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Sources of Efficiency Gains in Port Reform: a DEA Decomposition of a Malmquist TFP Index for Mexico
Abstract
Mexico’s port system was centrally managed by public firms until 1993 reforms liberalized and decentralized it to regional port authorities to improve its efficiency. This paper measures the changes in, and sources of, efficiency since the reforms. We rely on a Malmquist index to calculate and decompose changes in productivity, in terms of infrastructure, for Mexico’s 11 main ports between 1996 and 1999. The results suggest that total factor productivity in Mexican ports rose by an average of 4.1% a year in 1996–1999. They also suggest the fourth year, because some ports saw their scale efficiency deteriorate as a result of the effects of the East Asia crisis. We finally show that with one exception, all the ports maintained or improved their pure technical efficiency during the sample period. We conclude by arguing that these types of results could be used by any port regulator to improve the effectiveness and fairness of its regulatory decisions.
... Total factor productivity (TFP) is a crucial indicator for measuring port productivity, reflecting the rate of change in total output relative to total inputs [3,40,41]. TFP aggregates multiple input (x) and output (y) indicators to measure or decompose changes in port productivity over time or among different ports [42]. In this regard, the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) is an effective tool for measuring changes in port TFP between two time periods and decomposing the sources of efficiency change [43]. ...
... In this regard, the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) is an effective tool for measuring changes in port TFP between two time periods and decomposing the sources of efficiency change [43]. The Malmquist TFP index measures TFP changes by comparing the distance of each data point relative to a common technology, with its main advantage being that it does not rely on input and output prices or related market clearing assumptions [40,42]. ...
... DEA is a non-parametric technique that evaluates the performance of a set of homogeneous decision-making units (DMUs) with multiple inputs and outputs by creating efficiency frontiers based on a piecewise linear surface [43,47]. In studies related to port TFP, the use of DEA to calculate distance functions and thereby construct the Malmquist TFP index has been widely applied [6,30,40,42,[48][49][50]. For more technical details on the global Malmquist productivity index based on DEA, please refer to the relevant literature by Pastor and Lovell [33]. ...
This paper investigates the relationship between port productivity and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in port cities. The study initially employs the global Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to measure productivity growth in 16 major inland ports along the Yangtze River, obtaining data on the ports’ total factor productivity (TFP). Through an analysis using the panel data model with two-way fixed effects, we find a positive correlation between the improvement of port TFP and the increase in CO2 emissions in port cities. Further panel quantile regression analysis reveals the heterogeneity of this impact, especially in cities with medium and higher CO2 emissions, where the positive effects of TFP on carbon emissions are particularly significant. The study also indicates a threshold effect of port size in the relationship between TFP and CO2 emissions: in smaller ports, the impact of TFP improvement on CO2 emissions is less significant; however, once the port size exceeds a certain threshold, the growth in TFP significantly promotes an increase in CO2 emissions. These findings provide theoretical justification and decision-making references for policymakers to adopt effective measures to mitigate the growth of CO2 emissions while promoting the efficiency of port production.
... Performance analyses have been proposed as a basis for incentive-oriented regulatory tools (Barros 2003;Estache et al. 2004;Ferrari and Basta 2010). Accordingly, we build measures for reform-related contextual factors such as specialization, ownership structure, competition levels and economic regulation, and test their impact on seaport performance. ...
... When this information is not available, the most commonly used monetary proxy for capital is depreciation (Martinez-Budria et al. 1999). Capital has also been proxied by berth and yard side physical assets, including the number of berths (Tongzon 2001;Itoh 2002), total quay length (Estache et al. 2004;Cullinane et al. 2004Cullinane et al. , 2005aCullinane et al. , b, 2006Turner et al. 2004;Wang and Cullinane 2006), berthing capacity (Park and De 2004), terminal area (Tongzon 2001;Itoh 2002;Cullinane et al. 2004Cullinane et al. , 2005aCullinane et al. , b, 2006Turner et al. 2004;Wang and Cullinane 2006) and cargo-handling capacity (Park and De 2004). Moreover, cargohandling equipment, including the number of cranes (Tongzon 2001;Itoh 2002;Cullinane et al. 2004Cullinane et al. , 2005aCullinane et al. , b, 2006Turner et al. 2004), tug boats (Tongzon 2001) and straddle carriers (Cullinane et al. 2004(Cullinane et al. , 2005a have also been used as proxies for capital. ...
... When outsourced employee figures are available, care must also be taken to include the nature of employment, e.g. the proportion of full-time and part-time employees or employee-hours. Some proxies for labour include the number of port authority employees (Roll and Hayuth 1993;Tongzon 2001;Itoh 2002;Barros 2003;Estache et al. 2004;Barros and Athanassiou 2004) or expenditure on salaries (Martinez-Budria et al. 1999) when precise information on outsourcing and the nature of employment of cargo-handling workers is not available. The third input includes the variable cost of port authority operations over and above its expenditure on salaries and depreciation (Martinez-Budria et al. 1999). ...
We develop a two-stage formulation to estimate seaport performance and to understand the drivers of efficiency, which could potentially include specialization, ownership, competition and tariff regulation. The first-stage non-parametric, slacks-based measure estimates the technical efficiency of each port. For the second-stage analysis, we develop a set of contextual variables including an absolute measure of specialization and a berth-level measure of ownership structure. To measure competition, we develop spatial measures that quantify the level of competition as a function of distance. We subsequently apply this formulation to major Indian seaports, covering a period of 21 years, from 1995 to 2015. The first-stage results suggest that average seaport efficiency has increased gradually over time. The second-stage fixed effects regressions show that specialization and external stakeholder participation have significant positive impacts on seaport performance. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that, in a tiered governance framework, competition between major seaports and local seaports has a significant negative impact on performance, potentially due to excessive infrastructure. Finally, changes in the regulatory mechanism over time are shown to be efficiency improving.
... Tongzon selected input-output indicators for ports and applied the DEA model to measure the efficiency of four Australian ports and twelve international ports, empirically confirming the applicability of DEA for port efficiency evaluation [18]. However, traditional DEA models are limited to measuring static efficiency at specific points in time and are unsuitable for long time-series data [19][20][21]. Estache employed the DEA-Malmquist index to calculate and decompose productivity changes in Mexican port infrastructure from 1996 to 1999, reporting an average annual efficiency growth [19]. ...
... However, traditional DEA models are limited to measuring static efficiency at specific points in time and are unsuitable for long time-series data [19][20][21]. Estache employed the DEA-Malmquist index to calculate and decompose productivity changes in Mexican port infrastructure from 1996 to 1999, reporting an average annual efficiency growth [19]. Building on this, Barros extended the sample period and employed the DEA-Malmquist index to assess the dynamic efficiency of ports in Angola, Mozambique, and Nigeria [22]. ...
The “Belt and Road” initiative centrally embodies the Chinese government’s new concept of further strengthening regional cooperation and opening up to the outside world. The “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” (MSR) is a key component of this initiative. This study uses the MSR policy as a quasi-natural experiment to explore its impact on the efficiency of China’s coastal ports and the mechanisms underlying this effect, employing a difference-in-differences (DID) model based on panel data from major coastal ports in China between 2011 and 2022. The study finds that the policy of the MSR can significantly contribute to the efficiency of ports along the route, and this conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests that take into account endogeneity issues and the exclusion of other policy interferences. From the analysis of heterogeneity, the construction of the MSR can effectively promote port efficiency in the southern region and large cities. From the perspective of the impact mechanism, this policy mainly promotes port efficiency by mentioning the optimization of the human capital structure, the improvement of the level of industrialization, and the construction of infrastructure. The conclusions of the study are of great significance in the advancement of high-quality sustainable development of ports along China’s routes.
... TE is the capacity to maximize the output under a specific given input or achieve a specific output level at the minimizing use of input (Estache et al. 2004). Thus, TE is expressed as a multiplication of PTE and scale efficiency. ...
... Scale efficiency results of the analysis are on the right panel and a score of 1 means that the DMU is at the optimal scale and the most productive scale size (Cooper et al. 2006). A measure of scale efficiency provides significant information for industry officials to optimize productivity from available technologies and adjust the scale of operations (Estache et al. 2004). Moreover, Ross and Droge (2004) presented that it is preferable to analyze scale efficiency in large-scale productivity and investment, such as transportation and logistics facilities like ports. ...
