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Improving energy efficiency through the design of the building envelope
Abstract
Buildings, their surroundings and related enterprises produce more CO2, generate more pollution, consume more energy, and waste more natural resources than any other human enterprise or industry. Moreover, considerable parts of these environmental impacts are the results of the lodging industry [1].Hotels are designed as multifunctional buildings to provide different comfort levels and services to guests. It is often desirous to pay for exclusive amenities. Resorts are often developed in untouched and very sensitive ecosystems with little or no consideration taken for the natural or cultural surroundings. Most strategies applied in design and many of the services offered by lodging establishments require the consumption of substantial quantities of energy, water and non-durable products.The efficiency of the resource use starting from the building design to the end-users in hotel facilities is typically low, and the resulting environmental impacts are greater than those caused by other types of commercial buildings of similar size [2]. Decisions taken during the architectural building design play AS important A role in reducing these environmental impacts as DOES THE management of the building.With a goal of enhancing the overall energy performance of hotel buildings, this paper represents a research-design project, located in İzmir-Turkey, based on the effect of passive solar design techniques for designing the building envelopes to develop and demonstrate high performance.
... Aydin and Brounen [7] reported that building insulation is essential for achieving energy savings in residential buildings. Based on residential energy consumption patterns, several studies have identified factors with the greatest effects on energy consumption [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Aksoy and Inalli [8] showed that heating energy consumption decreased by 34-36% depending on building orientation and thermal insulation. ...
... Aksoy and Inalli [8] showed that heating energy consumption decreased by 34-36% depending on building orientation and thermal insulation. Simulations have been performed to explore the characteristics of heating energy consumption and energy-saving potential [9][10][11][12][13]. Friess et al. [9] reported that energy consumption can be reduced depending on insulation method by up to 30% when 160 mm of insulation was applied to exterior walls. ...
... Friess et al. [9] reported that energy consumption can be reduced depending on insulation method by up to 30% when 160 mm of insulation was applied to exterior walls. Sozer [10] evaluated the impact of passive design on the energy consumption of large buildings such as high-rise hotels, showing that insulation, glass type, and shading components can all attenuate heat transmission through the building envelope. Jaber and Ajib [11] reported that proper insulation thickness, window size, ceiling, and roof design can minimize energy consumption while reducing building operation and life-cycle costs. ...
In South Korea, apartment buildings account for 63% of residential buildings and approximately 40% of apartment buildings were built before 2000, which leads to the growing demand for green retrofits of old apartment buildings. In this study, heating energy consumption of apartment complexes in Seoul and Busan was analyzed using a nationwide database, in order to evaluate the current energy status of apartment complexes. The energy consumption trend with building age were analyzed by classifying the heating bill data into four groups by construction year of apartment complexes. Based on these data, a simulation model of an old apartment building was developed to predict energy performance improvement through green retrofits. The results clearly showed that heating energy consumption increased with building age regardless of heating degree days in both regions. In particular, a significant difference in energy consumption was found in apartment complexes constructed before and after 2000, which implied the necessity of green retrofits for old apartments. The results of green retrofit simulation showed that heating energy consumption was reduced by up to 31.6% and 32% in Seoul and Busan, respectively. The method and results of this study can be applied to establish a green retrofit strategy based on a nationwide database of residential energy.
... The strategic placement of windows, shading devices, and reflective surfaces further enhances the building's energy performance, making it more sustainable and cost-effective over its lifespan [4]. Natural ventilation is another critical strategy in green building design that complements orientation by enhancing indoor environmental quality and reducing energy use [61,62]. Buildings designed with natural ventilation systems utilize prevailing wind patterns and thermal buoyancy to circulate fresh air through the interior spaces, reducing the need for energy-intensive mechanical ventilation [63]. ...
... Model system of green building[62].Copyright © Zeenat KhanAAOA.MS.ID.000631. 5(3).2024 ...
Green architecture, which integrates ecological principles and sustainable design practices, is essential for developing buildings that minimize environmental impacts and enhance resource efficiency. This literature review addresses the challenge of effectively implementing these practices amidst diverse design strategies and material choices. Green architecture focuses on principles such as efficient water systems, natural building techniques, and passive solar design to reduce energy consumption by up to 30% and lower carbon footprints by 20%. By evaluating recent studies, this review highlights how these principles, including orientation, natural ventilation, and solar control, contribute to environmental comfort and sustainability, achieving improvements in energy efficiency by approximately 25%. It also examines the role of green building materials, integrated cooling systems, and green roofs in reducing overall energy use by 15% and operational costs by 10%. The review further explores the effectiveness of active and passive design strategies and their combined approaches in improving building performance, with combined strategies demonstrating up to 40% better environmental impact reduction. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is identified as a key tool for integrating and analyzing green design, leading to a 20% improvement in project efficiency and a 15% reduction in resource wastage. The review concludes with a recommendation to adopt a comprehensive approach that combines advanced green materials, design strategies, and BIM integration to optimize sustainability outcomes and address the challenges of green building implementation.
... Moreover, urban planning that integrates green infrastructure, optimized building orientation, and natural ventilation can mitigate the effects of extreme weather while reducing energy consumption. These strategies contribute to a more resilient urban fabric, where buildings and communities can better absorb and recover from climate impacts (Sozer, 2010). ...
... Durable materials withstand environmental stressors, prolonging envelope lifespan. Adaptive design allows for flexibility and accommodation of future climate conditions and occupant needs, ensuring long-term resilience in the face of changing environmental challenges (Sozer, 2010). Intelligent monitoring uses sensors for proactive maintenance. ...
As climate change poses significant challenges to our built environment, enhancing building resilience through sustainable approaches becomes crucial. This research evaluates sustainable strategies to fortify buildings against climate change impacts, specifically focusing on residential buildings in Tehran. Future climate data for Tehran are generated using Meteonorm 8 software. Comprehensive investigations identify predominant residential patterns, leading to the selection of a representative case study for detailed simulations. Energy simulations are conducted using DesignBuilder software to explore the impact of consumption reduction strategies on thermal performance under present and future conditions. Results indicate an increase in cooling energy consumption and a decrease in heating energy consumption from 2020 to 2090, with no significant change observed in total energy consumption. The implementation of insulation, double-glazed windows, and shading devices is shown to decrease overall energy consumption in the future. Notably, WI models with thermal insulation demonstrate the best performance in reducing heating energy, while WDG models with double-glazed windows significantly reduce cooling energy consumption. This study fills a gap in understanding the long-term impacts of climate change on building energy performance and provides practical design guidelines. The findings underscore the importance of sustainable building strategies in developing energy-efficient and resilient buildings capable of withstanding future climate conditions.
... The strategic placement of windows, shading devices, and reflective surfaces further enhances the building's energy performance, making it more sustainable and cost-effective over its lifespan [4]. Natural ventilation is another critical strategy in green building design that complements orientation by enhancing indoor environmental quality and reducing energy use [61,62]. Buildings designed with natural ventilation systems utilize prevailing wind patterns and thermal buoyancy to circulate fresh air through the interior spaces, reducing the need for energy-intensive mechanical ventilation [63]. ...
... Model system of green building[62].Copyright © Zeenat KhanAAOA.MS.ID.000631. 5(3).2024 ...
Green architecture, which integrates ecological principles and sustainable design practices, is essential for developing buildings that minimize environmental impacts and enhance resource efficiency. This literature review addresses the challenge of effectively implementing these practices amidst diverse design strategies and material choices. Green architecture focuses on principles such as efficient water systems, natural building techniques, and passive solar design to reduce energy consumption by up to 30% and lower carbon footprints by 20%. By evaluating recent studies, this review highlights how these principles, including orientation, natural ventilation, and solar control, contribute to environmental comfort and sustainability, achieving improvements in energy efficiency by approximately 25%. It also examines the role of green building materials, integrated cooling systems, and green roofs in reducing overall energy use by 15% and operational costs by 10%. The review further explores the effectiveness of active and passive design strategies and their combined approaches in improving building performance, with combined strategies demonstrating up to 40% better environmental impact reduction. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is identified as a key tool for integrating and analyzing green design, leading to a 20% improvement in project efficiency and a 15% reduction in resource wastage. The review concludes with a recommendation to adopt a comprehensive approach that combines advanced green materials, design strategies, and BIM integration to optimize sustainability outcomes and address the challenges of green building implementation.
... Among the most effective strategies are passive design solutions, which use natural environmental conditions (such as sunlight and wind) for heating, cooling, and lighting, reducing the need for mechanical systems [2]. Incorporating these strategies during the architectural design phase is essential for long-term sustainability, as design decisions have a lasting impact on a building's energy performance [3]. ...
