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Economic valuation of mangroves and decision-making in the Pacific
Abstract
Economists have always argued that only when people bear true economic costs of using natural resources, such as mangroves, that they will have appropriate incentives to use them efficiently and minimize their degradation and losses. More recently, non-economists, too, have started to call for the use of economic valuation information to argue for conservation of mangroves. This paper briefly examines the role economic valuation information can play, at least theoretically, in encouraging conservation of mangroves and increasing efficiency in resource use. In practice, the paper argues that a number of difficulties are likely to be encountered when determining true economic value of mangroves, particularly when small areas of mangroves are involved. A total reliance on economic valuation-based decision-making is questioned, particularly in the light of minimal ecological information often available in small island nations in the Pacific. An alternative decision-making process is proposed in which the relevance of economic valuation-based decision-making is recognized but at a second tier level.
... Many developing and developed countries are suffering from rapid loss of mangrove forests (Lal 2003). Despite its essential ecosystem services (ES) that provide various benefits to human well-being (Costanza & Folke 1997) including fish and non-fish products, timber and non-timber products, medical plants and dyes (Lal 2003), the areas of mangrove forest are rapidly declining (Hamilton & Casey 2016). ...
... Many developing and developed countries are suffering from rapid loss of mangrove forests (Lal 2003). Despite its essential ecosystem services (ES) that provide various benefits to human well-being (Costanza & Folke 1997) including fish and non-fish products, timber and non-timber products, medical plants and dyes (Lal 2003), the areas of mangrove forest are rapidly declining (Hamilton & Casey 2016). A study on the mangrove area and loss among the top 10 mangrove-rich countries revealed that Myanmar ranked first, losing 0.7% of its mangrove area per year between 2000 to 2012 (Hamilton & Casey 2016). ...
... Such scenario explains why we always undervalue the estimated ES (Vo et al. 2012) and overlook matters related to ES policy decisions (Sathirathai 2004;Costanza et al. 1998). Lal (2003) recommended considering all costs and benefits of mangroves before deciding to resolve the undervalued estimation. The increasing popularity of the studies of the economic value of Mangrove Forest Ecosystem Services (MFES) partly because of the recommendation. ...
Mangrove forest provides ecosystem services for human well-being such as fish and non-fish products, timber and non-timber products, medical plants, and dyes. Despite the important services provided, mangrove forest size in the country is reducing at an alarming rate. The mangrove forest is often overlooked in policy decision makings because the ecosystem services' monetary values are not available in the market. Hence, we undertake this study to value the benefits of Mangrove Forest Ecosystem Services in Kuala Perlis, Perlis. We used the double-bounded Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to value the ecosystem services provided. We interviewed 256 respondents, asking them whether they are willing to donate to the mangrove conservation program at various bid prices. Besides, we also sought their opinions on issues related to mangrove forest. The results show that the respondents are willing to donate up to MYR18.31 for the mangrove forest conservation program. Considering 75% of Perlis' adult populations are willing to donate, the donation's total collection would be MYR3,453,724 or MYR81,861 per hectare per year. The amount of respondents' donation is found to be positively correlated to the variables of the conservation program. This finding provided an important message to policymakers on managing the fund of mangrove forest conservation.
... Perubahan lingkungan yang muncul akibat dari degradasi mangrove menimbulkan sejumlah kerugian bagi masyarakat, seperti: peningkatan daya rusak abrasi dan pasang-surut air laut besaran nilainya. Aplikasi dari studi valuasi ekonomi sangat luas dan umumnya digunakan untuk mengestimasi nilai suatu kawasan, sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh Lal (2003); Uddin et al. (2013); Rezende et al. (2015); Huxham et al. (2015); dan Suharti et al. (2016) yang semuanya terkait dengan ekosistem mangrove di berbagai lokasi berbeda. ...
... Nilai manfaat langsung dari suatu ekosistem dapat berupa pemanfaatan yang bersifat ekstraktif maupun non-ekstraktif (misalnya, wisata) (Lal, 2003). Jenis manfaat langsung atau direct use value (DUV) yang berhasil diidentifikasi dan kemudian dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah manfaat langsung yang diperoleh masyarakat dari memanfaatkan ekosistem mangrove berupa hasil yang dapat langsung dikonsumsi dan memiliki pasar dikelompokkan menjadi pemanfaatan hasil kayu (pembuatan arang, kayu bakar, bahan bangunan, patok budi daya rumput laut) dan perikanan (budi daya tambak, perikanan tangkap). ...
... Nilai manfaat langsung ekosistem mangrove dari pemanfaatan hasil kayu diestimasi dengan formula (Widiastuti et al., 2016): 6 bersifat ekstraktif maupun non-ekstraktif (misalnya, wisata) (Lal, 2003). Jenis manfaat langsung atau direct uses value (DUV) yang berhasil diidentifikasi dan kemudian dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah manfaat langsung yang diperoleh masyarakat dari memanfaatkan ekosistem mangrove berupa hasil yang dapat langsung dikonsumsi dan memiliki pasar dikelompokkan menjadi pemanfaatan hasil kayu (pembuatan arang, kayu bakar, bahan bangunan, patok budi daya rumput laut) dan perikanan (budi daya tambak, perikanan tangkap). ...
Pada tahun 1980an, Pulau Tanakeke memiliki kawasan ekosistem mangrove seluas kurang lebih 1.770 hektar. Namun, dalam kurun 1980an-2000an, luasan tersebut berkurang hingga 60 persen akibat dari pemanfaatan yang tidak terkendali oleh masyarakat sehingga terjadi perubahan lingkungan. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengkaji posisi sumber daya mangrove terhadap pengelolaan saat ini dengan mengestimasi nilai manfaat dan kerugian yang diterima masyarakat dari adanya pemanfaatan mangrove. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan melalui metode survei dengan 40 responden pemanfaat mangrove. Analisis data menggunakan teknik valuasi ekonomi sumber daya alam dan lingkungan. Hasil analisis yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa nilai manfaat ekonomi ekosistem mangrove masih lebih besar dibandingkan dengan nilai kerugian yang timbul. Hasil analisis tersebut berimplikasi pada dua hal: 1) yaitu di satu sisi membuktikan bahwa ekosistem mangrove di Pulau Tanakeke memberikan kontribusi ekonomi yang cukup besar bagi masyarakat, 2) tetapi di sisi lain, nilai manfaat yang cukup besar tersebut dapat menjadi insentif bagi masyarakat untuk semakin ekspansif mengeksploitasi ekosistem mangrove sehingga dapat menjadi peluang ancaman bagi kelestarian ekosistem mangrove di Pulau Tanakeke apabila tidak dikelola dengan seksama.Title: Analysis of Benefits and Losses Value of Mangrove Ecosystem Uses in Tanakeke Island, South SulawesiIn the 1980s, Tanakeke Island had around 1,770 hectares of mangrove area. However, within a period of time 1980s-2000s, this area has reduced nearly 60 percent due to uncontrolled utilization by community resulting in environmental changes. This study aims to examine the position of mangrove resource towards existing management by estimating benefits and losses of mangrove utilization. Primary data were collected through a survey from 40 respondents of mangrove beneficiaries. Data were analysed using the resource and enviromental economic valuation techniques. The results indicate that the total economic value of mangrove ecosystem is greater than the losses value. This finding led to two implications: on one side, it is proved that the mangrove ecosystem in Tanakeke Island gives economic contribution in a considerable amount to the community. However, on the other side, this high value of benefits leads to an increasing exploitation of the mangrove ecosystem. Therefore, this condition could be a threat to the sustainability of mangrove ecosystem in Tanakeke Island if it is not managed carefully
... Knowing the economic value of ecosystems and their services then becomes an important tool for decision-making in the management of ecological importance areas relating to human well-being, sustainability, and benefit distribution Lal 2003;De Groot et al. 2012;Salem and Mercer 2012;Vo et al. 2012). In general, these studies rigorously assign monetary values to environmental goods and services through methods based on declared or revealed preferences and in which, they estimate the willingness to pay for the marginal increase of mangrove ecosystems (Emerton 1999;Moreno-Sánchez, Maldonado, and Gutiérrez 2013). ...
... These aquatic forests can support more than 70 human activities. The main ecosystem services are raw material use, feeding, coastal protection, erosion control, water purification, sustainable fishing, recreation, education, research and carbon sequestration (Saenger, Hegerl, and Davie 1983;Rönnbäck 1999;Valiela, Bowen, and York 2001;Lal 2003;Barbier et al. 2011;Vo et al. 2012;Queiroz et al. 2017). ...
... The mangroves economic studies are currently focused on conservation promotion, generating alternate managing, human wellbeing and environmental tradeoffs (Lal 2003). Different economic research has been designed to calculate mangrove ecosystem values (Costanza et al. 2014;Mukherjee et al. 2014;Vo, Kuenzerb, and Oppeltc 2015). ...
Colombian Pacific region is a global biodiversity hotspot. Mangroves are among the most dynamic and productive ecosystem on earth and serve many important functions providing a range of fundamental goods and services which contribute to the livelihoods, well – being, and local community’s security. Integral mangroves valuation seeks to understand the socio-ecological interaction and the relationship between functional ecosystems (ecosystem services – ES), market interaction and the ability to support human well – being. Despite the importance, mangroves are continuing to be threatened and degraded because of socio-environmental conflicts such as land use change and port infrastructure which will impact on ecosystem services quality and offer. This article identifies an approach to the potential ecological, sociocultural and economic impact of a Deepwater port on the Tribugá Gulf mangroves ecosystem services offer and its effects on the well – being of Nuquí communities.
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
UPDATED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON SUNDARBAN MANGROVES - FOR NEW GENERATION RESEARCHERS.pdf
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
PREFACE
If anybody ever happens to visit a coastal area, mudflats along the estuary or river mouths, unique vegetation at the land – sea interface is observed with some peculiar features like presence of pneumatophores, stilt roots, viviparous germination etc. These are called mangroves. Mangroves are one of the best natural reservoirs of the planet Earth, where many flora and fauna are yet untapped in terms of their benefits to mankind.
Mangrove forest offers several ecosystem services, which are essential to run the wheel of civilization as well as to support the livelihood of people living and dependent on the coastal resources. The conservation of mangroves is fundamental to all marine biological processes, for maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystems and for primary and secondary productions that support human needs.
Competition for limited resources has intensified with human population growth in coastal regions and the exploitation of mangroves for economic activities and livelihoods has become almost a universal picture. Today the rapid pace of urbanization, intense industrial activities, unplanned expansion of aquaculture and tourism has deteriorated the mangrove ecosystem to a great extent. Even today we are least bothered of the loss we will face in future not only in terms of various economically important products, but also in terms of ecosystem stability, biogeochemical cycle, protection against sea level rise, erosion, natural disaster etc. We believe that such threatened ecosystems can no longer provide their optimum biological functions and regulate services that sustain coastal economic production and livelihoods. The concept of conservation through lanes of alternative livelihoods is very crucial in this context.
The present book has critically presented the data bank for each type of mangrove resources not merely in the form of text description, but also through case studies and research papers that are the outcomes of research projects and pilot programmes carried out in different parts of the world. For a long time there was a need felt for this type of book on mangroves and more specifically Sundarban mangroves for common people. This would reduce the communication gap at different levels. Hence while writing this book we intentionally tried to bye pass the hard core mathematical models related to mangroves and their interaction with natural forces. We hope that the present book would not only provide more light of analysis on the existing knowledge of this remarkable ecosystem, but will also encourage the common mass, students, researchers and policy makers to feel deeply the problems and needs of mangrove conservation.
Dr. Abhijit Mitra
Dr. Tanmay Ray Chaudhuri
Dr. Kakoli Banerjee
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
PREFACE
If anybody ever happens to visit a coastal area, mudflats along the estuary or river mouths, unique vegetation at the land – sea interface is observed with some peculiar features like presence of pneumatophores, stilt roots, viviparous germination etc. These are called mangroves. Mangroves are one of the best natural reservoirs of the planet Earth, where many flora and fauna are yet untapped in terms of their benefits to mankind.
