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The energy-climate challenge: Recent trends in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion
Abstract
Fossil fuel combustion is the single largest human influence on climate, accounting for 80% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents trends in world carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion worldwide, based on the estimates of the International Energy Agency (IEA) [IEA, 2006a. CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 1971–2004. International Energy Agency, Paris, France]. Analyzing the drivers of CO2 emissions, the paper considers regions, types of fuel, sectors, and socio-economic indicators. The paper then examines the growing body of climate change mitigation policies and measures, both multinational and federal. Policies discussed include the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, and the potential measures to be implemented in 2012 and beyond.
... The principal greenhouse gas related to global climate change is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Other gases, in minor quantities, are also responsible, such as methane (CH 4 ), water vapor (H 2 O), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and fluorinated gases (F-gases), specially hydrofluorocar- In order to combat climate change and achieve decarbonization, several methods have been studied and implemented: a massive development of clean energies (renewable energy sources); fossil fuel consumption reduction by switching to lower-carbon alternatives, e.g., coal to gas; energy efficiency increase in industrial applications and the power sector, particularly in technologies used to convert fossil fuels into energy; carbon capture and utilization/storage techniques [2,[5][6][7]. The employment of all of the options mentioned above will be required because CO 2 emission abatement became a global priority. ...
... Since 1972, CCS has been applied to capture CO 2 from an extensive range of sectors and industries [7]. Typically, the progress of technology development contains a series of scale-up steps: first, laboratory scale or bench; second, pilot-scale; third, demonstrationscale; fourth, commercial scale. ...
An essential line of worldwide research towards a sustainable energy future is the materials and processes for carbon dioxide capture and storage. Energy from fossil fuels combustion always generates carbon dioxide, leading to a considerable environmental concern with the values of CO2 produced in the world. The increase in emissions leads to a significant challenge in reducing the quantity of this gas in the atmosphere. Many research areas are involved solving this problem, such as process engineering, materials science, chemistry, waste management, and politics and public engagement. To decrease this problem, green and efficient solutions have been extensively studied, such as Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) processes. In 2015, the Paris Agreement was established, wherein the global temperature increase limit of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels was defined as maximum. To achieve this goal, a global balance between anthropogenic emissions and capture of greenhouse gases in the second half of the 21st century is imperative, i.e., net-zero emissions. Several projects and strategies have been implemented in the existing systems and facilities for greenhouse gas reduction, and new processes have been studied. This review starts with the current data of CO2 emissions to understand the need for drastic reduction. After that, the study reviews the recent progress of CCUS facilities and the implementation of climate-positive solutions, such as Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage and Direct Air Capture. Future changes in industrial processes are also discussed.
... The three types of fossil fuels that are used the most are coal, natural gas and oil. Coal generates 43%, oil (36%) and natural gas (20%) of CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion (Quadrelli & Peterson, 2007). ...
... It is well known that the transportation sector is the second largest source of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. About 22% of fossil fuel-related CO 2 emissions in 2010 were produced in transporting goods and people around the world (Quadrelli & Peterson, 2007). The study added that the transportation sector is very energy intensive and it uses petroleum-based fuels, such as gasoline, diesel and kerosene. ...
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from motor vehicles is a one of major contributing factors to global warming. Efforts to reduce CO2 emissions should involve all parties including universities. In 2017, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) has committed to reduce CO2 emissions from its campus upon joining the low-carbon campus initiative. Thus, the current study aims to estimate the baseline of on-campus vehicle CO2 emissions by using mobility analysis of 5,294 entry vehicle data from two main gates (West and East) and 15 parking zones in the campus. Parking volume observations and traffic assignment analysis using the Bureau of Public Roads functions were undertaken to determine the links’ volumes. Subsequently, vehicle CO2 emissions were derived from the estimated vehicle fuel consumption. The results reveal that a total of 1,333.4 kg of CO2 emissions were expelled by on-campus motorised vehicle movements (which were predominantly petrol cars that comprised 80% of the observed vehicle trips). Additionally, the study discovered that the average on-campus vehicle CO2 emission was 12.4 kg per kilometre which far exceeds the European Standard for road traffic CO2 emissions. Thus, to achieve the status of a low-carbon campus, it is imperative for the university management to properly address Sector 3 CO2 emissions from the transportation segment by employing effective strategies and policies to significantly reduce private vehicle dependency among university staff and students.
... Indeed, global CO 2 emissions represented 33.5 billion tonnes in 2018 and increased by 1.6 times between 1990 and 2018 (IEA, 2018). However, the increase in global emissions is a direct consequence of the increase in energy supply and demand resulting from human activities (Quadrelli & Peterson, 2007). Therefore, a rise in temperature beyond 1.5°C will occur even if the reduction objectives announced in the national commitments are fully met (IEA, 2021). ...
... Le cinquième rapport d'évaluation définit la vulnérabilité comme la "propension ou prédisposition à subir des effets néfastes" dans le contexte du changement climatique (Bolin et al., 1995;Watson et al., 1996Watson et al., , 2001 (Adger, 2006;Gallopín, 2006;Smit & Wandel, 2006;Füssel, 2007). Une définition simple donnée par Dow (1992) et Turner et al. (2003 se réfère au "degré auquel un système est susceptible de subir des dommages en raison de l'exposition à un danger" (Turner et al., 2003, p.8094 (Quadrelli & Peterson, 2007). Une hausse des températures au-delà de 1,5°C se produira même si les objectifs de réduction annoncés dans les engagements nationaux sont pleinement respectés (IEA, 2021). ...