... AI can facilitate the selection of passive design strategies that harmonize with the existing features of heritage buildings. For instance, AI can be used to optimize natural ventilation or solar shading systems that leverage the building's original design elements, such as courtyard layouts or thick stone walls, to reduce energy consumption while preserving historical authenticity [3], [6]. This adaptive approach not only ensures compliance with conservation regulations but also enhances the building's sustainability, extending its lifespan and reducing its environmental footprint. ...
... One is to effectively control the system's operation under the condition that critical loads will be credible, and the other is to enhance the thermal performance of building envelopes because they act as the relationship between the interior and exterior environments, which has an influence on interior heat gain and loss. 4,5 The quality and control of the internal environment, irrespective of the changing outdoor conditions, are significantly influenced by the building enclosure. The most important component of every construction consists of many different components, such as the walls, fenestration, roof, foundation, thermal insulation, energy storage due to building mass, external shading elements, and so forth. ...
... An effective building design, which can reduce building energy consumption by 40.1% compared with that of a conventional building, may enhance the thermal performance of the building envelope. 4 Chirarattananon et al. 6 concluded the effectiveness of thermal insulation on exposed walls in commercial buildings has a role in reducing heat gain for walls that are not exposed to winds, but additional weatherproofing factors increase the cost. The researchers approached developing the thermal performance of the walls supported by a wood frame and fiberglass sheet with the effect of air openings by passing moist air through them. ...
Buildings' walls are covered to reduce environmental impact and esthetics, and cladding materials vary based on public preference and financial capacity. Metal sheets with glossy surfaces are commonly used, but researchers propose using aluminum sheets and filling gaps with commercial waste materials, like, fabric roll sticks or circular plastic hollow parts. A test room with internal dimensions of 1 × 1 × 2 m used in Baghdad (latitude 33.2° N) was used to study thermal behavior, with a window‐type air conditioner providing standard thermal conditions. The air gap attached to the top of the test wall was either left open or closed during the day. Results showed that double‐layer bamboo packing preserved 52.1% with a closed‐air gap and 49.5% with an open‐air gap, but no discernible difference was observed between the two situations.
... The factors that affect the energy consumption of coach station buildings mainly include climate zone, construction age, enclosure structure condition, building orientation, cooling and heating equipment, indoor personnel density, etc., while the reconstruction of existing coach station buildings is mostly envelope structure retrofitting [41][42][43][44], adding energy-saving measures [45,46], etc. In response to these problems and with the aim of reducing building energy consumption, combined with the geographical and meteorological environment of Xi'an area, the energy-saving strategy of coach stations was analyzed by taking Xi'an Chengxi Coach Station as an example, including the use of highefficiency heat insulation materials for the building envelope to reduce heat loss and the use of solar photovoltaic power generation and fresh air heat recovery to reduce building power consumption. ...
... The factors that affect the energy consumption of coach station buildings mainly include climate zone, construction age, enclosure structure condition, building orientation, cooling and heating equipment, indoor personnel density, etc., while the reconstruction of existing coach station buildings is mostly envelope structure retrofitting [41][42][43][44], adding energy-saving measures [45,46], etc. In response to these problems and with the aim of reducing building energy consumption, combined with the geographical and meteorological environment of Xi'an area, the energy-saving strategy of coach stations was analyzed by taking Xi'an Chengxi Coach Station as an example, including the use of high-efficiency heat insulation materials for the building envelope to reduce heat loss and the use of solar photovoltaic power generation and fresh air heat recovery to reduce building power consumption. ...
In the context of China’s dual-carbon goals, energy efficiency in public buildings has become a focal point of public concern. As large-scale public transportation buildings, the indoor thermal comfort and the current state of energy consumption of coach stations are increasingly being emphasized. This research used existing coach stations in the Xi’an region as the object; through on-site investigations and field tests of indoor thermal environments in winter and summer seasons, it was found that the coach stations had energy waste and high energy consumption; the enclosure structures had poor thermal performance; and the stations lacked effective energy-saving measures. Energy-saving transformation strategies were proposed from two aspects: enclosure structures and renewable energy utilization. Using DeST-C for energy consumption, the external walls, roofs, insulation materials, and glass materials were simulated, and nine different combinations of energy-saving schemes were simulated using orthogonal experiments. The optimal scheme was selected based on the comprehensive energy-saving rate and economic analysis results, which included using 80 mm XPS external insulation for the external walls, low-e hollow glass for the windows (low transmittance type), and an 80 mm PUR board for the roof insulation. The energy-saving rate of this scheme was 26.84%. The use of rooftop solar photovoltaic power generation and fresh air heat recovery devices can effectively reduce building energy consumption, and the investment payback period is less than 5 years. The research applications have practical significance for improving the indoor environment of existing coach stations and saving energy consumption.
... Here, a strongly CO 2 -differentiated tax regime exempting electric vehicles from VAT has been shown to efficiently change car fleet composition. Even more effective are regulatory policies: the European Union has agreed that new cars must be Fichert et al., 2014;Gössling et al., 2017;Markham et al., 2018;McKinsey, 2022;Car: Barth & Boriboonsomsin, 2008;d'Haultfoeuille et al., 2014;Habibi et al., 2019;Østli et al., 2021;UBA, 2021;Yang et al., 2019;Cruises: IMO, 2020;Joung et al., 2020;Accomodation: Becken & McLennan, 2017;Bohdanowicz & Martinac, 2007;Gössling, 2011;Jandrokovic et al., 2012;Jelle, 2011;Sozer, 2010;Food: Filimonau et al., 2017;Filimonau & Delysia, 2019;Gössling, 2011;Poore & Nemecek, 2018;Pradhan et al., 2013;Reynolds et al., 2019;Visschers & Siegrist, 2015;Westhoek et al., 2014. emission-free after 2035(DW, 2022. ...
... Accommodation represents energy-intense infrastructure, including both electricity needs to power air conditioning, appliances and lighting, and primary energy consumption (oil, gas) for central heating and warm water generation (Bohdanowicz & Martinac, 2007). Depending on location, heating requires most energy, followed by hot water, and may often rely on fossil fuels (Jandrokovic, Mandl, & Kapusta, 2012;Sozer, 2010). In warm climates, air conditioning consumes considerable amounts of electricity (Jandrokovic et al., 2012). ...
Tourism needs to reduce emissions in line with other economic sectors, if the international community's objective of staying global warming at 1.5°-2.0 °C is to be achieved. This will require the industry to half emissions to 2030, and to reach net-zero by mid-century. Mitigation requires consideration of four dimensions, the Scales, Scopes, Stakeholders and Strategies of carbon management. The paper provides a systematic review of these dimensions and their interrelationships, with a focus on emission inventory comprehensiveness; allocation principles at different scales; clearly defined responsibilities for decarbonization; and the identification of significant mitigation strategies. The paper concludes that without mitigation efforts, tourism will deplete 40% of the world's remaining carbon budget to 1.5 °C. Yet, the most powerful decarbonization measures face major corporate, political and technical barriers. Without worldwide policy efforts at the national scale to manage the sector's emissions, tourism will turn into one of the major drivers of climate change.
... High-performance building envelopes also contribute significantly to indoor thermal comfort. These envelopes are designed to minimize heat gain and loss through advanced materials and construction techniques [80]. They often include superior insulation, lowemissivity windows, and airtight construction to reduce thermal bridging and air leakage. ...
The pursuit of sustainable design has made strides in improving building practices, yet traditional approaches often fall short in addressing the holistic needs of both the environment and human well-being. This research delves into the emerging field of regenerative design, which extends beyond sustainability by seeking to restore and enhance ecological and human systems. By integrating regenerative principles into indoor environments, this study evaluates their impact on indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Through a comprehensive literature review, the research demonstrates that regenerative design can significantly enhance air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, and acoustics, ultimately creating healthier and more productive indoor spaces. This paper also discusses potential challenges and outlines future research directions to further advance the application of regenerative design in building practices.
... According to studies, the building envelope generates 73% of total heat or gain loss [7]. Heat flow through the building envelope, comprising walls, and fenestrations (windows and doors), is influenced by their resistance, thermal capacity, absorption, transmission, and emission properties [8]. Careful consideration of specific requirements is essential when selecting materials for these components. ...
... High-performance building envelopes also contribute significantly to indoor thermal comfort. These envelopes are designed to minimize heat gain and loss through advanced materials and construction techniques [74]. They often include superior insulation, low-emissivity windows, and airtight construction to reduce thermal bridging and air leakage. ...