Mangrove forest offers several ecosystem services, which are essential to run the wheel of civilization as well as to support the livelihood of people living and dependent on the coastal resources. The conservation of mangroves is fundamental to all marine biological processes, for maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystems and for primary and secondary productions that support human needs.
Competition for limited resources has intensified with human population growth in coastal regions and the exploitation of mangroves for economic activities and livelihoods has become almost a universal picture. Today the rapid pace of urbanization, intense industrial activities, unplanned expansion of aquaculture and tourism has deteriorated the mangrove ecosystem to a great extent. Even today we are least bothered of the loss we will face in future not only in terms of various economically important products, but also in terms of ecosystem stability, biogeochemical cycle, protection against sea level rise, erosion, natural disaster etc. We believe that such threatened ecosystems can no longer provide their optimum biological functions and regulate services that sustain coastal economic production and livelihoods. The concept of conservation through lanes of alternative livelihoods is very crucial in this context.
The present book has critically presented the data bank for each type of mangrove resources not merely in the form of text description, but also through case studies and research papers that are the outcomes of research projects and pilot programmes carried out in different parts of the world. For a long time there was a need felt for this type of book on mangroves and more specifically Sundarban mangroves for common people. This would reduce the communication gap at different levels. Hence while writing this book we intentionally tried to bye pass the hard core mathematical models related to mangroves and their interaction with natural forces. We hope that the present book would not only provide more light of analysis on the existing knowledge of this remarkable ecosystem, but will also encourage the common mass, students, researchers and policy makers to feel deeply the problems and needs of mangrove conservation.
Dr. Abhijit Mitra
Dr. Tanmay Ray Chaudhuri
Dr. Kakoli Banerjee
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
PREFACE
If anybody ever happens to visit a coastal area, mudflats along the estuary or river mouths, unique vegetation at the land – sea interface is observed with some peculiar features like presence of pneumatophores, stilt roots, viviparous germination etc. These are called mangroves. Mangroves are one of the best natural reservoirs of the planet Earth, where many flora and fauna are yet untapped in terms of their benefits to mankind.
Mangrove forest offers several ecosystem services, which are essential to run the wheel of civilization as well as to support the livelihood of people living and dependent on the coastal resources. The conservation of mangroves is fundamental to all marine biological processes, for maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystems and for primary and secondary productions that support human needs.
Competition for limited resources has intensified with human population growth in coastal regions and the exploitation of mangroves for economic activities and livelihoods has become almost a universal picture. Today the rapid pace of urbanization, intense industrial activities, unplanned expansion of aquaculture and tourism has deteriorated the mangrove ecosystem to a great extent. Even today we are least bothered of the loss we will face in future not only in terms of various economically important products, but also in terms of ecosystem stability, biogeochemical cycle, protection against sea level rise, erosion, natural disaster etc. We believe that such threatened ecosystems can no longer provide their optimum biological functions and regulate services that sustain coastal economic production and livelihoods. The concept of conservation through lanes of alternative livelihoods is very crucial in this context.
The present book has critically presented the data bank for each type of mangrove resources not merely in the form of text description, but also through case studies and research papers that are the outcomes of research projects and pilot programmes carried out in different parts of the world. For a long time there was a need felt for this type of book on mangroves and more specifically Sundarban mangroves for common people. This would reduce the communication gap at different levels. Hence while writing this book we intentionally tried to bye pass the hard core mathematical models related to mangroves and their interaction with natural forces. We hope that the present book would not only provide more light of analysis on the existing knowledge of this remarkable ecosystem, but will also encourage the common mass, students, researchers and policy makers to feel deeply the problems and needs of mangrove conservation.
Dr. Abhijit Mitra
Dr. Tanmay Ray Chaudhuri
Dr. Kakoli Banerjee
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
The term ‘mangrove’ has originated from the Portuguese word ‘Mangue’, which means the community and the English word ‘Grove’, which means trees or bushes. According to Mepham and Mepham (1984), the term has been inconsistent and confusing in the past. Mangroves are basically evergreen sclerophyllous, broad-leaved trees with aerial root like pneumatophores or stilt root and viviparously germinated seedlings (UNESCO, 1973).
Mangroves are circumtropical in distribution and this forest community occupies approximately 75% of the total tropical coastline. Northern extension of this coastline occurs in Japan (31022/ N) and Bermuda (32020/ N), whereas, southern extensions are in New Zealand (38003/ S), Australia (38045/ S) and on the east coast of South Africa (32059/ S). Globally, mangroves are distributed in 112 countries and territories. It is interesting to note that mangrove plants are not native to the Hawaiian Islands - 6 species have been introduced there since the year 1900. The mangrove diversity is more in Southeast Asian countries . The region holds nearly 75% of the world’s mangrove species with the highest species diversity found in Indonesia with 45 species, followed by Malaysia (36 species) and Thailand (35 species). India is no less in terms of the number of mangrove species (34 species of true mangroves) and hence is considered as one of the mega biodiversity countries in the world.
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
Mangrove forest offers several ecosystem services, which are essential to run the wheel of civilization as well as to support the livelihood of people living and dependent on the coastal resources. The conservation of mangroves is fundamental to all marine biological processes, for maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystems and for primary and secondary productions that support human needs.
Competition for limited resources has intensified with human population growth in coastal regions and the exploitation of mangroves for economic activities and livelihoods has become almost a universal picture. Today the rapid pace of urbanization, intense industrial activities, unplanned expansion of aquaculture and tourism has deteriorated the mangrove ecosystem to a great extent. Even today we are least bothered of the loss we will face in future not only in terms of various economically important products, but also in terms of ecosystem stability, biogeochemical cycle, protection against sea level rise, erosion, natural disaster etc. We believe that such threatened ecosystems can no longer provide their optimum biological functions and regulate services that sustain coastal economic production and livelihoods. The concept of conservation through lanes of alternative livelihoods is very crucial in this context.
The present book has critically presented the data bank for each type of mangrove resources not merely in the form of text description, but also through case studies and research papers that are the outcomes of research projects and pilot programmes carried out in different parts of the world. For a long time there was a need felt for this type of book on mangroves and more specifically Sundarban mangroves for common people. This would reduce the communication gap at different levels. Hence while writing this book we intentionally tried to bye pass the hard core mathematical models related to mangroves and their interaction with natural forces. We hope that the present book would not only provide more light of analysis on the existing knowledge of this remarkable ecosystem, but will also encourage the common mass, students, researchers and policy makers to feel deeply the problems and needs of mangrove conservation.
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
Mangrove forest offers several ecosystem services, which are essential to run the wheel of civilization as well as to support the livelihood of people living and dependent on the coastal resources. The conservation of mangroves is fundamental to all marine biological processes, for maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystems and for primary and secondary productions that support human needs.
Competition for limited resources has intensified with human population growth in coastal regions and the exploitation of mangroves for economic activities and livelihoods has become almost a universal picture. Today the rapid pace of urbanization, intense industrial activities, unplanned expansion of aquaculture and tourism has deteriorated the mangrove ecosystem to a great extent. Even today we are least bothered of the loss we will face in future not only in terms of various economically important products, but also in terms of ecosystem stability, biogeochemical cycle, protection against sea level rise, erosion, natural disaster etc. We believe that such threatened ecosystems can no longer provide their optimum biological functions and regulate services that sustain coastal economic production and livelihoods. The concept of conservation through lanes of alternative livelihoods is very crucial in this context.
The present book has critically presented the data bank for each type of mangrove resources not merely in the form of text description, but also through case studies and research papers that are the outcomes of research projects and pilot programmes carried out in different parts of the world. For a long time there was a need felt for this type of book on mangroves and more specifically Sundarban mangroves for common people. This would reduce the communication gap at different levels. Hence while writing this book we intentionally tried to bye pass the hard core mathematical models related to mangroves and their interaction with natural forces. We hope that the present book would not only provide more light of analysis on the existing knowledge of this remarkable ecosystem, but will also encourage the common mass, students, researchers and policy makers to feel deeply the problems and needs of mangrove conservation.
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
If anybody ever happens to visit a coastal area, mudflats along the estuary or river mouths, unique vegetation at the land – sea interface is observed with some peculiar features like presence of pneumatophores, stilt roots, viviparous germination etc. These are called mangroves. Mangroves are one of the best natural reservoirs of the planet Earth, where many flora and fauna are yet untapped in terms of their benefits to mankind.
Mangrove forest offers several ecosystem services, which are essential to run the wheel of civilization as well as to support the livelihood of people living and dependent on the coastal resources. The conservation of mangroves is fundamental to all marine biological processes, for maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystems and for primary and secondary productions that support human needs.
Competition for limited resources has intensified with human population growth in coastal regions and the exploitation of mangroves for economic activities and livelihoods has become almost a universal picture. Today the rapid pace of urbanization, intense industrial activities, unplanned expansion of aquaculture and tourism has deteriorated the mangrove ecosystem to a great extent. Even today we are least bothered of the loss we will face in future not only in terms of various economically important products, but also in terms of ecosystem stability, biogeochemical cycle, protection against sea level rise, erosion, natural disaster etc. We believe that such threatened ecosystems can no longer provide their optimum biological functions and regulate services that sustain coastal economic production and livelihoods. The concept of conservation through lanes of alternative livelihoods is very crucial in this context.
The present book has critically presented the data bank for each type of mangrove resources not merely in the form of text description, but also through case studies and research papers that are the outcomes of research projects and pilot programmes carried out in different parts of the world. For a long time there was a need felt for this type of book on mangroves and more specifically Sundarban mangroves for common people. This would reduce the communication gap at different levels. Hence while writing this book we intentionally tried to bye pass the hard core mathematical models related to mangroves and their interaction with natural forces. We hope that the present book would not only provide more light of analysis on the existing knowledge of this remarkable ecosystem, but will also encourage the common mass, students, researchers and policy makers to feel deeply the problems and needs of mangrove conservation.
Dr. Abhijit Mitra
Dr. Tanmay Ray Chaudhuri
Dr. Kakoli Banerjee
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
If anybody ever happens to visit a coastal area, mudflats along the estuary or river mouths, unique vegetation at the land – sea interface is observed with some peculiar features like presence of pneumatophores, stilt roots, viviparous germination etc. These are called mangroves. Mangroves are one of the best natural reservoirs of the planet Earth, where many flora and fauna are yet untapped in terms of their benefits to mankind.
Mangrove forest offers several ecosystem services, which are essential to run the wheel of civilization as well as to support the livelihood of people living and dependent on the coastal resources. The conservation of mangroves is fundamental to all marine biological processes, for maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystems and for primary and secondary productions that support human needs.
Competition for limited resources has intensified with human population growth in coastal regions and the exploitation of mangroves for economic activities and livelihoods has become almost a universal picture. Today the rapid pace of urbanization, intense industrial activities, unplanned expansion of aquaculture and tourism has deteriorated the mangrove ecosystem to a great extent. Even today we are least bothered of the loss we will face in future not only in terms of various economically important products, but also in terms of ecosystem stability, biogeochemical cycle, protection against sea level rise, erosion, natural disaster etc. We believe that such threatened ecosystems can no longer provide their optimum biological functions and regulate services that sustain coastal economic production and livelihoods. The concept of conservation through lanes of alternative livelihoods is very crucial in this context.
The present book has critically presented the data bank for each type of mangrove resources not merely in the form of text description, but also through case studies and research papers that are the outcomes of research projects and pilot programmes carried out in different parts of the world. For a long time there was a need felt for this type of book on mangroves and more specifically Sundarban mangroves for common people. This would reduce the communication gap at different levels. Hence while writing this book we intentionally tried to bye pass the hard core mathematical models related to mangroves and their interaction with natural forces. We hope that the present book would not only provide more light of analysis on the existing knowledge of this remarkable ecosystem, but will also encourage the common mass, students, researchers and policy makers to feel deeply the problems and needs of mangrove conservation.
