Salicylic acid (SA) is an emerging plant growth regulator that acts as signaling molecule in plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. SA also exerts a stimulatory effect on different physiological processes of plant growth but its association with leaf pigments and flowering is
less known. Current experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous application of different doses of SA on marigold (Tagetes sp.) in greenhouse condition. Marigold (Tagetes
sp. L) plants were randomly divided in 4 groups and treated exogenously with four different concentrations of SA (T0: 0 (only water), T1: 40, T2: 80 and T3: 120 mg/L). The solutions were
sprayed on aerial parts of plant after 60 days of sowing. Results analysis showed that T3 (120 mg/L SA solution) showed maximum number of leaves plant-1(30.38), highest plant height (50.63 cm), more number of inflorescence, greater stem diameter (7.84 mm), maximum fresh weight of flowers (11.90 g), and maximum dry weight of flower (1.25 g). Whereas, minimum number of leaves (22.74), lowest plant height (40.8 cm), less number of inflorescence, smaller stem diameter (4.75 mm), minimum fresh flower weight (7.13 g), and minimum dry flower weight (0.7 g) were observed in T0. Furthermore, various leaf pigments were found higher in T3. Present study concluded that T3 treatment of SA improved leaf pigments and morphometric parameters in Marigold. From the aforementioned results, it is suggested that 120 mg/L concentration of SA should be sprayed exogenously before flowering stage, on marigold plants for better growth and flower production.
... Increased plant height in marigold with the application of SA could be the increased rubisco chemical action and photosynthetic rate. According to [23], SA cause an increase in plant growth with increasing cell division in both stem and root, hence increasing plant height (~23%) under greenhouse and field condition. Furthermore, foliar application of SA treatment on African violets increased length of petioles and improved height in onion [7]. ...
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an emerging plant growth regulator that acts as signaling molecule in
plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. SA also exerts a stimulatory effect on different
physiological processes of plant growth but its association with leaf pigments and flowering is
less known. Current experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous application
of different doses of SA on marigold (Tagetes sp.) in greenhouse condition. Marigold (Tagetes
sp. L) plants were randomly divided in 4 groups and treated exogenously with four different
concentrations of SA (T0: 0 (only water), T1: 40, T2: 80 and T3: 120 mg/L). The solutions were
sprayed on aerial parts of plant after 60 days of sowing. Results analysis showed that T3 (120
mg/L SA solution) showed maximum number of leaves plant-1
(30.38), highest plant height
(50.63 cm), more number of inflorescence, greater stem diameter (7.84 mm), maximum fresh
weight of flowers (11.90 g), and maximum dry weight of flower (1.25 g). Whereas, minimum
number of leaves (22.74), lowest plant height (40.8 cm), less number of inflorescence, smaller
stem diameter (4.75 mm), minimum fresh flower weight (7.13 g), and minimum dry flower
weight (0.7 g) were observed in T0. Furthermore, various leaf pigments were found higher in
T3. Present study concluded that T3 treatment of SA improved leaf pigments and morphometric
parameters in Marigold. From the aforementioned results, it is suggested that 120 mg/L
concentration of SA should be sprayed exogenously before flowering stage, on marigold plants
for better growth and flower production.
Keywords: Flower production; Growth variables; Leaf pigments; Marigold; SA
concentration; Tagetes spp
... Additionally, a comprehensive study of Rihan et al. [48] verified that cold tolerance in cauliflower plants (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) improved by utilising Mo in artificial seeds [49][50][51]. ...
... HERKLOTZ (1964) found that a day and night temperature of 25 °C favored regeneration from leaf cuttings than all other day/night temperature combinations ranging from 15 °C to 30 °C. MARTÍN-MEX & al. (2005) found that the application of 0.001 µM salicylic acid significantly increased the number of leaves (19 vs 16 in the control) and floral buds (14 vs 8 in the control), as well as rosette diameter (177 mm vs 139 mm in the control), and shortened the days to flowering (74 vs 89 in the control). A similar finding by JABBARZADEH & al. (2009) also confirmed the positive effects of a foliar application of 1 × 10 5 M salicylic acid on vegetative growth and flowering of African violet in terms of the number of leaves, rosette diameter, the number of flower buds and the number of days from planting to anthesis. ...
African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl.) has been domesticated, bred and commercialized. It is the most famous and popular of the Saintpaulia species, its ornamental value arising from its attractive leaves and flowers. African violet plants are easy to propagate by adventitious organ regeneration and are very sensitive to environmental factors including light, temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration and photoperiod. This review offers a short synthesis on advances made in conventional vegetative propagation by adventitious organ regeneration, select early historical in vitro developmental perspectives, and vegetative and reproductive development of African violet.
... önemli bir rol oynamaktadır.Martin-Mex et al. 2005;Shimakawa et al. 2012). Salisilik asidin çiçeklenmeyi teşvik edici etkisi sadece stres koşulları altında gözlenmiş; bu nedenle SA'nın çiçeklenme için gerekli olabildiği bildirilmiş; fakat çiçeklenmeyi teşvik etmek için yeterli olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. ...