This thesis contributes to the literature on small island developing states (SIDS) by investigating the challenges and opportunities for island energy systems to respond to climate change and build a sustainable energy future. There is solid scientific consensus regarding anthropogenic climate change and its unequivocal impacts on every aspect of human existence. SIDS, in particular, are at the receiving end of the disproportionate effects of a changing climate. As a significant contributor to GHG emissions, the energy sector can strategically address climate change, especially when adequately embedded in climate and energy policies. Existing literature on the energy-economy-environment nexus has neglected to account for the challenges faced by these small island nations, a shortcomingthis thesis addresses. We seek to understand the factors that render island energy systems vulnerable and the extent to which the energy transition process can play a role in mitigating their relative energy vulnerability while striving for a sustainable energy future. To this end, we first build a composite index of energy vulnerability that identifies the critical dimensions of energy vulnerability in 36 SIDS. Matching electricity supply and demand is a high wire balancing act as power systems become more diverse, digital, and distributed, making grid management more complex. Using the Republic of Mauritius (RoM) as a case study, we first investigate the drivers of electricity consumption and the underlying temporal dynamics over 1978-2019. We then analyse the economic and technical feasibility of implementing energy and climate targets using a bottom-up cost-optimisation approach over 2019-2050. We show that the environmental dimension captured by the carbon content of primary energy contributes the most to island energy systems, prompting the move away from fossil energy resources on which islands extensively rely. Triggering and accelerating the big switch would also discourage unsustainable production and consumption patterns. We also show that energy conservation policies in the power sector do not necessarily hinder economic growth in the RoM. That combined with low-carbon transition pathways can help the RoM to build its way out of climate change. This process does not necessarily require substantial technological breakthroughs. Instead, economic, environmental and political constraints must be addressed with the international community’s support to build a path towards a sustainable energy future. Ultimately, the energy transition process represents a win-win strategy to mitigate climate change and energy vulnerability.
... ∶ Increased fuel consumption and emission (cost) :Increased use of C-ITS' self-powered sensor will increase traffic flow and car usage. In 2004, transportation accounted for 60 percent of global oil emissions(Quadrelli and Peterson, 2007). Since electric vehicles will not be as common as hoped in the future, fuel consumption and GHG emissions would also rise, worsening the global climate change crisis.(2) ...
There is a critical need for research in proactive and predictive management of the resilience of transportation systems implementing new technologies. Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System (C-ITS) uses wireless technology to allow vehicles and infrastructure to talk to each other in real-time. This makes it easier for people to work together on the road and makes it possible to make safer and more efficient traffic flows. Significant progress may be made in the transportation industry as a result of the incorporation of self-powered sensors into C-ITS providing resilience in transportation operation. One advantageous feature is that these sensors, which generate their power, could be deployed in a variety of C-ITS implementation scenarios. To assist decision-makers in making the most informed choice possible concerning investments and implementations, a type-2 neutrosophic number (T2NN) based VIKOR (VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) method is used to perform advantage prioritization. To accomplish this goal, a case study is carried out to determine which of the three alternatives is the most suitable based on a set of twelve criteria that is divided into four aspects. According to the findings, the applicability and short-term benefits are the most crucial factors in determining which option is the most advantageous for the use of self-powered sensors in C-ITS. This is because both of these factors have an immediate impact on the system.
... The world's soils are rapidly degraded after population growth and industrialization. Land-use type/land cover (LUTLC) change and consequent land degradation are considered the second greatest cause of carbon emission after fuel consumption (Quadrelli and Peterson, 2007;Schulp and Verburg 2009;FAO and ITPS, 2018). ...
The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of representative land use types and land cover (LUT/LC) of heavily deforested areas on soil properties in semi-arid region of Türkiye. Some of the soil properties have been measured on a grid with a 50 m sampling distance on the top-soil (0-15 cm depth). Data has been analyzed by using Ordinary Kriging/Spherical geostatistical model. Results indicated that the soil properties differed in terms of organic carbon (SOC), pH, bulk density, and the amount of sand, depending on the land uses in the study areas. The SOC concentration of top-soil layers has referred a significant difference (P<0.05) according to the land use type. Top-soil SOC concentrations in the four LUTLCs have been in the following order: cultivated areas < grasslands < Scotch pine stands = Uludağ fir stands. The impacts of LUTLC change on SOC and soil properties have not been restricted to the soil surface; however, relative changes have equally been high in the sub-soil, stressing the importance of sufficiently deep sampling. Furthermore, it has been determined that some physical and chemical characteristics of the natural forest soil have been significantly changed after long term and continuous cultivation. SOC loss is remarkable under the land use conversion while cropland has considerable potential to sequester SOC.
... Th tries that are worst hit by climate change have qite small amounts of GHG emissi The major GHGs include carbon dioxide (75%), fluorinated gases (2%), methane and nitrous oxide (4%) [6]. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the major contributor to gree gases because of fossil fuel burning in the transportation, heating, manufacturin electricity sectors [7,8]. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPC shown that 79% of CO2 produced from fossil fuels is used for power generation, main contributors are coal power plants, with a share of 60% [9,10]. ...