Dr. Abhijit Mitra
Dr. Tanmay Ray Chaudhuri
Dr. Kakoli Banerjee
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
If anybody ever happens to visit a coastal area, mudflats along the estuary or river mouths, unique vegetation at the land – sea interface is observed with some peculiar features like presence of pneumatophores, stilt roots, viviparous germination etc. These are called mangroves. Mangroves are one of the best natural reservoirs of the planet Earth, where many flora and fauna are yet untapped in terms of their benefits to mankind.
Mangrove forest offers several ecosystem services, which are essential to run the wheel of civilization as well as to support the livelihood of people living and dependent on the coastal resources. The conservation of mangroves is fundamental to all marine biological processes, for maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystems and for primary and secondary productions that support human needs.
Competition for limited resources has intensified with human population growth in coastal regions and the exploitation of mangroves for economic activities and livelihoods has become almost a universal picture. Today the rapid pace of urbanization, intense industrial activities, unplanned expansion of aquaculture and tourism has deteriorated the mangrove ecosystem to a great extent. Even today we are least bothered of the loss we will face in future not only in terms of various economically important products, but also in terms of ecosystem stability, biogeochemical cycle, protection against sea level rise, erosion, natural disaster etc. We believe that such threatened ecosystems can no longer provide their optimum biological functions and regulate services that sustain coastal economic production and livelihoods. The concept of conservation through lanes of alternative livelihoods is very crucial in this context.
The present book has critically presented the data bank for each type of mangrove resources not merely in the form of text description, but also through case studies and research papers that are the outcomes of research projects and pilot programmes carried out in different parts of the world. For a long time there was a need felt for this type of book on mangroves and more specifically Sundarban mangroves for common people. This would reduce the communication gap at different levels. Hence while writing this book we intentionally tried to bye pass the hard core mathematical models related to mangroves and their interaction with natural forces. We hope that the present book would not only provide more light of analysis on the existing knowledge of this remarkable ecosystem, but will also encourage the common mass, students, researchers and policy makers to feel deeply the problems and needs of mangrove conservation.
Dr. Abhijit Mitra
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
... We have, therefore, reviewed case studies on incentives for mangrove conservation and restoration to access carbon prices and the costs for land opportunity and restoration in mangroves in order to evaluate the applicability and limitations of our estimates. Among the 42 studies we found on incentives for conservation and/or restoration of mangroves, only six presented mechanisms of PES and only four explicitly stated economic values for carbon or other ecosystem services (Thompson et al., 2014(Thompson et al., , 2017Lal, 2003;Cormier-Salem and Panfili, Fig. 3. Cumulative percentage of global mangroves area that could be conserved (grey) and restored (green) for a given level of carbon price, in two scenarios considering 100% (circles) and 25% (triangles) of carbon protection or recovery. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) ...
... CO 2 , with an average of US$ 27.00/t CO 2 needed to compensate for the opportunity costs (Yee, 2010). In another context in the same country, however, Lal (2003) reported carbon payments at the level of 86 US $/ha/year, which was higher than the income generated by fishing (8-63US$/ha/yr), and lower than the damage generated by erosion after mangrove deforestation (2990US$/ha/yr). ...
... Focus: Production and utilization Ehler, 2003;Lal, 2003Lal, 1970s-80s 1971 Spalding, 2010;Clark, 1992;FAO, 2007;Christie and White, 1997;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;McLeod and Leslie, 2009;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995;FAO, 1994;ITTO, 2004;Macintosh and Ashton, 2003;Spalding and Blasco, 1997 Modern Day Implementation of ICZM that incorporates: Ecosystem-based, multiple-use, and adaptive management Van Lavieren et al., 2012;Clark, 1992;Clark, 1996;FAO, 2007;Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998;Olsen and Christie, 2000;Christie, 2005; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1995 ...
... Single-sector management led to confusing and overlapping jurisdictions within the coastal zone and disregard for protection of the coastal ecosystem as a whole (Lal, 2003). Regrettably, the main goal of coastal management during the 1960s was production and utilization of coastal resources rather than conservation . ...
Life on Earth would have been impossible without the cycling of inorganic elements through several physico-chemical and biological compartments. The chapter deals with the cycling of major elements in general, but the alteration of biogeochemical cycles through human intervention is a key issue of this chapter. The ground zero observation on the change of land-use pattern in the lower Gangetic delta has been addressed that has significant impact on the near-surface air temperature leading to alteration of biotic community and physico-chemical properties of the aquatic phase.
... We have, therefore, reviewed case studies on incentives for mangrove conservation and restoration to access carbon prices and the costs for land opportunity and restoration in mangroves in order to evaluate the applicability and limitations of our estimates. Among the 42 studies we found on incentives for conservation and/or restoration of mangroves, only six presented mechanisms of PES and only four explicitly stated economic values for carbon or other ecosystem services (Thompson et al., 2014(Thompson et al., , 2017Lal, 2003;Cormier-Salem and Panfili, Fig. 3. Cumulative percentage of global mangroves area that could be conserved (grey) and restored (green) for a given level of carbon price, in two scenarios considering 100% (circles) and 25% (triangles) of carbon protection or recovery. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) ...
... CO 2 , with an average of US$ 27.00/t CO 2 needed to compensate for the opportunity costs (Yee, 2010). In another context in the same country, however, Lal (2003) reported carbon payments at the level of 86 US $/ha/year, which was higher than the income generated by fishing (8-63US$/ha/yr), and lower than the damage generated by erosion after mangrove deforestation (2990US$/ha/yr). ...
Blue carbon in mangroves represents one of highest values of carbon stocks per hectare, and could play an important role in climate change mitigation. In this study we estimated the carbon prices needed to promote mangrove conservation and restoration under mechanisms of payment for ecosystem services (PES). We mapped the remaining and deforested mangroves across the globe in 2017, and crossed this information with carbon stocks in the biomass and soil and with land opportunity and restoration costs. In accordance with previous studies we found that Southeast Asia holds the largest opportunities for blue carbon programs to support conservation and restoration. Conserving remaining mangroves would avoid the release of up to 15.51 PgCO2 to the atmosphere, and could be achieved at carbon prices between 3.0 and 13.0 US$ per tCO2 for 90% of remaining mangroves. Restoring mangroves can sequester up to 0.32 PgCO2 globally. Carbon prices between 4.5 and 18.0 US$ per tCO2 could support the restoration of 90% of deforested mangroves. Such prices, however, may not apply to contexts of high-profit alternative land-uses. In such contexts, the valuation of co-benefits and the combination of carbon-based mechanisms and sustainable management may be a viable pathway.
... At a global scale, mangrove ecosystem services and tidal marshes have been given an estimated value of around $32 billion US dollars per annum (Atkinson et al., 2016). Numerous studies have investigated their economic (Lal, 2003;de Rezende et al., 2015;Das, 2017;Perdana et al., 2018) and ecological (Nagelkerken et al., 2008;Sheaves et al., 2016) value without accounting for the myriad of sociocultural values they also hold. The value of ecosystem services should be assessed based on all three biophysical, economic and socio-cultural dimensions as these can provide complementary information on ecosystem services (de Groot et al., 2010;Martín-López et al., 2013;Oteros-Rozas et al., 2014). ...
... Local communities living in coastal and rural parts of Fiji often visit mangrove environments and utilise their resources on a regular basis (Lal, 2003;Techera and Troniak, 2009), holding both knowledge and experience with changes in mangrove ecosystems. Although Fiji is home to some of the most extensive and pristine mangrove forests in the world, they have also suffered a substantial loss in coverage over the past two decades, largely because of deforestation to make way for coastal developments (Bhattarai and Giri, 2011). ...
In many Pacific Island Countries, mangroves deliver ecosystem goods and services that are essential to the livelihoods of local people. For coastal and rural communities throughout Fiji, it is common for women to be the main caretakers of mangroves, and to access and utilise their resources on a regular basis. This paper explores local perspectives of Fijian men and women on the use, benefit and value of mangrove ecosystems. Across six rural villages within the Bua Province, Fiji, a series of semi-structured household interviews (n = 41) were undertaken, coupled with participant observation. These findings provide insights into how gender roles influence the ways people value and interact with local ecosystems. This paper concludes with a call to incorporate gender into ecosystem-service valuation and management interventions so that they can produce sustainable and equitable livelihood outcomes.
... For example, forest is the most important multifunctional ecosystem on the earth, which provides various benefits for human beings (Wang et al., 2023). The research on the value assessment of forest ecosystem services first attracted the attention of many scholars (Peters et al., 1989;Tobias and Mendeisohn, 1991;Hanley and Ruffeil, 1993;Maille and Mendelsohn, 1993;Lal, 2003). Forest certification helps forest managers manage forests responsibly (Ponte et al., 2011), which not only effectively reduces the unreasonable deforestation rate (Galati et al., 2017), but also serves as a strategic tool for enterprises to enter sensitive environmental markets to achieve economic benefits for enterprises (Suryani et al., 2011;Faggi et al., 2014). ...
Purpose/Significance
To a certain extent, geographical indication (GI) protects the ecosystem of product origin, but there is still a lack of quantitative evidence on its cultural spillover effect. The mechanism of the impact of geo-certified landscapes on people’s perceived value of cultural ecosystem services (CESs) should be explored.
Methods/Procedures
In this study, two urban forest parks, Changqing and Zhongshan, which differ mainly in terms of geo-certified landscapes, were selected in Beihai, Guangxi. Basically, homogeneous volunteers were recruited, and photos of value labels were collected from their independent visits to two parks. The SolVES model was used to explore the effect of the presence or absence of geo-certified landscapes in urban park ecosystems on people’s CESs needs and the relation to the spatial context of the landscape.
Results/Conclusions
The results show that GI significantly enhance people’s perception of human CESs value of landscape elements, and clarifies the correspondence perception relationship between CESs value types and each landscape element. In addition to the spillover effect on humanistic value perception, GI also attracts and transfers people’s esthetic attention to the natural landscape itself to a certain extent. And these two effects will also spread to the ecosystem that the landscape belongs to.
... Land registration or titling has proved more difficult in the Pacific because of the complexity of customary tenure and strong cultural ties to the land, even where land is legally alienated from the State. To attract investment and attract more tourists, the government would instruct the city councils to start clearing the tiri (mangroves) and reclaiming the land to create space (Lal, 2003). The primary issue lies in informal or squatter housing because regardless of having the secured property right, they are free riders as they rely heavily on formal sectors. ...
Squatter settlement in Fiji has been increasing, becoming a national issue. Many young and old move away from the rural sector due to a lack of development and resettle in urban areas seeking better jobs and lifestyles. Hence, only some are fortunate to purchase land or build a dream house. Many choose to reside in areas where it is deemed cheap. The paper will highlight the importance of urban development when it comes to growth in housing and sanitation. The main aim is to determine the extent of securing property rights in the urban sectors. Every year and continuously, rural and urban migration drift is happening, and with the significant rise, many try to find employment in either the formal or informal sector. Therefore, this leads to an increase in people living in urban areas and the need to seek property to live in. This migration creates a high demand for property in the formal or informal sector. The paper will establish the salient link between informal and formal property rights and the importance of property rights issues in the urban sector. The article will also highlight the institutional constraints to economic development and how they can be strengthened. There are issues about having informal property and how it affects the formal sector and the economy's growth.
... Definition of economic valuation methodologies (Modified,Lal P., 2003) ...
Mangrove forests have a very important role for people's lives, especially for people who live in coastal areas, both from environmental, economic and social aspects. However, the economic potential of the ecosystem services provided by mangrove forests has not been comprehensively calculated. As a result, the economic potential of mangrove forests in an area is often calculated to be lower than the actual economic potential. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the total economic potential of mangrove forest ecosystem services. The economic valuation method of ecosystem services used in this study is the Total Economic Value method, including the economic value of providing services, regulatory services, cultural services, and supporting services. The location of this research is on Untung Jawa Island, Seribu Islands, DKI Jakarta Province, while the research time is from July to September 2022. The data used in determining the economic value in this study are primary data and secondary data. The results of the analysis show that the total economic value of the provision of services is around IDR 607 million per year, support services around IDR 15 million per year, cultural services around IDR 1.3 billion per year, and regulatory services around IDR 34 billion per year. The findings of this study have implications that the government and related stakeholders are required to provide more intensive education to the public about the importance of sustainable management of mangrove forests for the development of a blue economy on the island.
