Article

Psychometric Evaluation of the Short Form Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) in a Community-Recruited Sample of Substance-Abusing Women

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Abstract

Purpose: We investigated the psychometric properties (factor structure, internal consistency reliability, concurrent validity) of the Short Form Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) in women substance abusers. Methods: A sample of 297 substance-abusing women was recruited from the community. The women completed the IDS-42 and the three-factor Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ). Results: Confirmatory factor analyses of IDS-42 items suggested a hierarchical structure for the scale. Eight factors (corresponding to Marlatt and Gordon's eight heavy drinking situations) provided the best model fit at the lower-order level, and three factors (i.e., Negatively Reinforcing vs. Positively Reinforcing vs. Temptation Situations) provided the best model fit at the higher-order level. Lower- and higher-order IDS-42 subscales were shown to possess adequate-to-high levels of internal consistency. The eight lower-order IDS-42 factors demonstrated excellent concurrent validity with conceptually similar DMQ subscale scores. Across the entire sample of female substance abusers, a higher frequency of heavy drinking was reported in Positively Reinforcing Situations and Unpleasant Emotions Situations, as compared to other heavy drinking situations. Implications: Results support the IDS-42's good psychometric properties and demonstrate its utility as a tool in identifying situation-specific antecedents to heavy drinking among women substance abusers.

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... Factor analyses do support a hierarchical structure for the IDS with eight lower-order factors combining to form a smaller number of core higher-order factors. However, factor analyses suggest the presence of three (rather than two) higher-order high-risk drinking situations: negative (e.g., unpleasant emotions), positive (e.g., pleasant emotions), and temptation (e.g., urges and temptations; e.g., Stewart, Samoluk, Conrod, Pihl, and Dongier, 1999). ...
... The IDS possesses good psychometric properties in both clinical (Annis et aL, 1987;Cannon, Leeka, Patterson, and Baker, 1990;Isenhart, 1991;Stewart et aL, 1999) and nonclinical (Carrigan, Samoluk, and Stewart, 1998) samples. They include adequate internal consistency of the eight subscales and three higher-order scales (e.g., Stewart et aL, 1999) and good construct, concurrent, and predictive validity (Annis et aL, 1987). ...
... The IDS possesses good psychometric properties in both clinical (Annis et aL, 1987;Cannon, Leeka, Patterson, and Baker, 1990;Isenhart, 1991;Stewart et aL, 1999) and nonclinical (Carrigan, Samoluk, and Stewart, 1998) samples. They include adequate internal consistency of the eight subscales and three higher-order scales (e.g., Stewart et aL, 1999) and good construct, concurrent, and predictive validity (Annis et aL, 1987). For example, there is good concordance between the IDS subscale scores and the types of situations that clients identify as most problematic in their therapy homework (Sobell and Sobell, 1993). ...
Chapter
In both research and therapeutic intervention, accurate assessment is essential for the development of effective case formulations, planning treatments, and evaluating outcomes. To these ends, important areas to assess include problem severity, relapse risk, substance use expectancies, motivations to engage in addictive behavior, and treatment readiness. When one is selecting appropriate assessment instruments, it is important to consider factors such as acceptability of the instrument to clients, the availability of population norms, the time required to administer the measure, clinician training required for administration, and the psychometric properties of the measure. Instruments have been developed for such purposes as to screen for possible addiction, diagnose addictive disorders, measure the quantity and frequency of addictive behaviors, assess symptom severity, and plan treatment. Instruments should be selected in accordance with the purpose for which they have been developed. This chapter reviews the purposes and psychometric properties of a number of addiction measures.
... It was used as the measure of typical heavy drinking situations. On this questionnaire there are three types of situations as determined through factor analysis with a previously tested sample of substance-abusing women (Stewart, Samoluk, Conrod, Pihl, & Dongier, 2000c): (1) those where heavy drinking may serve a 'relief' function: conflict with others, unpleasant emotions and physical discomfort; (2) those where heavy drinking may serve more of a 'reward' function: pleasant times with others, pleasant emotions and social cues to drink; and (3) those where heavy drinking may be triggered by sudden 'temptations': situations involving testing personal control over drinking, and those involving sudden urges and temptations to drink. These scales have been shown to possess good internal consistency (Stewart et al., 2000c). ...
... On this questionnaire there are three types of situations as determined through factor analysis with a previously tested sample of substance-abusing women (Stewart, Samoluk, Conrod, Pihl, & Dongier, 2000c): (1) those where heavy drinking may serve a 'relief' function: conflict with others, unpleasant emotions and physical discomfort; (2) those where heavy drinking may serve more of a 'reward' function: pleasant times with others, pleasant emotions and social cues to drink; and (3) those where heavy drinking may be triggered by sudden 'temptations': situations involving testing personal control over drinking, and those involving sudden urges and temptations to drink. These scales have been shown to possess good internal consistency (Stewart et al., 2000c). Stewart, Samoluk and MacDonald (1999) have argued that it is a useful measure for looking at the underlying motivations for heavy drinking since motivations can be inferred from the situations in which the behaviour is occurring (e.g. ...
... Consistent with the suggestion that drinking motives can be inferred from scores on this measure, Stewart et al. (2000c) showed that scores in the Inventory of Drinking Situations correlated in theoretically expected ways with scores on a measure specifically designed to tap motivations for drinking, in a large sample of substance-abusing women. In the present study, women completed this questionnaire in terms of heavy drinking occasions over the last year immediately prior to their entry into treatment. ...
Article
Questionnaires assessing heavy drinking and binge eating were administered to 58 women with alcohol problems. A sub-sample of the binge-eaters then participated in qualitative interviews about their perceptions of the connections between their two problems. Seventy-one percent self-identified as binge-eaters with most reporting ‘severe’ binge eating. Binge-eaters were younger, more frequent drinkers and drank more often for emotional relief than non-binge-eaters. Binge eating and heavy drinking appeared to serve similar functions in a given client (i.e. emotional relief or reward functions). We discuss implications of the findings for the development of better treatments for women struggling with both health issues.
... It was used as the measure of typical heavy drinking situations. On this questionnaire there are three types of situations as determined through factor analysis with a previously tested sample of substance-abusing women (Stewart, Samoluk, Conrod, Pihl, & Dongier, 2000c): (1) those where heavy drinking may serve a 'relief' function: conflict with others, unpleasant emotions and physical discomfort; (2) those where heavy drinking may serve more of a 'reward' function: pleasant times with others, pleasant emotions and social cues to drink; and (3) those where heavy drinking may be triggered by sudden 'temptations': situations involving testing personal control over drinking, and those involving sudden urges and temptations to drink. These scales have been shown to possess good internal consistency (Stewart et al., 2000c). ...
... On this questionnaire there are three types of situations as determined through factor analysis with a previously tested sample of substance-abusing women (Stewart, Samoluk, Conrod, Pihl, & Dongier, 2000c): (1) those where heavy drinking may serve a 'relief' function: conflict with others, unpleasant emotions and physical discomfort; (2) those where heavy drinking may serve more of a 'reward' function: pleasant times with others, pleasant emotions and social cues to drink; and (3) those where heavy drinking may be triggered by sudden 'temptations': situations involving testing personal control over drinking, and those involving sudden urges and temptations to drink. These scales have been shown to possess good internal consistency (Stewart et al., 2000c). Stewart, Samoluk and MacDonald (1999) have argued that it is a useful measure for looking at the underlying motivations for heavy drinking since motivations can be inferred from the situations in which the behaviour is occurring (e.g. ...
... underlying motivation of emotional relief can be inferred when heavy drinking occurs in situations involving unpleasant emotions, conflict with others or physical discomfort) and since it does not require the respondent to have an awareness of the motivations underlying their drinking behaviour. Consistent with the suggestion that drinking motives can be inferred from scores on this measure, Stewart et al. (2000c) showed that scores in the Inventory of Drinking Situations correlated in theoretically expected ways with scores on a measure specifically designed to tap motivations for drinking, in a large sample of substance-abusing women. In the present study, women completed this questionnaire in terms of heavy drinking occasions over the last year immediately prior to their entry into treatment. ...