Global warming is one of the major problems in the developing world, and one of the major causes of global warming is the generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) because of the burning of fossil fuels. Burning fossil fuels to meet the energy demand of households and industries is unavoidable. The current commercial and experimental techniques used for capturing and storing CO2 have serious operational and environmental constraints. The amine-based absorption technique for CO2 capture has a low absorption and desorption ratio, and the volatile and corrosive nature of the solvent further complicates the situation. To overcome all of these problems, researchers have used ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as a replacement for commercial amine-based solvents. ILs and deep eutectic solvents are tunable solvents that have a very low vapor pressure, thus making them an ideal medium for CO2 capture. Moreover, most ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents have low toxicity and can be recycled without a significant loss in their CO2 capture capability. This paper first gives a brief overview of the ILs and DESs used for CO2 capture, followed by the functionalization of ILs to enhance CO2 capture. Moreover, it provides details on the conversion of CO2 into different valuable products using ILs and DESs, along with an economic perspective on using both of these solvents for CO2 capture. Furthermore, it provides insight into the difficulties and drawbacks that are faced by industries when using ILs and DESs.
... Meanwhile, humanity is still significantly dependent on fossil sources for energy supply. In addition to the depletion of reserves and instability in supply, the unsustainability of fossil energy is also reflected in the emissions it produces [1,2]. Governments have begun to review their energy strategies and policies to reduce greenhouse gases and related problems. ...
Geothermal potential is a significant advantage in terms of renewable energy for countries located on the Pacific Ring of Fire. Studies on geothermal energy sources show that Malaysia is one of the countries possessing this inexhaustible and stable energy source. This on-site energy source is a promising solution to the problem of energy security during emergencies where the energy supply chain is disrupted. To exploit this advantage, this study proposes a novel tri-layer framework to prioritize locations for direct-use geothermal energy location (DGL) in Malaysia. First, the proposed locations are screened for feasibility to limit the impact on other natural conservation areas and stable residential areas. In the second layer, locations are evaluated for efficiency using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model based on quantitative indicators. In the third layer, the spherical fuzzy extended combination of the analytic hierarchy process (SF AHP) and the combined compromise solution (SF CoCoSo) methods are introduced and applied to prioritize high-efficiency locations. According to the findings, costs, social acceptance, and noise impacts are the qualitative criteria of most concern for DGLs. Through the tri-layer framework, the suggested concordant locations for DGLs in Malaysia are Marudi of Sarawak, Tawau of Sabah, Serian of Sarawak, and Jeram of Selangor.
... At the same time, there is also a consensus that it is facilitated by processes in nature, such as volcanic eruptions, oceanic current changes, solar radiation variability, and other natural processes [6,7]. There is also a widespread consensus that the primary source of CO 2 emissions, which is the main driver of climate change, is the use of fossil fuels [8][9][10]. However, it must be borne in mind that high CO 2 emissions can also be released into the atmosphere due to other factors and activities, such as deforestation, agriculture, degradation of soils, and other direct human-induced impacts on the environment [11][12][13]. ...
In respect to CO2 emissions, the post-Soviet states are a scientifically interesting object of research, as each of the countries has developed via different paths since reclaiming independence from the Soviet Union. Given that each country has a different approach to the use of fossil resources, it is essential to assess their input to global carbon footprint individually. Such assessment then allows to find certain actions in the development of legislation and to apply focused techniques to reduce carbon emissions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fossil CO2 emissions produced in the Baltic States from 1991 onward, describing challenges relating to sustainability and socio-economic, scientific, and integrated approaches to sustainable development, including clean and efficient use of energy, and thus addressing climate challenges. This paper reports on data on CO2 emissions in the Baltic States. The results show that the transition of the Baltic States from the specificities of the Soviet Union’s economy to an economy integrated into global markets has led to a significant reduction in CO2 emissions. However, the development and implementation of national policies for sustainable development are still crucial for mitigation of the climate crisis. Further actions must include the implementation and monitoring of policies for sustainable development, changing of the consumption and production patterns, education and awareness of sustainability, and adaptation to global climate change, while also addressing sustainability challenges.
... Moreover, the increased output of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere and air pollution exacerbate current environmental issues. Particularly, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) which is the main greenhouse gas and one of the principal waste products released from refineries and large industries [5][6][7]. Alternative methods and technologies are rapidly adapting and emerging to reduce and mitigate the environmental concerns, for example, capturing CO 2 emissions to transform them into reusable products [8][9][10]. ...
Renewable resources such as lignocellulosic biomass are effective at producing fermentable sugars during enzymatic hydrolysis when pretreated. Optimizing pretreatment methods for delignification while maintaining sustainability and low processing costs requires innovative strategies such as reusing greenhouse gas emissions for materials processing. Corn stover, an agricultural waste residue, was pretreated with 2.2 M Na2CO3 produced from CO2 captured via absorption in a 5 M NaOH solution. Composition analysis of the pretreated corn stover exhibited higher cellulose content (40.96%) and less lignin (16.50%) than the untreated biomass. Changes in the chemical structures are visible in the FTIR-ATR spectra, particularly in the cellulose and lignin-related absorption bands. The sugar release from hydrolysis was evaluated at different time intervals and by varying two enzyme ratios of CTec2-to-HTec2 (2:1 and 3:1). Enzymatic hydrolysis produced higher and more stable glucose yields for the pretreated biomass, surpassing 90% after 24 h using the 3:1 enzyme ratio. Sugar concentrations notably increased after pretreatment and even more when using the cellulase-rich enzyme solution. The maximum glucose, xylose, and arabinose recovered were 44, 19, and 2.3 g L−1. These results demonstrate the viability of capturing CO2 and converting it into an efficient Na2CO3 pretreatment for corn stover biomass. Additional processing optimizations depend on the combination of physicochemical parameters selected.