... Antonio et al. [19] investigated 11 major ports in Mexico using DEA and the Malmquist index to determine whether the reformation of the Mexican port system in 1993 led to an increase in efficiency. The number of workers and berth length were used as input variables and throughput as an output variable. ...
... The studies mentioned above utilized various efficiency measurement methods such as DEA [17,19,20,22,23,[25][26][27]30], SFA [24], questionnaire survey [29], and Markov analysis [21] to measure the efficiency of container terminals. In this study, we used DEA and Malmquist productivity analysis to present implications for sustainable operation methods by comparing the relative efficiency of GTOs and their annual productivity trend based on operational characteristics. ...
Shipping and port industries are undergoing rapid environmental changes because of the reorganization of carrier alliances, enlargement of ships, and an increase in global uncertainty. Thus, the sustainable operation of container terminals requires a new assessment of port efficiency and measures to enhance efficient operation. Hence, we classified 21 global terminal operators (GTOs) into stevedore, carrier, and hybrid GTOs based on their operation characteristics and derived a sustainable container terminal operation method using data envelopment analysis efficiency and Malmquist productivity index analysis. The results showed that stevedore GTOs exhibited improved efficiency when the terminal infrastructure was expanded. However, the returns to scale and technical change factors in the productivity change trend decreased. Meanwhile, the objective of carrier GTOs is cost reduction, unlike stevedore and hybrid GTOs, which focus on generating profits. Consequently, carrier GTOs were the most inefficient with little intention to improve efficiency. A systematic efficiency improvement strategy through the acquisition of a terminal share was effective for hybrid GTOs. However, similar to stevedore GTOs, investment in technical change was insufficient for hybrid GTOs. The efficiency analysis we conducted for each operation characteristic is expected to provide useful basic data for establishing efficiency improvement strategies for every GTO.
... Labor has been assessed through the average annual number of workers in studies focusing on port authorities (Estache et al., 2002(Estache et al., , 2004Barros, 2005;Gonz� alez and Trujillo, 2008;Medal-Bartual and Sala-Garrido, 2011;N� uñez-S� anchez and Coto-Mill� an, 2012). At the terminal level, obtaining the number of employees is more intricate, although some research has incorporated it (Cullinane and Song, 2003;R� ıos and Macada, 2006;Rodr� ıguez-� Alvarez et al., 2007;Wilmsmeier et al., 2013;Chang and Tovar, 2014). ...
Purpose
This paper introduces a revenue efficiency DEA model with weight restrictions and variable returns to scale, designed to evaluate the efficiency of 38 ports in the Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) region.
Design/methodology/approach
The methodology used is the analysis of the data envelope, where the technical, cost and allocative efficiency is calculated with the incorporation of weight restrictions aimed at preventing the generation of unrealistically high efficiency scores.
Findings
The findings indicate that the implementation of weight restrictions successfully eliminated outliers. However, there was a general decrease in efficiency across three key measures: technical, revenue and allocative. In the realm of allocative efficiency, none of the ports reached a perfect score.
Practical implications
The major contribution of this research is that despite numerous studies on port efficiency utilizing DEA methodology, none have integrated weight restrictions into overall efficiency assessments. Therefore, the study’s objective is to gauge revenue efficiency, dissected into technical and allocative efficiency, across 38 ports in the APEC region. This is achieved through the implementation of weight restrictions alongside variable returns to scale.
Originality/value
The major contribution of this research is that despite numerous studies on port efficiency utilizing DEA methodology, none have integrated weight restrictions into overall efficiency assessments.
... An increasing number of scholars are measuring the development of the marine economy using total factor productivity (TFP), which refers to the growth rate of output resulting from all factors except labor and capital (Ren et al., 2018). When evaluating economic growth, researchers tend to focus on changes in TFP, also known as the TFP index or TFP growth, as it can shed light on the sources of economic growth (Estache et al., 2004). Although the TFP index is a useful tool for measuring the growth of the marine economy, accurately measuring HMED is challenging because the index does not take environmental factors into account in the economic efficiency measurement framework. ...
High-quality marine economic development (HMED) is regarded as a new development pattern of the marine economy in China. This paper aims to examine the dynamic changes and improvement strategies of HMED from the perspective of the green total factor productivity (GTFP) growth. First, the GTFP growth of the marine economy in China’s coastal regions for the period 2007–2020 is calculated using the bootstrapped Malmquist index. Second, the dynamic changes and spatial impacts of the GTFP growth are characterized using kernel density estimation (KDE). Moreover, a novel analytical framework to study the improvement strategies of the GTFP is developed. Within this framework, the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method is used to explore the paths to achieve HMED. The findings show that: (i) the GTFP growth for coastal regions shows significant fluctuations, suggesting that a stable pattern of marine economic development has yet to be established; (ii) the regional distribution of GTFP growth varies significantly, with provinces with fast GTFP growth gathering resources from neighboring provinces, resulting in a siphon effect; (iii) for coastal provinces that lack certain development conditions, the combined effect of other advantageous factors can be used to achieve HMED. Finally, this study presents policy recommendations for achieving HMED, which can provide insights into the design of China’s future marine economic policies.
... Since decisions within a given window are measured against each other, this method implicitly assumes that there is no technological change in each window, while in combination with the Malmquist-Luenberger index method, it can effectively compensate for the shortcomings of the Window-DEA Window analysis in not being able to estimate technological change and more accurately measure the dynamics of the green total factor productivity in the t to t + 1 period [24,25]. The Malmquist-Luenberger exponential model is measured by the following formula: ...
Confronting the dual challenges of excessive resource consumption and environmental pollution, the traditional extensive economic development pattern significantly impeded the high-quality development of the Chinese economy. Examining variations in green total factor productivity across different types of cities holds substantial practical significance for promoting coordinated regional development and facilitating the green transformation of urban economies. Panel data from 283 cities in China spanning the years 2006 to 2020 were selected for analysis. The window-Malmquist–Luenberger index model, incorporating a mixed distance function, was employed to assess changes in green total factor productivity among the sample cities. The results were then categorized and analyzed based on different city attributes. The findings indicate that (1) the variation in green total factor productivity across China’s four major regions from 2006 to 2020 is generally characterized by an initial decline followed by an increase; (2) the proportion of cities with significantly improved green total factor productivity decreases from the east to the central, western, and northeastern regions; (3) the increase in green total factor productivity is positively correlated with city size, suggesting that larger cities experience higher growth in green total factor productivity; (4) first- and second-tier cities exhibit a relatively high mean value of green total factor productivity growth, while third-, fourth-, and fifth-tier cities demonstrate relatively lower growth.
... Clark, Dollar, & Micco (2004) empirically explain how port efficiency negatively correlates with trade costs, where a more efficient port results in lower trade costs. Another study shows how Mexican ports affected port operational costs; for instance, reducing moving containers by 5.6 percent between January 1995 to December 1998 increased the TFP by 4.1 percent between 1996 to 1999 (Estache, de la Fé, & Trujillo, 2004). ...
A key determinant influencing port performance is the governance aspect. Since the port plays a crucial role in logistics supply chain systems, its performance determinants should be evaluated. Data from 57 ports worldwide was analysed to investigate how regulations affected their efficiency. First, we utilised the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to obtain the measurement of the port's technical efficiency. Then, the econometric estimation is used to examine the role of regulation on port's technical efficiency. The findings from the econometric estimation suggests that Regulatory Quality (REGQ) and Control of Corruption (CORR) were positively correlated with the port's technical efficiency One important contribution of the study is the implementation of DEAL in the DEA measurement as to include the external variables in the analysis. This study suggests the government should improve the process by enhancing the application of high-technology items and digitisation that are able to ease the bottleneck at port.
... Some scholars have found that by reducing the tax burden of enterprises, increasing employee stock ownership, loosening interest rate control and other behaviors, the financialization of enterprises can be inhibited, and the economic "disequilibrium" can be eased, so as to boost the healthy development of the real economy Ren et al., 2011;Yang et al., 2019) [5][6][7]. After introducing DEA Malmquist nonparametric method into efficiency research [8,9], it provides ideas for measuring the efficiency of financial support to the real economy [10,11]. Xu et al. (2017) [12] used this method to measure the efficiency of financial support to the real economy of each province in each year, and made an empirical analysis of the impact relationship between real estate price fluctuations and the efficiency of financial support entities. ...