Article
Full-text available
Questionnaires assessing heavy drinking and binge eating were administered to 58 women with alcohol problems. A sub-sample of the binge-eaters then participated in qualitative interviews about their perceptions of the connections between their two problems. Seventy-one percent self-identified as binge-eaters with most reporting 'severe' binge eating. Binge-eaters were younger, more frequent drinkers and drank more often for emotional relief than non-binge-eaters. Binge eating and heavy drinking appeared to serve similar functions in a given client (i.e. emotional relief or reward functions). We discuss implications of the findings for the development of better treatments for women struggling with both health issues.
... One way to compare the function of co-occurring eating and alcohol problems is to examine similarities and differences between the respective situational contexts that give rise to these behaviours. For, at least in the case of heavy drinking, it has been suggested that the underlying motivations for this behaviour can be inferred from the situations in which the behaviour occurs (Stewart, Samoluk, Conrod, Pihl, & Dongier, 2000). Overall, it is useful to obtain information about the similarities and differences in both the functions and situational contexts for co-occurring eating and alcohol problems because this information can yield further insight about why these behaviours commonly co-occur, and about how to best treat this co-occurrence. ...
... In scoring the IDS-42 they collapsed the eight risk situation subscale scores to obtain the three higher-order subscale scores as follows: (1) a positive reinforcement or " reward " score, (2) a negative reinforcement or " relief " score, and (3) a temptation score (cf. Stewart, Angelopoulos et al., 2000; Stewart, Samoluk et al., 2000). They measured whether these IDS higher-order scores predicted similar scores on the IBES, and found that the score measuring frequency of heavy drinking in reward situations was the only significant, independent IDS score to predict frequency of binge eating in reward situations. ...
... These eight lower-order situations were also collapsed into three higher-order situations (cf. Carrigan, Samoluk, & Stewart, 1998; Stewart, Samoluk et al., 2000). First, the average frequency of heavy drinking in situations involving unpleasant emotions, physical discomfort, and conflict with others was measured to reflect the tendency to drink in situations in which alcohol may be negatively reinforcing, or serve a relief function. ...
Article
This study was designed to compare risk situations for binge eating vs. heavy drinking among women who struggle with both problems. Participants were 41 women in treatment for an alcohol problem who also self-reported binge eating. Participants completed the Inventory of Binge Eating Situations (IBES; [Baker, J. M. (1998). Binge eating and binge drinking among university women. Unpublished master's thesis, Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada]) and the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42; [Annis, H. M., Graham, J. M., & Davis, C. S. (1987). Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS) user's guide. Toronto, Canada: Addiction Research Foundation]) to measure frequency of binge eating and heavy drinking, respectively, in eight categories of situations. A 2 (substance) x8 (situation) repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant substancexsituation interaction. Further exploration of this interaction indicated that heavy drinking is more likely than binge eating to occur in reward and interpersonal situations involving pleasant emotions, pleasant times with others, social pressure, and conflict with others. In contrast, binge eating and heavy drinking are equally likely to occur in relief situations involving unpleasant emotions, and physical discomfort, as well as in situations involving urges and temptations, and testing control. Implications of findings for the treatment of co-occurring binge eating and heavy drinking in women are discussed.
... All the patients in the present study can be considered as heavy drinkers since they are treatment seeking population with alcohol dependency diagnosis. In contrast, as most young people drink for social facilitation, improvement of social gatherings, or to get in a party mood, social motives are associated with relatively light, non-problematic drinking among American adolescents (1,4,31,32). In our study sample, although social motives might have important effect on the patients' alcohol use when they started to drink, since they are diagnosed as alcohol dependent at present, least important motives might be social ones. ...
... Coping motives and conformity motives are related with both anxiety sensitivity (i.e., the tendency to fear anxiety-related sensations) (34,35) and anxiety-related traits (35,36). Similarly, high neuroticism, a construct correlated with anxiety, is related to coping motives (32,37) and conformity motives (37). Since conformity drinkers among adolescents drink only when they are motivated by the presence of drinking adolescents, they are supposed to have lower drinking levels than otherwise motivated drinkers (11). ...
Article
Full-text available
Objective: Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ-R) is a 20-item questionnaire that assesses four categories of drinking motives (social, coping, enhancement, and conformity). In the aim of this study, the reliability and validity and factorial structure of the Turkish translation of the DMQ-R in male alcohol dependent inpatients were determined. Method: The study was conducted with hospitalized patients between August 2008 and March 2009 in Bakirkoy State Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders, AMATEM (Alcohol and Drug Research, Treatment and Education Center) in Istanbul. Participants were 155 consecutively admitted male alcohol dependents. Patients were investigated with the DMQ-R, the Obsessive–Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) and the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST). The internal consistency of the Turkish version of DMQ-R was evaluated by the Cronbach’s Alpha test, and for validity investigation the OCDS and the MAST was used. Results: The Turkish version of the scale with 20 item questionnaire was found to be compatible with the original scale. In alcohol dependents, the internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach’s alpha) was 0.794 for “Conformity” scale, 0.849 for “Social” scale, 0.843 for “Coping” and 0.789 for “Enhancement”. For each of the items, the corrected item-total correlation values were between 0.652 and 0.848 (p<0.001). Test–retest correlations were 0.602 for “Conformity” scale, 0.549 for “Social” scale, 0.657 for “Coping” and 0.637 for “Enhancement”. Four subscales of the DMQ-R, total score of the OCDS and the MAST were correlated significantly in the degree of p<0.001, other than “social” motives, which was correlated significantly in the degree of p<0.01. Conclusions: Results which were obtained in this study suggests that the Turkish version of the DMQ-R was reliable and valid for alcohol dependent inpatients.
... The researchers in the study are academic researchers and therapists with an interest in women, substance use, and harm reduction. Quantitative measures included the 10-item, Brief Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (B-MAST; Pokorny et al., 1972), which measures the severity of a drinking problem; the short form of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42; Annis et al., 1987); Stewart et al., (2000), a 42-item measure of situational contexts for heavy drinking; and a sociodemographic questionnaire administered to service users. ...
Article
Full-text available
The objectives of this study were to profile the landscape of women’s alcohol use programs in Canada. We explored service users’ and providers’ beliefs about alcohol use problems and how this affected treatment choices for alcohol use problems. Data were collected through standardized measures alongside in-depth semi-structured narrative interviews in six women’s alcohol treatment sites in Canada. Findings demonstrated that service users and service providers often supported an abstinence choice and were ambivalent about the viability of controlled or managed use in both abstinence- and harm reduction–based programs. Findings showed that women service users in this study had significant rates of trauma and depression which were associated with their alcohol use; the majority still adopted dominant alcohol addiction discourse which emphasizes the need for abstinence. We offer a number of recommendations to improve the viability of harm reduction for alcohol use in women’s treatment programs.
... Participants rated their frequency of heavy drinking in each situation (1 = never to 4 = always). Scales were computed per Stewart et al. (2000): Positively Reinforcing, Negatively Reinforcing, and Temptation. Only Study 3 participants (n = 93) completed the IDS-42 (α's: Positively Reinforcing = .91, ...
Article
Objective: People consume alcohol at problematic levels for many reasons. These different motivational pathways may have different biological underpinnings. Valid, brief measures that discriminate individuals' reasons for drinking could facilitate inquiry into whether varied drinking motivations account for differential response to pharmacotherapies for alcohol use disorders. The current study evaluated the factor structure and predictive validity of a brief measure of alcohol use motivations developed for use in randomized clinical trials, the Reasons for Heavy Drinking Questionnaire (RHDQ). Method: The RHDQ was administered before treatment to 265 participants (70% male) with alcohol dependence according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, in three pharmacotherapy randomized clinical trials. Principal components analysis was used in half the sample to determine the RHDQ factor structure. This structure was verified with confirmatory factor analysis in the second half of the sample. The factors derived from this analysis were evaluated with respect to alcohol dependence severity indices. Results: A two-factor solution was identified. Factors were interpreted as Reinforcement and Normalizing. Reinforcement scores were weakly to moderately associated with severity, whereas normalizing scores were moderately to strongly associated with severity. In all cases in which significant associations between RHDQ scores and severity indices were observed, the relationship was significantly stronger for normalizing than for reinforcing. Conclusions: The RHDQ is a promising brief assessment of motivations for heavy alcohol use, particularly in the context of randomized clinical trials. Additional research should address factor structure stability in non-treatment-seeking individuals and the RHDQ's utility in detecting and accounting for changes in drinking behavior, including in response to intervention.