... However, exogenous pricing of emissions (through an environmental carbon tax or a hybrid option) has a number of important advantages over pure cap-and-trade. On the basis of various aspects of environmental taxation, the following were studied: trends in energy climate problems, including carbon emissions into the environment [11]; strategic taxation according to Pigue and externalities; trends in pollution of non-renewable resources [12][13][14]; and environmental policy and ensuring a balance between taxation and the growth of resource extraction [15][16][17]. All the above studies consistently use one environmental financial instrument-environmental taxes in the development of clean technologies. ...
Anthropogenic emissions increase the concentration of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, which necessitates the promotion of environmental protection as one of the most urgent tasks of European environmental policy. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the development of clean technologies in production also depends on the impact of environmental taxation; in this regard, a methodology for analyzing its impact and assessment on the development of eco-friendly technologies is proposed. An analysis of environmental tax revenues to the budgets of the EU countries revealed the insufficiency of environmental revenues to cover the costs of environmental protection from the damage caused by greenhouse gas emissions, which requires the transformation of the system of fiscal mechanisms. The total receipts of all environmental taxes in the EU budget for the period 2000–2020 increased by 53%, and the receipts from taxes on greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere increased by 71% in the EU budget, with a tax rate increase of 1.5-fold over this period. The application of the proposed methodology made it possible to determine, on the basis of the correlation coefficient, a high connection strength of +0.971 for the period 2000–2020 between the receipts of the environmental tax for greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and the total values of all environmental taxes, as well as a fairly strong feedback of +0.913 from the receipts of the environmental tax to the EU budget with gross domestic product. Therefore, it is proposed to use differentiated environmental tax rates for different stages of the development of clean technologies.
... Accounting the carbon source and sink in Shanxi Province, followed by an exploration of the possibility and timing of achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets via different pathways, will provide scientific support for the formulation of carbon neutrality policy in Shanxi Province. Although this study only considers CO2 emissions from energy consumption in the calculation of carbon source, previous studies have shown that CO2 from fossil energy combustion accounts for more than 80% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in China [75,76]. As a typical energy province in China, the proportion of CO2 generated by energy consumption in Shanxi is bound to increase further. ...
In the context of global climate governance and China’s carbon neutrality target, Shanxi Province, one of China’s major energy exporting regions, is under high pressure to achieve carbon neutrality. This paper sets up three carbon source scenarios and three carbon sink scenarios based on the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) and CA-Markov models to simulate the future change in carbon source and carbon sink of Shanxi from 2020 to 2060; it analyzes the achievement of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets for each source–sink scenario. The results show that: (1) The total energy consumption and CO2 emissions have increased significantly, from 2000 to 2020, especially in heavy industry; (2) The CO2 emissions are predicted to peak at 381.6 Mt, 294.1 Mt and 282.7 Mt in 2040 (baseline scenario), 2030 (policy scenario), and 2025 (carbon neutrality scenario), respectively. The achievement of the carbon neutrality mainly depends on the reduction in CO2 emissions; (3) If Shanxi Province strives to reach the energy intensity of developed countries by 2060, with 80% of non-fossil energy generation, it has the potential to achieve the carbon neutrality target; (4) The popularization of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology will significantly accelerate the achievement of Shanxi Province’s carbon neutrality target.
... The primary problem when using an FCHEV is that there is not easily accessible hydrogen as a fuel resource [99][100][101][102][103]. There are only a few hydrogen refueling stations or infrastructures globally accessible [104][105][106][107][108][109]. Pipes with new valves and compressors are required for hydrogen distribution and storage problems are another concern for this fuel because of its low energy density [110,111] [ [103][104][105]. ...
Achieving circularity in the transportation sector is the strongest need of the hour and one of the pathways to achieve this is by embracing sustainable bio-energy resources. Considering this need, we investigated and reviewed the state-of-the-art readiness of the current bioresources i.e., biofuels. We provide a fresh overview of various biofuels (bioethanol, biohydrogen, biodiesel) production pathways followed by the landscape of current global production and consumption. In these discussions, we alluded to the prospects of algae-derived biofuels together with the techno-commercial aspects of biofuels toward achieving competitiveness in costs, technology and system design. The review also discussed the limitations of existing batteries over biofuel cell technology in terms of vehicle weight, storage capacity, cost and greenhouse pollution. Next, we discussed the advancement in biofuel cells (BFCs) and the challenges to the successful implantation of biofuel cells in the automotive sector. The development of a new e-biofuel cell system infrastructure was also elaborated to reduce the existing BFCs current problems and their environmental-economical sustainability was discussed. The review concluded by summarizing the current market scenario, global forecast for green energy resources and future directions in the area.
... e global atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has increased significantly due to human activities since the start of the industrial era [1]. e prominent sources of increase in CO 2 concentration are fossil fuel use [2][3][4] and global land-use change [5,6]. e prominent sources of methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O), which have a significant effect on atmospheric concentration, are agricultural activities [7][8][9]. ...