... Its effects different physiological processes as stomatal closure, somatic embryogenesis, induction of flowering, root growth stimulation and thermogenesis (Quiroz et al., 2001;Gutierrez-Coronado et al., 1998), root and shoot growth stimulation (Ahmad et al., 2013). In flowering plants, the salient effect of salicylic acid is reported on different characteristics of flower, the enhancement in flowering of Lemna (Khurana and Cleland, 1962), induction of flowering in Phaseolus (Lagoa and Pereira, 1991) and African violet (Martin-Mex et al., 2005) and flower bud regeneration in Streptocarpus (Handro et al., 1997). Salicylic acid application not only enhance the process of flower initiation in angiosperms (Raskin, 1992) but also have positive effect on chlorophyll concentration, photosynthetic rate and uptake of mineral in plants grown under stress condition (Karlidag, 2009) thus enhance the growth and plant productivity. ...
Gladiolus is very popular among ornamental bulbous plants mainly used as cut flower and greatly demanded in the world floral market. Production of inferior quality spikes is one of the major hurdles for their export. The research was conducted under Faisalabad conditions to evaluate the use of plant growth regulators in order to improve the vegetative, floral and physiological attributes. Gladiolus plants were sprayed thrice with different concentrations (0.1, 0.4, 0.7 and 1mM) of gibberellic acid, benzylaminopurine and salicylic acid at three leaf stage, five leaf stage and slipping stage. Foliar application of 1mM gibberellic acid increased the plant height (122.14cm), spike length (58.41cm), florets spike-1 (13.49), corm diameter (4.43cm), corm weight (25.34g) and total cormel weight (20.45g) compared to benzylaminopurine and salicylic acid. Gibberellic acid at 1mM concentration also increased the total chlorophyll content to 7.72mg/g, total carotenoids (1.61mg/g), total soluble sugars (3.68mg/g) followed by application of benzylaminopurine. Salicylic acid application at 1mM concentration decreased the number of days to flower (64.93) compared to 76.12 days in non treated plants.
Chilling is among the most destructive abiotic stresses and the main limiting factor of crop survival, production, and yields. Salicylic acid (SA) is an endogenous growth regulator from phenol compounds and a signaling molecule that plays a key role in adjusting physiological processes including growth, photosynthesis, and other metabolic processes in plants. Plants’ pretreatment with SA can improve their chilling tolerance. Chilling affects plants by increasing H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the leakage of potassium and soluble sugars to the culture medium, which signifies a disruption in cytoplasmic membrane permeability caused by oxidative damages of the chilling. SA application, especially at low rates (0.5 mM), before chilling treatment can reduce the harms of chilling to the plants. SA partially ameliorates the damages of chilling to cytoplasmic membrane disruptions by increasing growth factors and reducing H 2 O 2 and MDA production, thereby inhibiting the leakage of potassium and soluble sugars to the culture medium. The measurements of the activity of antioxidant enzymes, e.g. catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase, in the shoots and roots of chilling‐exposed plants have revealed the effect of SA in inducing chilling resistance through increasing plants’ antioxidant capacity.
Background: Medical plants production, including borago, is for maximum productivity from
their effective ingredients’. Flowers, leaves and seed oil are medical parts of borago.
Unfortunately, because of little breeding and domestication programs in medical plants,
including borago, their establishments are usually slow. One of the effective techniques for
solving this problem is seed priming. Salicylic acid is a plant hormone which improves growth
and yield under different environmental conditions.
Objective: This experiment was done for founding the best method and concentration on
photosynthetic properties of borago.
Methods: For studding the effect of salicylic acid on some photosynthetic properties of borage
plants (stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration, carboxylation
efficiency and chlorophyll index) an experiment was done in randomized complete design with
three replications. Treatments include borago seeds priming by four concentrations of salicylic
acid (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 µM), plants spraying in two stages with four concentrations of
salicylic acid (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 µM), priming seeds with distilled water (hydropriming)
and dry or control seeds.
Results and Conclusion: Results showed that priming with salicylic acid and especially spraying
with salicylic acid in 1500 µM had significant effect on photosynthesis and photosynthetic
indexes, and finally increased flowers dry weight. The most photosynthetic activity, stomata
conductance, transpiration rate, carboxylation efficiency, the lowest internal CO2 concentration
were found in spraying with 1500 and priming with 500 µM SA. In addition, the highest
chlorophyll index was found in spraying with 2000 µM and priming by 500 µM SA. On the other
hand, any treatment by SA had not any significant effects on basic water use efficiency (WUEb).
It seems that treating plants by SA by any ways leads to increasing plants performance
compared to untreated seed or plants, even hydroprimed seeds.
Plants respond to water deficit through several mechanisms. Among which, plant hormones play an important role in induction to abiotic stress tolerance. To bring this issue closer, an experiment was conducted to examine whether salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) exogenous applications through foliar spray could alleviate detrimental effects of water deficit on Persian petunia. Treatments consisted of water stress in three levels: 100% field capacity (F.C.) as control, 50, and 25% F.C linked with different concentrations of GA3 and SA sprayed at four levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg L–1). Results showed that the dry and fresh biomass, leaf area, photosynthetic pigments levels, relative water content (RWC) and the total number of flowers were significantly (P≤0.01) reduced in response to water deficit. However, free proline concentration and root-to-shoot ratio significantly increased in stressed plants. Plants subjected to severe water stress (25% F.C.), exhibit about 66% stomatal conductance rate lower than the plants grown at 100% F.C. The results showed that SA-treated plants exhibited reduced negative effect of water stress on most of the qualitative and quantitative attributes compared to control, while GA3 application had little impact on studied traits. Importantly, stomatal conductance and RWC were improved in water-stressed plants treated with SA. Moreover, SA-treated plants produced more flowers at all water deficit levels compared to GA3 sprayed plants. It can be concluded that Persian petunia plants respond to water deficit through adaptive changes at biochemical and morphological levels and that adverse effects of water deficit could be alleviated by exogenous application of SA.