The pursuit of sustainable design has made strides in improving building practices, yet traditional approaches often fall short in addressing the holistic needs of both the environment and human well-being. This research delves into the emerging field of regenerative design, which extends beyond sustainability by seeking to restore and enhance ecological and human systems. By integrating regenerative principles into indoor environments, this study evaluates their impact on indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Through a comprehensive literature review, the research demonstrates that regenerative design can significantly enhance air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, and acoustics, ultimately creating healthier and more productive indoor spaces. This paper also discusses potential challenges and outlines future research directions to further advance the application of regenerative design in building practices.
... However, transparent building envelopes present challenges in controlling heat transfer between indoor and outdoor environments, significantly affecting building energy performance [11][12][13]. Transparent materials typically have low thermal mass and high thermal transmittance (U-value), making indoor environments susceptible to temperature The layer acts as transparent insulation, isolating the indoor environment from the colder outdoor conditions while allowing sunlight to reach the crops. The wall-attaching flow behavior controls indoor air temperatures, and the heated supply jet prevents moisture condensation on the cold boundary surfaces. ...
Insulating building envelopes is crucial for maintaining indoor thermal comfort, particularly in large-space enclosures like greenhouses having transparent envelopes. Transparent envelopes allow natural light but challenge temperature regulation due to their low thermal mass and high U-values, which enable significant heat transfer between indoor and outdoor environments. This field study aims to experimentally investigate whether warm wall confluent jets (WCJs) can maintain the required indoor climate conditions in a greenhouse exposed to dynamic meteorological conditions in winter. It analyzed the impact of the airflow rate, number of nozzle rows, and room air temperature setpoint on WCJ heating performance on the ceiling, external wall, and room air. Measurements were performed with thermocouples and constant current anemometers, and the response surface methodology evaluated the effect of design variables on WCJ flow, thermal behavior, and the indoor environment. The results show that WCJs provided recommended air velocities and temperatures indoors, with the airflow rate having the strongest effect on flow and thermal behavior, while the number of nozzle rows had a moderate effect. This study developed response surface models related to room air temperature, ceiling surface temperature, external wall temperature, and supply air temperature. Supply temperatures between 27 °C and 40 °C suggest using low-exergy heat sources, like industrial waste heat, to sustain greenhouse operations during winter.
... Windows are the most energy-consuming part of the building envelope [1] , and have been an important link in the research and design of building energy conservation. ...
... Recent research has looked at the structural integrity of PCMs within the composition of mortar composition to determine how durable mortars containing PCMs are [101]. Researchers investigated the typical behavior during the production stage. ...
Energy efficiency is critical for achieving building sustainability because it means that fewer resources are consumed. In this context, the advancement of phase-changing materials has attracted attention with regard to the integration and management of energy efficiency in construction projects. Buildings consume 40% of the global energy output annually, accounting for one-third of the global greenhouse gas emissions. For hot weather-prone construction, PCMs should have a melting temperature of 25–50 °C. For more than 30 years, researchers worldwide have experimented with PCMs at various temperatures, but few studies have been conducted in hot or harsh environments. According to recent studies, the amount of PCMs in construction materials has been limited to 20%, and exceeding this ratio was shown to significantly affect the compressive strength of concrete specimens. In this study, various phase-changing concrete materials were investigated to reduce the thermal energy consumption of buildings. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art phase change materials for constructing thermal energy storage building materials. It also includes a brief review of the most recent developments in phase change technologies and their encapsulation techniques based on thermophysical properties. Implementing PCM technology in buildings will also maintain good indoor air quality. These materials are widely used in various real-time applications to significantly enhance thermal comfort in buildings.
... The cooling demand mentioned above comes into play in the energy consumption of the building combined with the overdoing of grey spaces currently in the study area. This corresponds with the research of Sozer [141] where the author concluded that the building envelope design controls the heating and cooling of the interior spaces. Energy efficiency is widely ignored in the study area, but it is worthy to note that before the colonial era, the mud houses were energy efficient both the interior and exterior spaces. ...
The earlier studies on housing shortage in Nigeria have focused on cost, income, and government policies as the key contributors to the housing shortage with little or no mention of design. Cost and other contributors to the housing shortage listed above are
important but may not be the root of the problem. Since a house starts with a plan, the detailed benefits of design in solving the housing crisis has not been looked at from the Architects’ perspective and that of the Civil servants in the study area.
This study tries to understand how building professionals in the study area view prefabrication while introducing and highlighting the advantages of prefabrication over the traditional residential buildings in the study area. Since the world is moving towards a greener future and trying to achieve its sustainability goals, the reduction of grey spaces in the built environment has become paramount if greenhouse gas emissions are to be reduced. One of the ways this study accomplishes this was by introducing the mass timber and green roof technology in place of the common stone-coated aluminium roofing sheets. The research ends with the conversion of a building originally designed
with concrete and steel to mass Timber CLT and GLT panels with Coconut Fibre insulation for the walls and bamboo wall cladding.
The need for this research arises from the constant building and construction by non-professional Architects and Engineers ongoing in the urban regions of the study area. With less study and data on design in these urban regions, more people still seek houses or are forced to stay in their current uncomfortable houses. This study fills this knowledge gap by creating a framework for connecting design to the housing shortage through sourcing Key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring the housing shortage from a comprehensive literature review. The KPIs were then distributed as questionnaires to the stakeholders of the research to generate quantitative data for analysis. The methodology employed uses the multi-attribute utility approach to establish a mean rating for each respondent and finally a ranking of the design contributors to the housing shortage achieved. The combined responses of all stakeholders involved were analysed to better understand the views of the clients who are the civil servants and the building stakeholders. This research aims to understand if there is a disconnect between the client population and the building practitioners mostly Architects.
This study also tries to explain how the KPIs can help Architects in making proper design decisions that would produce future houses that would not lead to housing
shortages while also helping government officials know what to look out for and the
correct questions to ask when trying to solve the housing shortages. The importance of design consideration in the pre-occupancy and post-occupancy stages cannot be
neglected and so these stages are analysed to see the most significant design factors that contribute to the housing shortage.
... cases where the thermal design of the building façade is not efficient enough, energy consumption costs will increase to keep interior comfort at standard levels (Huang et al., 2022). Sozer (2010) reported that in multi-story buildings, for example, high-tower hotels, efficient design of building facades, which include the use of heat-efficient insulation material, the use of canopy-type material that reduces solar radiation, and the use of a double-layer coating to eliminate heat accumulation, provide approximately 40% energy savings. Zafaranchi et al. (2023) have determined that energy consumption and loss in buildings largely depend on factors such as the architectural structure of the buildings, atmospheric conditions, especially the intensity and direction of the wind, surface coatings, insulation materials, and indoor use of thermal devices. ...
... Additionally, O. Kaynakli (2012) concluded that optimal thermal insulation can substantially reduce energy consumption in buildings, thereby enhancing overall energy efficiency (5). Other research has also highlighted practical benefits of cellulose in thermal insulation (6). Furthermore, H. Sozer (2010) underscored the importance of designing building envelopes for energy efficiency through effective thermal insulation, noting that effective insulation can significantly reduce heating and cooling loads (7). ...
... In the last 10 years, due to more stringent building codes to meet energy reduction goals, local energy guidelines and regulations require curtain wall applications to introduce highly insulated spandrels and shadowbox to limit heat losses in winter. In addition, complex exterior solar shading and glass treatment to reduce unwanted solar heat gains (Xie et al, 2023;Jackson et al. 2020;Sozer 2010). All these measures have a direct impact on glass thermal stress risk as they increase heat build-up, create uneven temperature distributions or shadow patterns (Galuppi et al. 2021;Honfi et al. 2022;Polakova et al. 2018). ...
In recent years, the desire for increased performance, transparency and visual flatness of glazing elements in curtain walls has generated renewed interest in thermally induced fractures. They typically occur under climatic conditions that induce a large temperature difference across the glass. During design, approximate tools are available to assess the expected temperature gradients that the glazing might be exposed to, however, they sometimes fail to adequately evaluate the actual induced thermal stresses. Additionally, current standards lack uniformly defined procedures and often carry simplified assumptions that lead to over-conservative results. This paper presents an advanced simulation workflow to accurately assess the temperature and stress distribution in glass lites for complex curtain wall applications. First, a 2D steady-state heat-transfer analysis is completed, followed by a simplified 2D transient simulation considering typical year weather data to identify the high-risk boundary conditions. Lastly, a refined 2D–3D transient thermal model is created, whose outputs are translated into thermal stresses on the glass surface and edges through mechanical finite element modeling. This combined thermal–mechanical analysis allows for a more accurate temporal and spatial assessment of the temperature and stress distribution on each glass lite compared to linear approaches. This paper will present a case study to display the proposed workflow and prove how 2D steady state assessments and linear stress calculation tend to be more conservative by 60–80% when compared to 3D transient combined thermal–mechanical analysis.