Moist tropical forests have a significant role in provisioning and regulating ecosystem services. However, these forests are under threat of deforestation and forest degradation. In Ethiopia, the moist evergreen Afromontane forests have the potential for carbon storage and support a high diversity of plant species. However, it is under severe threat of deforestation and degradation.This investigation was conducted to obtain adequate information on the carbon stock potential of the moist Afromontane forest of southwestern Ethiopia. A comparison of carbon stock was conducted between disturbed and undisturbed forests. A systematic sampling design was applied for recording woody species and soil data. A total of 100 main plots of 400 m2 were laid to record trees and shrubs with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm. The soil data were collected from 1 m2 subplots established at the four corners and the center of each main plot. The DBH and height were measured to calculate the aboveground carbon of trees and shrubs with DBH ≥ 5 cm. A total of 68 tree and shrub species belonging to 59 genera and 33 families were recorded. The mean carbon stock density was 203.80 ± 12.38 t·ha–1 (aboveground carbon stock) and 40.76 ± 2.47 t·ha–1 (belowground carbon stock). The highest proportion of aboveground carbon (t·ha–1) (42.34%) was contributed by a few tree individuals with DBH > 70 cm. The soil organic carbon stock (SOCS) (t·ha–1) for the depth of 0–30 cm is ranging from 58.97 to 198.33 across plots; the mean is 117.16 ± 3.15. The carbon stored in the moist Afromontane forest indicates its huge potential for climate change mitigation. Therefore, for the enhancement of forest biodiversity and carbon sequestration effective conservation measure and sound management approach is essential.
... These molecules might cause severe heart and lung conditions and contribute to the greenhouse impact and the destruction of the ozone layer [1][2][3][4]. Among these harmful molecules, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a crucial gas because of its high concentration in the atmosphere as a result of the combustion of petroleum, coal, and other fossil fuels [5]. Carbon disulfide (CS 2 ) is another toxic gas that adversely affects human health. ...
The adsorption of toxic carbon dichalcogenides (CX2; X = O, S, or Se) on β12 borophene (β12) and pristine graphene (GN) sheets was comparatively investigated. Vertical and parallel configurations of CX2⋯β12/GN complexes were studied herein via density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Energetic quantities confirmed that the adsorption process in the case of the parallel configuration was more desirable than that in the vertical analog and showed values up to −10.96 kcal/mol. The strength of the CX2⋯β12/GN complexes decreased in the order CSe2 > CS2 > CO2, indicating that β12 and GN sheets showed significant selectivity for the CSe2 molecule with superb potentiality for β12 sheets. Bader charge transfer analysis revealed that the CO2⋯β12/GN complexes in the parallel configuration had the maximum negative charge transfer values, up to −0.0304 e, outlining the electron-donating character of CO2. The CS2 and CSe2 molecules frequently exhibited dual behavior as electron donors in the vertical configuration and acceptors in the parallel one. Band structure results addressed some differences observed for the electronic structures of the pure β12 and GN sheets after the adsorption process, especially in the parallel configuration compared with the vertical one. According to the results of the density of states, new peaks were observed after adsorbing CX2 molecules on the studied 2D sheets. These results form a fundamental basis for future studies pertaining to applications of β12 and GN sheets for detecting toxic carbon dichalcogenides.
... An analysis of trends of CO 2 emissions and their relation with the oil prices and the green bonds market has been proven to be useful for policy-makers and energy policy analysts. Understanding the primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions and the main instruments for their reduction is essential for their worldwide management and climate change mitigation (Quadrelli and Peterson, 2007). ...
Green bonds play a pivotal role in the financing of sustainable infrastructure systems. Likewise, CO2 emissions and oil prices can cause an impact on the green bonds market. In order to better understand this issue, this study analyzes the relationship among green bonds, CO2 futures’ prices, and oil prices using a daily data set that includes 2,206 observations corresponding to daily information from 1 January 2014 to 15 June 2022. The Granger Causality Test and the Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC-Garch) Model were employed to conduct this analysis. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was performed to identify crisis periods concerning the sample period and provide an analysis of DCC-Garch results during extreme market conditions like the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The Granger Causality Test results present a unidirectional causality running from the Green Bond Index to the oil price returns. Also, there is a unidirectional causality running from the Green Bond Index to the CO2 futures’ returns. Additionally, a unidirectional causality runs from the oil price returns to the CO2 futures’ returns. The results for the DCC-Garch indicate a positive dynamic correlation between the Brent oil price return and the CO2 futures’ returns. Finally, the Green Bond Index shows a negative dynamic correlation to the oil return and the CO2 futures’ returns presenting a strong correlation in uncertainty periods.
... The burning of fossil fuels has a significant impact on the climate. Consequently, the use of modern solutions for heating systems will undoubtedly contribute to a significant reduction in CO 2 emissions [37]. The solutions of the energy sources used and presented in this article significantly reduce CO 2 emission and save a significant amount of energy [38,39]. ...