Based on the provincial panel data from 2013 to 2020 in China, this paper uses the two-way fixed effect model and the Dynamic System GMM model to study the relationship between the development of digital finance and the improvement of the efficiency of financial support for the real economy. The results show that: Digital finance can significantly improve the efficiency of financial support to the real economy in China; Structural heterogeneity shows that, compared with the degree of digitization, the effectiveness of coverage and depth indicators to improve the efficiency of financial support for the real economy is stronger; Regional heterogeneity shows that the impact of digital Finance on the efficiency of financial support to the real economy in the central and eastern regions is stronger than that in the western regions.
... One view is that the reform of the port management system has no significant impact on port efficiency and that even the decentralization of port authority will hinder port efficiency (Cullinane et al., 2002;Liu, 1995;Baird, 2000). Another view is that port reform will positively impact port efficiency (Estache et al., 2002;Estache et al., 2004;Coto-Millán et al., 2016). For example, Cheon et al. (2010) utilize 98 of the world's major ports as case studies to empirically demonstrate that port institutional reforms can help increase total factor productivity in ports. ...
... One is the measurement method of bias in technological progress. The mainstream method is the stochastic frontier analysis method (Estache, 2004;Shu, 2011), which measures TFP based on the DEA index and further decomlocates technological change. It can decomlocates IBTC, OBTC, and MATC from technological change. ...
Green biased technological progress takes into account the influence of energy input and pollution emission, which is of great significance to China's green development. This paper decomposes technological progress into green input biased technological progress (IBTC) and green output biased technological progress (OBTC) using the Slacks-based measure integrating (SBM) model. Factor bias in technological progress is determined based on data from 34 industries in China from 2000 to 2015. The results show that the green biased technology progress exists significantly in the industry, and most of them promote the growth of green total factor productivity. IBTC first tends to consume energy to pursue capital between capital input and energy input, while it tends to save energy after the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. Between labor input and energy input, it is biased towards saving labor and consume resources. OBTC is biased towards promoting industrial growth and curbing pollution emissions. Medium and light polluting industries are biased towards promoting industrial growth and curbing pollution emissions, while heavy polluting industries are biased towards emitting more pollution.
... Barros et al. [25] analyzed the productivity of Brazilian seaports over the period 2004-2010, using a Malmquist index with technological bias. Estache et al. [26] relied on the Malmquist index to calculate and decompose the productivity changes in infrastructure for the 11 major Mexican ports between 1996 and 1999. ...
Guangdong Province enjoys a very high economic status in China especially in terms of port construction. In response to the port development directions in China, the Guangdong government released a policy about the construction of Guangdong ports in the next 15 years. Based on the policy, this study proposes to evaluate the port efficiency of major ports in Guangdong Province during 2011–2020 using the Super-efficiency EBM-DEA model that considers undesirable outputs, and the spatial effect of port efficiency and its influencing factors is further analyzed using the spatial Durbin model. The empirical results shows that the overall port efficiency in Guangdong Province is not high and varies widely among port clusters, thereby lacking synergistic development. The results of the spatial Durbin model show that port efficiency is positively correlated with the level of economic development, port-city relationship and transportation structure, as well as negatively correlated with the efficiency of neighboring ports. The findings have a far-reaching impact on the development of port construction.
... Another important port system in a developing country of the American region is the Mexican ports. The first study of the Mexican ports was performed with Malmquist productivity index by Estache et al. (2004). Later, the efficiency of the major Mexican ports was estimated by Ablanedo-Rosas and Ruiz-Torres (2009) under the DEA method. ...
This paper’s aim is to investigate the efficiency of main ports located
in five different developing regions. The consideration of multiple developing
regions constitutes a unique geographic setting that has been neglected in the
research literature. A sample of 40 ports was studied and the ports’ bias
corrected efficiency scores were estimated by means of a bootstrap DEA
approach. The study is based on data covering the period 2013–2018. The
results showed that most of the ports were not operating at their optimal scale
and reported an increasing and decreasing trend in their CRS and VRS
efficiency scores respectively. Most of the ports have experienced an increase
in their operations without attaining the corresponding increase in their
technical capabilities. The ports exhibited a dynamic behaviour, which was due
to their operational dynamism rather than their infrastructure dynamism. The
overall and regional top port performers were identified for benchmarking
purposes
... Previous studies mainly utilized the DEA-Malmquist model developed by Färe and Grosskopf (1992) to measure the marine economic TFP related to a specific industry or sector, such as marine aquaculture, marine fisheries, and maritime transportation (Shang et al., 1998;Jin et al., 2002;Turner et al., 2004). Later, Estache et al. (2004) measured the TFP of Mexican ports and found that the TFP estimates of ports increased significantly after the reform and opening up. ...
With the rapid development of the global economy and the depletion of land resources, the ocean has gradually become a new area for human society to seek resources and space utilization. In China, the marine economy also has become an essential part of the national economy. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate marine productivity to understand China’s marine industry’s input-output status and development level. We conducted a meta-analysis using 622 observations from 33 primary empirical studies to quantify the discrepancies in measurement findings and identify the influencing factors of total factor productivity (TFP) growth in the marine industry. The results indicate that: (1) In the existing literature, the mean TFP growth of China’s marine economy at the provincial level is 1.002, which is lower than that at the national level (1.022); (2) The time span of the data, the estimation model, the evaluation indicator, and the journal’s rank all have a significant effect on the estimation results of the marine economic TFP growth, whereas the year of publication does not affect the estimation results; (3) The TFP growth of China’s marine economy peaked during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, after which it began to decline year after year; (4) The TFP growth of the marine economy in the Yangtze River Delta region and Circum Bohai Sea region is significantly higher than that in the Pan-Pearl River Delta region; (5) Economic factors such as gross ocean product, level of opening-up, level of marine science and technology, and industrial structure all have an impact on the marine economic TFP growth. Accordingly, the following insights were obtained: In terms of marine economic development policies, we should continue to enhance the investment in marine environmental governance, strengthen the construction of marine ecological civilization, and pay attention to synergistic regional development, opening up to the outside world, scientific and technological innovation, and industrial structure optimization. In addition, the follow-up study should use long-period sample data as much as possible, pay attention to the parametric SFA model, and strip the negative environmental impact by constructing a green evaluation index system.
... Caves et al. (1982) introduced the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) after Malmquist (1953) to measure the trend in efficiency. MPI measures efficiency change between two-time points relative to a common technology level (Estache, 2004). MPI is equal to the product of the change in relative efficiency and the change in technology. ...
The fact that sports federations become autonomous with the laws enacted on the financial issues and that the federations represent the countries on international platforms makes the evaluation of the federations’ performances important. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been a commonly used method to determine the effectiveness of sports federations since DEA enables experts from different fields to easily interpret the results and ensure that multiple inputs/outputs are evaluated together without relying on assumptions. This study aims to determine the efficiency changes of the 25 sports federations in Turkey between 2013 and 2017 and the causes of these changes. Different from the inputs used in the studies in the literature related to efficiency analysis of sports federations, educational and financial aspects of the efficiency changes are considered by taking the number of coaches per athlete and the total income per athlete as input, respectively. Since this study is the first one to analyze the efficiency of Turkish Sports Federations, it makes a significant contribution to the literature. The analysis showed that the total productivity index of the federations included in the study indicates a 50% improvement in efficiency and that a significant part of this improvement stems from technological progress.KeywordsData envelopment analysisMalmquist TFPEfficiencySport federations
... Yörük and Zaim (2005) use a variation on the Malmquist index to decompose productivity change in OECD countries into technical and resource efficiency factors. A similar approach to decompose productivity factors is taken by Wu (1995) in a cross-sector study of post-reform China and by Estache et al. (2004) in a study of port reform in Mexico. ...
This study examines growth patterns and sources of labour productivity growth and catch-up in the electricity sector. The study uses decomposition analysis to examine 13 industrialized economies from 2000 to 2015, a period of high growth in the sector. The study finds that total factor productivity and digital assets are the most powerful drivers of labour productivity growth and catch-up, while non-ICT assets have only a minor effect. Furthermore, labour quality outpaces R&D as a determinant of productivity. This study has implications for labour and industrial policy in the context of technological transformation and institutional restructuring in the electricity sector.
... Cullinane et al. [2004] used a DEA window analysis in order to achieve more robust results. Estache et al. [2004] applied the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) to examine if seaport liberalisation was a success in Mexico. Park and De [2004] used a four--stage DEA to investigate the efficiency of the North American seaport infrastructure productivity from 1984 to 1997. ...