61 شماره ، 4 ، زمستان 6317 ص ،. 961-907
Abstract. The experiment was carried out in the lath house at the Station Research of
Horticulture and Landscape Department/College of Agriculture/University of Diyala, Iraq for
the fall season 2016-2017. The experiment included two factors, first one foliar application
with polyamines (PAs), putrescine and spermidine, at concentrations of 0 (distilled water as
control), 50 and 100 mg.l-1 of putrescine, and 50, 100 mg.l-1 of spermidine. The second factor
was foliar spray with salicylic acid (SA) at concentrations of 0, 100 and 200 mg.l-1. Foliar
application of PAs (putrescine and spermidine) led to enhance all vegetative growth and
flowering qualities of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) cv. 'Great Smoky Mountains'. Treatment
with 100 mg.l-1 of spermidine gave the best results in terms of number of leaves, leaves area,
relative chlorophyll content of leaves, flowering date, length and diameter of flower stalk,
percentage of dry material in flowers. While, treatment with 100 mg.l-1 of putrescine gave the
best results in terms of percentage of leaves dry material, number of flowers, and flower
diameter. Foliar spray with SA affected positively in most vegetative and flowering qualities of
gerbera, the best results were achieved when sprayed with 200 mg.l-1 in terms of percentage of
leaves dry material, number of flowers, flower diameter, flower stalk length, percentage of
flowers dry material. While, spraying with 100 mg.l-1 gave the best results in terms of number
of leaves, leaves area, relative chlorophyll content of leaves, flowering date and diameter of
flower stalk. Interaction between PAs (putrescine and spermidine) and SA showed significant
improvement in all vegetative and flowering characters of gerbera. Treatment of 100 mg.l-1 of
spermidine combined with 100 mg.l-1 of salicylic acid gave the best results in terms of number
of leaves, leaf area, relative chlorophyll content in leaves, flowering date, flower diameter,
length and diameter of flower stalk, percentage of flowers dry material. Treatment of 100 mg.l-
1 of putrescine combined with 200 mg.l-1 of salicylic acid was surpassed in giving best total
content of carbohydrate in leaves and number of flowers.
Tomato is grown during late summer under field conditions is exposed to heat stress which affects fruit setting, productivity and quality. Thus, tomato cultivations require protection against hot weather to improve fruit setting, productivity and quality under these unfavorable conditions. Thus, two field trails were carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Fac. of Agric., Moshtohor, Benha Univ., Egypt, during late summer seasons of 2016 and 2017, to evaluate the performance of tomato cv. Super Strain B solid or intercropped with maize, cv. SC 176 or TWC 324, under foliar application of some growth stimulants to improve flower set, tomato and maize production as well as land use efficiency and economics of intercropping. The treatments were assigned at random in strip-plot design in three replications. The vertical strips were occupied with the foliar application of growth stimulants (without spraying (control), Salicylic acid at 100 (SA1) and 200 ppm (SA2) and yeast extract at 5% (YE1) and 10% (YE2). Cropping systems (solid tomato, solid maize SC 176, solid maize TWC 324, intercropping tomato/maize SC 176 and tomato/maize TWC 324) were arranged in horizontal strips. Results clearly indicated that: Spraying maize and tomato plants with growth stimulants significantly increased growth, yield and its components, quality traits (grain protein content of maize and fruit contents of TSS and vitamin C) and reduced unmarketable yield compared with control. The maximum values of these traits were achieved by applying YE2, except, fruit contents of TSS and vitamin C. The best results for these two traits were gained by SA2. The highest increases in grain yield ha-1 was 12.80 and 11.67 % for maize and 18.27 and 18.90 % for total fruit yield ha-1 and 20.10 and 19.70% for marketable yield ha-1 for tomato when YE2 was used compared to control treatment in first and second seasons, respectively. Intercropping maize with tomato significantly increased topmost ear leaf area, No. of green leaves plant-1 , ear characters and grain protein content %. Meanwhile, the maximum grain yield ha-1 was detected under solid maize cv.176 (7.67 ton) as average in both seasons. The maximum values of plant fresh and dry weights, fruit number plant-1 and setting %, fruit weight, fruit yield per plant and total and marketable yield per ha were achieved by intercropping tomato with maize TWC 324 and using YE2 in both seasons. Intercropping tomato with maize TWC 324 and YE2 resulted in maximum values of LER estimated to 2.02, ATER 1.69, net return L.E. 53,906 ha-1 and MAI L.E. 41,263 ha-1 as average of the two seasons.