... Mangrove forests cover roughly 60%-75% of the world's tropical and subtropical coastlines and constitute the dominant fringing vegetation in estuaries of these regions (Holguín et al., 2001;Blaber, 2007). Mangroves provide multiple ecosystem services, including provision of goods and services (e.g., fish, timber, medicinal plants, dyes) and ecological functions, like shelter and nursery areas for aquatic species, carbon sequestration, and coastal protection, among others (Holguín et al., 2001;Lal, 2003;Vegh et al., 2014;Lucas et al., 2017). Additionally, mangroves supply high volumes of organic matter to the water column, a process that starts when plant litter falls into the water, and then is colonized and decomposed by microorganisms into a detritus form. ...
Mangroves are the dominant coastal vegetation in tropical estuaries and host a large diversity of brachyuran crabs. Crab larvae have adapted to dynamic hydrological conditions in estuaries using several physiological and behavioral strategies. Changes in crab larval assemblages can be monitored in time in order to detect ecological changes occurring within estuaries. For this study, we sampled quarterly crab larval assemblages in two sub-estuaries (Salado and Churute) of the Gulf of Guayaquil (GG) during 2016-2017. The largest community dissimilarities occurred between sub-estuaries, with Salado having higher morphological diversity and larval densities than Churute. Temporal patterns were only evident within each sub-estuary, and in relation to total and individual morpho-species density values. Ocypodidae larvae were dominant across samples; with zoea I of the red mangrove crab (Ucides occidentalis) showing maximal density values during spring tides. Hydrological parameters (i.e., turbidity, conductivity, salinity and temperature) contributed to only 19% of the variability in biota, demonstrating that crab larvae are physiologically adapted to a wide range of water conditions. This study established an ecological baseline for future studies using crab larval assemblages in the assessment of ecological changes occurring in mangrove tidal creeks of the GG. However, longer time-series monitoring data and description of new species and stages of crab larvae are necessary to better assess potential future changes.
... Mangrove forests cover roughly 60%-75% of the world's tropical and subtropical coastlines and constitute the dominant fringing vegetation in estuaries of these regions (Holguín et al., 2001;Blaber, 2007). Mangroves provide multiple ecosystem services, including provision of goods and services (e.g., fish, timber, medicinal plants, dyes) and ecological functions, like shelter and nursery areas for aquatic species, carbon sequestration, and coastal protection, among others (Holguín et al., 2001;Lal, 2003;Vegh et al., 2014;Lucas et al., 2017). Additionally, mangroves supply high volumes of organic matter to the water column, a process that starts when plant litter falls into the water, and then is colonized and decomposed by microorganisms into a detritus form. ...
... Land registration or titling has proved more difficult in the Pacific because of the complexity of customary tenure and strong cultural ties to the land, even where land is legally alienated from the State. To attract investment and attract more tourists, the government would instruct the city councils to start clearing the tiri (mangroves) and reclaiming the land to create space (Lal, 2003). ...
Squatter settlement in Fiji has been increasing, becoming a national issue. Many young and old move away from the rural sector due to a lack of development and resettle in urban areas seeking better jobs and lifestyles. Hence, not everyone is fortunate to purchase land or build a dream house. Many choose to reside in areas where it is deemed cheap. The paper will highlight the importance of urban development when it comes to growth in housing and sanitation. The main aim is to determine the extent of securing property rights in the urban sectors. Every year and continuously, rural and urban migration drift is happening, and with the significant rise, many try to find employment in either the formal or informal sector. Therefore, this leads to an increase in people living in urban areas and the need to seek property to live in. This migration creates a high demand for property in the formal or informal sector. The paper will establish the salient link between informal and formal property rights and the importance of property rights issues in the urban sector. The article will also highlight the institutional constraints to economic development and how they can be strengthened. There are issues about having informal property and how it affects the formal sector and the economy's growth.
... From another perspective, they derive from indirect supporting and regulating services, mainly the establishment of nursery grounds, but also hazard protection and water sanitation (Igulu et al., 2014). Additionally, tangible (e.g., recreation, ecotourism) and abstract cultural services (e.g., knowledge systems, social relations; Lal, 2003;Nagelkerken et al., 2008) are important for coastal communities depending on small-scaled fisheries and should be accounted when assessing mangrove-fishery linkages from an economic, social, or ecological perspective. ...
Mangroves provide multiple ecosystem services to coastal communities and their fisheries. In the Galapagos, mangroves have been primarily prized for their role as nursery grounds; though, the importance of cultural benefits, including the development of knowledge systems among fishers, needs to be further explored. Fishers' local ecological knowledge (LEK) has been employed in the past to answer questions about the marine environment; not yet about mangroves. In such regard, this ethnoecological approach can contribute to unveil mangrove habitat-dependence relationships among fishery taxa across the life cycle, connectivity among habitats, and productivity spatial patterns across the archipelago. To access fishers' LEK, we conducted 35 semi-structured interviews and 2 facilitated community workshops comprising 3 activities. A photo-elicitation method allowed us to extract values given to mangroves (i.e., ecosystem services), from which indirect use values were considered more relevant for fisheries. As such, the accumulation of LEK might have been crucial for the establishment of these values among fishers. By using a species-habitat association method, we revealed a high perceived connectivity between mangroves and other coastal and marine habitats in the Galapagos. Although this suggests an overall weak dependence to the ecosystem, fishers' anecdotes allowed us to recognize novel species occurrences and exclusive habitat uses (e.g., spawning in Centropomus viridis). By applying Social Network Analysis to species-habitat association results, we learned that certain migratory commercial species (e.g., Lutjanus argentiventris, Seriola rivoliana) might constitute critical links in marine trophic webs and across seascapes. Finally, through scoring and participatory mapping methods, we revealed the prominence of western islands' mangroves for fishery productivity, which were linked to biophysical attributes, like forest canopy and freshwater. Yet, other locations in central and southeastern islands might also be important, as they hold similar attributes. Interviews to other mangrove users (e.g., naturalist guides, park rangers, scientists; N = 33), and past scientific studies allowed us to triangulate LEK and to find complementarity among knowledge sources. Despite having an explorative focus, our work already showcases the potential of fishers' LEK in improving mangrove research in the Galapagos, and the arising opportunities for ecosystem-based fisheries management and mangrove protection.
... From another perspective, they derive from indirect supporting and regulating services, mainly the establishment of nursery grounds, but also hazard protection and water sanitation (Igulu et al., 2014). Additionally, tangible (e.g., recreation, ecotourism) and abstract cultural services (e.g., knowledge systems, social relations; Lal, 2003;Nagelkerken et al., 2008) are important for coastal communities depending on small-scaled fisheries and should be accounted when assessing mangrove-fishery linkages from an economic, social, or ecological perspective. ...
Mangroves provide multiple ecosystem services to coastal communities and their fisheries. In the Galapagos, mangroves have been primarily prized for their role as nursery grounds; though, the importance of cultural benefits, including the development of knowledge systems among fishers, needs to be further explored. Fishers’ local ecological knowledge (LEK) has been employed in the past to answer questions about the marine environment; not yet about mangroves. In such regard, this ethnoecological approach can contribute to unveil mangrove habitat-dependence relationships among fishery taxa across the life cycle, connectivity among habitats, and productivity spatial patterns across the archipelago. To access fishers’ LEK, we conducted 35 semi-structured interviews and 2 facilitated community workshops comprising 3 activities. A photo-elicitation method allowed us to extract values given to mangroves (i.e., ecosystem services), from which indirect use values were considered more relevant for fisheries. As such, the accumulation of LEK might have been crucial for the establishment of these values among fishers. By using a species-habitat association method, we revealed a high perceived connectivity between mangroves and other coastal and marine habitats in the Galapagos. Although this suggests an overall weak dependence to the ecosystem, fishers’ anecdotes allowed us to recognize novel species occurrences and exclusive habitat uses (e.g., spawning in Centropomus viridis ). By applying Social Network Analysis to species-habitat association results, we learned that certain migratory commercial species (e.g., Lutjanus argentiventris , Seriola rivoliana ) might constitute critical links in marine trophic webs and across seascapes. Finally, through scoring and participatory mapping methods, we revealed the prominence of western islands’ mangroves for fishery productivity, which were linked to biophysical attributes, like forest canopy and freshwater. Yet, other locations in central and southeastern islands might also be important, as they hold similar attributes. Interviews to other mangrove users (e.g., naturalist guides, park rangers, scientists; N = 33), and past scientific studies allowed us to triangulate LEK and to find complementarity among knowledge sources. Despite having an explorative focus, our work already showcases the potential of fishers’ LEK in improving mangrove research in the Galapagos, and the arising opportunities for ecosystem-based fisheries management and mangrove protection.
... Penilaian ekonomi jasa ekosistem mangrove dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memberikan rekomendasi kebijakan kepada pemerintah setempat dalam pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove. Menurut Lal (2003), informasi ekonomi ekosistem mangrove sangat penting bagi pembuat keputusan agar ekosistem mangrove dapat digunakan secara berkelanjutan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi nilai ekonomi total jasa ekosistem mangrove di Kecamatan Mandah. ...
Mangrove ecosystems become an important ecosystem for the community of Mandah district, this is because the community uses the mangrove ecosystem as a producer of mangrove wood, as well as a place to catch fish, shrimp, and crabs. Therefore, it is important to maintain the sustainability of mangrove ecosystems in multiple ways; one option is by providing an economic report regarding the mangrove ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic value of mangrove ecosystems. This research was conducted in Mandah District using the survey method. Data analysis using economic valuation by calculating the total economic value of mangrove ecosystem services, comprising: supporting services, provisioning services, regulating services, and cultural services. The results showed that the total economic value of mangrove ecosystem services which has an area of 31,007 Ha amounting to IDR 6,100,130,675,685/year or IDR 196,733,985/Ha/year consisting of the value of supporting services amounting to IDR 2,843,521,034,280/year, the value of provisioning services IDR 120,274,922,887/year, the cost of regulatory services is IDR 3,132,894,718,518/year, and the value of cultural services is IDR 3,440,000,000/year. The high economic value of regulating and supporting services indicates that the mangrove ecosystem has a high value of environmental services, so it needs to be preserved and the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem to remain of high economic value.
... Estes SE são fornecidos ao sistema socioeconômico de acordo com uma gama de escalas institucionais e ecológicas, variando do nível individual ao global. Cada uma destas compreende diferentes partes interessadas, em que atribuem valores diferentes aos serviços ecossistêmicos, dependendo da sua origem cultural e do impacto do serviço em suas condições de vida, resultando em visões diferentes sobre sua importância e gestão (Lal, 2003). ...
The present work explores the complex adaptive systems, approach through an abductive research method, that sought to integrate the economic valuation of ecosystem services (ES) and the social license to operate in the socio-ecological context of Reserva Biológica Marinha do Arvoredo (REBIO) in south brazilian coast. Initially, a stakeholder analysis was carried out, with an impact identification and assessment on the ecosystem services. The interdependence of social implications through understanding the impacts on ecosystem services was highlighted, showing key points to be worked in the relationship with the surrounding area. Subsequently, a study of contingent valuation associated with REBIO's social license was carried out and logistic regression and multivariate analyzes showed that the positive social license itself, low trust in government, greater distance from REBIO and indirect effects on income are the main factors that positively influence the Willingness to Pay (DAP). An average amount of a monthly R$ 8.43 contribution per family, among the 523 interviewees, was obtained, demonstrating a high socio-environmental return on this public instrument. Finally, the Cynefin framework was applied to REBIO's management context, which allowed a deeper understanding of the decision-making domains, its limits and the uncertainties faced by the managers and board, in addition it was possible to observe the external influence of local social-environment panorama and the actual federal government policy in the decision-making. The thesis offers an emerging perspective for the strategic management of REBIO and the adoption of the theoretical prism of complex adaptive systems, and its inherent methodological pluralism, reduces the weakening of environmental policies, if an active, responsive and direct interaction with the beneficiaries is adopted, considering the scales and the return to society in the Anthropocene era.