Polish companies operating in the market of road transport services do not come only as some background for companies with foreign capital, but they are equal business partners and competitors in this market. Road cargo transport accounts for a major part of the system of transport in Poland and in the European Union. The paper is a comparative analysis of the structure of road transport sector, cost of carrier services in different countries and their economic performance. The paper is aimed at demonstrating that the structure of Polish road transport sector and its economic performance, compared to other EU countries, inhibit Polish entrepreneurs’ adaptation efforts connected with the so-called Mobility Package. Studies have shown that the implementation of proposed changes will deteriorate the competitiveness of Polish carriers, who currently enjoy cost advantage over their competitors, but whose labour productivity is low, economic performance poorer and who suffer from unfavourable structure of road transport.
... Cullinane et al. [2004] used a DEA window analysis in order to achieve more robust results. Estache et al. [2004] applied the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) to examine if seaport liberalisation was a success in Mexico. Park and De [2004] used a four--stage DEA to investigate the efficiency of the North American seaport infrastructure productivity from 1984 to 1997. ...
The subject of research were innovative processes of a technological, organizational, structural, market or sociological nature. The starting material for developing the studied subject was the analysis of the dynamics of changes in expenditure on research and development in the field of transport infrastructure in Poland and the European Union. It has been found that in the last two decades, innovations in passenger transport have been successively implemented in Poland and Europe, the aim of which is to effectively meet the existing needs in the field of passenger transport, and above all to effectively encourage car drivers to use public transport. Introduction of the new solutions in transport is possible due to the growing level of budget expenditure on research and development in the field of transport, telecommunications and other infrastructure. The selected presented innovations in passenger transport effectively improve the quality of travel, increase the efficiency of infrastructure use and contribute to reducing the negative impact of transport on the environment.
... Cullinane et al. [2004] used a DEA window analysis in order to achieve more robust results. Estache et al. [2004] applied the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) to examine if seaport liberalisation was a success in Mexico. Park and De [2004] used a four--stage DEA to investigate the efficiency of the North American seaport infrastructure productivity from 1984 to 1997. ...
Seaport efficiency are the critical factors for handling of goods in the international supply chains and plays an important role in trade exchange with other countries. It is important to evaluate efficiency of seaports to reflect their status and reveal their position in competitive environment. The main purpose of this article is to use Data Envelopment Analysis to measure the technical efficiency of main seaports in Poland and main seaports in Europe. Data Envelopment Analysis enables one to assess how efficiently a Polish seaports uses the available inputs to generate a set of outputs relative to other units in the data set. The analysis gives a possibility to create an efficiency ranking of seaports.
... The eco-productivity of 17 European countries was estimated by the Slacks-based measure method by Wang et al. [24] Liu et al. [25] evaluated the efficiency of Taiwanese semiconductor packaging and testing companies from 2000 to 2003. Estache et al. [26] used the Malmquist index method to examine and calculate and disintegrate the innovation efficiency of Mexico's port system based on infrastructure from 11 main ports from 1996 to 1999. Another application of the Malmquist model showed the efficiency development of the Norwegian Motor Vehicle Inspection Agencies from 1989 to 1991 period. ...
The interactive relationship between the banking system and enterprise makes up the role that affects a national economy. Significantly, the relationship between banking and technology has become tighter over the past few decades. An assessment of bank performance is critical for understanding their position and provides valuable information to practitioners. In this paper, we assess the performance of the top 18 commercial banks in Vietnam during 2015–2019. The assessment utilizes two data envelopment analysis (DEA) models while involving the banks’ performance in six dimensions, including assets, deposits, operating expenses, liabilities as inputs, while treating loans and net income as outputs. Using the Malmquist measurement, the total productivity growth indexes of the banks are obtained, which are decomposed into technical and technological evolutions. Window analysis is used to compute the efficiencies of the banks in every single year in 2015–2019. From the results of Malmquist, most banks are found to decrease their Malmquist productivity indexes from 2015 to 2019, wherein both of their technical and technological indexes declined. Window analysis indicates B6-SHBank, B1-Vietinbank, and B18-PetrolimexGroup as the most efficient banks during 2015–2019, and in the interim, B16-BaoVietBank, B11-NationalCitizen, and B13-VietnamMaritime ranked on the bottom line. The managerial implications of this research help to reflect the comprehensive insights of the top Vietnamese commercial bank performance and offer a strategic guideline for decision-makers toward sustainable development in the banking industry.
... The Malmquist index can be decomposed into the technical progress index and technical efficiency change index. If scale efficiency is variable, then the technical efficiency change index can be further decomposed into pure technical and scale efficiencies [23]. The traditional DEA model is to measure the static relative efficiency of different decision-making units in the same period, that is, the overall technical efficiency change, while the Malmquist index model is an analysis of the dynamic efficiency of the data of each decision-making unit in different periods. ...
The Yangtze River Basin (YRB) is an important area for China’s economic development and environmental governance. The aim of this paper is to analyze the total factor productivity across 97 cities in the YRB from 2005 to 2016. Based on the input and output indicators from 2005 to 2016, this paper selects the SE-SBM model to measure the environmental regulation efficiency (ERE) of 97 cities in the YRB and then uses the DEA–Malmquist index to measure the total factor productivity of the region. Results suggest that the overall ERE in the YRB is weakly ineffective, while ERE in the central and eastern coastal areas is relatively high. ERE matches the economic foundation and development of the city. YRB environmental regulation efficiency was in descending order in the middle stream, upstream, and downstream. The efficiency of regional environmental regulation shows an N-type development trend, with obvious characteristics of phased development. Moreover, the total factor productivity of the YRB has shown a downward trend. The scale efficiency index and the technical efficiency index have positively boosted the total factor productivity, while the technological progress index has dragged down the total factor productivity of the area. The contribution to the total factor productivity index is in order of scale efficiency, technological progress index, and technological efficiency index in the downstream. The overall inputs and outputs of the YRB have great development potential. The inputs have not been fully utilized, the outputs have not been maximized, and the regional differentiation is significantly observable.
... La utilización de este enfoque en la industria portuaria registra varios antecedentes, en regiones diversas: Italia (Marchese et al., 2000), España (Martín, 2002), Portugal (Barros, 2003), Argentina (Arieu, 2004), México (Estache et al., 2004), Corea (Park y De, 2004), Asia (Lee et al., 2005) o China (Haibo y Shuwen, 2007). ...
Los puertos marítimos se han convertido en importantes centros de desarrollo regional. La operación eficiente de la actividad portuaria
es fundamental para el acceso a los mercados externos. Existen diversas metodologías tendientes a lograr una mayor eficiencia en los
puertos, pero DEA tiene un enorme potencial como metodología de gestión.
... Because observing productivity change is also a concern for practitioners and researchers, measuring the intertemporal productivity to discover additional management implications is necessary. Because models and indexes, for example, the Malmquist productivity index (MPI), have been proposed and applied to measure intertemporal productivity (Estache et al., 2004;Fu et al., 2009), applying such approaches to investigate the productivity change trend of major shipyards is worthwhile. Second, the technology gap between different production groups could be measured and compared using a metafrontier framework (Oh and Lee, 2010). ...
Purpose
This study aims to measure the productivity of 21 major shipyards in China, South Korea and Japan.
Design/methodology/approach
Data envelopment analysis was applied to measure the productivity of shipyards. The contemporaneous and intertemporal productivity scores of each shipyard were measured. Additionally, the technical gaps among shipyards in China, South Korea and Japan were measured and compared.
Findings
The results indicate that Japan led the global shipbuilding industry in 2014 and South Korea dominated in 2015. Additionally, from 2014 to 2015, shipyards in South Korea and Japan maintained their levels of productivity. Comparatively, major shipyards in China made substantial progress from 2014 to 2015, revealing their strong ambition to improve productivity.
Originality/value
This study first used a metafrontier framework to measure the technical gap of shipyards among major shipbuilding countries. The model and approach objectively analyze the productivity of major shipyards and considers their nationalities. Additionally, this study is the first to measure changes in the productivity of shipyards. By decomposing the metafrontier Malmquist productivity index, major shipyards were categorized into eight sets. The results of this study can provide a clear direction for shipyards to improve their productivity.