... Negative reinforcement motives have been examined in the context of the various IDTS subscales. Associations were found between unpleasant emotions and coping motives among a sample of college drinkers (Carrigan et al., 1998) and abusing/dependent female drinkers (Stewart, Samoluk, Conrod, Pihl, & Dongier, 2000). Our findings offer support to these previous studies by showing that a latent class with the highest elevation on the unpleasant emotions subscale also endorsed significantly greater coping motives. ...
Article
Background: Emerging adults have the highest prevalence of heavy drinking as compared to all other age groups. Given the negative consequences associated with such drinking, additional research efforts focused on at-risk consumption are warranted. The current study sought to identify patterns of situational antecedents to drinking and to examine their associations with drinking motivations, alcohol involvement, and mental health functioning in a sample of heavy drinking college students. Method: Participants were 549 (65.8% women) college student drinkers. Results: Latent profile analysis identified three classes based on likelihood of heavy drinking across eight situational precipitants. The "High Situational Endorsement" group reported the greatest likelihood of heavy drinking in most situations assessed. This class experienced the greatest level of alcohol-related harms as compared to the "Low Situational Endorsement" and "Moderate Situational Endorsement" groups. The Low Situational Endorsement class was characterized by the lowest likelihood of heavy drinking across all situational antecedents and they experienced the fewest alcohol-related harms, relative to the other classes. Class membership was related to drinking motivations with the "High Situational Endorsement" class endorsing the highest coping- and conformity-motivated drinking. The "High Situational Endorsement" class also reported experiencing more mental health symptoms than other groups. Conclusions: The current study contributed to the larger drinking literature by identifying profiles that may signify a particularly risky drinking style. Findings may help guide intervention work with college heavy drinkers.
... All the women also completed the 42-item Inventory of Drinking Situations, which was used as the measure of typical heavy drinking situations. This inventory also quantified each woman's degree of heavy drinking in several different categories of situations: those where drinking might serve a "relief " function (e.g., relief from conflict with others), those where it might serve more of a "reward" function (e.g., enjoying pleasant times with others) and those where heavy drinking might be triggered by sudden "temptations" (Annis et al., 1987;Carrigan et al., 1998;Stewart et al., 2000). ...
Chapter
Full-text available
Disordered eating and substance use problems are significant and often co-occurring mental and physical health issues facing women today (see Chapter 13 of this book). Some suggest that when these two conditions co-exist, it may reflect a more significant emotional struggle than when either problem occurs alone (Singer et al., 1993). Researchers are beginning to argue that such co-occurrence must be taken into consideration in the development of more helpful treatment strategies for women (Holderness et al., 1994). Current research, including our own (Stewart et al., 2006), has explored, and continues to explore, common triggers and underlying motivations for both issues. Findings on this topic could be helpful to identify at-risk women, and could also clarify some of the factors associated with co-prevalence, which would be useful in improving current treatments. Through a brief overview of two key studies, as well as our own recent research, this chapter examines how an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the co-occurrence of disordered eating and substance use problems in women can improve women’s health programming, both in terms of modifying existing treatments and developing preventive measures and early interventions that can help avoid the emergence of more extreme clinical problems. For the past 25 years, the frequent co-prevalence of disordered eating and substance use problems among women has been widely documented. Connections between eating problems, particularly bulimic behavior, among women and the harmful use of alcohol and other drugs have now been strongly established (Krahn, 1991; Singer et al., 1993; see also Goldbloom, 1993; Holderness et al., 1994; Sinha & O’Malley, 2000; and Wilson, 1993, for reviews). Several recent studies, including our own (Stewart et al., 2006), have investigated the possibility that binge eating and problematic substance use may be so highly co-prevalent because they reflect a common mechanism or mechanisms involving emotional regulation: namely, providing emotional rewards (e.g., fulfilling needs and desires) and/or emotional relief from psychological distress (e.g., reducing anxiety or depression).
... Preliminary research found a correlation between categories of a situational inventory and drinking motives among college students (Carrigan, Barton Samoluk, & Stewart, 1998). The link between situational use and motives has also been found in a community sample of drug-and alcohol-abusing women (Stewart, Samoluk, Conrod, Pihl, & Dongier, 2000), providing further evidence of convergent validity between measures of situational use and motives for use. However, no such research has looked at the relationship between situational inventories and marijuana motives. ...
Article
Research and theory strongly support the importance of situational determinants of substance use as targets for intervention, but few studies have systematically examined situational use characteristics in marijuana dependent adults. The present study describes situational use of marijuana in a population of 87 marijuana dependent adults and reports relationships with outcomes of treatment. Use in negative affective situations was independently associated with psychological distress, maladaptive coping strategies, lower self-efficacy, and poorer outcomes post-treatment. The findings were consistent with research on using drugs to cope with negative affect providing evidence of convergence between two different methods of assessing high risk situations for substance use. The results support continued emphasis on coping with negative affect as a target in treatments for marijuana dependence.
... The results of this study should be considered in the context of several limitations. We have used the 50-item IDTS, while others have used the long version, both the short and long versions of IDS were designed to assess frequency of heavy drinking in each of Marlatt and Gordon's 40 eight situations with documented excellent convergent validity 41 . Another limitation was the retrospective nature of the study and absence of structured interview to diagnose alcohol dependence or major depression. ...
Article
The aim of this study was to investigate potential gender differences in situations associated with heavy alcohol drinking. Data from 395 alcohol dependent patients participating in the Mayo Clinic Intensive Addiction Program were evaluated. Each participant completed the inventory of drug taking situations (IDTS), Penn alcohol craving scale (PACS), patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), and/or Beck depression inventory (BDI). Gender differences in IDTS scores representing three domains (negative, positive, and temptation) of situations associated with heavy alcohol use were examined. Women with alcohol dependence report a higher frequency of heavy drinking in unpleasant emotional (IDTS negative scores mean ± SD women vs. men: 52.3 ± 22.1 vs. 43.8 ± 21.8; p = .0006), and as a result of temptation (IDTS temptation scores mean ± SD women vs. men: 40.4 ± 23.0 vs. 35.3 ± 20.8; p = .035). Upon admission, women also scored significantly higher on depressive symptoms as measured by the BDI (23.4 ± 11.4 vs. 18.2 ± 9.8, p < .001). After controlling for depressive symptom severity as a covariate, the IDTS gender differences were no longer significant. Our results suggest that unpleasant or temptation based emotional situations are a vulnerability risk factor for heavy drinking particularly in females. This risk appears to be at least partially driven by depressive symptom burden. Future research is needed to further investigate this finding. (Am J Addict 2013;22:437-442).
... Examining why adolescents repeatedly engage in binging behaviours, it has been argued that these behaviours are associated with common triggers and they serve a similar function and purposes, such as regulating emotions and/or escaping from them and coping with distress and/or dissatisfaction with life (Birch, Sherry, & Brown, 2007;Stewart & Brown, 2005;Stewart, Samoluk, Conrod, Pihl, & Dongier, 2000). Stewart and Brown (2005) found overlap in the circumstances prompting binge eating and drinking in those women who engaged in both behaviours. ...
Article
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Evidence of an association between binge eating and binge drinking and of related health consequences have stimulated investigators to examine and explore risk and protective factors plus the reasons why individuals engage in these risky behaviours (Benjamin & Wulfert, 2003; Ferriter & Ray, 2011). This study examined the relationship between binge drinking and eating, time perspective and psychological functioning. A cross-sectional survey of 1350 17-19 year-old adolescents was conducted. Findings suggested that adolescents engaged in both binge eating and binge drinking behaviours reported negative experiences in the past, and they showed a lower future orientation and a greater inclination to fatalism than did the other students Additionally, they were more likely to report lower feelings of satisfaction with life and self-esteem than the others. The pattern of results allows to conclude that time perspective may be a salient dimension when exploring the psychosocial correlates of binge behaviours, particularly within adolescents.