... Hal yang mungkin menjadi sebuah kesulitan adalah apabila ekosistem mangrove terlalu kecil dalam mendukung sumberdaya yang ada diwilayah suatu perairan. Hal in ini dapat dilihat di pulau pulau kecil yang ada di Pasifik [13]. ...
Mangrove adalah tumbuhan yang mampu beradaptasi pada kondisi ekstrim utamanya pada daerah yang memiliki kadar garam tinggi. Identifikasi luasan hutan mangrove perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi sumberdaya yang ada disana. Hal ini dikarenakan mangrove sebagai tempat daerah asuhan (nursery grounds), tempat mencari makan (feeding grounds), dan daerah pemijahan (spawning grounds) berbagai jenis ikan. Tujuan dari penulisan jurnal ini adalah untuk mengetahui luas sebaran hutan mangrove pada Segara Anakan, Cilacap Jawa Tengah. Metode pengolahan citra satelit dengan cara digitasi menggunakan software ArcMap dan Envi tanpa melakukan validasi data ke lapangan. Analisa citra satelit menggunakan perbandingan warna pada band NIR Citra satelit Landsat 8. Untuk membedakan mangrove dan non mangrove dengan melakukan digitasi dan menghitung luas pada atribut tabel Arcmap. Hasil akhir terlihat luasan mangrove cilacap mencapai 12.005 Ha yang mengindikasikan terjadi perubahan luasan hutan mangrove dari tahun 2013 sebesar 4005 Ha.
... Our results suggest that from 2000 to 2020 the mangrove area increased by 572 ha in the Ba delta and decreased by 696 ha in the Rewa delta. Previous studies have estimated that the annual economic value of goods and services supported by mangroves in Fiji was 2,706 USD/ha, which could be broken down into 6 USD/ha, 100 USD/ha, and 2,600 USD/ha for forestry, fisheries, and nutrient filtration (human waste treatment), respectively (Lal 1990(Lal , 2003. If the economic value is considered in terms of our results, the entire annual economic value of mangroves in the two deltas is estimated to have decreased by 335,000 USD from 32,877,000 to 33,212,000 USD (without inflation adjustment) over the last 20 years, which includes an annual economic loss of 12,000 USD/ha for fisheries. ...
Despite the expected importance, the changes in mangrove ecosystems and the main causes in Fiji have not been well addressed. To address the issues, we collected data from multiple sources to assess mangrove ecosystem variation due to both natural factors and human impacts in the Ba and Rewa deltas, Fiji. Landsat satellite data were used to map the land use and cover of the study area from 2000 to 2020. Questionnaire surveys were conducted to identify the main uses of mangroves that could influence mangrove ecosystems. Over the period investigated, the mangrove area increased by 572 ha (by 12%) in Ba and decreased by 697 ha (by 9%) in Rewa. The social survey revealed that 45% of respondents in the Ba delta and 20% in the Rewa delta visited the mangrove area daily in search of food resources. The net annual economic loss and lost functioning of mangroves as an anthropogenic CO2 reservoir caused by mangrove degradation in the two deltas were estimated to be 335,000 USD and 202 t-C, respectively. Because local livelihoods are strongly linked with mangroves, the outcomes of this study will provide preliminary information for policy interventions to ensure the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem.
... Each of these ecosystem services were valued according to the most appropriate methods for each one (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005;Lal, 2003;Mehvar et al., 2018;Salem and Mercer, 2012;Himes-Cornell et al., 2018;Brander et al., 2012) (Table 1). ...
Due to the public good nature of many of mangrove’s ecosystem services, markets for them do not exist and there is limited potential to manage them with conventional markets. Moreover, because of the difficulties in estimating the value of these non-marketed services, mangroves are often undervalued in benefit cost analysis of conservation versus commercial land uses causing their degradation and loss. With the goal of supporting the current efforts of the government of Costa Rica to develop a new PES scheme that include these ecosystems, as well as other policy initiatives on wetlands conservation and restoration, we applied a hybrid approach to estimate the value of ecosystem services from mangrove forests in the Gulf of Nicoya. Our method consists of traditional benefit transfer and expert modified benefit transfer for 11 ecosystem services, and the application of more specific methods to estimate three of those ecosystem services (i.e. climate regulation, fisheries and coastal protection). Using traditional benefit transfer, we estimated the total economic value of ecosystem services of mangroves in the Gulf of Nicoya in $812 million per year (median=$88 million/year), and the total mean value of the ecosystem services provided by all the mangroves in Costa Rica as $1.5 billion per year (median=$160 million/year). By applying the expert modified benefit transfer we estimated that the mean total value of the mangrove forests of the Gulf of Nicoya is $470 million per year, and a median value of $75 million per year. Combining the three different valuation technics, we calculated the mean total value of the ecosystem services from mangrove forests in the Gulf of Nicoya in $408 million per year, and a median total value of $86 million. Considering the median total value of ecosystem services from mangroves, it represents 0.16% of the GDP in Costa Rica in 2015.
... Mangrove forests cover roughly 60%-75% of the world's tropical and subtropical coastlines and constitute the dominant fringing vegetation in estuaries of these regions (Holguín et al., 2001;Blaber, 2007). Mangroves provide multiple ecosystem services, including provision of goods and services (e.g., fish, timber, medicinal plants, dyes) and ecological functions, like shelter and nursery areas for aquatic species, carbon sequestration, and coastal protection, among others (Holguín et al., 2001;Lal, 2003;Vegh et al., 2014;Lucas et al., 2017). Additionally, mangroves supply high volumes of organic matter to the water column, a process that starts when plant litter falls into the water, and then is colonized and decomposed by microorganisms into a detritus form. ...
Mangroves are the dominant coastal vegetation in tropical estuaries and host a large diversity of brachyuran crabs. Crab larvae have adapted to dynamic hydrological conditions in estuaries using several physiological and behavioral strategies. Changes in crab larval assemblages can be monitored in time in order to detect ecological changes occurring within estuaries. For this study, we sampled quarterly crab larval assemblages in two sub-estuaries (Salado and Churute) of the Gulf of Guayaquil (GG) during 2016–2017. The largest community dissimilarities occurred between sub-estuaries, with Salado having higher morphological diversity and larval densities than Churute. Temporal patterns were only evident within each location in terms of density and occurred between seasons and tidal amplitude regimes. Ocypodidae larvae were dominant across samples; with zoea I of the red mangrove crab (Ucides occidentalis) showing maximal density values during spring tides. Hydrological parameters (i.e., turbidity, conductivity, salinity and temperature) contributed to only 19% of the variability in biota, demonstrating that crab larvae are physiologically adapted to a wide range of water conditions. This study established an ecological baseline for future studies using crab larval assemblages in the assessment of ecological changes occurring in mangrove tidal creeks of the GG. However, longer time-series monitoring data and description of new species and stages of crab larvae are necessary to better assess potential future changes.
... And the minimum annual subsistence value from mangroves in the Solomon Islands is estimated to be SBD$ 2,500-10,718 household −1 yr −1 , which represented 38-160% of annual cash incomes (Warren-Rhodes et al. 2011). Lal (2003) does question the validity of economic valuation of mangroves, particularly in light of ecosystem fragmentation and paucity in understanding of these ecosystems across the Pacific. What is clear, however, in those island states that have mangrove forests, that there is a significant value to the subsistence livelihoods of communities who utilise the goods and services provided by these ecosystems. ...
In the Pacific Island region, marine resources make vital contributions to food security, livelihoods and economic development. Climate change is expected to have profound effects on the status and distribution of coastal and oceanic habitats, the fish and invertebrates they support and, as a result, the communities and industries that depend on these resources. To prepare for and respond to these impacts—and ensure the ongoing sustainability of marine ecosystems, and the communities and industries that rely on them economically and culturally—it is necessary to understand the main impacts and identify effective adaptation actions. In particular, declines in coral reef habitats and associated coastal fisheries productivity, more eastward distribution of tuna and impacts of more intense storms and rainfall on infrastructure are expected to present the greatest challenges for Pacific communities and economies. Some species of sharks and rays, and aquaculture commodities with calcareous shells, will also be impacted by habitat degradation, ecosystem changes, increasing temperature and ocean acidification. The projected declines in coastal fish and invertebrate populations will widen the gap between fish needed by growing human populations and sustainable harvests from coastal fisheries, with shortages expected in some nations (e.g. Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands) by 2035. There will also be a need to diversify livelihoods based on fisheries, aquaculture and tourism because some of these operations are expected to be negatively affected by climate change. In some cases, building the resilience of Pacific communities to climate change will involve reducing dependence on, or finding alternatives, vulnerable marine resources.
... There had been attempts on the economic valuation of wetland ecosystem in general (Costanza et al. 1997;Barbier 2007;Binilkumar 2010) and mangroves in particular (Lal 2003;Sathirathai 2003;Gunawardena and Rowan 2005). Therefore, the mangroves in Balikpapan Bay provides excellent case study on economic valuation of mangrove ecosystem in Indonesia. ...
Kristiningrum R, Lahjie AM, Masjaya, Yusuf S, Ruslim Y. 2019. Species diversity, stand productivity, aboveground biomass, and economic value of mangrove ecosystem in Mentawir Village, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2848-2857. Mangrove forest is one of the important ecosystems. It provides a variety of benefits both ecologically and economically. There are many biodiversity values of mangrove ecosystems that it can be evaluated economically. This study aims to: (i) identify the species diversity of mangrove forest; (ii) analyze the mangrove productivity and aboveground biomass; (iii) analyze the ecosystem value of mangrove forest in Mentawir Village, Penajam Paser District, East Kalimantan Province. The research used systematic random sampling method by establishing two plots with extent of one hectare for each plot in which each plot was divided into 20m x 20m subplots. The volume and mean annual increment (MAI), as well as current annual increment (CAI), were calculated. Economic value of mangrove ecosystem was calculated using Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to reveal the total margin between Willingness to Pay (WTP) of wood produced by mangrove forest and Willingness to Accept (WTA) of fisheries catches. The results showed that there were 12 species of mangroves in the studied areas in which Rhizophora apiculata was the dominant species. Total aboveground biomass in Plot I and Plot II were respectively 127.46 tons ha-1 (62.61 tons C ha-1) and 79.26 (38.85 tons C ha-1) and dominated by Rhizophoraceace family with 76.80%, while 23.22% of the biomass was contributed by other mangrove families. The mangrove forest had a maximum average volume increment at 48 years and 42 years with MAI of 2.97 ha-1 yr-1 and 2.12 m 3 ha-1 yr-1 at Plot I and Plot II, respectively, with the total volume reached 127.5 m 3 ha-1 and 79.60 m 3 ha-1. The calculation of total margin between WTP and WTA indicated that in economic value of mangrove ecosystem in Mentawir Village with an extent of 2,300 ha was between IDR 207,000,000 yr-1 and IDR 345,000,000 yr-1. Our findings suggest that a good mangrove ecosystem will result in high economic value and biodiversity values cannot be separated from economic benefits in order to protect its sustainability.
... However, global economic valuations of coastal forests, such as mangrove ecosystems, is rather limited, and the valuation methods, data, and classification systems used for ecosystems have been developed primarily for terrestrial ecosystems (Liquete et al. 2013;Barbier 2011). There have been attempts at economic valuation of wetland ecosystems in general (Costanza et al. 1997;Barbier 1997;Binilkumar 2010), and mangroves in particular (Lal 2003;Sathirathai 2003;Gunawardena and Rowan 2005), in different parts of the globe. A variety of valuation methods have been used to value mangrove ecosystems and their services in a wide range of geographic regions. ...