... Whilst there is extensive literature on benchmarking, applied to a wide diversity of economic areas, the container port sector is relatively under-researched. To date, most studies on container port efficiency evaluation have mainly focused on stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) (e.g., Cullinane and Song, 2003;Cuillinane et al. 2002;Estache et al. 2002;Liu, 1995), DEA (e.g., Barros and Athanassiou, 2004;Cullinane et al.2005;Roll and Hayuth, 1993;Valentine and Gray, 2001), multiple linear regression (e.g., Tongzon, 1995), total factor analysis (TFP)(e.g., Estache et al, 2004), and free disposal hull (FDH) (e.g., Wang et al. 2003;Cullinane et al. 2005). Among these analysis methods, DEA is considered to be one of the best approaches for organizing and analyzing data becauseit allows efficiency to evolve over time and requires no prior assumptions for the specification of the best-practice frontier. ...
This paper presents an alternative approach to evaluating the overall efficiency and performance of Taiwanese container ports. Specifically, a parallel activity with series structure concept in the form of data envelopment analysis (MNDEA) is used to construct a model that applies to three different activities: harbor management, stevedoring and warehousing operations. We will further divide each activity into two process types, production processes and services processes. We will also adopt a Delphi survey approach and use the Analytic Network Process (ANP) to identify these processes’influence dependence and their degree of importance for the MNDEA model setting. An empirical application demonstrates the performance of Taiwanese container ports by using MNDEA with window analysis techniques via the directional distance functionThe results demonstrate that the application is effective in indicating and/or suggesting resource-adjustments, while considering which undesirable output levels and shared inputs were involved. The results also present directions for possible improvements in workplace efficiency.
... The academic literature on port efficiency benchmarking has been enriched with new techniques and tools over the last three decades. Roll and Hayuth (1993), Cullinane, Song, and Gray (2002), Cullinane and Song (2003), Estache, de la Fe, and Trujillo (2004), Bichou and Gray (2004) and many others have evaluated port performance from different perspectives using different methods. Bichou (2006) mentioned three broad categories of port performance benchmarking: individual metrics and indices, economic impact studies and frontier approaches. ...
Researchers and practitioners are benchmarking technical efficiency of ports and exploring the drivers of high efficiency. Paradoxically, this study argues that high technical efficiency (TE=1) is not always essential, but an optimal level needs to be achieved while balancing the port service level. This study applies data envelopment analysis (DEA) and free disposal hull (FDH) methods to perform efficiency rankings of 38 container terminals from 17 different ports in 12 Asian countries. Four terminals are technically efficient (TE=1) in all frontier approaches, thereof one Bangladeshi, one Chinese, one Indian and one Vietnamese. Furthermore, this study presents a case study combining qualitative and quantitative data analysis to investigate the characteristics of a port hosting high technically efficient container terminals. The finding suggests that ports with growing throughput, not investing actively in infrastructure and equipment, become high technically efficient over time, but the higher their technical efficiency, the lower their service level.
... For efficiency evaluation, some studies have even replaced the DEA method with other models. For example, Estache et al. (2004) improved the DEA method by using the Malmquist index to decompose it. Lee et al. (2005) constructed a modified recursive data envelopment analysis (RDEA) to rank the container ports in terms of efficiency and used the result to formulate countermeasures to improve port efficiency. ...
Port development is an important driver for global economic growth, and also a main energy user and polluter in the world. Amid the global energy crisis and environmental degradation, the international port community has proposed the concept of green port. Zhuhai Port, an important shipping and logistics platform in southern China, is confronted with key questions of how to effectively conduct environmental pollution control and green development performance evaluation, while its size and business performance continue the rapid growth. To address this problem, this study first suggested a green port indicator system tailored-made for Zhuhai Port, and then uses the fuzzy importance-performance analysis (FIPA) method to determine the performance of Zhuhai Port in green port indicators before putting forward a governance strategy. The study shows that Zhuhai Port should focus on monitoring of energy consumption and pollutant emissions, innovation of scientific research technologies and development of green port schemes to deepen the concept of green development and improve the energy conservation and environmental protection capacity of the port. The research results can serve as a theoretical basis for formulation of Zhuhai’s green port policies and the establishment of an effective methodology system.
This paper measured the efficiency at selected container terminals in major ports of India during the period 2013–14 to 2018–19. Ports have proven to be a key node in growth of foreign trade and economic development. With growing containerization, shippers across the world are looking to container terminals that perform at better levels of efficiency and ensure greater cargo throughput. Terminals that operate with proven and consistent efficiency are preferred destinations for shippers. With growing dynamics in the maritime sector, numerous efficiency measurement techniques are evolving that are used by researchers. DEA has been a popular technique to measure efficiency of economic entities and numerous studies using these techniques have measured efficiencies of world ports. However, DEA technique is constrained by the possible number of variables to be selected against the number of decision making units (DMUs). Shannon entropy technique has proved to overcome this constraint in efficiency measurement. Therefore, this study has applied both DEA and Shannon entropy techniques and measured efficiencies of selected container terminals and found that the latter technique can overcome the constraint posed by DEA.
In this technology-driven times, recommender systems play a crucial role in providing better user experience and attracting as many users as possible on the website. We propose a hybrid approach for selecting movies that incorporates emotional data in this study. The model will include the benefits of both content-based filtering and collaborative filtering to make up a hybrid model, and then, an additional parameter which is emotions further enhances the accuracy and efficiency of the model. The model is evaluated and compared with some other approaches, and it appears to perform better in a real-time environment. The model also tries to eliminate some of the existing limitations up to some extent.
In this decade, various superpixel-based techniques have been proposed by various authors for image segmentation where few of them are for medical images. These algorithms are evaluated using several evaluation measures and datasets, resulting in inconsistency in algorithm comparison. We noticed that some superpixel-based algorithms are performing better than other algorithms, for example, clustering-based superpixel methods are more efficient than graph-based superpixel techniques. In this paper, we choose simple linear iterative clustering (SLIC) for its less computation time and great performance on pathology images. In this paper, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and k-means clustering (KM) methods are used both with superpixel preprocessing for kidney renal cell carcinoma images. Clustered images are compared with ground truth images, and SLIC with PSO outperformed all other methods.
Coastal cities are the strategic core areas of China's economic growth. Measuring and understanding green total factor productivity (GTFP) growth in coastal cities is an essential prerequisite for achieving high-quality development (HQD). This paper aims to measure the accurate GTFP growth of China's coastal cities and grasp its temporal-spatial evolution. First, a three-stage dynamic analysis model is constructed to calculate the accurate GTFP growth with the effects of external environmental factors and random errors eliminated. In the context of the “3060” double carbon target, carbon reduction poses a challenge to the HQD of the coastal cities. To measure GTFP growth under the carbon emission constraints, carbon emissions are considered as one of the undesired outputs. On this basis, the temporal-spatial evolution of the GTFP index and its spatial effects are further explored using kernel density estimation and spatial Markov chains. The empirical results show that: (i) The adjusted GTFP index after eliminating the effects of environmental factors and random errors is significantly different from the original results. The GTFP index of coastal cities is underestimated without eliminating the effects of environmental factors and random errors. (ii) There are significant differences in the regional distribution of GTFP growth in coastal cities, with cities with faster GTFP growth gathering production factors from adjacent cities and causing a siphon effect. Finally, policy recommendations related to these findings are given.
The objective of the current study is to investigate users’ continuance intention of using the most dominant player in the market of online social networking sites (SNS), Instagram, usage in Turkey. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) methodology is applied to detect the elements influencing the continuance intention to use Instagram. The proposed model is assessed with the help of data collected from 201 Instagram users by using SmartPLS software. It is found that people’s intention to use Instagram is determined by habit, attitude, and perceived usefulness. Moreover, satisfaction, entertainment, self-expression, and information seeking are indirect factors of intention to use. On the other hand, perceived usefulness is found to have an insignificant direct effect on continuance intention to use Instagram. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings, theoretical and practical implications of the research, and recommendations for future research.KeywordsSocial networksInstagramPLS-SEMContinuance intentionHabitEntertainment
Given the key role ports play in the trade and economic growth of countries, port managers are looking for ways to increase efficiency and improve port performance. To this end, the first step is to assess port efficiency. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is one of the tools often used to evaluate firms in different areas. In recent years, DEA has been frequently used in various ways to evaluate port performance as well. Since knowledge of the various applications of DEA is important for researchers as well as port managers and policy makers, a systematic review has been conducted here to screen and analyze 116 papers published in scientific journals between 1993 and October 2021, with most articles, 12, published in Maritime Economics & Logistics. The results of this review article show that DEA is a good assessment tool for analyzing future port performance. However, some applications of DEA models, such as the determination of inefficiency factors and the implementation of inefficiency avoidance methods, have not yet been studied. Based on the analysis conducted, we have identified the existing research gaps in the applications of DEA in the port industry and offer some directions for future research.