Tomato is grown during late summer under field conditions is exposed to heat stress which affects fruit setting, productivity and quality. Thus, tomato cultivations require protection against hot weather to improve fruit setting, productivity and quality under these unfavorable conditions. Thus, two field trails were carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Fac. of Agric., Moshtohor, Benha Univ., Egypt, during late summer seasons of 2016 and 2017, to evaluate the performance of tomato cv. Super Strain B solid or intercropped with maize, cv. SC 176 or TWC 324, under foliar application of some growth stimulants to improve flower set, tomato and maize production as well as land use efficiency and economics of intercropping. The treatments were assigned at random in strip-plot design in three replications. The vertical strips were occupied with the foliar application of growth stimulants (without spraying (control), Salicylic acid at 100 (SA1) and 200 ppm (SA2) and yeast extract at 5% (YE1) and 10% (YE2). Cropping systems (solid tomato, solid maize SC 176, solid maize TWC 324, intercropping tomato/maize SC 176 and tomato/maize TWC 324) were arranged in horizontal strips. Results clearly indicated that: Spraying maize and tomato plants with growth stimulants significantly increased growth, yield and its components, quality traits (grain protein content of maize and fruit contents of TSS and vitamin C) and reduced unmarketable yield compared with control. The maximum values of these traits were achieved by applying YE2, except, fruit contents of TSS and vitamin C. The best results for these two traits were gained by SA2. The highest increases in grain yield ha-1 was 12.80 and 11.67 % for maize and 18.27 and 18.90 % for total fruit yield ha-1 and 20.10 and 19.70% for marketable yield ha-1 for tomato when YE2 was used compared to control treatment in first and second seasons, respectively. Intercropping maize with tomato significantly increased topmost ear leaf area, No. of green leaves plant-1 , ear characters and grain protein content %. Meanwhile, the maximum grain yield ha-1 was detected under solid maize cv.176 (7.67 ton) as average in both seasons. The maximum values of plant fresh and dry weights, fruit number plant-1 and setting %, fruit weight, fruit yield per plant and total and marketable yield per ha were achieved by intercropping tomato with maize TWC 324 and using YE2 in both seasons. Intercropping tomato with maize TWC 324 and YE2 resulted in maximum values of LER estimated to 2.02, ATER 1.69, net return L.E. 53,906 ha-1 and MAI L.E. 41,263 ha-1 as average of the two seasons.
Salicylic acid, a naturally occurring plant hormone of phenolic nature acting as an important signaling molecule adds to tolerance against abiotic stresses (such as heavy metals, ozone, UV-B radiation, high salinity, low/high temperatures, and water stress). These stresses induce various adverse effects in plants, impair biochemical/ physiological and molecular processes, and ultimately cause reductions in plant growth, development and overall bio-productivity. SA is also involved in endogenous signaling to trigger plant defense against biotic stresses including bacteria, virus and fungi. This positive effect of SA could be attributed to an increased CO 2 assimilation and photosynthetic rate, membrane permeability, inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis processes and increased mineral uptake by the stressed plant under the application of SA. This chapter provides a review of the critically appraises the role of SA in plants exposed to major abiotic, biotic and their interaction and also possible mechanisms for abiotic stress responses controlled by SA will be discussed. Recent results show that not only does exogenous SA application moderate stress effects, but abiotic stress factors may also alter the endogenous SA levels in the plant cells. This review compares the roles of SA during different abiotic stresses. We also describe recent successes in identifying the roles of phytohormones under stressful conditions. We conclude by describing the recent progress and future prospects including limitations and challenges of phytohormone engineering for inducing abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Keywords: Salicylic acid; Abiotic stress; Biotic stress; Interaction of biotic and abiotic stress; antioxidant system; plants Salicylic acid, a naturally occurring plant hormone of phenolic nature acting as an important signaling molecule adds to tolerance against abiotic stresses (such as heavy metals toxicity, ozone, UV-B radiation, high salinity, drought and low/high temperature). These stresses induce various adverse effects in plants, impair biochemical/ physiological and molecular processes and ultimately cause reductions in plant growth, development and overall bio-production. SA is also involved in endogenous signaling to trigger plant defense against biotic stresses including bacteria, virus and fungi. This positive effect of SA could be attributed to an increased CO 2 assimilation and photosynthetic rate, membrane permeability, inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis processes and increased mineral uptake by the stressed plant under the application of SA. Recent results strongly suggest that not only does exogenous SA treatment moderate stress effects, but abiotic stress factors may also alter the endogenous SA levels in the plant cells. This review also conclude by describing the recent progress and future prospects including limitations and challenges of phytohormone engineering for inducing abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants also possible mechanisms for abiotic stress responses controlled by SA will be discussed.
Drought is a major limiting factor of wheat production globally. In this research, salicylic acid was used in order to increase drought tolerance in Tamooz 2 of Iraqi wheat. It was observed that the SA treatment had animportant positive impact on the final wheat biomass and on the yield components (spike drying weight, grain dry weight, 1000 grain dry weight). The significant positive role of SA treatment on the up-regulation of CBF14 gene was confirmed. The expression of CBF14 was significantly affected by the developmental stage of wheat plants and the period between SA spray and sampling. We believe that results obtained in this study help to understand more deeply the molecular mechanism of drought tolerance in wheat. It could also have important practical applications, especially for wheat growers in dry climates.