... Designing high-performance enclosures can significantly reduce the energy consumed by heating and cooling systems. Various approaches can enhance the thermal behavior of building envelopes, including the use of high-performance insulating materials and structural improvements to external envelopes [11]. ...
The building sector is a major contributor to the world's energy consumption, exhibiting an ever-increasing trend. Heat losses through the building envelope constitute the most significant factor. Furthermore, the construction process has seen limited technological advancements in recent years, remaining heavily reliant on manual labor. Additive manufacturing emerges as a promising approach, with applications in the building sector on the rise. However, research on the thermal performance of 3D-printed components remains limited. Despite its recent introduction in the construction industry, 3D printing has yet to attain a level of maturity commensurate with other established methods.
This paper aims to reduce this gap by analyzing 3D-printed blocks from a heat transfer perspective. The article introduces two key innovations. Firstly, it explores the design of various internal geometries and air gaps aimed at minimizing heat flux exchange between block surfaces. Secondly, it presents an experimental study conducted with a custom-designed setup tailored for testing 3D printed blocks. The blocks are constructed using recyclable plastic material and feature different internal geometries based on hexagonal cells. While the plan size of the cells remains consistent, their vertical structures vary as follows: 1) Block 1: Hexagonal air cavities without horizontal partitions. 2) Block 2: Hexagonal air cavities with three horizontal partitions, dividing the cells vertically into four parts. 3) Block 3: Honeycomb structure characterized by three horizontal partitions and staggering along the vertical axis.
Their performance was experimentally evaluated using the Hot Box method, heat flow meter sensors, and infrared thermography. The results demonstrated reductions of up to 11.5 % in terms of thermal transmittance (U-value) with the inclusion of horizontal partitions. Starting from a U-value of 1.22 ± 0.04 W/m²K (Block 1), a transmittance of 1.08 ± 0.04 W/m²K was achieved for the honeycomb structure with horizontal partitions (Block 3).
... [5] EQUEST was employed to investigate the influence of different factors, including building envelope shielding, external wall thermal insulation, external wall thermal emission, window-to-wall ratio, and glass type, on air conditioner energy usage in residential constructions. Their findings indicated that enhancements in envelope shielding and external wall insulation were effective in reducing air conditioner energy consumption, achieving energy savings rates of 11.31% and 11.55%, respectively [6] claimed that older hotels used enormous amounts of energy because strict rules and limits had not been set. Sozer investigated passive designs that could successfully lower building energy consumption using eQUEST software simulation. ...
The pressing issue of climate change and its correlation with greenhouse gas emissions has propelled a heightened emphasis on energy-efficient building practices, particularly within the commercial sector. This study delves into advanced design strategies aimed at maximizing energy efficiency while upholding quality and comfort standards. By scrutinizing a functioning commercial building in Gurugram, Haryana, data was gathered to construct an energy model using eQUEST. Analysis encompassed various building facets such as envelope components (e.g., walls, roofs, and windows), HVAC systems, lighting, and occupancy patterns. The outcomes furnish valuable insights into pivotal factors influencing energy efficiency and propose tailored strategies for integration into commercial building design. This methodical approach, informed by case evaluation, seeks to optimize energy performance and cost-effectiveness across diverse building types and climates.
... Nonetheless, improvements in efficiency contribute to decelerate the projected growth and pose as a key strategy to achieve more optimistic scenarios [3]. Higher efficiency can usually be achieved through technological advancements (e.g., more efficient systems and appliances) [9], better building design (e.g., better insulation and adoption of passive strategies) [10], and appropriate building operation with occupant awareness (e.g., appropriate setpoint temperatures and conscious energy usage) [11]. Although those strategies may work individually, it is only through a combination of all those factors that quasi-optimal energy efficiency can be achieved [1]. ...
Building energy demand impacts a myriad of interconnected economic, societal, and environmental aspects. As a result, Buildings Energy Models (BEM) play an important role in the process of urban design and planning. While previous studies have investigated the effects of building interventions on energy efficiency, their applicability may be limited due to the BEM’s high computational complexity. This limits their ability to systematically study important aspects of energy demand on a large scale. The development of Machine Learning Models (MLM) allows to design the required detailed analysis and solutions, while reducing the computational burden, making MLM attractive for urban designers. The capability of MLM to generalize well for multiple contexts (in our case, multiple buildings) is a crucial contributor to their applicability. However, the validation process in a wider context is often overlooked, therefore its generalization capabilities are not quantified. In this paper, we present a framework to train and validate a surrogate model derived from a physics-based BEM. Our method employs a Multiple Linear Regression model to predict Energy Use Intensity (EUI) for office buildings in Singapore using 36 input parameters (covariates), based on a training dataset of 23,000 samples. Model validation is performed by comparing the results of the Surrogate Model (SM) to a widely used BEM for a sample of 120 buildings. Our results indicate that the SM has an accuracy of NRMSE of 13%, NMBE of −3.56%, and R2 of 0.92, which suggests it can effectively and accurately predict building EUI. We also conduct a sensitivity analysis, which indicates that the parameters associated with internal loads and internal space usage are the most influential. Additionally, we present a reduced order model trained with only the 11 most influential parameters, which exhibits negligible loss in accuracy compared to the full SM while providing reduced complexity. Finally, we demonstrate an application of our SM to evaluate energy efficiency under uncertainty scenarios. The analytically derived results indicate a potential reduction of EUI of offices in Singapore from 227kWh/m2 to 99kWh/m2 by altering the building parameters that were identified as most influential.
... Para UCs de médio/grande porte, os gestores devem estar atentos à contratação da energia elétrica (contratação da demanda e modalidade de contratação da energia) mais adequada ao perfil de carga de cada unidade consumidora (Sozer, 2010;Mahila e Saidur, 2010;Lam et al, 2008;Hasnain et al, 2009;Rezaie e Rosen, 2012;Braun e Rüther, 2010;Zhao et al, 2011;Transue & Felder, 2010;Alcăzar-Ortega et al, 2011;Al-Mulla et al, 2013;Escrivă-Escrivă, 2011). Para a contratação de energia elétrica no ambiente regulado, a Agencia Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) dispõe da Resolução Normativa nº 414/2010 que estabelece as condições gerais de fornecimento de energia elétrica a serem observadas pelos consumidores e pelas distribuidoras (ANEEL, 2010). ...
Esse trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os impactos da contratação da energia elétrica e da inserção de microgeração fotovoltaica sobre as despesas com energia elétrica de uma unidade consumidora hospitalar de pronto atendimento alimentada em 13,8 kV (subgrupo A4), localizada em Florianópolis. Os resultados mostraram que a contratação adequada da demanda em tarifa horária verde apresentaria uma economia anual de aproximadamente R27.000,00. O estudo da atratividade financeira do sistema fotovoltaico analisado apresentou, para uma taxa mínima de atratividade de 5% a.a., taxa interna de retorno (TIR) de 6% a.a., payback de 11,33 anos e retorno financeiro (VPL) de R$106.818,66. Observou-se que o sistema de microgeração fotovoltaica apresenta atratividade financeira para taxa mínima de atratividade de até 11,3% a.a.
... O gerenciamente da energia elétrica de uma edificação com o objetivo de reduzir sua demanda pode ser realizado através da utilização de sistemas elétricos de alta eficiência, aplicações de energias renováveis, armazenamento de energia térmica, programa de incentivo aos consumidores e otimização dos sistemas de ar condicionado (Sozer, 2010;Mahila e Saidur, 2010;Lam et al, 2008;Hasnain et al, 2009;Rezaie e Rosen, 2012;Braun e Rüther, 2010;Zhao et al, 2011;Transue & Felder, 2010;Alcăzar-Ortega et al, 2011;Al-Mulla et al, 2013;Escrivă-Escrivă, 2011). ...