Incentive bonus payments for terminal operators are mostly based on the size of throughput growth rate. In most cases, this does not encourage terminal operators to effectively utilize the terminal facilities and equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to establish efficiency and scale of operation as the basis for incentive bonus allocations. The importance of this issue is that in some port governance models, concessions are static agreements where fees and other conditions generally do not change over time. This paper introduces the possibility and advantage of data envelopment analysis (DEA)-based incentive bonus allocations that can ensure that the incentive bonuses allocated to terminal operators are based on both the amount of throughput/throughput increment and production efficiency. To this end, three DEA-based incentive bonus allocation models are proposed for different output items. The results show that the incentive bonus allocation approach proposed in this study effectively takes into account the magnitude of the throughput/throughput increment and production efficiency of terminal operators.
The deliberalisation of ports in Mexico has allowed the perfect environment to invest in port services. From fully private to fully public-financed infrastructure, Mexican ports have increased their performance, infrastructure, and connections for the sake of international trade. Three types of concessions have been established in order to follow the dynamics of maritime trade and to offer port services with international standards while increasing the development of ports. Port services in Mexico are offered by private companies through transfer of rights (cession). This scheme allows the private sector to assume the risks it can assume while increasing public financing of ports through the fees paid by contractors in exchange for their exclusive exploitation rights.
Pazarlamanın gerekliliği rekabet ile ölçülebilmektedir. Limanların rekabetinin sadece bölgesel değil, aynı zamanda ulusal ve uluslararası olduğu göz önüne alınırsa, liman işletmelerinin oldukça geniş kapsamlı pazarlama faaliyetlerine duyduğu ihtiyacın eskiye oranla daha fazla arttığı açıkça görülebilir. Sosyal medya araçlarının günümüz dijital dünyasında pazarlama açısından oldukça önemli bir yeri bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle, çalışmanın genel amacı liman sektöründe pazarlama karması stratejilerinin sosyal medyadaki (Twitter) yansımalarının incelenmesidir. Bu genel amaca uygun olarak sosyal medya kullanan limanların sosyal medya içeriklerinin analiz edilmesi ve sosyal medya iletişimlerine yönelik ağ analizi bu çalışmanın özel amacını oluşturmaktadır. Yapılan araştırmada R programlamada kullanılan “tm” kütüphanesinden faydalanılarak metin madenciliği ile dokuz limanın sosyal medya hesabı incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre “Türkiye’de limanlar sosyal medya aracılığı ile pazarlama karması bileşenlerini yansıtıyor mu?” sorusunun bulgular nezdinde karşılığının “zayıf” olduğu görülmektedir. Araştırma sonucuna göre Türk Limanlarının sosyal medya üzerinden pazarlama çalışmalarının geliştirilmesi yönünde çalışmalar yapılmasının olumlu olacağı değerlendirilmiştir.
Southern Vietnam is a key economic region for the country, producing 45% of Vietnam’s GDP, despite only accounting for 9% of the country’s total landmass and 21% of its population. Specifically, the Southern Region dominates seaport-based container transportation, contributing 55% of Vietnam’s total vessel calls and 74% of its total container cargo volume, with the North and Central regions trailing far behind. However, despite the sector’s importance, the efficiency of container terminals in Southern Vietnam has not been evaluated by the literature in recent years. This study fills this research gap by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the efficiency of major container terminals in Southern Vietnam. The results of the DEA Malmquist analysis show that most container terminals demonstrated productivity growth between 2017 and 2019, and that this mainly derived from advancements in catch-up operational efficiency and in technological innovation. Moreover, the DEA slack-based measure and DEA undesirable output analyses demonstrate that three container terminals (Cai Mep International Terminal, Tan Cang Cat Lai, and Tan Cang–Cai Mep International Terminal) achieved the maximum efficiency level when both applying and not applying the undesirable output variable. However, other container terminals displayed severe operational inefficiency, with these terminals’ efficiency values decreasing by between 9% and 40% when considering undesirable outputs. The ineffective terminals can therefore be categorized as consuming excessive inputs and lacking in the production of desirable outputs or creating large amounts of undesirable outputs. Therefore, using these results, port authorities and policymakers should be better placed to develop appropriate strategies for managing container terminals in Southern Vietnam.
Çalışmanın amacı; Muş Devlet Hastanesindeki 23 servisin 2014-2019 yılları için etkinliklerinin analiz edilmesidir. Çalışma parametrik olmayan Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Sonrasında ilgili yıllar için üçer yılı kapsayan dört pencereden oluşan pencere analizleri ile servislerin etkinlikleri ölçülmüş, servislerin yıllara göre etkinlik değişimleri ve Malmquist İndeksi Toplam Faktör Verimlilikleri hesaplanmıştır. CCR ve BCC hesaplamalarına göre sırasıyla 2014’te 8 ve 12; 2015’te 8 ve 13; 2016’da 7 ve 13; 2017’de 8 ve 14; 2018’de 7 ve 12; 2019’da 4 ve 14 servis etkin çıkmıştır. Muş Devlet Hastanesi’nin servislerin birçoğunun son üç yılda diğer yıllara göre daha etkin olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Buna ek olarak; etkin olmayan servislerin ise etkin olması için personel sayısı ve yatak kapasitelerinin dağılımları ile ilgili düzenlemeye ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
This paper investigates the impact of several financial ratios on the efficiency of ten Greek public ports using the ordinal logistic regression method. The selection of the financial ratios was carried out using the indices related to the three efficiency zones. The results indicate that there are financial ratios that positively affect and others that negatively affect port efficiency. In general, our main findings support the notion that the middle efficiency zone was the most influential of all during the economic crisis. This was confirmed by the ANOVA robustness test. The DEA approach suggests that the ports as a whole were inefficient during the three periods—pre-crisis, in-crisis, and across all sample data periods under investigation. Investment in the ports has been held back during the economic crisis; however, the troika (i.e., the International Monetary Fund, European Commission, and European Central Bank) helped the Greek government to accelerate their economic development during this time. Our results have significant implications for the government. It should, for instance, decide whether to privatise the ten ports partially or fully.
A bootstrapped DEA method is used to address variability concerns seen in standard DEA implementations. Data collected from 27 European container terminals in 2018 estimates that the mean technical efficiency of European container terminals is 0.542, notably higher than the 0.488 found for UK container terminals.
Estimations of ‘excess capacity’ are provided as a tool for nuanced interpretation of these results in a way that accounts for the ‘cost-recovery’ nature of container terminal supply. It is estimated that European container terminals are operating with an excess capacity of 45.8%.
These results are offered in the context of contrasting pressures in short and long term demand. The concept of ‘optimal excess capacity’ is introduced as a mechanism which better recognises these demand dynamics, while considering the bulky nature of container terminal supply.
Using a two-stage Malmquist Data Envelopment Analysis, this chapter aims to evaluate how the Brazilian National Development Bank impacts the steel industry performance. To do so, a Malmquist Index decomposition and nonlinear robust regression is carried out to test the impact from the contextual variables considered. The research hypothesis of a positive impact on the steel industry performance cannot be supported by the model results, which suggest a negative coefficient on the catching-up effect. A few examples of quantitative research on this theme can be found, but most have a theoretical and qualitative focus. This chapter contributes to this field of research by using a settled methodology to identify and measure the efficiency performance of the firms. However, due to some limitations from the sample selected and the methodology applied, there is a need for further research, mainly to assess the social outcomes derived from this kind of public policy.
The paper described the essence of evaluating port efficiency using the Data Envelopment Analysis Malmquist Production Index Model. The model was used to examine the drivers of efficiency of 19 Sub-Saharan African Ports for the period of 2008-2015. The importance of ports to the development of nations in Africa makes it expedient to evaluate how efficient ports in sub-Saharan Africa are and what are the drivers of efficiency. The result of the study indicated that the significant drivers of productivity in the ports examined are technical efficiency. A Port continuous improvement framework was developed to assist in improving port performance. The Port continuous improvement framework is essential because the improvement in the port will have a multiplier effect on all the maritime stakeholders and the economy at large.