... The IDS-42 shows excellent psychometric properties among both clinical samples of individuals who abuse alcohol and nonclinical samples alike. These properties include good convergent and discriminant validity and good structural validity (Carrigan, Samoluk, & Stewart, 1998; Stewart, Conrod, Samoluk, Pihl, & Dongier, 2000; Stewart, Samoluk, Conrod, Pihl, & Dongier, 1999 ). Participants rated frequency of heavy drinking in different situations in their past year of drinking prior to their current treatment. ...
Article
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We examined the unique contributions of depression, anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity (AS) in predicting frequency of drinking in different high-risk situations among 60 women receiving treatment for alcohol problems. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, and Short Form Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42). Together, the negative emotionality variables reliably predicted scores on the IDS-42 negative and temptation drinking situations subscales but did not reliably predict scores on the IDS-42 positive drinking situations subscales. With one exception, only AS contributed unique variance in predicting negative and temptation context drinking. Both AS and depression contributed unique variance in predicting drinking in conflict with others situations. Implications for treating comorbid emotional and alcohol-use disorders in women are discussed.
... The final measure was the 42-item version of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42; Annis et al., 1987), which was included to provide information on the validity of the BEQ. The IDS-42 asks participants to report how often in the year prior to entering treatment they would engage in heavy drinking in three types of situations: (1) those where heavy drinking may serve a breliefQ functionconflict with others, unpleasant emotions, and physical discomfort; (2) those where heavy drinking may serve more of a brewardQ function-pleasant times with others, pleasant emotions, and social cues to drink; and (3) those where heavy drinking may be triggered by sudden btemptationsQ-situations involving testing personal control over drinking, and those involving sudden urges and temptations to drink (Stewart, Samoluk, Conrod, Pihl, & Dongier, 2000). ...
Article
The primary goal of this study was to evaluate whether women with alcohol problems report differences in their strength of endorsement of specific positive outcome expectancies as a function of alcoholic beverage type. Fifty-four participants completed the Beverage Expectancy Questionnaire (BEQ) that assessed five specific positive outcome expectancies across three different beverage types (i.e., wine, beer, hard liquor). Participants endorsed the strongest expectancies of Social/Sexual Enhancement, Global Positive Affect and Relaxation in the beer-specific context as compared to the wine-specific context. Levels of consumption were significantly higher overall for hard liquor than for wine in the sample as a whole. Quantity of wine drinking was predicted by wine-specific Arousal and Personality Transformation expectancies; quantity of beer drinking was predicted by beer-specific Arousal expectancies; quantity of hard liquor consumption was predicted by hard liquor-specific Personality Transformation, Relaxation, and Arousal expectancies. Clinical implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
... Second, the study examined whether social anxiety was associated with endorsement of particular drink- ing motives and drinking situations. Although drink- ing situations overlap somewhat with drinking motives, there are distinctions between them ( Stewart et al., 2000). Further, it has been suggested that assessment of situations in which alcohol is consumed can provide important information regarding motives without relying on the individuals' self-reports of why they think they engage in a particular behavior (Stewart, Samoluk, & MacDonald, 1999). ...
Article
Social anxiety is inconsistently associated with alcohol use variables. To elucidate factors that contribute to the relationship between social anxiety and problematic alcohol use, the present study investigated drinking motives and drinking situations in an undergraduate sample (N=293). Social anxiety was significantly correlated with endorsement of enhancement drinking motives (i.e., drinking to enhance positive experiences or emotions) but not social or coping motives. Social anxiety was also correlated with endorsement of drinking in the following high-risk situations: unpleasant emotions, conflict with others, social pressure, and testing personal control. Importantly, enhancement motives and each of these drinking situations mediated the relationship between social anxiety and alcohol-related problems. Findings suggest that alcohol use to enhance positive affect or in response to these specific situations may account for the risk for alcohol-related problems among those with social anxiety.
... The IGS is widely used in the gambling treatment system within the Canadian province of Ontario and is also used by gambling treatment professionals and researchers across North America (Littman-Sharp, Turner, Stirpe, Toneatto , & Liu, in press). The IGS was modeled after the psychometrically sound Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS; Annis, Graham, & Davis, 1987; Carrigan, Samoluk, & Stewart, 1998; Stewart, Samoluk, Conrod, Pihl, & Dongier, 2000). Specifically, IDS items were adapted for the gambling context (i.e., those from the Pleasant Emotions, Unpleasant Emotions, Urges and Temptations , Testing Personal Control, Social Pressure, and Conflict With Others scales), and additional items were added that were specific to the gambling context (i.e., those from the Need For Excitement, Winning and Chasing Losses, Worried Over Debts, and Confidence in Skill scales). ...
Article
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Pathological gamblers who drink when gambling (n=158; 77% men; mean age=36.0 years) completed the Inventory of Gambling Situations (IGS) and gambling and drinking criterion measures. Principal components analysis on the IGS subscales revealed negative (e.g., Unpleasant Emotions) and positive (e.g., Pleasant Emotions) gambling situation factors. Subjecting IGS factor scores to cluster analysis revealed three clusters: (a) enhancement gamblers, with low negative and high positive factor scores; (b) coping gamblers, with very high negative and high positive factor scores; and (c) low emotion regulation gamblers, with low negative and positive factor scores (59%, 23%, and 18% of the sample, respectively). Clusters were validated with a direct measure of gambling motives. Additional validity analyses showed that coping gamblers scored higher than the other groups on a variety of different gambling activities, gambling problems, drinking frequency, drinking problems, and coping drinking motives, whereas low emotion regulation gamblers scored lower than the other groups on gambling frequency, gambling problems, drinking quantity, and enhancement drinking motives. The findings validate this empirical approach to subtyping gamblers and suggest consistency of motives across addictive behaviors.
Article
Pathological gamblers vary in their personality traits, psychopathological characteristics, and motivations for gambling. Methods for classifying them according to disseminated subtyping schemes, however, are not readily available, which may hinder further research on subtypes or efforts to incorporate subtyping schemes into clinical practice. With regard to affective motivations for gambling, we describe and evaluate a method for classifying pathological gamblers according to “enhancement,” “coping,” and “low emotion regulation” subtypes. Generalized squared distance was used to determine the best profile fit for 158 pathological gamblers on the basis of their Inventory of Gambling Situations (IGS) scores and in relation to refined IGS subtype profiles obtained through cluster analysis, these refined subtypes also having been validated via Gambling Motives Questionnaire scores. No gamblers were misclassified, suggesting that this method may perform well on cross-validation. For interested researchers and practitioners, an easy-to-use tool is available that automates this profile-matching approach to classification. Additional research is needed on how this method fares in independent samples of regular gamblers and of individuals with gambling disorder.Les joueurs pathologiques varient quant à leurs traits de personnalité, leurs caractéristiques psychopathologiques et leurs motivations à jouer. Il n’existe cependant pas de méthodes facilement utilisables pour les classés selon des schémas de sous-types disséminés, ce qui risque de ralentir la recherche sur les sous-types ou les efforts déployés pour intégrer des schémas de sous-types à la pratique clinique. En ce qui concerne les motivations affectives au jeu, la présente étude décrit et analyse une méthode de classement des joueurs pathologiques reposant les sous-types suivants : la « stimulation », l’« adaptation » et la « faible régulation des émotions ». La distance généralisée au carré a été utilisée pour déterminer la « meilleure correspondance de profil » pour 158 joueurs pathologiques en fonction de leur score au questionnaire de la liste des occasions de jeu (LOJ) et relativement à des profils plus précis de sous-types de la LOJ obtenus au moyen d’une analyse typologique et validés à partir des résultats du questionnaire sur les motivations à jouer. Aucun joueur n’a été classé de manière erronée à l’aide de la méthode analysée, ce qui laisse entendre qu’elle peut être efficace dans le cadre d’une validation croisée. Un outil « facile d’emploi » permettant d’automatiser une telle approche de classification par association avec des profils se trouve ainsi accessible aux chercheurs et aux praticiens intéressés. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour déterminer l’efficacité de cette méthode avec des échantillons indépendants de joueurs ordinaires et de joueurs présentant un problème de jeu.