Este trabalho apresenta um método para avaliar a contribuição energética e os impactos da geração solar fotovoltaica sobre a demanda elétrica de uma unidade consumidora constituída por várias edificações localizadas no Campus da Trindade da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, a partir de técnicas de medição e verificação da demanda da mesma e da energia gerada por um sistema solar fotovoltaico conectado em sua rede elétrica. Os resultados mostram que a unidade consumidora apresentou, em 2011, consumo energético de 15.235 MWh e demanda máxima de 6.013 kW. No mesmo período, foi simulada a injeção de potência e a contribuição energética de um sistema fotovoltaico de 1 MWp conectado à sua rede elétrica. Os resultados mostram que o sistema fotovoltaico simulado teria gerado aproximadamente 1.118 MWh e injetado na rede elétrica, no horário de ocorrência da demanda máxima, aproximadamente 180 kW. No período analisado, o gerador fotovoltaico de 1 MWp teria contribuído com aproximadamente 7,4 % do consumo total de energia elétrica da unidade consumidora e reduzido sua demanda máxima em aproximadamente 3 %.
... Conversely, district energy networks primarily deal with load management and energy efficiency enhancement. Demand response, the construction of energy-efficient buildings and districts, and communication difficulties are all addressed by a number of European infrastructure and facilities programs [75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88]. ...
This survey critically examines the integration of energy management systems within smart residential buildings, serving as key nodes in the smart city network. It systematically maps out the intricate relationships between smart grid technologies, energy storage capabilities, infrastructure development, and their confluence in residential settings. From the evolution of power generation methods, incorporating both traditional and renewable sources, to the cutting-edge progress in energy-efficient transport systems, we assess their cumulative impact on the smart urban environment. While our approach is rooted in theoretical exploration rather than mathematical modeling, we provide a comprehensive review of the prevailing frameworks and methodologies that drive energy management in smart urban ecosystems. We also discuss the implications of these systems on urban sustainability and the critical importance of integrating various energy domains to facilitate effective energy governance. By bringing together a diverse array of scholarly insights, our paper aspires to enhance the understanding of energy interdependencies in smart cities and to catalyze the development of innovative, sustainable policies and practices that will define the future of urban energy management. Through this expanded perspective, we underscore the necessity of cross-disciplinary research and the adoption of holistic strategies to optimize energy usage, reduce carbon footprints, and promote resilient urban living in the era of smart cities.
... In the layout of sensor network nodes, once the location of the node is determined, there is no way to change, which requires people to solve the problem of energy saving and node life. Literature (Sozer 2010) realizes the long-term use of the battery by managing the power in the battery, so as to ensure that the energy of the battery will not have excessive loss and waste in the process of use, which is also the focus of this paper in the research process of improving energy efficiency. Although the energy contained in each battery is fixed, people can take certain measures to realize the energy supplement between each battery. ...
The accelerated process of urbanization has led to an increase in the demand for housing, particularly in urban centers. While the housing industry brings economic benefits, it also has many problems, among which the most serious problem is the energy saving of construction. In order to better understand the energy consumption of various types of buildings, this paper uses the principles and technologies of Internet of things and wireless sensor network to analyze different villas and residential buildings. In the process of analysis, the collected data is transmitted to the computer for simulation, and the influence of the door and window structure and other building factors on the overall energy consumption of buildings is analyzed The consumption is analyzed in a unified way. Through the specific analysis, this article thinks that the use of solar radiation for building envelope construction can reduce energy consumption. This article also uses the Internet technology to develop a new indoor heating control system. This new intelligent system alleviates the shortcomings of the previous heating system to a certain extent, and provides people with a more convenient indoor temperature control structure, which improves the use value of the heating system.
... Currently, there are plenty of buildings that are underperforming with low energy efficiency and high carbon emissions and will still be in function until 2050 (Ghazi Wakili et al., 2014;Ürge-Vorsatz et al., 2011). The previous research proved that building retrofits have great potential to improve building performance by reducing energy consumption and carbon emission in specific areas (Lou et al., 2021(Lou et al., , 2022Sadineni et al., 2011;Sozer, 2010). To further contribute to the low-carbon development goals, many researchers indicate that understanding carbon emission reduction on the regional level is critical and should be highlighted in carbon management (Cheshmehzangi, 2020;Y. ...
Retrofitting commercial buildings has great potential to reduce carbon emissions as demonstrated by previous studies in some specific cities, but their regional carbon emission reduction potential is still unknown. Thus, we develop a method to predict the long-term regional carbon emission reduction potential by retrofitting commercial buildings. School buildings in hot climate zones in the continental U.S. are selected as an example. The results show that the aggregated carbon emission reduction potential of school buildings in that region reduces from 3.33 to 2.01 megatons from 2024 to 2050 due to the increased penetration of renewable energy.
... Location and optimum thickness of insulation on walls and roof can reduce the space-conditioning load by about 15 20% (Sozer, 2010). In hot climates, insulation facing exterior of the walls is recommended. ...
The close connection between energy use in buildings and environmental damage arises because energy - intensive solutions sought to construct a building and meet its demands for heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting, cause severe depletion of invaluable environmental resources. Buildings designed with efficient use of energy with low operating cost as well as comfortable for users can contribute to the successful environment friendly design. The paper is an attempt to investigate and evaluate the thermal and energy efficiency of public buildings with reference to its user comfort level. To study the passive design elements of energy efficiency, twelve public buildings have been selected as case studies from colonial and contemporary period in which at least one of the energy efficient means has been used. Paper reviews the data collected for the four hottest months from summer season, of monitoring the buildings located in the hot composite climate of Multan, Pakistan and analyzed against mean temperature and relative humidity values for this season. A questionnaire survey is also conducted from the users to know the desired comfort level of these buildings. Key words: Energy Efficiency, Environmental Design, User Comfort, Public Buildings
... The focus on the building sector is judicious: in the US, the building sector accounts for around 40% of all primary energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions [21], while globally, the energy consumption of residential and commercial buildings has already outpaced other significant sectors such as industry and transportation [1,9]. Building envelopes, as the intermediate spaces between inside and outside, are primarily responsible for the environmental performance of buildings, and it is estimated that improved building envelope design could reduce the total site energy consumption by 40% to 60% [20,17,23]. ...
... Para UCs de médio/grande porte, os gestores devem estar atentos à contratação da energia elétrica (contratação da demanda e modalidade de contratação da energia) mais adequada ao perfil de carga de cada unidade consumidora (Sozer, 2010;Mahila e Saidur, 2010;Lam et al, 2008;Hasnain et al, 2009;Rezaie e Rosen, 2012;Braun e Rüther, 2010;Zhao et al, 2011;Transue & Felder, 2010;Alcăzar-Ortega et al, 2011;Al-Mulla et al, 2013;Escrivă-Escrivă, 2011). Para a contratação de energia elétrica no ambiente regulado, a Agencia Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) dispõe da Resolução Normativa nº 414/2010 que estabelece as condições gerais de fornecimento de energia elétrica a serem observadas pelos consumidores e pelas distribuidoras (ANEEL, 2010). ...
Esse trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os impactos da contratação da energia elétrica e da inserção de microgeração fotovoltaica sobre as despesas com energia elétrica de uma unidade consumidora hospitalar de pronto atendimento alimentada em 13,8 kV (subgrupo A4), localizada em Florianópolis. Os resultados mostraram que a contratação adequada da demanda em tarifa horária verde apresentaria uma economia anual de aproximadamente R27.000,00. O estudo da atratividade financeira do sistema fotovoltaico analisado apresentou, para uma taxa mínima de atratividade de 5% a.a., taxa interna de retorno (TIR) de 6% a.a., payback de 11,33 anos e retorno financeiro (VPL) de R$106.818,66. Observou-se que o sistema de microgeração fotovoltaica apresenta atratividade financeira para taxa mínima de atratividade de até 11,3% a.a.
... The focus on the building sector is judicious: in the US, the building sector accounts for around 40% of all primary energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions [21], while globally, the energy consumption of residential and commercial buildings has already outpaced other significant sectors such as industry and transportation [1,9]. Building envelopes, as the intermediate spaces between inside and outside, are primarily responsible for the environmental performance of buildings, and it is estimated that improved building envelope design could reduce the total site energy consumption by 40% to 60% [20,17,23]. ...
In recent years, researchers have focused on improving the design of building envelopes to enhance their environmental performance using kinetic systems, such as kinetic shading screens. Research has shown that these systems can effectively control and improve daylight illuminance in a room (Fiorito et al. in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55:863–884, 2016). However, finding their best configuration for given conditions is challenging because it depends on a variety of factors such as room size, orientation, and use, as well as the design parameters of the screen itself. This chapter describes research that compares two different approaches to the problem considering daylight performance and design variety. Focusing on a case study, it uses a simulation model to calculate the performance of configurations on four days of the year—equinoxes and solstices. The first approach is to create a catalog through brute-force enumeration from a limited space of possible design configurations and then select the best for every hour of the day. The second approach is to consider a larger design space, but sample possibilities using a smaller set of master variables that algorithmically control the states of multiple flaps. The performances of configurations identified by both approaches are compared, and then the benefits and challenges of each are discussed. The study concludes that the second approach (algorithmic sampling) can search a wider and more diverse space of solutions and find configurations with better performance. In addition, although it takes more time, it is more efficient, considering the size space being browsed.KeywordsKinetic shading screenResponsive façadeEmerging materialsSmart materialsOptimization
... [3,4] Such energy consumption of buildings is mainly due to the heating and cooling systems required for thermal comfort within the building envelope. [5,6] Heat conduction, as one of the primary heat transfer pathways, through walls and roofs accounts for the largest component of a building's total thermal load, i.e., 40% of total building energy system in a typical household. [7] Currently, commercial insulation materials including mineral wool, glass fiber, and polystyrene foam, have a thermal conductivity within 0.030-0.090 ...