In this chapter the current understanding on various components of Indian mangrove habitats is reviewed and conservation measures required to ensure the sustainability of Indian mangroves are discussed. In India, mangroves are found on the east and west coasts of the mainland and on the Islands of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep. Indian mangroves represent 3.3% of global mangroves and about 56% of global mangrove species. Despite considerable work on the floristics and ecology of mangroves with minimal attention to management-related issues, Indian mangroves also remain underexplored in various other aspects—forest structure, faunal diversity, genetic diversity, soil physicochemical properties, microbial diversity, ecological services and its economic evaluation—which are prerequisites for effective implementation of conservation and management measures. Further, the bulk of the research has been carried out in the Indian Sundarbans, Bitharkanika, Pichavaram, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; other areas remain little studied. As we live in a world of diminished ecological diversity, the conservation focus on natural resources has shifted from species to ecosystems, and recent efforts have been focused on an ecosystem-based management approach. However, mangrove conservation measures have often relied on legal protection of existing mangroves and rehabilitation of degraded mangroves by monospecific plantation globally, as well as in India. Despite a recent increase in mangrove coverage and a slowdown in the degradation rate (judged solely on the basis of global or regional-scale remote sensing studies) achieved by existing conservation and rehabilitation measures, the ecological health of Indian mangroves, as well as mangroves in other countries, has experienced a continuous decline due to uncontrolled upstream anthropogenic activities and global climate change. National-level policy making in India lacks comprehensive understanding of how the various types of mangrove habitats along the coast function, in what social and ecological aspects they differ, and how those differences might be taken into account while planning for conservation. Since mangroves are highly dynamic and threatened, the understanding of various components and their interconnections is invaluable for streamlining future research and effective formulation of long-term, integrated, ecosystem-based management for preserving the biological diversity, ecological health, and ecological integrity of mangroves. Considering these facts, this chapter discusses the current knowledge on Indian mangroves on the basis of the available literature and future prospects for ecosystem-based management are also highlighted.
... Failure to recognize the ecological and economic worth of mangroves is one of the major reasons for people to opt for putting mangrove land to other uses. However, the conversion of mangroves to other land uses did not yield better economic gains in the end, as are the cases for these islands (Gunawardena and Rowan, 2005;Lal, 2003;Sathirathai, 2003). Initially, the shrimp farmers saw better yield that gradually declined (Rahman and Hossain, 2015). ...
Chakaria Sundarban (CSB), Maheshkhali, and Kutubdia are the major mangrove islands in the Southeastern Coast of Bangladesh. The mangroves of these islands have been replaced almost entirely with shrimp and salt farms. Shifting mangrove land to non-mangrove uses has left the coast with adverse environmental consequences. Local people are realizing that integrated silvofishery could be a way better option compared to the existing non-mangrove land use. This study was designed to evaluate the economic potentials of mangrove restoration in these islands through four silvofishery practices- Integrated Mangrove Shrimp (IMS), Integrated Nypa Shrimp (INS), Mangrove Bio-Filter (MBF), and Integrated Mangrove Crab (IMC). Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) in IMS was the highest, 2.33 on a 35-year long time horizon for analysis followed by INS and MBF with BCRs 1.80 and 1.40, respectively. Only IMC had the BCR greater than 1.00 in all three phases of restoration. Overall, when environmental benefits of mangroves were considered, all the silvofishery practices ensured better returns for the society compared to what the existing land use is providing. However, the restoration efforts are expected
to face enormous challenges from existing sociopolitical makeup of the islands. The success of proposed restoration program is contingent to community participation in the process and strong political commitment of the government and the leadership in the study area.
... The rate of loss of mangrove forests remains substantially higher than that of other terrestrial forests, even as management and conservation programs have become widespread (FAO 2007: Lal 2003. Humans are greedy for coastal land and the profits that coincide with its development. ...
Mangrove forests are found as isolated units of varying length and width along the coast line of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. These forests are scattered within the intertidal and are among emergent plant communities occurring along land-sea margins in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman and a small part of Pakistan in Govatr Bay. Avicennia marina and Rhizophora spp. are found in this region. Recently, as the effect of industrialization and development, as well as global environmental changes, concern about status, health, damage, disturbance and reducing mangrove area are a big challenge both for ecologists and engineers in these regions. Hence, producing mangrove map distributions and monitoring their change during the time is necessary. Mangrove habitat maps have been used for three general management applications: resource inventory, change detection, and the selection and inventory of aquaculture sites. This chapter quantifies mangrove forest cover and monitors their changes in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman from 1977 to 2017, using Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery. The mangrove distribution maps are created by using remote sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). An image processing technique entitled normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) was used to detect mangrove forests in six countries located within the border study area. Even though the results show negative effects of human activity in some regions, overall, mangrove forests increased during 1977–2017. This increase in mangrove forests in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman represent sustainable development and management for mangrove ecosystems in this region.
... Relevant SIDS literature includes a review by Laurans, et al. (2013) looking into coral reef ecosystem services on SIDS, finding significant value from coral reefs come from tourism, coastal protection and fisheries. In Fiji, valuation of mangrove ecosystems led to a government decision to place a moratorium on mangrove reclamation in favor of conservation ( Lal, 2003). Studies in Belize and Papua New Guinea have found that significant value is placed on cultural values as well as direct use of tropical rainforests ( Manoka, 2001; Eade & Moran, 1996). ...
Low-carbon development requires joint efforts in terms of “carbon reduction” and “carbon sink increase.” This study thus proposes a DICE-DSGE model for exploring the environmental and economic benefits of ocean carbon sinks and provides policy suggestions for marine economic development and carbon emission policy choices. The results are as follows: (1) while the economic benefits of heterogeneous technological shocks are apparent, the environmental benefits of carbon tax and carbon quota shocks are significant; (2) increasing the efficiency of ocean carbon sinks improves the environmental benefits of technological shocks as well as the output benefits of emission reduction tools, while increasing the share of marine output can improve both the economic benefits of technological shocks and the environmental benefits of emission reduction tools; and (3) ocean output proportion has the most considerable positive effect on social welfare, followed by marine total factor productivity (TFP). The correlation effect of ocean carbon sink efficiency is negative.
Accurately quantifying the spatiotemporal patterns in ecosystem service (ES)¹ supply and demand and their coupling coordination dynamics, as well as identifying the spatial heterogeneity of the influencing factors for coupling coordination degree are necessary for regional sustainable development. This study used the Ulansuhai Basin in Inner Mongolia Province of China as a case to quantify the supply, demand, and supply-demand ratio of ES (meat production, grain production, carbon storage, water yield, nitrogen purification, and phosphorus purification) from 2000 to 2020. The synthesized coefficient of ES supply (ESCI)² and demand (ESDI),³ the match degree of total supply and demand (MD),⁴ and the coupling coordination degree (CD)⁵ were taken as indices to explore the relationship between the ESCI and ESDI and the coordination relationships. A mixed effects model was used to determine the spatial heterogeneity response of CD to different influencing factors. The results showed that the total ES supply in the Ulansuhai Basin always met the demand. The area with the highest ESCI was always observed in the Urad Front Banner, while Linhe district had the highest ESDI. Although incoordination improved from mild to superior from 2000 to 2020 at the basin scale, significant spatial variations were observed at the county scale. In addition, the variation in CD was significantly correlated with population, followed by precipitation, and cropland area. The findings comprehensively explore the match and coordination between ES supply and demand, and the spatial heterogeneity of the effects of the influencing factors on CD. Our study can contribute to the formulation of future policies for regional ecological restoration and sustainable development.
Spatial patterns in ecosystem services (ES) supply and demand can provide useful visual information for eco-economic management policy. For assessing ES supply and demand on a regional scale, we coupled natural elements with socioeconomic factors and built an integration model involving five types of ES supply, i.e., water conservation, soil conservation, carbon fixation/oxygen release, sand fixation, and air purification, and three types of ES demand, i.e., water resource demand, carbon emission/oxygen consumption, and air pollution control demand. For the case of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the patterns of ES supply and demand were analyzed by assessing the multi-year average of 2001, 2005, 2010, and 2017. The main results were: (1) An apparent spatial mismatch between ES supply and demand in the study area. Areas with high ES supply capacity were located in the Yanshan Mountains and the Taihang Mountains, and the eastern Bashang Plateau. Areas with high ES demand were mainly located in large and medium-sized cities in the Hebei Plain. (2) The total ES supply capacity could not meet the needs of the study area. The surplus area accounted for 32.93% of the total area and the deficit area for 67.07%. The total ES demand was 2.05 times the total ES supply in the study area. Chengde was the only region with an ES surplus per unit area, and Tianjin had the largest deficit. The ES deficit in the Jing-Jin-Ji region was severe. (3) Based on the surplus-deficit patterns of ES supply-demand, three environmental management zones were suggested, i.e., environmental conservation, restoration, and control zones, and some concrete suggestions and solutions on environmental protection or restoration were elaborated for each zone to mitigate conflicts of ES supply and demand. Key findings will provide a scientific basis for constructing regional ecological compensation mechanisms and the coordinated development of the Jing-Jin-Ji region.
Mayotte’s coral reefs (342 km2), mangroves (8, 46 km2) and seagrass beds (7,60 km2) provide important ecosystem services of which the most important are the coastal protection, carbon sequestration, water purification and fish biomass production. The quantity and quality of these services have been decreasing steadily for several years and should continue to do so if no action is taken to contain anthropogenic pressures. The coral cover of the fringing reefs and the barrier reef has thus declined respectively by 60 % in 15 years and 15 % in 8 years, while the pioneer front of Sonneratia for mangroves has declined by 13 % in 6 years. As for the water quality, it suggests a degraded state of seagrass beds. The estimated annual value of these services amounts to EUR 151 million. This value would then rise to EUR 188 million if the ecosystems were in pristine conditions. This article shows that the preservation of coastal ecosystems is essential from an economic point of view.
Marine ecological capital is defined as marine ecological resources which have direct or indirect contribution to social and economic production and provide benefits for human. Marine ecological resources include marine living resources and their habitat resources. The existing value of marine ecological resources includes two elements: the standing stock value of marine living resources and their habitat resources.
Applying the theoretical frameworks of marine ecological capital and considering the characteristics of marine living resources in China waters, the assessment methods for standing stock of marine living resources were developed. The methods were developed to assess to four kinds of living resources, including fish, shellfish, crustaceans, cephalopods, macro-algae, respectively, in both mass and monetary terms. Here we only considered these populations living in natural waters rather than in any man-made pools, net cages, or on any ropes and sticks. These populations may be reproduced naturally or released by stock enhancement efforts. The market-price method was recommended to valuate the standing stock value of marine living resources. As for these species, such as microbe, phytoplankton, zooplankton, seabirds and micro-benthos, their standing stock are not be considered to valuate because they is not commercially and massively utilized by human due to some technical or cost reasons. For those marine protected species, their standing stock should not be valuated also because of some legal limitations or ethic consideration.
Furthermore, this article developed the procedures to adjust the unit price and total value of marine living resources for comparison among different year’s values. When assessing multi-year living resources, if the unit price for certain years was missing, it could be replaced by the adjacent year’s unit price that was adjusted by Consumer Price Index or Producer Price Index. When comparing standing stock of value of marine living resource among different years, we may select one particular year as baseline year. The value of other years should be adjusted by Consumer Price Index or Producer Price Index in order to be comparable. For those marine living organisms directly consumed as seafood, their unit price and value should be adjusted by Consumer Price Index. For those marine living organisms are utilized as raw material for factory to produce chemicals, medicine, artwork, cosmetics, health food and so on, their unit price and value should be adjusted by Producer Price Index.
Finally, this article discussed the detailed implications for the four assessment methods. These implication include how to define the unit price of marine living resources, how to adjust unit price and total value, and how to apply cost deduction.