The average yield per acre of tomato in Pakistan is very low as compared to the yield of neighboring countries like India and china. One of the basic reason behind this lag is improper use of chemical fertilizers. This experiment was designed to investigate the influence of different plant extracts (control, moringa 6%, neem 10% and garlic 4%) and salicylic acid (Control, 2, 4 and 6mM) as a foliar spray on the growth and yield of tomato (Cv. Rio Grande) at the University of Agriculture Peshawar-Pakistan during 2018. The design of the experiment was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement. Results in case of plant extracts, the foliar application of moringa 6% gave maximum number of branches plant-1 (9.82), number of flower clusters plant-1 (9.58), number of fruit plant-1 (26.33), fruit length (6.67cm), fruit diameter (4.94 cm), highest yield plant-1 (1.83 kg) and total yield (40.22 tons ha-1) with minimum days to fruiting (32.50). Whereas salicylic acid concentration also effected all the attributes as compared to other levels. Maximum number of branches plant-1 (9.59), number of flower clusters plant-1 (9.17), number of fruit plant-1 (22.08), fruit length (6.80 cm), fruit diameter (4.88 cm), yield plant-1 (1.66 kg), and total yield (37.05 tons ha-1) with minimum days to fruiting (30.42) were recorded with foliar application of salicylic acid. It is concluded that moringa leaf extract (6%) showed best response as compared to other treatments while salicylic acid also enhanced the growth and yield of tomato.
Salicylic acid (SA) may induce toxicity in orchids depending on its concentration and the plant species, but there is no information about the effect of this substance on orchids cultivated in vitro. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of SA on Cymbidium atropurpureo and Phalaenopsis Golden Peoker cultivated in vitro to verify the biological losses caused by the substance’s toxicity. The orchids Cymbidium atropurpureo and Phalaenopsis Golden Peoker were sown in vitro in a Murashige and Skoog (MS)-growth medium and transferred to a medium of the same type containing SA 90 days after sowing. The studied SA concentrations were 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 1000 µmol·L ⁻¹ , and the plants were kept in this medium for 210 days. The treatments were distributed into a completely randomized design with four replications. Biometric variables of the seedlings and electrolyte leakage were evaluated 300 days after sowing. The results indicate that the addition of SA interfered with the in vitro growth and development of seedlings of Cymbidium atropurpureo and Phalaenopsis Golden Peoker, given that it caused all the examined variables to show reduced values and triggered electrolyte leakage, consequently inducing toxicity.
The experiment was carried out in the lathhouse of the station research of horticulture and
landscaping department, College of Agriculture, Diyala University, for the season ٢٠١٥-
٢٠١٦, to study the effect of foliar spray with putrescine at concentrations of ١٠٠ and ٢٠٠ mg/l
in addition to spray with distilled water as a control treatment, and salicylic acid (SA) at
concentrations of ٠, ١٠٠ and ١٥٠ mg/l as well as their combination treatments on vegetative
growth, flowering, and tuberous roots qualities of ranunculus plants (Ranunculus asiaticus L.)
cv. 'Victoria F١', with flowers in orang color. Plants sprayed twice with the concentrations
used in the experiment. The experiment was designed as a factorial experiment (٣×٣) in
accordance with a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replicates. The
results showed that foliar spray with putrescine affected positively in all vegetative growth,
flowering and tuberous roots qualities. Treatment with concentration of ٢٠٠ mg/l gave the
best results. Foliar spray with salicylic acid affected positively in most of vegetative growth,
flowering and tuberous roots qualities, the best results were obtained at concentration of ١٥٠
mg/l for all qualities except flowering date in which the treatment at concentration of ١٠٠
mg/l was surpassed. The interaction between the concentrations of putrescine and salicylic
acid were significantly affected in improving the studied traits. The interaction treatment of
put at ٢٠٠ × SA at ١٠٠ was surpassed in improving the characteristics of leaf area/plant,
flowering date, flower diameter, length and diameter of floral stem, percentage of dry matter
in flowers, number of tuberous roots/ plant and, while the combination treatment of put at ٢٠٠
× SA at ١٥٠ surpassed in improving total carbohydrates in leaves, number of flowers/plant,
tuberous root diameter, percentage of dry matter in roots and content of total carbohydrates in
roots. The interaction treatment of put at ١٠٠ × SA at ١٥٠ was surpassed in improving plant
height, leaf number/plant, content of relative chlorophyll in leaves and percentage of dry
matter in leaves. This study showed the common cooperative effect between foliar spray with
spermidine and salicylic acid in improving the vegetative growth, flowering and tuberous
roots qualities of ranunculus plant.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid at concentrations of 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg l-1 and thiamine of 100 and 150 mg l-1 in both soil (Cattle manure, sand, leaf mold and garden soil) and hydroponic (coco peat and perlite) systems on growth, development and flowering of tuberose in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement with three replications in Research greenhouses of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources at day/night temperature of 28 and 16 degrees Celsius and relative humidity of 75±5%. Treatments as foliar application in two stages (40 and 47 days after planting) was applied on the aerial parts of the plant. Results showed that the highest fresh weight, number of florets, flower diameter, number of leaves belonged to the thiamine treatment of 150 mg l-1. The highest stem diameter and leaf area was obtained in plants treated with salicylic acid of 100 mg l-1. Salicylic acid in concentrations of 200 and 50 mg l-1 created the highest spike and stem height, respectively. The most depth of root development was obtained in thiamine treatment (100 mg l-1). The lowest number of days to head emergence of flowering stems and flowers were related to thiamine treatment (100 and 150 mg l-1) and salicylic acid (50 mg l-1). Comparison of culture bed, showed that hydroponic culture in all measured morphological traits except stem length had the most effect, and the lowest number of days to emergence of flowering head stems and flowers were obtained in soil culture. Overall, it was determined that salicylic acid and thiamine had positive effects on measured traits and are recommended to improve the growth and development of tuberose. Also, considering to the ever increasing use of hydroponic system, it would be justified for the cultivation of tuberose, of course needs more research.