Specialisation is a common strategy followed by ports to face the challenges of globalisation, changes in the naval industry and maritime operations. The main objective of this research is to determine if specialisation and size of ports have an impact on port efficiency. We estimate the efficiency of 27 Spanish ports during the 2001–2011 period using a parametric distance function approach. Our results show that larger and more specialised ports are more highly efficient. From an economics policy perspective, the recommendation would be to encourage the specialisation of ports where possible, and collaboration between ports with different specialisations, as well as those of smaller sizes. This would allow the development of strategic planning that favours coordination between ports, the joint development of infrastructure, and the avoidance of service duplication. This study is a pioneer in estimating the efficiency of the cargo handling service of the Spanish port system including port dockers to measure the labour input, as well as specialisation and size indicators to assess their relevance as drivers of port efficiency.
Operational efficiency of a maritime port is an important issue for shipping lines and port authorities. It is desirable to move ships in and out of a maritime port as efficiently as possible. Automatic identification system (AIS) data recording the trajectory of ship movements allow us to assess the operational efficiency as ships move in and out of a port. This study proposes a time efficiency assessment framework that evaluates the amount of time each ship spends in the different areas within a port (i.e., berth, anchorage, and fairway) based on the space-time trajectories of ship movements derived from AIS data. According to the statistical distributions of time spent by different types of ship in each port area, the proposed framework can compare time efficiency across different zones within a port and between different ports. This study uses AIS data of four types of ships (i.e., container, cargo, tanker, and passenger ships) at two selected ports in China, Shanghai Yangshan Port and Xiamen Port, to demonstrate how the proposed approach can effectively assess and compare time efficiency levels of ship movements between the times entering and leaving the vessel traffic service (VTS) lines of a port. This study demonstrates the value of deriving space-time trajectories from AIS data based on the concepts of time geography to assess time efficiency levels of maritime ports and monitor their performance over time, which offer useful information to both shipping lines and port authorities for operations such as efficient scheduling and logistic support.
The objectives of this paper are to estimate the annual Malmquist TFP(total factor productivity) index of Korea and China’s road freight transport with DEA(data envelope analysis) and to decompose the index into technical efficiency change and technology change. In the process of the estimation, we used labor, capital, and fuel as input factors and ton-km of road freight transport as output factor. The panel data of Korea and China’s road freight transport industry from 1985 to 2004 are used. The results of the analysis show several points. First, there was no significant improvement in China’s TFP growth before 1997, but there was continuous growth in TFP since 1997 because of constantly increasing domestic freight transport demand. Second, there was downward trend in Korea’s TFP, especially there was a large reduction of productivity in 1998 because of the huge reduction of road freight transport demand during the period of the economic crisis. Third, the technology improvements play a significant role in the TFP growth and the technical efficiency had negative effects on the TFP growth of Korea. However, the technology improvements as well as the technical efficiency had positive effects on the TFP growth of China’s road freight transport industry.
Medimos la eficiencia y productividad de los bancos de desarrollo mexicanos durante el periodo 2011-2017. Las mediciones son estimadas usando técnicas de análisis-de-envolvente-de-datos (ADE) y de análisis-de-frontera-estocástica (AFS) y el índice de productividad de Malmquist (IPM). Las mediciones muestran que, bajo el enfoque teórico de intermediación, Banobras y Nafin son los bancos más eficientes. Sin embargo, con base en el enfoque teórico de producción, el banco más eficiente es SHF. Las mediciones son consistentes, independientemente, de la técnica utilizada.
The scarcity of resources obliges them to adapt to innovation to achieve steady growth of countries. The source of innovation is research and development activities. The aim of this study is to reveal the determinants of the effectiveness of research and development. 1996-2014 period data of 16 OECD countries were used in the study. Firstly, the efficiency values of research and development were calculated by Data Envelopment Analysis Method and then Total Factor Productivity, which is considered to be the determinant of the effectiveness of research and development, was obtained. Malmquist Index Method was used in Total Factor Productivity calculations. In the final stage of the study, Tobit Model in which the efficiency values of research and development are used as dependent variables was estimated. Total factor productivity calculated, energy consumption and foreign direct investment data were used as independent variable. According to Tobit model estimation results, it was determined that total factor productivity and energy consumption variables have a directed line effect on the efficiency of research and development, while foreign direct investment has a back line effect on the efficiency of research and development.
In this paper we present the results of a study about the relative efficiency of all the Spanish Port Authorities during the 1993-97 period, using the Data Envelopment Analysis technique. We have divided the ports in three groups according to their complexity. We have also built a data base with the information coming from the 26 ports using 5 observations for each port; this has permitted the comparison among the ports in each group as well as their evolution during the period. The results obtained show a different evolution of every group in terms of relative efficiency. Thus, the ports of high complexity offered higher comparative efficiency levels, having gone closer to the frontier over time. The same cannot be said of the medium complexity group where the growth of the efficiency levels during the five years was smaller. On the other hand, the ports of low complexity show a negative evolution in global efficiency levels.
During the 1980s many regulatory constraints limiting competition in Spanish banking were relaxed or removed, although deregulation came later to savings banks than to the rest of the banking sector. Two consequences of partial deregulation of savings banks have been a rapid growth in branching activity, much of it geographically dispersed, and a burst of merger activity. In this paper we investigate productive efficiency, and total factor productivity change, in Spanish savings banks over the 1986–1991 post-deregulation period. Neither branching nor mergers provide an adequate explanation for the magnitude or the nature of the productivity decline we observe over the period.
Thefirst objective of this paper is to develop a generic measureof scale efficiency for a multiple-input multiple-output firm,using basic principles of modern production theory. The secondobjective is to combine measures of technological change, technicalefficiency change, and scale efficiency change into an encompassing(primal) measure of productivity change. This measure and itsdecomposition is compared to a number of recent proposals inorder to shed light on what seems to have become a controversialissue. The paper proceeds by developing an encompassing dualmeasure of productivity change. This dual measure is then appliedto panel data of a set of Dutch firms, continuing the empiricalwork of Balk (1998). It turns out that extending the Malmquistproductivity index with factors measuring scale efficiency changeand input mix change leads to appreciably different outcomes.
In 1953 Sten Malmquist, a Swedish economist and statistician, published
inTrabajos de Estad{\'i}stica the foundations of a productivity index
which now bears his name. In this paper we generalize the Malmquist
productivity index. We show that (i) the generalized Malmquist productivity
index can be expressed as the product of a Malmquist productivity
index and a Malmquist scale index; (ii) the generalized Malmquist
productivity index can also be expressed as the ratio of a Malmquist
output quantity index to a Malmquist input quantity index; (iii)
the geometric mean of a pair of Malmquist scale indexes is equal
to the reciprocal of the T\"{o}rnqvist scale index, which implies
that (iv) the geometric mean of a pair of generalized Malmquist productivity
indexes is equal to a T\"{o}rnqvist productivity index.
By using a Malmquist total factor productivity index and data envelopment analysis it is possible to investigate the efficiency and productivity of Australian airports during the 1990s. The results from this analysis indicate that these airports recorded strong growth in technological change and total factor productivity, but did not fare all that well in terms of growth in technical and scale efficiency during the 1990s. At the international level it appears that Australia's largest airports fare reasonably well in comparison to airports overseas, although they still possess the potential to realise further gains.
This paper develops index number procedures for making comparisons under very general circumstances. Malmquist input, output, and productivity comparisons are defined for structures of production with arbitrary returns to scale, substitution possibilities and biases in productivity change. For translog production structures, Törnqvist output and input indexes are shown to equal the mean of two Malmquist indexes. The Törnqvist productivity index, corrected by a scale factor, is shown to equal the mean of two Malmquist productivity indexes. Similar results are given for making cost of living comparisons under general structures of consumer preferences.
In this study, we analyze how it is possible to estimate the degree of overutilization of quasi-fixed inputs using two alternative methods: the cost function and the input distance function. From a theoretical point of view, if the assumptions upon which the cost function is based are satisfied, the two methods should coincide. We have applied the methodologies to the main Spanish Port Authorities for the 1985-1997 period. Our results suggest that, though both methods identify overcapitalization, the magnitude and significance of this differs according to the method used. In order to check whether this discrepancy is due to the non-satisfaction of the hypothesis of cost-minimisation, we have tested whether the variable inputs are allocated efficiently. This hypothesis is rejected, and we therefore conclude that the distance function in our case, is more appropriate than the cost function.
I. The main argument, 451. — II. Problems of time series including more than two years, 457. — III. The aggregation of inputs
as well as outputs for the measurement of “efficiency,” 459. — IV. The treatment of “new products” in input and output indexes,
465.