Landscape architecture with urban green space as the main research object is an evidence-based science. It is an important issue to optimize green space systems from the point of view of ecosystem services. In this paper, high-resolution (1.5 m resolution) remote sensing images are combined with data-processing software, such as ENVI, ArcGIS, and Fragstats, to evaluate ecosystem service quality and compute the landscape pattern in the Haidian District (Beijing, China), so that the relationship between the ecosystem service quality and landscape pattern can be quantitatively studied and a strategy can be provided for green space optimization in cities. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) for the evaluated quality of 14 ecosystem services in Haidian District (refer to Section Analysis of the Association of the Percentage of Patches (PLAND) Index of Forest Land and Quality of Ecosystem Service in Haidian District). Forest land is the main provider of the ecosystem service in Haidian District, while construction land only provides cultural services; (2) on the whole, the spatial distribution of the ecosystem services in Haidian District gradually decreases from the west to the east, which basically matches with the spatial distribution of the forest land. The regulating service and supporting service are matched with the distribution of the urban green space. The cultural service is closely associated with history resource points; and (3) the analysis results of the association between landscape pattern and ecosystem service quality show that the percentage of patches (PLAND) index for forest land has a significant logarithmic relationship with the regulating service and supporting service. The critical value of the PLAND index is 30. Besides the Xishan area with the most coverage of forest land, the landscape shape index (LSI) of the brushwood has a logarithmic relationship with the ecosystem service quality. The critical value of the LSI value is 50. Finally, this paper proposes an area optimization strategy of green space in Haidian District from the view of the ecosystem system service. The Xishan area is classified into the ecosystem red line to control city expansion. The regulating and supporting services can be enhanced in the north flat area by improving the patch shape index. The ecosystem service capabilities can be improved by adding the forest land in the existing green space for the southeast urban areas.
The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocksthat produce them are critical to the functioning of the
Earth’s life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent
part of the total economic value of the planet.We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services
for 16 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of
which is outside the market) is estimated to be in the range of US$16–54 trillion (1012) per year, with an average of
US$33trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, thismust be considered a minimum estimate. Global
gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.
Regular daylight sampling over 13 mo (February 1985-February 1986) in and adjacent to intertidal forested areas, in small creeks and over accreting mudbanks in the mainstream of a small mangrove-lined estuary in tropical northeastern Queensland, Australia, yielded 112 481 fish from 128 species and 43 families. Species of the families Engraulidae, Ambassidae, Leiognathidae, Clupeidae and Atherinidae were numerically dominant in the community. The same species, with the addition of Lates calcarifer (Latidae). Acanthopagrus berda (Sparidae) and Lutjanus agentimaculatus (Lutjanidae) dominated total community biomass. During high-tide periods, intertidal forested areas were important habitats for juvenile and adult fish, with grand mean (±1 SE) density and biomass of 3.5±2.4 fish m-3 and 10.9±4.5 g m-3, respectively. There was evidence of lower densities and less fish species using intertidal forests in the dry season (August, October), but high variances in catches masked any significant seasonality in mean fish biomass in this habitat. On ebb tides, most fish species (major families; Ambassidae, Leiognathidae, Atherinidae, Melanotaeniidae) moved to small shallow creeks, where mean (±1 SE) low-tide density and biomass were 31.3±12.4 fish m-2 and 29.0±12.1 g m-2, respectively. Large variances in catch data masked any seasonality in densities and biomasses, but the mean number of species captured per netting in small creeks was lowest in the dry season (July, August). Species of Engraulidae and Clupeidae, which dominated high-tide catches in the forested areas during the wet season, appeared to move into the mainstream of the estuary on ebbing tides and were captured over accreting banks at low tide. Accreting banks supported a mean (±1 SE) density and biomass of 0.4±0.1 fish m-2 and 1.7±0.3 g m-2, respectively, at low tide. There were marked seasonal shifts in fish community composition in the estuary, and catches in succeeding wet seasons were highly dissimilar. Comparison of fish species composition in this and three other mangrove estuaries in the region revealed significant geographic and temporal (seasonal) variation in fish-community structure. Modifications and removal of wetlands proposed for north Queensland may have a devastating effect on the valuable inshore fisheries of this region, because mangrove forests and creeks support high densities of fish, many of which are linked directly, or indirectly (via food chains) to existing commercial fisheries.
"Adaptive management is appraised as a policy implementation approach by examining its conceptual, technical, equity, and practical strengths and limitations. Three conclusions are drawn: (1) Adaptive management has been more influential, so far, as an idea than as a practical means of gaining insight into the behavior of ecosystems utilized and inhabited by humans. (2) Adaptive management should be used only after disputing parties have agreed to an agenda of questions to be answered using the adaptive approach; this is not how the approach has been used. (3) Efficient, effective social learning, of the kind facilitated by adaptive management, is likely to be of strategic importance in governing ecosystems as humanity searches for a sustainable economy."
Adaptive management is appraised as a policy implementation approach by examining its conceptual, technical, equity, and practical strengths and limitations. Three conclusions are drawn: (1) Adaptive management has been more influential, so far, as an idea than as a practical means of gaining insight into the behavior of ecosystems utilized and inhabited by humans. (2) Adaptive management should be used only after disputing parties have agreed to an agenda of questions to be answered using the adaptive approach; this is not how the approach has been used. (3) Efficient, effective social learning, of the kind facilitated by adaptive management, is likely to be of strategic importance in governing ecosystems as humanity searches for a sustainable economy.
Why does conflict occur over the use of natural resources? How are external factors built into local conflicts? What governing mechanisms are conductive to equitable and sustainable natural resource management by communities? When do local strategies for conflict management need to be complemented or replaced by external or new mechanisms? How can research help identify opportunities for turning conflict into collaboration? Why is collaboration in natural resource management so difficult? This book grapples with those questions. Case studies analyze specific natural resource conflicts in 10 countries and the interventions of people close to the conflicts (in some cases, the authors themselves). Four concept papers draw the case stories together around particular themes: culture, society, peace, and policy. The concept papers illustrate their main points with examples from the case studies, grounding concepts in concrete experience and raising broader questions for further study. Chevalier and Buckes (this volume) present differences in cultural perspectives on community-based natural resources management (CBNRM). Through the use of a conversational style, the authors attempt to bring the reader closer to oral forms of community-based politics, learning, and teaching. Ramfrez (this volume) examines the theory and practice of stakeholder analysis and develops a series of propositions that shed light on how it can be used to identify opportunities for turning conflict into collaboration. Bush and Opp (this volume) challenge development practitioners, including the case-study authors, to answer fundamental questions regarding the causes of conflict before launching an intervention. They argue that answers to these questions would not only inform the intervention, but also allow parties to assess the 'peace and conflict impacts' of attempts to introduce more collaborative modes of natural resource management. Tyler (this volume) examines policy disincentives for CBNRM and outlines the policy changes needed to support local forms of governance over natural resources.
Describes the ecosystem aspects of watershed forest, including the interaction between the forest and the hydrologic cycle and the soil. The perception and use of forests by Man is outlined including its value for economic development and environmental amelioration. The effects of deforestation on the hydrologic cycle and soil are covered as well as the identification and protection of critical watersheds. -R.Land
Presents 4 case-studies of the management policies applied to wetland environments in UK, US, France and Spain. Based on an OECD Workshop (1989) on "Market Intervention Failures in Wetland Management' the book considers the concept of sustainable development, showing that both market and direct intervention have resulted in failure to control wetland loss/damage. The studies describe measures that should mitigate damage in future; chapter 1 considers sustained use of wetlands from an economic perspective, the remaining chapters comprise the country case-studies. -C.Barrow
This assessment is based on reviews of the extent of wetland inventory in seven regions of the world. A key conclusion is that little is still known about the extent and condition of the global wetland resource. It was not possible to make reliable overall estimates of the size of the wetland resource globally or regionally. Previous estimates range from 5.3 to 9.7 million km(2) but present analyses now suggest a tentative minimum of 12.8 km(2). Recommendations focus on the need for national inventory programmes and the inclusion of basic information on the location and extent of each wetland and its major ecological features as a forerunner to collecting further management-oriented information. Thus, the following core data should be collected: area and boundary, location, geomorphic setting, general description, soil characteristics, water regime, water quality, and biotic characteristics. Further, the development of standardized methods for data collection, collation and storage are called for. These should address the use of remotely sensed data and storage of information in electronic formats, including Geographic Information Systems and recording key information in a meta-database. Habitats of priority for future inventory are seagrasses, coral reefs, salt marshes and coastal flats, mangroves, arid-zone wetlands, peatlands, rivers and streams, and artificial wetlands.
Species extinction irreversibly narrows the reservoir of potential resources. The future repercussions of this narrowing are
uncertain. This paper develops the safe minimum standard (SMS) approach to public decisions involving endangered species.
The SMS approach is based on game theory and calls for avoidance of extinction unless the social costs are unacceptably large.
The level at which costs become excessive is a matter of intergenerational distribution. The paper also explores important
linkages between the SMS approach and recent literature on preservation of natural environments.
For much of its history, environmental economics has sought to modify public policy in order to achieve efficient use and management of environmental resources. The results of this attempt, however, have been dismaying for the most part, and environment public policy continues to differ from the course of action prescribed by economic analysis. Some economists have begun to acknowledge that the reasons for this gap between economic theory and public policy may lie in environmental economics itself rather than in poor policy choices. That is the message sent in this book by Daniel Bromley, who joins S.V. Ciriacy-Wantrup, Allan Schmid, and others in a strong internal critique of the discipline and, in particular, of the property rights school' of Coase, Demsetz, and other advocates of the market. Property rights are the common thread of this critique, which blames much of the failure of environmental economics to influence environmental policy on several fundamental misconceptions regarding property.
Fringing the southwest coast of Florida is a mangrove belt which supports large populations of birds, gamefishes, and invertebrate species of commercial importance. A study was conducted between 1967 and 1969 in the North River basin of this mangrove region to determine the energy basis for this large population of animals and to delineate the routes by which energy is transferred through the food web. This is the first of three publications summarizing the results of this study. It consists of summaries of food habits for most of the fish and aquatic invertebrate species which occur in the North River mangrove ecosystem. In addition to our data, which include in excess of 10,000 analyses of stomach contents, information from other publications has been summarized where pertinent. Finally, for most species there is an estimate of relative importance in the North River system in terms of abundance.
Multiple knowledges are available for utilisation in policy choice. The rank ordering of knowledges for use in decisionmaking is thus a fundamental predecision. This article shows how this predecision necessarily constrains the processes associated with a politics of ideas, using cases from American international commodity policy. Even when the supposed preconditions of this sort of politics are present, policy change did not occur when the proposed ideas arose from a knowledge accorded secondary status in policymaking circles. Several implications are discussed for the influence and the study of ideational politics. Ultimately, the politics of ideas, so often portrayed through cases of innovation, may be quite conservative, contained by knowledge hierarchies which reflect prior politicaxl circumstances.
Recent studies have suggested that tropical wetland systems may have a crucial economic role to play in development. The following paper provides an overview of these benefits, using the general framework of cost-benefit analysis as the methodological approach to assessing wetland values. An analysis of trade-offs between conserving or converting tropical wetlands demonstrates that taking into account the opportunity cost of wetland loss leads to a lower level of conversion than would otherwise be the case. Finally, the paper discusses the extensions and limitations of the production function approach as applied to valuing nonmarketed wetland benefits.
The fishes occurring in a subtropical mangrove (Avicennia marina) area in Moreton Bay, Australia, were studied for one year (November 1987 to November 1988, inclusive). Fishes within the mangroves were sampled using a block net, whilst those in adjacent waters were sampled using seine and gill nets. Forty six percent of the species, 75% of the number of fishes and 94% of the biomass taken during the study (all methods combined) were of direct importance to regional fisheries. The fish community utilising the habitat within the mangrove forest differed from that occurring in adjacent waters in terms of density, standing crop, species composition and diversity-index values. Standing-crop estimates for the fishes occurring within the mangroves (study period mean SD = 25.3 20.4 g m–2) were amongst the highest recorded values for estuarine areas whilst those for adjacent waters (2.92.3 g m–2) were comparable to those of other estuarine studies.