Article
Objective: Recent research has focused on motives as proximal factors of alcohol use that relate to problematic outcomes. High-risk situations for use are also salient predictors of use and negative consequences, and there is some evidence to suggest that situations of use align with motives for alcohol use. The goal of the current study was to examine whether situational use variables can potentially be a proxy for motives for use by evaluating the relationships between motives, rates of alcohol use, and situational use variables (situations of use, locations of use, use companions). Methods: We utilized data from a randomized controlled treatment trial of a brief personalized feedback intervention and subsequent online assessments that focused on motives for alcohol use among 303 college students (77.9% female, mean age = 19.8 years). Results: Results substantiated several theoretical relationships between Social motives and drinking in positive affect situations with others, Coping motives and drinking alone in negative affect-driven situations, Enhancement and use in positive affective situations, and Conformity and drinking in situations that are not indicative of pleasant emotions. However, we failed to find significant relationships with overall rates of use except for among Enhancement-oriented drinkers. Conclusion: Results provide insight into the relationships between motives and situations of use. Findings broadly support the use of situational measures as an indicator of motives and suggest future avenues of research and intervention.
Article
Pathological gamblers vary in their personality traits, psychopathological characteristics, and motivations for gambling. Methods for classifying them according to disseminated subtyping schemes, however, are not readily available, which may hinder further research on subtypes or efforts to incorporate subtyping schemes into clinical practice. With regard to affective motivations for gambling, we describe and evaluate a method for classifying pathological gamblers according to “enhancement,” “coping,” and “low emotion regulation” subtypes. Generalized squared distance was used to determine the best profile fit for 158 pathological gamblers on the basis of their Inventory of Gambling Situations (IGS) scores and in relation to refined IGS subtype profiles obtained through cluster analysis, these refined subtypes also having been validated via Gambling Motives Questionnaire scores. No gamblers were misclassified, suggesting that this method may perform well on cross-validation. For interested researchers and practitioners, an easy-to-use tool is available that automates this profile-matching approach to classification. Additional research is needed on how this method fares in independent samples of regular gamblers and of individuals with gambling disorder. © 2016, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. All rights reserved.
Article
This retrospective study examined the factors affecting recovery from alcohol dependence and drug dependence. A convenience sample of 263 respondents with varying lengths of recovery from a national recovery community organization and a Connecticut-based recovery community organization completed an anonymous on-line survey. The survey, which used both closed-ended and open-ended questions, was designed to collect information on drug and alcohol use and factors that contributed to the respondents’ recovery from substance dependence during the respondents’ first year of recovery. Recovery capital, which has its theoretical foundations in social capital theory and ecological theory, was the primary construct investigated. For this study, recovery capital was conceptualized as affiliation with twelve step groups (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous), social support, spirituality, and respondents’ financial situation during their first year of recovery. It was hypothesized that greater levels of recovery capital are associated with higher levels of alcohol abstinence self-efficacy, and drug abstinence self-efficacy. Bandura originally conceptualized self-efficacy as those internal and external factors, which motivate a person to change behavior. Researchers operationalized this to measure the level of self-efficacy to abstain from drug, and/or alcohol use. The relationship between recovery and substance abuse treatment was also investigated. It was hypothesized that the level of self-efficacy to abstain from alcohol and drug use is moderated by completion of substance abuse treatment during the first year of recovery. Findings revealed that recovery capital is a statistically significant predictor of alcohol abstinence self-efficacy and drug abstinence self-efficacy. Findings did not support the hypothesis that treatment completion acts as a moderator for recovery capital and substance abstinence self-efficacy. The answers to open-ended questions also reflected the importance of 12-step affiliation, social support, and spirituality in successful recovery. The study concluded by discussing the relevance of recovery capital construct for guiding social work practice and education. Given the salience of the recovery capital domains in positively influencing ongoing substance use recovery, the researcher proposed the inclusion of spirituality and 12-Step philosophy as integral components in social work treatment and social work education.
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorders are frequently comorbid conditions (Stewart, 1996). Alcohol use may serve a “negatively-reinforcing” function among traumatized individuals with PTSD (Stewart, 1996; Stewart, Conrod, Pihl, & Dongier, 1999a; Stewart, Pihl, Conrod, & Dongier, 1998). As such, the heavy drinking behavior of those with PTSD should be relatively situation-specific (i.e., more frequent in “negative” discriminative contexts than in other types of contexts). To test this “situational-specificity” hypothesis, a lifetime measure of trauma exposure (Everstine & Everstine, 1993), the PTSD Symptom Self-Report Scale (Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum, 1993), and the 42-item Inventory of Drinking Situations (Annis, Graham, & Davis, 1987) were administered to a community-recruited sample of 294 adult women substance abusers. PTSD symptoms were significantly positively correlated with frequency of heavy drinking in negative situations, but unrelated to frequency of heavy drinking in positive and temptation situations. At the level of specific drinking situations, PTSD symptoms were significantly positively correlated with frequency of heavy drinking in the negative situations of Unpleasant Emotions, Physical Discomfort, and Conflict with Others. PTSD symptoms were unrelated to frequency of heavy drinking in the positive situations of Pleasant Times with Others and Social Pressure to Drink, or in the temptation situations of Testing Personal Control and Urges and Temptations. Additionally, PTSD symptoms were significantly negatively correlated with frequency of heavy drinking in positive situations involving Pleasant Emotions. Anxiety sensitivity (fear of anxiety-related sensations; Peterson & Reiss, 1992), but not Neuroticism (tendency to experience negative affect; Costa & McCrae, 1992), mediated the observed associations between PTSD symptoms and situation-specific heavy drinking in negative contexts in general, and Conflict with Others and Physical Discomfort situations in particular. Implications for designing potentially more effective interventions for women with comorbid PTSD-alcohol use disorders are discussed.
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Cognitive models of alcohol abuse posit that the context typically associated with alcohol use, such as negative affect, implicitly activates alcohol use cognitions, which in turn leads to alcohol consumption. We selected 40 undergraduate women based upon their alcohol use and reported anxiety sensitivity, and proposed that drinking for the purpose of negative reinforcement would predict increased semantic priming between anxiety and alcohol concepts. A lexical decision task compared the response latencies of alcohol targets preceded by anxiety words to those same targets preceded by neutral words (anxiety–alcohol priming). Level of anxiety sensitivity did not relate to anxiety–alcohol priming, but drinking following social conflict was associated with increased anxiety–alcohol priming. This study specifically suggests that the contextual antecedents to drinking behavior relate to the organization of semantic information about alcohol, and more generally supports cognitive models of substance abuse.
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The current study tested the hypotheses that drinking to cope motives and alcohol expectancies of tension- and worry-reduction mediate the relationship between generalized anxiety (GA) and negative-affect heavy drinking in a cross-sectional sample of 782 college drinkers. As expected, structural equation modeling results indicated that alcohol expectancies mediated the relationship between GA and drinking to cope motives, and drinking to cope motives mediated the relationship between alcohol expectancies and heavy drinking in negative-affect situations. Unexpectedly, drinking to cope motives also mediated the relationship between GA and negative-affect heavy drinking. The model predicting negative-affect heavy drinking was tested in subsamples of 413 hazardous and 366 nonhazardous drinkers and did not differ structurally; however, omnibus measurement of model indirect effects was stronger for hazardous than nonhazardous drinkers. Finally, the results of a similar post-hoc model to predict general problem drinking support the specificity of the interrelationships among GA, cognitive mediators and to negative-affect drinking. These results inform cognitive-behavioral theories and interventions for comorbid GA and alcohol use problems.
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Background: Alcoholism represents a major public health issue and treating alcohol dependent patients remains an imminent challenge. Evidence based psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies are available. However, when administered to heterogeneous populations of patients effect sizes are only modest. We present the rationale and design of a double-blind randomized trial comparing acamprosate, naltrexone, and placebo. Additionally we subtype patients on the basis of biological and psychometric measures and explore their treatment response to both acamprosate and naltrexone. According to our initial hypothesis, the “relief drinker/craver” is an endophenotype associated with glutamatergic dysfunction who responds to acamprosate. The “reward drinker/craver” is mainly associated with alterations in the dopaminergic and opioidergic system and responds to naltrexone. Methods: The study is planned for 430 patients (2:2:1 for both drugs and placebo) over 12 weeks of medication. All receive manualized counselling to improve compliance (Medical Management) which is extended to 6 months. Subtyping is primarily done using the acoustic startle reflex, functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography (in a subset of patients), and the Inventory of Drinking Situations. Relapsers will be re-randomized into a second study where additional psychotherapy (Cognitive Behavioral Intervention) is used in a stepped care approach. Genotyping and additional analyses such as health economy are being done as well. The study follows the assessment methods, treatments, and medications used in the U.S. based COMBINE study, which will allow for a direct comparison between this U.S. study trial and a study performed in Europe.