In this study, a stochastic frontier cost function is used to estimate the econmic efficiency of Spanish ports through panel data. The sample covers annual data of 27 Spanish ports from 1985–1989. By comparing a Cobb-Douglas function with a translog, it is found that the latter best represents the technology according to the data. Analysing the efficiency indices obtained, it is found that the relatively larger ports are more economically inefficient. Moreover, the presence of large scale economies has been detected, as well as a lack of technical progress for the period considered.
The large variety of factors that influence port performance complicates the determination of port efficiency. This paper presents a new approach to the measurement of efficiency. Data envelopment analysis (DEA), as a it is called, has particular applicability in the service sector. Applying mathematical programming techniques. DEA enables relative efficiency ratings ti be derived within a set of analysed units. Thus it does not require the developmentof ‘standards’ against which efficiency is measured, although such standards can be incorporated in the DEA analysis. The efficiency of units is compared with an ‘efficiency envelope’ that contains the most efficient units in the group. The DEA approach will be demonstrated by a hypothetical numerical example where the performance of 20 ports are compared. The DEA efficiency ratings can be useful tool for port managers and for researchers, providing a deeper insight into port performance. Weaknesses can be detected, leadungs the way to potential improvements.
This book presents a mathematical programming approach to the analysis of production frontiers and efficiency measurement. The authors construct a variety of production frontiers, and by measuring distances to them are able to develop a model of efficient producer behaviour and a taxonomy of possible types of departure from efficiency in various environments. Linear programming is used as an analytical and computational technique in order to accomplish this. The approach developed is then applied to modelling producer behaviour. By focusing on the empirical relevance of production frontiers and distances to them, and applying linear programming techniques to artificial data to illustrate the type of information they can generate, this book provides a unique study in applied production analysis. It will be of interest to scholars and students of economics and operations research, and analysts in business and government.
The purpose of this paper is to study productivity growth in Illinois electric utilities. We develop an input based Malmquist productivity index which makes use of Shephard's input distance functions. Our Malmquist productivity index does not require that firms be revenue maximizers or cost minimizers or that information be available on input prices. Moreover, our productivity index accounts for changes in technical efficiency as well as changes in the frontier technology. Linear programming techniques are used to calculate the Malmquist productivity index for a sample of 19 coal-fired steam electric generating plants in Illinois during 1975–1981. On average, rates of productivity growth are relatively stable but statistically significant productivity slowdown is found for the period of 1976–1977. The major contribution to this productivity slowdown is due to technological regress in that period. At the plant-specific level, we found that there are considerable variations in changes in both efficiency and technology and that efficiency change plays a major role in productivity growth. Our results suggest that neglecting technical efficiency in the analysis of productivity growth may lead to inappropriate conclusions.
Available studies have not provided a satisfactory answer to the problem of making international comparisons of port efficiency. This study applies data envelopment analysis (DEA) to provide an efficiency measurement for four Australian and twelve other international container ports. While DEA has been applied to a wide number of different situations where efficiency comparisons are required, this technique has not previously been applied to ports. The DEA technique is useful in resolving the measurement of port efficiency because the calculations are non-parametric, can handle more than one output and do not require an explicit a priori determination of relationships between output and inputs, as is required for conventional estimation of efficiency using production functions. The ports of Melbourne, Rotterdam, Yokohama and Osaka are found to be the most inefficient ports in the sample, based on constant and variable returns to scale assumptions, mainly due to the enormous slack in their container berths, terminal area and labor inputs. The study also draws some policy implications for ports and recommends certain areas for future research.
The UK Government's privatization programme was justified in terms of potential efficiency gains. This paper concentrates on measures of technical efficiency in the regions of the UK natural gas industry before and after privatization and the associated regulatory changes. It uses non-parametric frontier analysis and Malmquist indices to show that the rate of productivity growth increased significantly after privatization. However the differences in technical efficiency amongst regions remain, suggesting that failure to break up the industry has sacrificed potential gains from direct competition or indirect competition through yardstick regulation.
Raw materials inventories in the manufacturing sector in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s were two to five times as high in developing countries as in the United States, despite the fact that in most developing countries real interest rates are at least twice as high. Given the high cost of capital in most developing countries, these high inventory levels have an enormous impact on the cost of doing business and on productivity and competitiveness. Poor infrastructure and ineffective regulation as well as deficiencies in market development - rather than the interest rates and uncertainty - are the main determinants of these differences. Cross-country estimates show that a one-standard-deviation improvement in infrastructure reduces raw materials inventories by 27-47 percent. Poorly functioning markets, as measured by the ratio of transfers and subsidies to GDP, are also an important factor, with a one-standard-deviation improvement leading to a 19-30 percent reduction in raw materials inventories. The authors show that these reductions in raw materials inventories are not offset by a reduction in finished goods inventories upstream. The policy implications are clear and strong. Improvements in infrastructure (roads, ports, and telecommunications) can help to significantly reduce inventory levels (and thus the cost of doing business), especially when accompanied by effective regulation and the development and deregulation of associated markets.
Proposes a method for the decomposition of total factor productivity change into two distinct elements, technical progress and changes in technical efficiency. The analysis indicates that the slow-down in total factor productivity growth in Yugoslavia in the 1970s was a consequence of both a reduction in the rate of technological progress and of a deterioration in technical efficiency with the latter clearly predominating over deteriorating technological progress. -V.S.Mead
This paper examines productivity growth in electricity retail distribution in Sweden in a multiple output-multiple input framework. The approach used is nonparametric data envelopment analysis. Productivity is measured by means of the Malmquist index. Productivity comparisons are made between different types of ownership and between different service areas. The study indicates a high rate of productivity growth, due to economies of density, when measured over a period of seventeen years. The results show no significant differences in productivity growth between different types of ownership or economic organization. Copyright 1992 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.
This paper shows how measures of relative efficiency performance could promote yardstick competition between port infrastructure operators. The illustration is based on a study of the efficiency effects of the Mexican 1993 Port Reform. It covers 1996–99 and relies on a stochastic production frontier to show that Mexico's ports achieved 2.8–3.3% average annual efficiency gains since reform. The port-specific measures point to consistent leaders and laggards which would not all be identified by common partial productivity indicators. This information could be built into an explicit incentive-based regulatory regime aiming at promoting catch-up by laggards.
Avances de productividad en el sistema portuario españ ol A study of the efficiency of Spanish port authorities using data envelopment analysis
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Martí Bofarrul, M., 2003. Avances de productividad en el sistema portuario españ ol. VI encuentro de Economí aplicada, June, Granada. Martí, E., Dí, R., Navarro, M., Ravelo, T., 1999. A study of the efficiency of Spanish port authorities using data envelopment analysis. International Journal of Transport Economics 2, 237– 253.
A Primer on Efficiency Measurement for Utilities and Transport Regulators World Bank Institute Development Studies Economic efficiency in Spanish ports: some empirical evidence
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Scale efficiency and productivity change. The Sixth European Productivity Workshop Allocative efficiency and over-capitalization: an application
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Balk, B., 1999. Scale efficiency and productivity change. The Sixth European Productivity Workshop, October, Copenhagen. Bañ os, J., Coto, P., Rodrí, A., 1999. Allocative efficiency and over-capitalization: an application. International Journal of Transport Economics 2, 181–199.
Inventories in developing countries: levels and determinants, a red flag on competitiveness and growth. Policy Research Working Paper 2552 Just-in-case inventories: a cross coun-try analysis. Policy Research Working Paper 3012
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A guide to DEAP version 2.1: a data envelopment analysis (computer) program. CEPA Working Paper 8/96
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Efficiency Gains from Port Reform and the Potential for Yardstick Competition: Lessons from MexicoA Study of the Efficiency of Spanish Port Authorities Using Data Envelopment Analysis
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Gonzalez, M. y Trujillo, L. (2002). 'Efficiency Gains from Port Reform and the Potential for Yardstick Competition: Lessons from Mexico'. World Martínez, E., Díaz, R., Navarro, M. and Ravelo, T. (1999), 'A Study of the Efficiency of Spanish Port Authorities Using Data Envelopment Analysis', International Journal of Transport Economics, (2) 237-253.
Avances de productividad en el sistema portuario español. VI encuentro de Economía aplicada
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Eficiencia productiva del sector industrial español: un análisis espacial y sectorial'. Papeles de Economía Española
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Total Factor Productivity and Efficiency of Australian Airports', The Australian Economic Review
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