The energy crisis has arisen as the most pressing concern and top priority for policymakers, with buildings accounting for over 40% of global energy consumption. Currently, single‐function envelopes cannot satisfy energy efficiency for next‐generation buildings. Designing buildings with high mechanical robustness, thermal insulation properties, and more functionalities has attracted worldwide attention. Further optimization based on bioinspired design and material efficiency improvement has been adopted as effective approaches to achieve satisfactory performance. Herein, inspired by the strong and porous cuttlefish bone, a cement aerogel through self‐assembly of calcium aluminum silicate hydrate nanoparticles (C‐A‐S‐H, a major component in cement) in a polymeric solution as a building envelop is developed. The as‐synthesized cement aerogel demonstrates ultrahigh mechanical performance in terms of stiffness (315.65 MPa) and toughness (14.68 MJ m⁻³). Specifically, the highly porous microstructure with multiscale pores inside the cement aerogel greatly inhibits heat transfer, therefore achieving ultralow thermal conductivity (0.025 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Additionally, the inorganic C‐A‐S‐H nanoparticles in cement aerogel form a barrier against fire for good fire retardancy (limit oxygen index, LOI ≈ 46.26%, UL94‐V0). The versatile cement aerogel featuring high mechanical robustness, remarkable thermal insulation, light weight, and fire retardancy is a promising candidate for practical building applications.
... Churchill et al. [7] investigated the probability of expected frequency-dependent sound insulation enhancement of the wall thermal insulation. The amount of energy consumed is an important factor in building design calculations as well as proven to typical building type comparisons [8]. Comparative investigations of the hygrothermal properties for different insulating materials such as wood fiberboard, expanded polystyrene, rock wool, glass wool, and polyester fiberfill were conducted by Ducoulombier et al. [9]. ...
In this work, the use of recycled waste paper (RWP) in weight ratios of 25 %, 50 %, and 75 %, with phase change material (PCM) within polyvinyl chloride (PVC) panels was investigated experimentally as inner cladding for buildings. Five identical prototype rooms were built in Baghdad City (33.31° N latitude, 44.45° E longitude), the tests were done on the 21st of July 2022 with a minimum and maximum range of climate conditions by 30 °C and 41.1 °C of outdoor temperature, 10 % and 22 % of outdoor humidity, and 1.3 m/s and 5.2 m/s outdoor wind speed. Integration of PCM with 75 % of RWP within PVC panels resulted in enhancement by 7 % of the acoustical insulation, and reductions in the required of cooling load and electricity cost by 19 % and 16.3 % respectively, compared with filled panels by PCM only. Experimental results showed that these combinations of new insulation materials in buildings provided good acoustic and thermal insulation, and contributed to the reduction in the buildings' cooling and heating load.
... In addition, electrification of agricultural machineries [9], growing appropriate bioenergy crops to increase crop diversity and income [10], improved sequestration methods [11] and conversion of residual agricultural biomass into biofuel [12,13] have been proven to significantly improve energy savings and reduce carbon emissions. In the building / construction sector, significant emission reduction and energy savings have been achieved by replacing inefficient heating systems with energyefficient gas boilers [14], use of heat recovery systems [15], solar shading and cool roofs as shown in Fig. 1 [16,17], wall and roof insulation [18,19], building envelops [20,21], solar panels [22,23], and reduction of the embodied carbon emissions of cement and steel [24]. In the transportation industry, energy saving technologies and approaches mainly involve the utilization of electric vehicles, more efficient power systems and lighter materials [25]. ...
Energy retrofit technologies can significantly reduce global energy requirements and carbon emissions and support policy makers achieve net zero targets. The installation and implementation of these technologies is mostly quite straightforward, however the assessment of their benefits and impacts across the technical, economic, and environmental domains can be very complex and often requires a high degree of stakeholder engagement. The purpose of this paper is to propose a clear and easy-to-follow methodological framework for conducting a techno-economic analysis of energy system retrofit technologies to help reduce this complexity. The proposed framework involves four main stages that involve identifying stakeholders and defining key performance indicators (KPIs), fact and knowledge generation and alignment, decision-making support and finally reviewing and refining the outputs. Two case studies, carried out in the context of the Horizon 2020 Integrated Smart GRID Cross-Functional Solutions for Optimized Synergetic Energy Distribution, Utilization Storage technologies (inteGRIDy) project, were considered to illustrate application of the framework. Associated relevant technical and economic evaluation of performance parameters carried out in accordance with the proposed framework demonstrated that implementation of retrofit technology in these case studies significantly impacted identified stakeholder relevant KPIs, including reduces total energy consumption, peak load, and carbon footprint. Likewise, they improved wider grid adaptability and energy security. The cost-benefit analysis also identified several stakeholder benefits, such as revenues from demand response operations, cost reductions due to local generation, revenues from energy export, and decreased expenses related to reduced carbon emissions. The article concludes that the proposed methodological framework can assist in focusing efforts related to the technical and economic evaluation of energy retrofit technologies onto meaningful indicators which have relevant real-world interpretation for key stakeholders. Overall, it is suggested that the proposed framework can be used as an additional tool to evaluate the impacts and benefits of energy retrofit technologies in a more meaningful way, giving policy makers better insights into deployment and scale-up of retrofit technologies to achieve net zero targets.
... Li et al. (2009) compare various shading, thermal isolations, and windows for humid and hot locations. Modeling the effects of window design in restaurant and hotel buildings is discussed in Sozer (2010). To get a cost-efficient model, most of these considerations should be applied during the construction phase. ...
... The existing study has proved the effectiveness of building retrofits to reduce carbon intensity in specific cities [11,12]. There are several building retrofit measures that have the potential to reduce carbon intensity, such as increasing the insulation of the building envelope, improving the efficiency of the HVAC system, and adjusting the lighting power density of buildings [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Moreover, building retrofits have a positive economic impact on reducing the operational costs of buildings, which can be an incentive for stakeholders to adopt the building retrofit measures, reducing carbon intensity as a result [22]. ...
School buildings have a great potential for carbon emission reduction since their annual emission is about 72 million metric tons. Currently, more than 30% of school buildings were built before 1960 and are underperforming. To effectively reduce carbon emissions via school building retrofits, it is critical for policymakers to understand the carbon intensity reduction potential of retrofitting school buildings in different regions. Hence, this study develops a method to comprehensively assess the long-term carbon intensity reduction potential of aggregated commercial buildings on a county-by-county basis in the continental U.S. We apply this method to the K-12 school buildings including primary and secondary school buildings. This paper predicts the carbon intensity reduction potential of K-12 school buildings with eight building retrofit measures from 2022 to 2050 in the continental U.S. The results reveal several interesting findings: (1) In the approximately 3,000 counties of the U.S. from 2022 to 2050, the carbon intensity reduction potential of retrofitting K-12 school buildings in each county ranges from 0.41 kg/m2 to 40.00 kg/m2. (2) Even in the same climate zone, the trends of carbon intensity reduction potential from 2022 to 2050 are different depending on their electricity sources. For example, in a hot and humid climate zone, the carbon intensity reduction potential in Florida will decrease from 2044 to 2048. However, in Mississippi, the carbon intensity reduction potential from 2044 to 2046 will increase due to the termination of the nuclear energy usage. (3) Generally, reducing lighting power density leads to more carbon intensity reduction in most states, but it might not be applicable for states with high clean energy penetration, such as Washington.
Keywords: K-12 school building; Carbon intensity reduction; Building energy simulation; Large-scale simulation.
... In offices, window openings serve many functions, such as daylighting, integration into the natural ventilation system, and visibility from the outside. However, windows are the weakest point for easy access to heat within the building enclosure, as they acquire heat in summer and lose heat in winter [28]. Heat loss and gain through windows have a very strong effect on their thermal comfort. ...