n order to study the effect of salicylic acid (SA) and humic acid (HA) on vegetative properties and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tomato cv. Goldi, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted in a commercial greenhouse in Yasouj, Iran. The first factor was SA at four concentrations (0, 300, 600 and 900 mg/L) and the second factor was HA at four concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 15 g/L). Results showed that application of SA and HA has significant effect on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of tomato cv. Goldi. The highest number of flowers (44.17) and fruits (21.2) was obtained in plants treated with 600 mg/L SA + 15 g/L HA and the lowest number of flowers (27.9) and fruits (13) was obtained in untreated plants. The highest yield (2583 g) was obtained in plants treated with 600 mg/L SA + 15 g/L HA, as compared to untreated plants (1799 g). Application of SA and HA increased total soluble solid and total acidity. The highest amount of vitamin C (11.60 mg/100 cc juice) was obtained in plants treated with 600 mg/L SA + 10 g/L HA, as compared to untreated plants (7.26 mg/100 cc juice). In general, application of 600 mg/L SA + 10-15 g/L HA, to improve quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tomato cv. Goldi in greenhouse culture, is recommended.
Ornamental plants hold an important status in the horticultural industry of the world. Plant growth regulators consist of a large group of naturally occurring or synthetically produced organic chemicals and considered as helping tool in the modern production system of ornamentals. Their exogenous application helps to improve the different economically important and market desirable characteristics of ornamental plants. The use of plant growth regulators is being practiced by the commercial growers of ornamental plants as a part of cultural practice. There are various factors contributing to the efficacy of plant growth regulators and the method of application plays key role in determining the effectiveness of plant growth regulators, as PGRs can be effective if properly absorbed by plants. There are various methods of application of PGRs but the most popular are foliar sprays, drenching and pre-plant soaking while the efficacy of each method depends on the various factors including the mode of absorption of PGRs by different plant parts, method of application and environmental factors. Further development to focus the variables that can affect the response of plant to plant growth regulators will help to increase the efficiency of PGRs and avoid phytotoxicity which can maximize their productivity.
An experiment was set to evaluate effect of salicylic acid (SA) in strawberry bioproductivity (Fragaria ananassa) variety Aromosa of day short. Seedlings of 20 days of cultivation were aspersed in greenhouse once per week in eight occasions, with prepared solutions of salicylic acid: 1, 0.01, 0.0001 µM or water as control. Recorded results after 40 days of treatment demonstrated that aspersed seedlings at tested concentrations increased height of strawberry plant, as well as number of leaves, flowers and fruits. The treatment of 0.0001 µM of SA increased in 23% the number of fruits in comparison with control.
An experiment was conducted during Summer season 2016 to study the “Effect of Plant
growth regulators (PGRs) and Micronutrients on flowering and yield parameters of Green
Gram (Vigna radiate L.)” on central research farm department of biological science,
SHIATS Allahabad. The soil of experimental area falls in order Inceptisol and soil texture
was sandy loam. Two varieties of green gram i.e. IPM-0203 and Ganga-8 was used with
different concentration of Plant Growth regulators salicylic acid 100, 200 ppm,
Brassinolide 0.25, 0.50 ppm, zink 100 ppm and boron 100 ppm of each concentration and
one respective control was used. The best treatment was T3 (Brassinolide 0.25 ppm)
showed the significant increase on number of flowers per plant (39.30), flower fruit ratio
(72.67 %), pollen viability (70 %), number of pods per plant (28.70), pod weight per plant
(11.37 gm), pod length (7.30 cm), harvest index (39.43 %), days of maturity (65 days) in
variety IPM- 0203. The maximum biological yield (24.50 gm), dry weight per plant (30.30
gm), test weight (50.50 gm), treatment T4 (Brassinolide 0.50 ppm ) in variety IPM- 0203.
The maximum day to 50% flowering (40.67 days) in treatment T2 (salicylic acid 200 ppm)
in variety IPM- 0203.
The environment is greatly affected by climatic vagaries resulting in both biotic and abiotic stresses. Stresses occurring at the primary and secondary levels lead to abiotic stresses that consequently affect the yield of crop plants. Agriculture at the global level is unable to meet the rising demands due to the consistent increase in population. Since natural renewable resources have been exploited to the maximum, agriculture is under tremendous pressure. Increased human activity has affected the different ecosystems in a variety of different ways. One of these effects has led to degradation of habitats, including cultivated land. Furthermore, due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and other developments, there is a constant threat to the environment and a depletion of natural resources. Disturbance of the natural habitats/environment results in the degradation of soil and pollution of the water resources. The situation will be further aggravated through climatic changes. The impact on agriculture could result in water scarcity, heat stress, drought, and new diseases, and one can expect to see more frequent flooding and more severe drought. Lack of irrigation water will hamper the fertility of agricultural soils [1]. The role of plant growth regulators/substances in mitigating the various type of stresses in plants is well known and documented [2]. In recent years, salicylic acid has been the focus of intense research due to its function as an endogenous signal mediating local and systemic plant defense responses against pathogens. Salicylic acid plays a role during plant responses to abiotic stresses such as drought, chilling, heavy metal toxicity, heat, salinity, UV radiation, and osmotic stresses, and helps in mitigating their deleterious effects to varying extents. In addition, salicylic acid is also involved in regulating physiological and biochemical processes during the entire life cycle of plants. Understanding the mechanism underlying the vital processes will pave the way in deciphering the signaling network of salicylic acid, and also ascertaining its role in disease resistance and plant health. The present chapter is focused on various intrinsic biosynthetic/metabolic pathways of salicylic acid, the interplay of salicylic acid and methyl-salicylic acid, its transport, and its actions as a signaling molecule. The effects of exogenous application of salicylic acid on seed germination, growth, photosynthesis, plant?water relations, various enzyme activities, nitrogen assimilation, productivity, and various biotic and abiotic stresses have also been analyzed under changing environmental conditions.