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Prevalence data and theoretical models suggest that socially anxious individuals comprise a significant subset of college hazardous drinkers and may benefit from brief interventions for both alcohol and social anxiety problems. The present study compared hazardous drinkers who have high social anxiety (HD-HSA) with hazardous drinkers who have low social anxiety (HD-LSA) in drinking and psychological characteristics that may distinguish the two drinker groups and inform development of group-specific interventions. After completing a self-report assessment battery, 152 hazardous drinkers (51% men, median age = 19) were selected from an undergraduate volunteer sample on the basis of their scores on an alcohol screen. HD-HSA (n = 76) and HD-LSA (n = 76) were hazardous drinkers who scored in the top third and the bottom third, respectively, of the volunteer sample on a social anxiety measure. HD-HSA reported greater expectancies that alcohol reduces social anxiety and lower alcohol refusal self-efficacy in social drinking situations than HD-LSA did. HD-HSA also tended to report more frequent heavy drinking in negative affect situations, but the groups did not differ in consumption quantity, heavy drinking in positive affect situations or hazardous drinking levels. HD-HSA reported greater interest in attending a social anxiety workshop and showed a trend towards having stronger interest in an alcohol workshop than HD-LSA did, although the sample's overall readiness to change alcohol behaviors was low. Study findings highlight the importance of situational specificity in alcohol assessment and suggest a need to develop group-specific interventions for college hazardous drinkers with high versus low social anxiety.
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Discusses how current goodness-of-fit indices fail to assess parsimony and hence disconfirmability of a model and are insensitive to misspecifications of causal relations (a) among latent variables when measurement model with many indicators is correct and (b) when causal relations corresponding to free parameters expected to be nonzero turn out to be zero or near zero. A discussion of philosophy of parsimony elucidates relations of parsimony to parameter estimation, disconfirmability, and goodness of fit. AGFI in {lisrel} is rejected. A method of adjusting goodness-of-fit indices by a parsimony ratio is described. Also discusses less biased estimates of goodness of fit and a relative normed-fit index for testing fit of structural model exclusive of the measurement model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and correlations between PTSD dimensions and substance dependence, were examined in 295 substance-abusing women. Participants completed self-report measures of trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and alcohol dependence and underwent interviews regarding dependence on prescription anxiolytics and analgesics. Overall, PTSD symptoms were moderate in intensity, and 46% of the sample met criteria for PTSD diagnoses. A principal-components analysis on PTSD item scores revealed a correlated 4-factor solution (i.e., Intrusions, Arousal, Numbing, and Avoidance factors). Alcohol dependence correlated with PTSD Arousal scores, anxiolytic dependence with Arousal and Numbing scores, and analgesic dependence with Arousal, Intrusions, and Numbing scores. Implications for understanding functional relations between PTSD and substance use disorders are discussed, as are suggestions for intervention with comorbid patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Despite consistent evidence that alcohol can be used to cope with negative emotions or to enhance positive emotions, research on drinking motives has focused primarily on coping and social motives. This article reports on the development of a 3-factor measure that also assesses enhancement motives. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the authors demonstrated that enhancement motives are empirically distinct from coping and social motives and that a correlated 3-factor model fits the data equally well across race and gender groups in a large representative sample. Each drinking motive was also shown to predict distinct aspects of alcohol use and abuse. Finally, interaction analyses suggested that coping and enhancement motives differ in the magnitude of their effects on drinking behavior across Blacks and Whites and that enhancement motives differ in their effects across men and women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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A 4-factor measure of drinking motives based on a conceptual model by M. Cox and E. Klinger (see PA, Vol 75:32975; see also 1990) is presented. Using data from a representative household sample of 1,243 Black and White adolescents, confirmatory factor analyses showed that the hypothesized model provided an excellent fit to the data and that the factor pattern was invariant across gender, race, and age. Each drinking motive was related to a distinct pattern of contextual antecedents and drinking-related outcomes, and these relationships did not generally vary across demographic subgroups. Results support both the conceptual validity of Cox and Klinger's model and the utility of this measure for clinical and research purposes across a diverse range of adolescent populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Acontroversial area in covariance structure models is the assessment of overall model fit. Researchers have expressed concern over the influence of sample size on measures of fit. Many contradictory claims have been made regarding which fit statistics are affected by N. Part of the confusion is due to there being two types of sample size effects that are confounded. The first is whether N directly enters the calculation of a fit measure. The second is whether the means of the sampling distributions of a fit index are associated with sample size. These types of sample size effects are explained and illustrated with the major structural equation fit indices. In addition, the current debate on sample size influences is examined in light of this distinction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Normed and nonnormed fit indexes are frequently used as adjuncts to chi-square statistics for evaluating the fit of a structural model. A drawback of existing indexes is that they estimate no known population parameters. A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models. Two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes. CFI avoids the underestimation of fit often noted in small samples for Bentler and Bonett's (1980) normed fit index (NFI). FI is a linear function of Bentler and Bonett's non-normed fit index (NNFI) that avoids the extreme underestimation and overestimation often found in NNFI. Asymptotically, CFI, FI, NFI, and a new index developed by Bollen are equivalent measures of comparative fit, whereas NNFI measures relative fit by comparing noncentrality per degree of freedom. All of the indexes are generalized to permit use of Wald and Lagrange multiplier statistics. An example illustrates the behavior of these indexes under conditions of correct specification and misspecification. The new fit indexes perform very well at all sample sizes.
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The Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) was designed to provide a brief instrument for clinical screening and treatment evaluation research. The 28 self-report items tap various consequences that are combined in a total DAST score to yield a quantitative index of problems related to drug misuse. Measurement properties of the DAST were evaluated using a clinical sample of 256 drug/alcohol abuse clients. The internal consistency reliability estimate was substantial at .92, and a factor analysis of item intercorrelations suggested an unidimensional scale. With respect to response style biases, the DAST was only moderately correlated with social desirability and denial. Concurrent validity was examined by correlating the DAST with background variables, frequency of drug use during the past 12 months, and indices of psychopathology. Although these findings support the usefulness of the DAST for quantifying the extent of drug involvement within a help-seeking population, further validation work is needed in other populations and settings.
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In this article, the author critically reviews studies on the relationship between exposure to trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and alcohol abuse. After establishing that strong relationships exist between exposure to traumatic events and alcohol problems, and particularly between the diagnoses of PTSD and alcoholism, the author discusses various factors, theories, and possible mechanisms to account for these associations. Moreover, she discusses applications of these findings to the assessment and treatment of people exposed to trauma who abuse alcohol. Finally, the author outlines novel methods for testing theoretical hypotheses and makes suggestions for methodological improvements in future research.
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This study explored the validity of classifying a community-recruited sample of substance-abusing women (N = 293) according to 4 personality risk factors for substance abuse (anxiety sensitivity, introversion-hopelessness, sensation seeking, and impulsivity). Cluster analyses reliably identified 5 subtypes of women who demonstrated differential lifetime risk for various addictive and nonaddictive disorders. An anxiety-sensitive subtype demonstrated greater lifetime risk for anxiolytic dependence, somatization disorder, and simple phobia, whereas an introverted-hopeless subtype evidenced a greater lifetime risk for opioid dependence, social phobia, and panic and depressive disorders. Sensation seeking was associated with exclusive alcohol dependence, and impulsivity was associated with higher rates of antisocial personality disorder and cocaine and alcohol dependence. Finally, a low personality risk subtype demonstrated lower lifetime rates of substance dependence and psychopathology.
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The large-sample statistical theory for latent-variable structural equation models offers little solace to the developmental psychologist, who is often confronted with less than optimally large sample sizes. This article reviews previously proposed alternatives to the sample-size and goodness-of-fit issue in latent-variable structural equation models. Various nonparametric fit indices for latent-variable systems are reviewed with their strengths and weaknesses discussed. An alternative estimation strategy called ME2 estimation is introduced as a possible alternative solution to the small-sample problem.