This paper analysesthe performance ofmaterialconstructions intwosmallcubicle roomsduring hot and cold periods, based on the results of experiments conducted at the University of Ouargla in southeasternAlgeria. The climatic conditions in this region are extreme. The outdoor ambient temperature varies between 47 C° during the day and 30 C° at night for the hot period, and between 16 C° during the day and -1 C° at night for the cold period. The rooms of the in-situ cubicles were identical with a dimension of 1 m × 1 m × 1 m. The walls of the stone cubicles were made with Ouargla stone (15 cm) and two layers of gypsum (1.5 cm), and for brick, the walls of the cubicles were made with hollow brick (15 cm) andtwo layers of mortar (1.5 cm). Measurements are made of ambient temperatures, wall temperatures, and instantaneous heat flux densities through the walls. The effect of building material selection on energy consumption was also studied. During two differentperiods (August 28-30, 2020) and (October 21-23, 2020), the construction with stone decreased the indoor temperature by approximately 6 °C during the day and reduced the apparent thermal mass of the room in the first period, but in the second period, theindoor temperature increased by approximately 1 °C. The residential scale confirmed that Ouargla stone improves thermal comfort by providing high insulation and reducing indoor temperature oscillations. This material is abundant in nature and can be easily extracted and used directly in constructing houses without recycling it, which helps reduce CO2 emissions.
The building envelope, through its components, affects the thermal performance and energy consumption, mainly through windows, which provide easy access for heat gain or loss. In this context, Windows play an essential role in building energy efficiency, influencing heating and cooling requirements. Three key window parameters must be optimized at the design stage to take advantage of solar gain while limiting overheating: orientation, glazing type, and window-to-wall ratio. Therefore, this article aims to assess the impact of different window parameters on the energy used for heating and cooling of an individual housing in Guelma, located in the north-east of Algeria. Four orientations, three glazing types, and ten window-wall ratio scenarios were studied based on a parametric simulation using Rhinoceros 3D and its Grasshopper plug-in. The research results showed that the window to the north has the highest overall energy use while the window to the south has the lowest. Also, the rise in the window/wall ratio and the increase in energy usage are therefore positively correlated. Moreover, double glazing low-emissivity was found to be the most effective in terms of energy savings across all orientations. These savings were especially notable for high window/wall ratios, with the southern orientation reaching up to 35.21%, the western orientation, 25.13%, the eastern orientation 27.05%, and the northern orientation 23.24%. . This study provides guidelines for window design to reduce energy use, maximize thermal comfort, and enhance the energy efficiency of buildings.
Purpose
This paper aims to analyze the impact of sustainability measures taken during the design and construction phases, by examining two categories of sustainability: energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions and material selection and waste management. These aspects are examined from the perspectives of long-term building performance and maintenance practices, as well as user/tenant satisfaction.
Design/methodology/approach
This study includes a literature review related to the two topics under consideration, followed by a comparative case study analysis of four projects to determine practical validity. All case studies in this paper used a semi-structured survey with various project stakeholders, which helped the authors identify measures taken as well as obstacles and challenges during the process.
Findings
According to the four case studies, adequate attention should be paid to the two areas of interest during a project’s design and construction phases. Including case studies from around the world (four case studies from three different countries) offers insights into effective sustainability practices in building design and construction, providing instances of successful implementation and emphasizing the obstacles and potential when incorporating sustainability into the design and construction phases.
Research limitations/implications
The findings also show that design and construction participants and companies should reduce waste generation and carbon emissions. In addition, they should make decisions on material selection to enhance projects’ sustainability and to contribute to creating a habitable planet for the future.
Originality/value
The influence of the design and construction phases on long-term project sustainability is of major importance and concern to users, owners, designers, contractors and facility managers. This study illustrates the necessity of including sustainability measures in the design and construction phases, highlighting the importance of sustainability in building design and construction through effective implementation techniques and interdisciplinary teamwork to realize sustainable goals.
Achieving energy efficiency in buildings is quite important since it significantly contributes to the reduction of energy consumption and leads to better utilization of existing energy resources. This paper investigates and identifies a set of passive design strategies of building shape and proportion, orientation, envelope materials, glazing that helps in minimizing the energy consumption of buildings and achieves an energy-efficient building envelope. A set of 51 passive design rules for achieving energy-efficient building envelope in a hot humid climate is induced from a thorough investigation of the related literature. An interdependency matrix that represents the consequential effects and embodiment among these rules is established. The paper introduces an interdependency analysis of passive design strategies for energy-efficient building envelope leading to the identification of both the influential and interdependency levels among the induced rules. The obtained results are expected to be beneficial to building designers during the conceptual designing of buildings to better achieve energy efficiency.
This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs), focusing on their design considerations, challenges, and diverse applications. Beginning with an overview of the principles guiding NZEB design, the chapter delves into the importance of energy efficiency, renewable energy integration, and holistic planning. The discussion extends to the metrics used to evaluate NZEB performance, including Energy Use Intensity (EUI) and the Zero Energy Performance Index (ZEPI). The chapter then examines critical design considerations for achieving energy neutrality, emphasizing passive design strategies, advanced building envelope technologies, and the integration of renewable energy systems. Special attention is given to the role of innovative materials, high-performance insulation, and smart technologies in optimizing NZEB performance.
This chapter explores the core principles and elements of architectural interior lighting design. A well-rounded understanding of these fundamentals is essential for creating lighting solutions that balance functionality, aesthetics, and energy efficiency. This chapter covers the lighting triangle, lighting layers, lighting quality, lighting intensity, color rendering, glare control, and energy efficiency.
Section 3.1 introduces the concept of the lighting triangle, which comprises three key elements: ambient lighting, task lighting, and accent lighting. Understanding the interplay between these elements is crucial in achieving balanced and effective lighting designs, as detailed in Sect. 3.2. Section 3.2 explores lighting layers, where different types of lighting work together to fulfill specific needs. Sections 3.2.1, 3.2.2, and 3.2.3 delve into the principles of ambient lighting, task lighting, and accent lighting, each with its unique role in interior lighting design. Lighting quality (Sect. 3.3) discusses the importance of visual comfort, color rendering, and the overall sensory experience provided by lighting. Section 3.4 addresses lighting intensity and its role in determining the appropriate light levels for different spaces. The impact of color rendering is covered in Sect. 3.5, emphasizing the ability of light sources to reveal true colors. Glare control (Sect. 3.6) investigates strategies for reducing uncomfortable or distracting glare, contributing to user comfort. Energy efficiency, as discussed in Sect. 3.7, underlines the significance of sustainable lighting design, aiming to minimize energy consumption while maintaining lighting quality.
This chapter provides a comprehensive foundation in lighting fundamentals and principles, paving the way for the practical application of these principles in architectural interior lighting design.
The design of a building’s envelope can considerably affect the building’s energy performance. However, finding the best building envelope parameters to achieve the optimal design in respect to the energy performance is a complicated task. Therefore, some different methods have been developed to optimize building envelope parameters to achieve better thermal behaviour and energy consumption. Many types of smart claddings and kinetics have been developed, but their details remain unclear and unstructured. The smart cladding discussed in this work is defined as an integrated sustainable tool to control energy consumption regarding comfort parameters. These parameters directly affect the occupant’s behaviour, and considering these parameters helps to achieve better practical results. This paper aims to design a control system process and its supporting theory, to develop a model of smart cladding. In order to clarify the theory (methodology), related calculations are provided based on formulations. The obtained data was validated by the carrier hourly analysis program (HAP) v4.90. During the design of the mentioned control system, effective parameters are investigated; such as glazing ratio, visual comfort and the effect of dwelling occupation on heat transfer. The research took into account both full-time and part-time employment as two separate time periods during the day. The energy consumption was evaluated regarding different parameters, such as visual comfort and occupation period; and the results show a heat transfer reduction of approximately half. Consequently, the smart cladding’s design increased energy savings by 45%.
The air-conditioning (AC) energy use in express hotels is stochastic with the high coupling relationships amongst AC usage, indoor temperature and energy consumption. Such complexities and stochasticity make it hard to facilitate energy saving with clear effect on indoor environment. However, lacking analyses of high-resolution occupants’ energy use makes it difficult to achieve such goals due to the split form of ACs and various thermal comfort of guests in express hotels. Therefore, this study made a serial analysis on the AC energy use in a more detailed scope. The stochastic AC usage, indoor temperature and AC energy consumption were quantified by proposed typical patterns with the cluster method. The stochasticity was described by four typical patterns for each aspect. After the quantifications, the relationships amongst these three aspects were decoupled by the proposed energy use decoupling model. Two data mining methods, namely, random forest method and decision tree method, were employed to achieve this purpose, respectively. With these models, the impacts of each variable on AC energy consumption and explicit relationships of operation rules for management are presented. Strictly limiting set point temperature higher than 23°C is the effective way to save energy for most of AC usage patterns. This study can provide a deeper understanding of AC energy use in express hotels, and benefits energy saving and facility operation in express hotels.