The direct release of energy from the groundwater under the building of the Sobieski Family Palace in Lublin, Poland, and the obtainment of heat and cooling energy for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning systems (HVAC) provide an opportunity to reduce electricity and heat consumption and to limit CO2 emissions by 15–50%. The upgrade to the Sobieski Family Palace and the addition of new educational and administrative functions require state-of-the-art, energy-saving, and environmentally friendly solutions such as Fuel Cells and Hydrogen for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (FCH HVAC) systems. As part of the program “Research for high-quality air in architecture and urban studies,” carried out since 2018 at the Institute of Architecture Planning, Department of Contemporary Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture of the Lublin University of Technology, in 2021, further research was carried out in order to prepare for the potential implementation in 2022 of the project entitled “Development and Upgrade of the Former Sobieski Family Palace in Lublin. The main body of the building—educational and administrative function,” whose chief designer was Architect J. Wrana, Lublin University of Technology, 2021. The objective of this paper is to identify technologies and solutions specifically designed for HVAC systems in upgraded and renovated historic buildings. This paper is also a call for cooperation among institutions, scientists, higher education institutions, as well as an expression of appreciation for the immense energy stored in groundwater. This energy not only has the lowest carbon footprint but also is the only generally accessible large storage source from which we were unable to obtain ecologically pure energy before the introduction of FCH technology.
... Land-use changes, like deforestation and desertification, fossil fuel burning, faulty agricultural practices and transport facilities are prime anthropogenic causes of GHG emissions. The energy sector is the largest source of GHG emissions, contributing >80% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (Quadrelli and Peterson, 2007) followed by deforestation (McMichael et al., 2007). Globally, about 25% of greenhouse gases are emitted from terrestrial resources of which deforestation and forest degradation alone contribute about half of these emissions (5-10 Gt CO 2 annually) (McMichael et al., 2007). ...
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are major contributors to global warming and climate change. These gases modulate the atmospheric radiative forcing and play an important role in Earth's albedo. The emission level, global warming potential and the persistence of a GHG define its accumulation in the atmosphere and relative potential to change radiative forcing. The major anthropogenic GHGs include methane, nitric oxide, ozone, hydrochloroflourocarbons, chloroflourocarbons, sulfur hexaflouride and nitrogen triflouride. Besides these, some gases indirectly act as GHGs like carbon monoxide, non-methane hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides. Many scientists have already warned regarding elevated emission trends after the industrial revolution. From last decades the emission of GHGs has tremendously increased in the atmosphere and the natural sinks of GHGs have contracted over time. Generally, fossil fuel burning and change in land use are major sources of GHGs while major sinks include soil, ocean and atmosphere. Interestingly the emission trends of greenhouse gases from different sources as well as the contribution of various countries to global greenhouse gasses budget have changed. Thus previous footprints, trends and projections regarding GHGs are needed to be reevaluated. Specific precautions and strategies are compatible to reduce GHGs emissions while further may help to obtain global temperature to above pre-industrial ambient temperature level by reducing 2°C in current temperature.
... Land-use changes, like deforestation and desertification, fossil fuel burning, faulty agricultural practices and transport facilities are prime anthropogenic causes of GHG emissions. The energy sector is the largest source of GHG emissions, contributing >80% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (Quadrelli and Peterson, 2007) followed by deforestation (McMichael et al., 2007). Globally, about 25% of greenhouse gases are emitted from terrestrial resources of which deforestation and forest degradation alone contribute about half of these emissions (5-10 Gt CO 2 annually) (McMichael et al., 2007). ...
At present, climate change is a global issue which is impacting the agricultural and
livestock productivity negatively. It is causing further expansion of degraded land and
leading to mass extinction of species, pollution and serious health issues in human
beings. It is time to focus on ecologically and economically viable mitigation and
adaptation options for combating climate change. Forests and tree-based land-use
systems are viable options owing to their huge capacity to mitigate climate change
via storing huge chunks of atmospheric carbon dioxide in their long-lasting biomass
and soil carbon pool. Further, their capacity to conserve soil, water and biodiversity,
restore degraded land, sustain soil fertility and meet the rising demands of various
wood and non-wood products makes them as also their surrounding agro-ecosystems
less vulnerable and more resilient to climate change. Therefore, local government,
policy makers and research institutions must focus on increasing the area under
forest and tree cover by promoting forest conservation; agro-forestry-based land-use
practices and raising forest as well as tree plantations on wastelands and community
lands under various agro-climatic zones. Involvement of local people is very crucial
in achieving the goal of increased forest and tree cover. Thus, they should be involved
actively in raising, managing and conserving the forests as well as in maintenance
of tree-based land-use systems. Further, payment of ecosystem services should be
ensured as an incentive to the people involved.
... Many studies find the correlation and link between the increase in CO2 emissions and energy consumption (Yang et al., 2020;Jahanger et al., 2021a;Usman et al., 2021b;Zhang et al., 2021;Usman et al., 2021c;Jahanger et al., 2021a, b). Quadrelli and Peterson (2007) analyzed the driving factors of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning. The considered elements were fuel types, socioeconomic indicators, regions, and sectors. ...