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The psychometric properties of the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST-13), a 13-question abbreviated form of the MAST, were determined on two samples of alcoholics, with their nonalcoholic family members serving as controls. The study hypothesized that the SMAST-13 has a low specificity when used to screen family members for alcohol problems and would exhibit a low internal reliability coefficient in this population. All participants were interviewed using DSM-III criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence. Only family members who failed to meet these criteria were enrolled in the study. When a weighted cut-off score of 5 or more was used as a positive score for alcohol problems, the sensitivity was.98 in Sample A and.94 in Sample B. Utilizing the scores of the family members as controls, the specificity was.58 in Sample A and.70 in Sample B. The internal reliability of the SMAST-13, using Chronbach's alpha on the total sample, produced a reliability coefficient of r =.57 in Sample A and r =.62 in Sample B. To determine if the specificity of the SMAST-13 could be improved, the weighted cut-off score for a positive response was raised from 5 to 10. In Sample A, the specificity changed from.58 to.90 and the sensitivity dropped slightly from.98 to.92. In sample B, the specificity increased from.70 to.95; the sensitivity decreased from.95 to.85. Suggestions for changing the wording of two questions which explain the majority of the false positives are discussed. Epidemiological studies which have used the SMAST-13 to estimate the prevalence of alcohol problems in family members of alcoholics may need to reconsider their methods of classifying alcoholics. Language: en
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In order to examine the association between the experience of violent events, trauma, and post-traumatic stress disorder among women drug users, 105 women in treatment for addictive disorders were interviewed. One hundred four of the study participants reported trauma in 1 or more of 14 categories of traumatic events, 59% of whom reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Among those with PTSD, 97% reported one or more violent traumas as compared with 73% of those without PTSD. The likelihood of PTSD was strongly associated with the number of violent traumas reported by a woman. Women in recovery from drug addiction are likely to have a history of violent trauma and are at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder. Screening for PTSD among women with an addictive disorder should become part of the diagnostic and treatment routine.
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This review article presents several potential functional pathways which may explain the frequent co-occurrence of PTSD and substance abuse disorders in traumatized individuals. Emerging empirical studies which have examined these potential pathways are reviewed, including studies on relative order of onset, PTSD patients’ perceptions of various drug effects, comparisons of PTSD patients with and without comorbid substance use disorders, and correlational studies examining the relations between severity of specific PTSD symptom clusters and substance disorder symptoms. Research on the acute and chronic effects of alcohol and other drugs on cognitive and physiological variables relevant to PTSD intrusion and arousal symptoms is reviewed to highlight ways in which these two sets of PTSD symptoms might be functionally interrelated with substance abuse. Finally, based on these findings, recommendations are made for the treatment of individuals with comorbid PTSD-substance use disorders.
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The 42-item version of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) assesses relative frequency of drinking behavior across eight categories of drinking situations and was originally developed as a method for identifying high-risk situations in alcoholic samples. This study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of the IDS-42 in a sample of university students in order to assess its suitability as an assessment tool in the non-clinical population. Three hundred and ninety-six students (111 M, 283 F, 2 with missing gender data) completed the IDS-42 and a well established measure of drinking motives, the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ). Confirmatory factor analysis of the IDS-42 established a hierarchical factor structure with eight lower-order factors and three higher-order factors of negatively-reinforcing situations, positively-reinforcing situations, and temptation situations. The eight lower-order IDS-42 factors demonstrated moderate to high internal consistency and excellent concurrent validity with conceptually-similar DMQ subscale scores. Non-parametric analyses revealed that male students reported a higher drinking frequency overall as compared to female students, particularly in IDS-42 situations involving Social Pressure to Drink, Pleasant Times with Others, Testing Personal Control, and Urges and Temptations. Across the entire sample of university student drinkers, a higher drinking frequency was reported in positively-reinforcing situations as compared to negatively-reinforcing situations and temptation situations, as predicted. Results suggest the IDS-42 possesses good psychometric properties and support its utility as a tool in identifying situation-specific antecedents to drinking among university students.
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The literature on drinking motives suggests that individuals drink for three distinct reasons: coping motives (CM: to reduce and/or avoid negative emotional states); social motives (SM: to affiliate with others); and enhancement motives (EM: to facilitate positive emotions). Cooper, Russell, Skinner and Windle (1992) [Psychological Assessment, 4, 123–132] developed a 3-dimensional self-report instrument, the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ), with subscales designed to assess relative frequency of drinking for each of these three motives. This study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of the DMQ in a large sample of young adult university students. Three hundred and fourteen students voluntarily served as subjects; 266 students (85% of the total sample; 196F and 70M) reported drinking on the DMQ. These students were divided into two age groups [20 yr and under (n = 117); 21 yr and older (n = 149)]. Analyses of variance indicated: (a) main effects of gender, with men scoring significantly higher on the DMQ-EM subscale and tending to score higher on the DMQ-SM subscale when compared to women; (b) a main effect of age group on the DMQ-EM subscale, with younger students scoring significantly higher than older students; and (c) a significant main effect of drinking motive, with the most relatively frequent drinking reported for SM and the least for CM overall. Although mild-to-moderate shared variance between subscales was noted, the three subscales of the DMQ were found to possess adequate-to-high levels of internal consistency. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the hypothesized 3-factor model provided a better fit than either a unidimensional or 2-factor model in explaining the underlying structure of the DMQ. Some suggestions for improvements in DMQ item content are made. The present results replicate and extend previous findings by Cooper and colleagues to a sample of university students, and support the utility of using the DMQ in future investigations of the drinking motives of young adults.
Article
To assess the typical drinking situations of high anxiety sensitive individuals, relative to low anxiety sensitive individuals, a large sample of university student drinkers (N = 396) completed the 42-item version of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI). As hypothesized, ASI scores were significantly positively correlated with drinking frequency on the higher order IDS-42 factor of negatively reinforcing drinking situations and not significantly correlated with drinking frequency on the higher order factor of positively reinforcing drinking situations. Also, ASI scores were significantly positively correlated with drinking frequency on the lower order drinking situations factors of Conflict with Others, Unpleasant Emotions, and Physical Discomfort. ASI scores were also unexpectedly significantly correlated with more frequent drinking on the higher order factor of temptation drinking situations and with more frequent drinking on the lower order drinking situations factor of Testing Personal Control. These results have important implications for designing early prevention and intervention programs for high anxiety sensitive university student drinkers by helping them to develop alternatives to drinking in those situations (e.g., negatively reinforcing drinking situations) which place them at greatest risk for alcohol misuse.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Union Graduate School, 1982. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [122]-136). Microfiche. s
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The Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS; Annis, 1982) was developed to help identify situations in which a person may return to alcohol use after a period of abstinence. In this project, the IDS protocols of 543 male veterans were subject to factor analytic techniques to assess the factorial validity of the instrument. The results suggest that it is premature to assume the IDS items can be subsumed into eight high-risk categories. There is strong evidence that the IDS assesses three categories of high-risk situations, and some suggestion that two additional situations also may be assessed. Additional reliability and validity studies using a variety of populations are encouraged.
Article
Male alcoholics (n = 336) were given the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS), a 100-item questionnaire that asks subjects to rate the frequency with which they drank in various situations during the previous year. A principal components analysis of the responses suggests there are three major categories of situations in which alcoholics are likely to drink: negative affect states, positive affect states combined with social cues to drink, and attempts to test one's ability to control one's drinking. These categories are compared with recent empirical attempts to define categories of alcohol and smoking relapse.
Article
The psychometric properties of the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST-13), a 13-question abbreviated form of the MAST, were determined on two samples of alcoholics, with their nonalcoholic family members serving as controls. The study hypothesized that the SMAST-13 has a low specificity when used to screen family members for alcohol problems and would exhibit a low internal reliability coefficient in this population. All participants were interviewed using DSM-III criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence. Only family members who failed to meet these criteria were enrolled in the study. When a weighted cut-off score of 5 or more was used as a positive score for alcohol problems, the sensitivity was .98 in Sample A and .94 in Sample B. Utilizing the scores of the family members as controls, the specificity was .58 in Sample A and .70 in Sample B. The internal reliability of the SMAST-13, using Chronbach's alpha on the total sample, produced a reliability coefficient of r = .57 in Sample A and r = .62 in Sample B. To determine if the specificity of the SMAST-13 could be improved, the weighted cut-off score for a positive response was raised from 5 to 10. In Sample A, the specificity changed from .58 to .90 and the sensitivity dropped slightly from .98 to .92. In sample B, the specificity increased from .70 to .95; the sensitivity decreased from .95 to .85. Suggestions for changing the wording of two questions which explain the majority of the false positives are discussed. Epidemiological studies which have used the SMAST-13 to estimate the prevalence of alcohol problems in family members of alcoholics may need to reconsider their methods of classifying alcoholics.