This study found that one of the constructive, necessary, beneficial, most effective, and cost-effective ways to meet the great challenge of rising energy prices is to develop and improve energy quality and efficiency. The process of improving the quality of energy and its means has been carried out in many buildings and around the world. It was found that the thermal insulation process in buildings and educational facilities has become the primary tool for improving energy efficiency, enabling us to improve and develop the internal thermal environment quality processes recommended for users (student - teacher). An excellent and essential empirical study has been conducted to calculate the fundamental values of thermal conductivity coefficient for different types of cement mortar, including the different concentrations of cellulosic fibers. And in our study, those cellulosic fibers obtained from sugarcane and sugarcane residues (agricultural waste materials) were used. The percentage is 10%; 20% and 30% of cellulose fibers were added to the cement mixtures. Then the differences are measured, specifically in the physical properties (heat capacity, density, and thermal conductivity coefficient) for 28 days. The Design-Builder program also implemented a precise simulation of the thermal loads of the external envelope of the educational building that is exposed to direct sunlight before and after the insulation process. It was found that with the use of thermal insulation material (meaning the cellulosic fiber technology) mixed with the cement mortar layer of the educational building, the given value of the heat transfer coefficient W/m2 Kelvin decreased by 47.2%. Accordingly, this contributed significantly to a significant and very significant saving in the values of electrical energy consumption by 11.9% for cooling and heating operations and to reducing dangerous carbon dioxide emissions by 52.2%. The simulation has shown that applying thermal insulation techniques to all buildings and educational facilities is highly recommended to save a large consumption in the value of electrical energy and the costs of waste materials and to ensure integrated protection for the ecosystem.
Over the years, the commercial buildings sector has emerged as one of India’s fastest-growing sector and the commercial space is expected to grow four fold between 2015 and 2030. Due to the absence of thermal comfort regulations in India, designers frequently overdesign cooling systems in accordance with international norms, leading to unsustainable practises and energy wastage. The conventional building construction in India’s warm and humid climate make people uncomfortable due to heat gains, forcing the use of cooling equipment that require a lot of energy. Use of passive design options in the building envelope is thought to be a viable strategy for lowering energy usage. The different effects of building exterior components and passive design solutions on the indoor thermal environment can be effectively integrated using the criterion of thermal comfort. A new thermal discomfort index based on adaptive comfort using the numerical method and trapezoidal rule is established and used as a basis of comparison to assess the relative performance of building envelopes. In comparison to the reference building envelope in warm, humid climate, the research shows that careful attention to building envelope design with consideration of various passive options can improve the indoor thermal environment by 5.82 °C, reduce thermal discomfort by 80.75 percent and save energy up to 77 percent.
Electrical energy consumption in commercial buildings accounts for
about 50 percent of the total electricity produced in Hong Kong. Investiga-
tion of the electrical energy requirement in these buildings is essential to
energy conservation. With it, norms of energy use for the buildings in use
can be deduced and can be used to establish energy management pro-
grams. This article reports on a pioneer investigation on the electrical
energy use of hotels in Hong Kong. A survey on the actual consumption in
20 hotels has been conducted, and results are presented. Significance of
the norms and the various end-use components of the total electrical
energy requirement are discussed.
Average annual electricity use per gross floor area is 236kWh/myr for offices and 366kWh/myr for hotels. HVAC and lighting account for 70–80% of total energy in fully air‐conditioned commercial buildings in Hong Kong and should be a priority for energy management programmes.
Energy consumption data from 158 Hellenic hotels and estimated energy savings that result from the use of practical retrofitting techniques, materials and new energy efficient systems are presented. The data were collected during an extensive energy audit of buildings that was carried out in Hellas, within the frame of a National Energy Programme sponsored by the CEC VALOREN Programme, for energy conservation in buildings. During this short monitoring campaign and on-site visits of a trained panel of engineers to each building, all information related to the building's construction, heating, cooling and lighting systems, and all other mechanical and electrical systems, was collected. The main results and energy characteristics of cooling, heating and lighting on energy consumption and performance are discussed. The annual average total energy consumption in hotels is 273 kWh/m2, one of the highest among all categories of buildings. Several scenarios for possible interventions to the building's outer envelope, heating, cooling and lighting systems are proposed and evaluated, in order to assess the effectiveness of various energy conservation techniques. Based on the results from several simulations, it is concluded that it is possible to reach an overall 20% energy conservation.
The hotels in the Antalya Region of Turkey have become a major consumer of energy, water and other resources. However, at present, there are no existing guidelines for the efficient use and management of these resources. Energy management includes increasing in profitability due to the reduced operational costs and it is also a potential for improved market share. Many different evaluation models have been published in energy management literature. However there have been not so many systematic approaches to compare the relative efficiency of the systems. Data envelopment analysis is a special linear programming model for deriving the comparative efficiency of multiple-input multiple-output decision-making units. An evaluation of energy efficiency in 32 five-star hotels in the Antalya Region has been carried out and the results are discussed in this paper. According to this study eight hotels are efficient and twenty-four hotels are inefficient. Also for these 24 inefficient hotels, ideal energy consumptions (electricity, water and liquefied petroleum gas consumptions) are proposed to become efficient these hotels. In this study data envelopment analysis models are evaluated by using a linear programming package LINGO 5.0.
Thermal insulation is one of the most effective energy conservation measures for cooling and heating in buildings. Therefore, determining and selecting the optimum thickness of insulation is the main subject of many engineering investigations. In this study, the determination of optimum insulation thickness on external walls of buildings is comparatively analyzed based on annual heating and cooling loads. The transmission loads, calculated by using measured long-term meteorological data for selected cities, are fed into an economic model (P1−P2 method) in order to determine the optimum insulation thickness. The degree-hours method that is the simplest and most intuitive way of estimating the annual energy consumption of a building is used in this study. The results show that the use of insulation in building walls with respect to cooling degree-hours is more significant for energy savings compared to heating degree-hours in Turkey's warmest zone. The optimum insulation thickness varies between 3.2 and 3.8 cm; the energy savings varies between 8.47 and 12.19 /m2, and payback periods vary between 4.15 and 5.47 years.
Tunisia expects a very large growth in energy demand but Tunisian' indigenous energy resources are limited. Today Tunisian' energy resources meet the total primary energy demand. In short time Tunisia will become an importer country for primary energy.Energy consumption and conservation in Tunisia has received growing attention in recent years. This paper presents the results and analysis from the data collected during the energy audits of a hotel unit located in the center of Tunis during the years 1987, 1996 and 2002. Two energy conservation measures were carried out to investigate the energy savings after two energy audits. The objective was to obtain a quantified energy saved from the effects of efficient technologies.Based on the findings presented in this paper it is suggested there exists significant energy savings potentials for the Tunisian hotel industry.
Passive cooling of buildingsSciences Publishers) Ltd; 1996
- M Santamouris
Santamouris M, Asimakopoulos D. Passive cooling of buildings. London, UK: James & James (Sciences Publishers) Ltd; 1996. H. Sozer / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 2581e2593
Test Reference Year TRY) Palermo-Italy (Izmir-Turkey Equivalent)
- Weather
Weather (Test Reference Year TRY) Palermo-Italy (Izmir-Turkey Equivalent).
Energy modelling for sustainability e evolving software for modelling energy dynamics makes it easier for architects and engineers to design green buildings Continuing Education Centre
- Bj Novitski
Novitski BJ. Energy modelling for sustainability e evolving software for modelling energy dynamics makes it easier for architects and engineers to design green buildings. Architectural Record, Continuing Education Centre; April 2008.
Hotels and the environment, www.greenhotel.com; 03.19
- Paulina Bohdanowicz
Paulina Bohdanowicz. Hotels and the environment, www.greenhotel.com; 03.19.2010.
Hospitality sector, saving energy dollars in hotels, motels and restaurants. Canada: Energy Publications Office of Energy Efficiency Natural Resources
- Energy Initiative
Energy Innovators Initiative. Hospitality sector, saving energy dollars in hotels, motels and restaurants. Canada: Energy Publications Office of Energy Efficiency Natural Resources; 2003.
Energy modelling for sustainability – evolving software for modelling energy dynamics makes it easier for architects and engineers to design green buildings
- Novitski