Kuwait is among the leading countries globally in terms of its per capita consumption of electricity and water based on the energy outlook report released in 2019. In Kuwait, the CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions rates have increased from the energy sector due to the burning of significant amounts of fossil fuels to meet the demands of electricity generation and water supply. Under these circumstances, the demanding analysis methodology to forecasting CO2 emissions from the energy sector, the per capita energy consumption and CO2 emissions were 8.9 toe per capita and 21.1 tonnes of CO2-eq emissions per capita, respectively. This paper aims to quantify a comparative analysis model and estimate an numeric magnitude for current and forecasting 2030 CO2 production totals from Kuwait's energy sector and its impact on average atmospheric temperature and energy production. The aggregate carbon intensity (ACI) was used as an indicator to evaluate the current energy situation and predict a model for Kuwait's CO2 emissions situation and identify how the energy demand and supply might evolve by 2030. The CO2 emissions for 2030 and the electricity consumption trend were assumed to be the 'business-as-usual' model using 2nd set of Fuel Analysis USEPA, with five fuel blend scenarios used as the energy sector's predicted fuel blends. The results found that the total CO2 emissions from the energy sector and the ACI of Kuwait in 2016 were 48.6 MtCO2 and 0.69 kgCO2/kWhr, respectively. The 2030 estimations indicated that using an 80% natural gas – 20% gas oil fuel blend in energy production resulted in CO2 emissions of approximately 66 MtCO2, with an ACI of 0.45 kgCO2/kW-hr. The CO2 offset from upcoming renewable energy projects is projected to be approximately 13%.
... CO 2 emissions due to fossil fuel consumption contribute significantly to global climate change and pose a threat to human life on a global scale [1]. Different studies and analyses of global warming and the proportion of CO 2 emissions by different sectors have been reported [2,3]. ...
All-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are one of the potential energy storage systems for renewable energy storage. The high cost of vanadium electrolytes is one of the barriers to VRFB commercialization. To reduce the cost of the battery, the aqueous negative electrolyte is replaced with gaseous hydrogen, whereas the positive electrolyte retains vanadium ions as a hydrogen–vanadium redox flow battery (HVRFB). Hydrogen can be supplied using renewable energy sources, which enhances the kinetics of the reaction. The HVRFB is investigated in this study by examining the effects of negative electrode configuration, Pt loading, humidity conditions, and electrolyte flow rate. Pt loading and positive electrolyte flow rate were discovered to have a significant effect on electrolyte utilization. The highest battery performance is obtained when the catalyst loading is set at 0.3 mg Pt cm⁻² and the positive electrolyte flow rate is around 2 L h⁻¹. The HVRFB operates continuously for 200 cycles and demonstrates an energy efficiency of around 88% when operated at a current density of 80 mA cm⁻².
... First, most developed regions have gradually shifted from coal to natural gas and renewable energy, while developing regions are still heavily dependent on coal. 25 Meanwhile, the energy use efficiency of developing regions is much lower than that of developed regions. 26,27 Second, developed regions have transferred domestic production of relatively emission-intensive products to developing regions. ...
... Constant development of industry involves fossil fuel combustion that ultimately enhances CO 2 emission. According to statistics, energy-CO 2 emission accounts for 80% of all greenhouse gases [9] around the world. ...
A significant corridor under the “Belt and Road Initiative” is announced by the government of China for numerous transport and energy projects. China focuses greatly on the sustainability of these projects, in accordance with Green Investment Principles. For this, environmental, social, governance, and technological considerations are taken into account. This paper offers a novel assessment of the impact of green sustainability under BRI and the current emission scenario in Pakistan. The question that needs to be addressed here is whether the projects under Belt and Road Initiative are as environment friendly as they claim. In the first phase of this study, we review theories establishing evidence based on existing literature to determine the influence of Belt and Road on economic development. In the next phase, we use Environment Kuznets Curve and apply estimates from Johansson’s Cointegration Test to quantify the present environmental scenario of Pakistan and probable environmental risk portrayed by the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). This paper helps in determining the relationship between carbon emission and three major variables including energy consumption, economic growth, and foreign direct investment (FDI). Cointegration analysis is applied on time series data comprising of a 40 years’ period from 1979 to 2019. The paper finds that (i) the belt and road corridors could substantially improve trade, foreign investment, and living conditions for citizens in participating countries; (ii) moreover, this study confirms the presence of one cointegrated equation suggesting the presence of a long term relationship between the CO2 and independent variables and a short run association running from EnC to CO2. The study also proposes a Green BRI Model which formulates a body that devises environmental performance standards, reviews procedures, and ensures that they get implemented on all CPEC projects. The Belt and Road Initiative increases emissions among participating countries. China and corridor economies need to adopt strict policy reforms that increase transparency, expand trade, improve debt sustainability, and mitigate environmental, social, and corruption risks.
... These consequences are manifested in the form of elevated temperature and in the form of storms, cyclones and hurricanes, which are caused by stronger precipitation and rising sea level [3,4]. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gas is considered to be the most serious greenhouse gas caused by pollution predominantly from fossil energy sources and accounts for up to 76% of total greenhouse gases [5]. One of the major contributors to greenhouse gases is the construction sector, which plays an important role in the environment [6]. ...
The construction sector contributes significantly to the production of greenhouse gases and thus to climate change. This study aims to quantify the environmental performance of selected bearing constructions with special regard to their climate change contribution and resource depletion. Environmental impacts were assessed using environmental indicators, such as global warming potential and abiotic, water and natural resource depletion. The material composition of the wall structures consisted of aerated concrete blocks, ranging from 300 to 375 mm, with different thermal-insulation materials (expanded polystyrene with graphite, and rock wool) and variable interior and exterior plaster. The evaluation was based on life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology within the ‘‘cradle to gate” boundaries. The calculated values of global warming potentials per square metre of wall construction ranged from 234.16 to 283.46 kg CO 2 eq for the 20-year time span, from 213.02 to 255.20 kg CO 2 eq for the 100-year time span and from 190.40 to 229.90 kg CO 2 eq for the 500-year time span. The average water consumption was identified as 3.97 m ³ , and the abiotic depletion was identified as 1.41 kg Sb eq per square metre of the wall structure. The lowest environmental impact in all environmental categories evaluated was found for a structure with aerated concrete with a thickness of 300 mm with graphite polystyrene thermal insulation and with silicone outdoor plaster. Using a suitable material composition of the wall structure, up to a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved while maintaining the same thermal parameters of the structure.