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The authors report an abbreviated version of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). They hypothesized, on the basis of previously published data, that scores based on ten of the questions of the MAST would be as effective in discriminating between alcoholics and nonalcoholics as scores based on all 25 questions. The responses of 60 alcoholic and 62 nonalcoholic psychiatric patients supported their hypothesis.
Article
The Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS) was developed to assess the likelihood of alcoholic relapse in eight high-risk situations. Previous research questioned the factor stability of the instrument; therefore, an alternative, short form of the IDS (IDS42) was developed and subjected to preliminary examination. This project reports on the further examination of the psychometric characteristics of the IDS42. The instrument's primary factor stability and higher-order factor structure were examined, and subscale means, standard deviations, alpha coefficients, interscale correlations and independence (unique variance) were determined. Also, the relationships between the IDS42 subscale scores and alcohol dependence, social desirability and demographic characteristics were explored. Results of the principal components analysis support the instrument's primary factor stability and indicate that the scales load onto one higher order dimension. The subscale internal consistency estimates were very high. Significantly high positive correlations were found between the IDS42 subscales and alcohol dependence. The IDS42 is influenced by a socially desirable response set that may result in spuriously low IDS42 scale elevations. The subscales initially demonstrated high interscale correlations; however, estimates of unique variance show that the IDS42 scales have an acceptable level of independence. Except for a significant negative correlation with age for three subscales, demographic characteristics do not appear to influence IDS42 results. These findings support the use of the IDS42 in assessing the extent to which heavy alcohol use has occurred in five situations. With this information, it may be possible to prepare to avoid or cope with these situations in the future and, consequently, to reduce the potential for relapse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Article
The interrelationships between experiences of childhood victimization and the development of women's alcohol-related problems are explored. Two different forms of childhood victimization are examined: (1) parent-to-child violence and (2) childhood sexual abuse (familial and nonfamilial). Data were collected from 472 women between the ages of 18 and 45 during in-depth interviews. Women were grouped to allow for the following two sets of comparisons: comparison 1: alcoholics in alcoholism treatment (n = 98), drinking drivers (n = 100) and a household sample (without alcohol problems) (n = 82); comparison 2: women with alcohol problems in treatment (n = 178), women without alcohol problems in treatment (n = 92) and a household sample (n = 82). High rates of childhood victimization for women with alcohol problems suggest that there is a link between victimization and the development, specifically, of women's alcohol problems. The strength of the interrelationships between childhood victimization and the development of women's alcohol problems when holding the treatment condition constant is of particular interest in this study. The rates of childhood victimization were significantly greater for women with alcohol problems in treatment as compared to women without alcohol problems in treatment. Thus, even when holding the treatment condition and family background variables constant, childhood victimization has a specific connection to the development of women's alcohol problems. These findings remained significant even when controlling for demographic and family background differences, including parental alcohol problems.
Article
The development, factor structure, and validity of the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations (IDTS) is described. This 50-item self-report questionnaire, which is an extension of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (Annis, 1982. Inventory of drinking situations; Annis, Graham & Davis, 1987, Inventory of drinking situations (IDS): User's guide), is designed to assess the situational antecedents to use of a wide range of drugs of abuse. The IDTS consists of 8 subscales that measure a client's substance use in the 8 situations identified in the work of Marlatt (1978, Alcoholism: New directions in behavioral research and treatment): Unpleasant Emotions, Physical Discomfort, Pleasant Emotions, Testing Personal Control, Urges and Temptations to Use, Conflict with Others, Social Pressure to Use, and Pleasant Times with Others. Reliability, factor structure and validity of the IDTS were assessed on 699 clients admitted to the Addiction Research Foundation's treatment facility in Toronto. The IDTS was shown to have reliable subscales. The IDTS total score correlated with self-ratings of the severity of the clients' substance use problem, and with retrospective reports of frequency of use (drugs) and quantity of use (alcohol), years of usage, and severity of dependence. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the fit of the data to Marlatt's model of substance use situations, as well as to several alternative models. The goodness-of-fit indicators suggested that the best fit for the data was an 8-factor model corresponding to the 8 subscales based on the Marlatt categories. Evidence was presented that the 8 subscales can be further grouped into 3 second-order factors: (1) negative situations, (2) positive situations, and (3) temptation situations. The negative situation subscales of Unpleasant Emotions, Conflict with Others and Physical Discomfort were found to be correlated with the SCL-90R Depression scale. Interpersonal Sensitivity scale and Somatization scale respectively. The positive social situation subscales of Pleasant Times with Others and Social Pressure to Use were found to be negatively correlated with percentage of time using alone, and positively correlated with pressure from friends and family to use. On the States of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scales (SOCRATES), clients at the precontemplation stage of change had relatively flat, undifferentiated IDTS profiles (i.e. little scatter of subscale scores), whereas clients in the determination stage had the most differentiation in their IDTS subscale scores. Excellent comparability was found for alcohol clients between the IDS and the IDTS. Evidence was also presented for adequate comparability between the computer and paper and pencil administrative formats of the IDTS.
Article
Relationships between drinking motives (self-perceived reasons for drinking alcohol) and drinking restraint (preoccupation with controlling alcohol intake) were examined in a nonclinical young adult sample. Ninety-seven undergraduate university drinkers completed the Temptation and Restraint Inventory (Collins & Lapp, 1992), the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (Cooper, Russell, Skinner, & Windle, 1992), and measures of demographics (age and gender) and social desirability. Results indicated that after accounting for the influences of demographic and social desirability information, Coping Motives and Enhancement Motives scores from the Drinking Motives Questionnaire were significant predictors of Cognitive and Emotional Preoccupation scores on the Temptation and Restraint Inventory, and Coping Motives scores were a significant predictor of Cognitive and Behavioral Control scores on the Temptation and Restraint Inventory. Social Motives scores on the Drinking Motives Questionnaire did not significantly predict either Cognitive and Emotional Preoccupation or Cognitive and Behavioral Control scores. Further analyses suggested that actual behavioral attempts at alcohol restriction on the Temptation and Restraint Inventory were predicted by Enhancement Motives scores, whereas cognitive concerns about drinking were predicted by Coping Motives scores. Results are discussed in terms of implications for risk for excessive and problem drinking in enhancement and coping-motivated young adult drinkers.
PRELIS: A Preprocessor for LISREL
  • Jo Èreskog
  • So Èrbom
Jo Èreskog KG, So Èrbom D: PRELIS: A Preprocessor for LISREL, Chicago, IL, Scientific Software, 1988.
LISREL 7: A Guide to the Program and Applications
  • Jo Èreskog
  • So Èrbom
Jo Èreskog KG, So Èrbom D: LISREL 7: A Guide to the Program and Applications, 2nd edn., Chicago, IL, Scientific Software, 1989.
The behaviour of chi-square test statistics in misspecified factor models
  • P J Curran
  • S G West
Curran PJ, West SG: The behaviour of chi-square test statistics in misspecified factor models. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, CA, August 1994. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE Vol. 11/No. 3/2000
Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule (Revised) for DSM-III-R
  • C-Dis Management Group
C-DIS Management Group: Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule (Revised) for DSM-III-R, Ottawa, ON, C-DIS Management Group, 1991.
Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations (IDTS) User's Guide Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario
  • Hm Annis
  • Ne Turner
  • Sm Sklar
Annis HM, Turner NE, Sklar SM: Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations (IDTS) User's Guide, Toronto, ON, Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario, 1997.
Violence, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder among women drug users
  • Fullilove
A study examining the psychometric properties of the SMAST-13. Short Michigan alcoholism screening test
  • Fleming