Salicylic acid (SA) is a signaling or messenger molecule in plants and induces plant tolerance against various biotic and abiotic stresses. SA also plays an important role in the regulation of some physiological processes in plants such as effects on growth and development, ion uptake and transport and membrane permeability. Flowering is another important parameter that is directly related to yield and productivity of plants. Salicylic acid has been reported to induce flowering in a number of plants. The field experiment was laid out factorial with randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included varieties (a1: Bam, a2: Sistan, a3: Hirmand, a4: Hamun) as factor a and factor b consisted of salicylic acid (b1: 0 μM, b2: 900 μM, b3: 1800 μM, b4: 2700 μM). Analysis of variance showed that the effect of varieties on all characteristics was significant (Expected grain yield). Effect of salicylic acid on all characteristics was not significant (Expected spike length).
Fruits of Physalis peruviana are used in Egypt as edible fruits due to their nutraceutical properties. The present study aimed to compare the growth potential of the local cultivar of Physalis peruviana (Type I) with another imported variety of Physalis edulis (Type II). Salicylic acid (SA) and Methyl jasmonate (MJ) as growth stimulators were also studied to reveal their effects on growth and active ingredients. The data obtained showed that type II is more vigor than type I in terms of vegetative growth however, the two types did not differ significantly in fruit production. The two growth stimulators significantly improved the growth and productivity of Physalis plant in comparison with the untreated plants. In this regard, the effects of SA were significantly higher than those attained with MJ. The highest content of alkaloids was recorded in plant roots followed by leaves then stems, while the fruits contained the lowest percentage. Both the free and glycosilated withanolides are concentrated in the husk (calyx) followed by leaves, stems then roots in a decreasing order. The fruits contained the lowest concentrations. SA or MJ failed to improve the content of withanolides in physalis plant.
The effects of temperature and daily-integrated photosynthetic photon flux (PPF DI ) on African violet ( Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.) flower initiation and development were quantified to provide the basis for an inflorescence development model. The percentage of leaf axils in which an inflorescence initiated and continued development increased as the PPF DI increased from 1 to 4 mol·m ⁻² ·day ⁻¹ , while the rate of inflorescence development was a function of the average daily temperature (ADT). The appearance of a visible flower bud (VB) in a leaf axil was related to the growth of the subtending leaf blade. A polynomial model based on ADT and PPF DI was used to describe leaf blade length at visible bud (LBL VB ). A nonlinear model was used to describe the influence of ADT on leaf expansion rate (LER). Inflorescence appearance in the leaf axil was predicted by measuring LBL and estimating the time for the leaf blade to develop to the length required for VB. A phasic-development scale was developed to quantify inflorescence development. Days required for an inflorescence to develop from VB to first open flower was described as a function of ADT and either inflorescence height or inflorescence development stage (IDS). Days from leaf emergence to first open flower for the inflorescence initiated in that leaf axil decreased from 86 to 55 as ADT increased from 18 to 26C.
Embryogenic cell suspension cultures of Coffea arabica cv. Caturra Rojo were treated with salicylic acid (SA). Two concentrations, 10-12 and 10-10 M, had a significant effect on the growth rate of the cell cultures when compared to the control, and this effect was concentration-dependent. These two SA concentrations also had a dramatic effect on both the number of somatic embryos and quality, in terms of embryo size and development. In general, the use of SA had a positive effect on cellular growth and somatic embryogenesis, causing a twofold increase in both processes. The increase in the number of somatic embryos could be a reflection of an increase in the number of embryogenic cells induced with SA treatment.
Salicylic acid inhibited ethylene formation from ACC in self-buffered (pH 3.8) pear (Pyrus communis) cell suspension cultures with a K(1) (app) of about 10 micromolar after 1 to 3 hours incubation. Inhibition appeared noncompetitive. Among 22 related phenolic compounds tested, only acetylsalicylic acid showed similar levels of inhibition. Inhibition by salicylic acid was inversely dependent on the pH of the culture medium and did not require a continuous external supply of salicylate. When compared to known inhibitors of the ethylene forming enzyme, cobalt, n-propyl gallate, and dinitrophenol, inhibition by salicylic acid most closely resembled that by dinitrophenol but salicylic acid did not produce the same degree of respiratory stimulation. Results are discussed in terms of other known effects of salicylic acid on plants, pH-dependency, and the possible influence of salicylic acid on electron transport.
Seedlings of Pinus patula were sprayed with salicylic acid (SA) at concentrations between 104 and 10(-10) M. At the end of the treatment root and shoots were harvested and nitrate and protein content determined. All the salicylic acid treatments increased significantly nitrate concentration in the roots; the 10(-10) and 10(-8) M treatments increased the amount of proteins in the roots, but in the shoots no significant effect was detected.