Multidisciplinary research is essential for addressing many of the newly arising issues in natural resource management. However, what multidisciplinary research means and how it can be put into practice is not always clear. This paper discusses definitions and concepts of multidisciplinary research and its relevance for natural resource management, and it explains why disciplines need to be integrated in multidisciplinary research programs and to what extent they can be integrated. It suggests ways of analyzing the complexity of multidisciplinary research programs and refers to some of the tools (including systems theory) that can be used to facilitate integration. The paper considers ways of improving participation and management of multidisciplinary teams, and draws conclusions on the role and potential of multidisciplinary research.
The undervaluation of natural products and ecological services generated by mangrove ecosystems is a major driving force behind the conversion of this system into alternative uses. This trend of undervaluation is partly due to the difficulty involved in placing a monetary value on all relevant factors, but lack of ecological knowledge and a holistic approach among those performing the evaluation may be even more important determinants. This article identifies and synthesizes ecological and biophysical links of mangroves that sustain capture fisheries and aquaculture production. Fish, crustacean and mollusc species associated with mangroves are presented and the ecology of their direct use of this system is reviewed. Through a coastal seascape perspective, biophysical interactions among mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs are illustrated. The life-support functions of mangrove ecosystems also set the framework for sustainable aquaculture in these environments. Estimates of the annual market value of capture fisheries supported by mangroves ranges from US$750 to 16 750 per hectare, which illustrates the potential support value of mangroves. The value of mangroves in seafood production would further increase by additional research on subsistence fisheries, biophysical support to other ecosystems, and the mechanisms which sustain aquaculture production.
The application of integrated environmental management (IEM) as an analytical framework and general methodology to support ocean governance is suggested in this paper. IEM is described as an adaptive process, which has to consider interactively problem assessment, policy priorities, the formulation of policies and their implementation in adequate measures, taking into account the multiple perspectives of the stakeholders involved. Relevant issues related to the accomplishment of IEM tasks for marine environments are discussed and some directions for further research are identified.
Mangroves are part of rich ecosystems providing a variety of environmental goods and services. Underestimation of their value and of the impacts of human activities is a major factor contributing to the widespread loss and degradation of ecosystems. Economists frequently receive the blame for such environmental ills, but it can also be argued that ecologists communicate inadequately their knowledge to decision makers and therefore have limited influence. This article links information supplied by ecologists to the information required for effective and efficient mangrove management. A key problem which ecologists face is the high degree of interconnectedness within and between ecosystems. This makes it difficult to predict what is going to happen, let alone understand what is going on. The concept of `environmental function' is used in combination with system diagrams to address this problem. System diagrams are used to identify and assess goods and services produced by the system under different management regimes. These goods and services are then valued to enable assessment of the economic efficiency of the management regimes.
Once only of significance to local communities, mangrove areas in the Philippines are now an internationally visible and highly valued resource, principally as a consequence of the emergence of the shrimp culture industry. This has resulted in a conflict with the traditional uses of the mangrove areas, as unmodified ecosystems, including firewood gathering, thatch material (Nypa species) for homes and mangrove poles for lumber and construction materials, and nursery grounds for the small scale and commercial marine fisheries. In effect, mangrove forested areas in the Philippines have been steadily transferred from a common property resource, of multiple use and benefit to a large number of people, to a private good, of single use for shrimp ponds, whose profits are narrowly channeled to the benefit of a select few. This paper examines the trade-offs of this change in mangrove area use. The trade-offs are examined through three interlinked analyses. The first is a population dynamics model which illustrates the effect of the changes in the habitat (mangrove hectares) to the population of a single mangrove-dependent fish species from the family Leiognathidae. The paper then applies an assumed stock loss scenario from the model to a multiple objective benefit analysis and evaluates the net benefits obtained under three alternatives for the mangrove area: (1) leaving the area undeveloped; (2) developing the area for polyculture; and (3) developing the area for semi-intensive shrimp aquaculture. The procedure in the multiple objective benefit analysis is to classify the benefits to each group affected by the decision and the consequences or net benefits to the groups in aggregate. The results are discussed vis-à-vis social equity issues.
Mangrove ecosystems are a very important category of wetland systems that shelter coastlines and estuaries. Mangroves, especially in the tropics, are rich in flora and fauna. Their major environmental services include storm protection, shore stabilization, and control of soil erosion and flooding. They are also a biomass export and a nursery ground for marine life. In Thailand, however, mangroves rapidly disappear at the alarming rate of approximately 38,909 rai (6,225 ha) per year (Table 1.1). One of the major causes of mangrove clearance is the conversion of mangrove areas into the intensive shrimp farms which have become a very popular business venture, especially in the South of Thailand (CORIN 1995). Mangrove swamps are targets for shrimp farming because the areas are flooded with brackish water which become potential areas for aquaculture (Hassanai 1993). In fact, culture of banana shrimps ( ) and greasy shrimps ( ) has been practised for more than 50 years. In traditional methods, mangroves are only partially cleared but the intensive culture of black tiger shrimps ( ) requires full conversion of mangrove areas. This type of shrimp culture started as early as 1974. However, it was in 1985 when Japan's increasing demand for shrimps pushed up the price to $100 per kilogram, and intensive shrimp farming boomed (Bantoon 1994).
Sumario: Welfare economics and general equilibrium -- Consumer demand -- The product market -- Production and factor demand -- Factor supply -- Uncertainty
The following paper reviews recent developments in the methodology for valuing the role of wetlands in supporting economic activity. The main focus will be on mangroves serving as a breeding ground and nursery habitat in support of coastal and marine fisheries. As this particular ecological function of a mangrove system means that it is effectively an unpriced 'environmental' input into fisheries, then it is possible to value this contribution through applying the production function approach. The first half of the paper overviews the procedure for valuing the environment as an input, applied to the case of a wetland supporting a fishery. Both the 'static' Ellis-Fisher-Freeman approach and the 'dynamic' approach developed by Barbier and Strand, incorporating the intertemporal bioeconomic fishing problem, are reviewed. The second half of the paper discusses briefly two recent case studies of mangrove-fishery valuation. An application in South Thailand, which is based on the static Ellis-Fisher-Freeman model and an application in Campeche, Mexico, which is based on the dynamic approach.
Mangrove ecosystems provide a wide range of market and non-market benefits to coastal communities in the developing world, yet they remain undervalued and overexploited in most regions where they are found. This paper analyzes the use and value of mangroves in Kosrae, Micronesia, where the population is largely dependent on the swamps for fuelwood and other ecosystem services, such as erosion control, storm protection, and nutrient flows to shoreline fisheries. The results show that mangroves on the island are worth between $666 thousand and $1 million per year (1996 prices) based on the net value of marketable products alone. In addition, household survey data suggest that the local people are willing to pay between $1 million and $1.26 million per year to protect and use mangrove swamps indefinitely. The results thus indicate that the population places some premium on the existence and indirect ecosystem services of mangroves, over and above the direct use values. Moreover, respondents generally favored and were willing to pay more for a tax system designed to manage and preserve the mangroves' direct and indirect services over a permit system focused only the allocation of direct use over time. Valuation analyses using revealed preference and contingent valuation methods lead to additional conclusions regarding the distribution of benefits, with poor households deriving more direct benefits from but willing to pay less to protect mangrove ecosystems.
Handbook for mangrove area management. Honolulu, Hawaii: Environment and Policy Institute, East West Centre
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Hamilton LS, Snedaker SC, editors. Handbook for mangrove area management. Honolulu, Hawaii: Environment and Policy Institute, East West Centre; 1984. ARTICLE IN PRESS P. Lal / Ocean & Coastal Management 46 (2003) 823–844
Institutional aspects of mangrove management in Fiji. Suva, Fiji: Fisheries Division
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Lal PN. Institutional aspects of mangrove management in Fiji. Suva, Fiji: Fisheries Division; 1983.
A comparative study of fish yields from various tropical ecosystems Theory and management of tropical fisheries
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Marten GG, Polovina JJ. A comparative study of fish yields from various tropical ecosystems. In: Pauly D, Murphy GI, editors. Theory and management of tropical fisheries. Manila: ICLARM and CSIRO; 1982. p. 255–85.
Action Plan for Managing the Environment of the Pacific Islands Region
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SPREP. Action Plan for Managing the Environment of the Pacific Islands Region 2001–2004. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), Apia, Samoa, 2000.
Status of Fiji's coral reefs. SPC Coral Reef Initiative
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Vuki V, Naqasima M, Vave R. Status of Fiji's coral reefs. SPC Coral Reef Initiative, 2000.
Guidelines for developing, implementing national wetland policies
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Rubec C. Guidelines for developing, implementing national wetland policies. Ramsar, http:// ramsar.org/key guide nwp htm (16/12), 1999.
The management of coastal wetlands: economics analysis of combined ecological– economic systems
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Dixon J, Lal PN. The management of coastal wetlands: economics analysis of combined ecological– economic systems. In: Dasgupta P, Maler K-G, editors. The environment and emerging development issues. Clarendon: Oxford University Press; 1994. p. 399–424.
Conflict management in conservation and sustainable resource management Cultivating peace—conflict and collaboration in natural resource management. Ottawa: IDRC; 1999. p
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Oviedo P. Conflict management in conservation and sustainable resource management. In: Buckles D, editor. Cultivating peace—conflict and collaboration in natural resource management. Ottawa: IDRC; 1999. p. 163–84.
Bargaining in the governance of Pacific Coastal Resources: research and reform
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Dorcey AJH. Bargaining in the governance of Pacific Coastal Resources: research and reform. Vancouver: Westwater Research Centre, University of British Columbia; 1986.
The role and relevance of indigenous cultural capital in environment management in Australia and the Pacific Heritage economics: challenges for heritage conservation and sustainable development in the 21st century. Canberra: Environmental Heritage Commission
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Lal P, Young E. The role and relevance of indigenous cultural capital in environment management in Australia and the Pacific. In: Commission EH, editor. Heritage economics: challenges for heritage conservation and sustainable development in the 21st century. Canberra: Environmental Heritage Commission; 2000.
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Understanding the role of forests in watershed protection Natural systems for development: what planners need to know
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Cassells D, Hamilton LS, Saplaco SR. Understanding the role of forests in watershed protection. In: Carpenter RA, editor. Natural systems for development: what planners need to know. New York: Macmillan Publishing; 1991. p. 52–98.
Introduction to benefit–cost analysis. Sydney: Longman Australia Pty Ltd
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Sinden JA, Thampapillai DJ. Introduction to benefit–cost analysis. Sydney: Longman Australia Pty Ltd; 1995.
Economic considerations in community based project planning and implementation. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme
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Lal P, Keen M. Economic considerations in community based project planning and implementation. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia, Samoa, 2001.
The relationship between shrimp yield and intertidal (mangrove) areas: a reassessment. IOC/FAO workshop on recruitment in tropical coastal dermersal communities
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Pauly D, Ingles J. The relationship between shrimp yield and intertidal (mangrove) areas: a reassessment. IOC/FAO workshop on recruitment in tropical coastal dermersal communities. Paris: UNESCO; 1986.
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Science, sustainability and resource management. Linking social and ecological systems, management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience
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Holling CS, Berkes F. Science, sustainability and resource management. Linking social and ecological systems, management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience. In: Berkes F, Folke C, editors. Linking social and ecological systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998. p. 342–62.
Macroenvironmental standards approach to resource allocation and management: the case of Kosrae's coastal wetlands, 91/1. Canberra: ANU, National Centre of Development Studies
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Lal PN. Macroenvironmental standards approach to resource allocation and management: the case of Kosrae's coastal wetlands, 91/1. Canberra: ANU, National Centre of Development Studies; 1990.
The delimitation of the traditional fishing grounds: the Fiji experience International Ocean Institute
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Waqaraitu S. The delimitation of the traditional fishing grounds: the Fiji experience. In: South GR, Goulet D, Tuqiri C, Church M, editors. Traditional marine tenure and sustainable management of marine resources in Asia and the Pacific. South Pacific, Suva, Fiji: International Ocean Institute; 1994. p. 79–84.