Salicylic acid, probably as a chelating agent of the EDTA-salicylaldoxime type, can eliminate the light requirement during the inductive phase of Lemna gibba G3, and thus is able to induce short-day flowering of this long-day plant.
The metabolism of [7-¹⁴C)Salicylic acid (SA) was quantitatively studied in leaf disks of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Over the first 8 h the uptake and metabolism of SA was slow with SA 2-O-B-D-glucose as the major metabolite identified in the leaf tissue. By 24 h a more complex range of 2-O-glycosides was observed with the SA ester glucoside present as a minor metabolite. Increased conjugation of SA was associated with the evolution of 14C02 and by 36 h the administered radioactivity was distributed equally between expired ¹⁴CO2, conjugates of SA present in the cell and unchanged SA remaining in the medium. Tobacco leaves and cell cultures contained O-glucosyltransferases capable of synthesising both the esterand 2-O-glucosides of SA. Both activities were partialy characterised and their specific activities in tobacco leaves were shown to be differentially induced by a 24 h treatment with SA (0.1-1 mM).
Previous work showed that acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) reduces transpiration rate of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A concentration response curve of stomatal closure of epidermal strips of Commelina communis L., to ASA is now presented. It is found that ASA closes stomata at 10-2–10-3 M concentrations and that this closure takes place within 13 minutes after the treatment has started.
A series of experiments were carried out in order to elucidate whether acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) fed via petioles to beans could affect transpiration rate. In comparison with the water control it was found that a 10−3M ASA reduces transpiration as much as 43%, a reduction equivalent to 5 × 10−5M abscisic acid (ABA). Preliminary kinetics on the ABA, ASA and the water control on transpiration rate are presented and the results discussed.
Aqueous solutions of SA, applied as a spray to the shoots of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Cajeme), significantly increased the growth of shoots and roots as measured after seven days of treatment. Shoot spraying of SA had no significant effect on photosynthetic rate. Growth increases were obtained in plants cultivated either in the greenhouse or in the field; SA-induced increases in root growth of up to 100% were measured in the field.
Results of both published and unpublished work are reviewed with respect to the influence of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and salicylic acid on flowering and growth in the Lemnaceae. Most studies deal only with the effect of exogenously applied growth substances, and thus, the physiological significance of the observed effects is largely unknown.
We examined the involvement of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and salicylic acid (SA) in the stress-induced flowering of Pharbitis nil (synonym Ipomoea nil). The incorporation efficiency of exogenously applied CGA and the deactivation rate of incorporated CGA were determined in cotyledons by high-performance liquid chromatography. The assay plants could not incorporate a sufficient amount of CGA via roots. The perfusion technique by which the assay solution was forced into the plant from the cut end of the hypocotyl improved the efficiency of CGA incorporation. However, no flower-inducing activity was detected, indicating that CGA was not involved in flowering. It was concluded that the close correlation between CGA content and flowering response is merely coincidence or a parallelism. Flowering under long-day conditions induced by low-temperature stress was completely inhibited by aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), an inhibitor of phenylalanine ammonialyase. The flower-inhibiting effect of AOA was nullified by co-applied t-cinnamic acid and by benzoic acid. This indicates that the metabolic pathway from t-cinnamic acid to SA via benzoic acid is involved in the stress-induced flowering. The results indicate that the metabolic pathway of SA is involved in the stress-induced flowering of P. nil not the metabolic pathway of CGA.
Honeydew produced by the aphid Dactynotus ambrosiae when feeding on flowering or vegetative plants of the short day plant Xanthium strumarium contains an active substance capable of inducing flowering in the long day plant Lemna gibba G3. In the present study, this active material has been identified as salicylic acid through the use of gas-liquid chromatography and mass, infrared, and ultraviolet spectrometry. Authentic salicylic acid induces flowering in L. gibba G3 under strict short day conditions with an optimal response at about 5.6 mum. The possible significance of salicylic acid for the control of flowering in Xanthium or L. gibba G3 is discussed.
For more than 50 years the identity of "calorigen," the agent that triggers pronounced heat production in the flowers and inflorescences of some thermogenic plants, remained obscure. Mass spectroscopic analysis of highly purified calorigen extracted from the male flowers of Sauromatum guttatum Schott (voodoo lily) revealed the presence of 2-hydroxybenzoic (salicylic) acid. Application of salicylic acid at 0.13 microgram per gram (fresh weight) to sections of the upper part of the plant's immature spadix, known as the appendix, led to temperature increases of as much as 12 Celsius degrees. These increases duplicated, in both magnitude and timing, the temperature increases produced by the crude calorigen extract. The sensitivity of appendix tissue to salicylic acid increases daily with the approach of anthesis and is controlled by the photoperiod. Thus, at least in some Arum lilies, salicylic acid functions as an endogenous regulator of heat production.
Effect of salicylic acid in clitoria (Clitoria ternatea L.) bioproductivity in Yucatan, Mexico
- R Martín-Mex
- A Larqué-Saavedra
Martí-Mex, R., Larqué-Saavedra, A., 2001. Effect of salicylic acid in clitoria (Clitoria ternatea L.) biopro-ductivity in Yucatan, Mexico. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Plant Growth Regulation Society of America, Miami Beach, FL, USA, pp. 97–99.