... South Africa could make use of renewable energy to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels which have both health and environmental consequences. (Faostat, 2018) According to Quadrelli and Peterson (2007), South Africa is grouped among the top emitters of Green House Gases (GHGs) worldwide. Therefore, there is a need for South Africa to decrease its carbon intensity. ...
Global energy demand is on the rise due to continuous increases in population, economic growth, and energy usage. Methane production through anaerobic digestion of organic materials provides a resourceful carrier of renewable energy, as methane can be used instead of fossil fuels for both heat and power generation and also as vehicle fuel, thus cutting down the emissions of greenhouse gases and hence contribution in the slowing down climate change. Several studies have been done on biogas, but in South Africa, these are biased towards industrial wastewater. Therefore, there is need to explore other alternatives for biogas generation. Furthermore, the sustainability of anaerobic digestion processes depends on the availability and the identification of the optimal substrate. The use of cassava in South Africa provides a great potential for the production of bioenergy especially biogas, due to its suitable chemical composition. Cassava codigested with other feedstock could be an alternative substrate for various communities for the production of biogas in South Africa. Since cassava is yet to be listed as a staple food crop in South Arica, its peels and other by-products from its processing can be suitable for renewable energy production for small medium enterprises (SMEs). This study’s overall objective was that of establishing the suitability of cassava tubers as an alternative source of biomass feedstock for biogas production in South Africa. The specific objectives of the study were: 1) Comparing the yield and rate of biogas production of cassava peels inoculated with cattle manure using a batch digester under anaerobic digestion conditions addressed in chapter four and five of the thesis; 2) Investigate the biogas yield and rate of different co-digestion ratios of cassava with vegetable and fruit waste using batch digestion under anaerobic digestion conditions presented in chapter six; 3) Optimize the production of biogas through process optimization by maintaining the optimum temperature during fermentation and compare inexperiments subjected to different treatment or treatment combinations and, 4) While chapter seven addresses the objective of using the experimental results to design an upscale system using baseline data information from experiment. Several feedstocks (i.e. cassava tuber, cassava peels, vegetable and fruit waste and cattle manure) were identified and analysed using the American Standard Methods for examination of Water and Wastewater (ASTM). Cassava was selected as it has several advantages compared to other crops, including the ability to grow on degraded land and where soil fertility is low. It also has the highest yield of carbohydrate per hectare (4.742 kg/carb) apart from sugarcane and sugar beet, which makes it suitable for bioenergy (biogas) generation. In the first instance, a batch experiment of were cassava peels were digested anaerobically with and without cattle manure to determine whether cassava peels (CP) in combination with cattle manure (CM) at different ratios shows better biogas yield. The following ratio combinations of mixture were used 100:0, 0:100, 80:20 and 20:80 (CM:CP). A theoretical methane production was conducted using elemental composition and the results were compared with the experimental ones. The test of biogas yield was conducted using an anaerobic digester of 600 ml at mesophilic (35 ± 1 °C) temperature. In the second experiment a 50 litres anaerobic digester was used to investigate the biogas yield of peeled cassava tuber compared to unpeeled cassava tuber that yield biogas of 635.23 L/kg VS and 460.41 L/kg VS respectively. This was based on the finding of the first experiments of biogas yield from cassava peels. The biogas yield with and without inoculum was measured and the biogas yield were modelled using two different models namely modified Gompertz and cone model. Finally, in parallel with the previous batch experiments another set of batch experiments were carried out under anaerobic conditions at mesophilic (35 ± 1 °C) temperature in a 600 ml digester, this experiments was conducted by co-digesting cassava (CB) with vegetable and fruit waste (CB:VF) at different ratios (100:0, 60:40, 40:60 and 50:50). The cumulative biogas yield were modelled for kinetics using modified Gompertz model. Based on the results obtained from the experimental study cassava co-digested with vegetable and fruits at a ratio of 40:60 which was found to produce the maximum yield, a mathematical design (upscale system) was designed. This designed biogas plant could be located in several communities especially those close to the landfills to reduce the cost of transportation from source. The study’s results revealed that: • co-digestion influenced biogas production and methane yield. The final cumulative methane yields by the co-digestion of CM and CP at the CM:CP mixing ratios of 80:20 and 20:80 were 738.76 mL and 838.70 mL respectively. The corresponding average daily methane yields were 18.42 mL/day and 20.97 mL/day. This indicates that CP enhanced the production of methane in the co-digestion process with the 20:80 CM:CP ratio. • the feedstock of peeled cassava with inoculum, produced 28.75% more biogas yield when compared to peeled cassava without inoculum. This results highlights the important of inoculum in the anaerobic digester. • peeling the cassava tuber increase the biogas yield by 38% compared to the unpeeled tuber • cassava biomass co-digested with vegetable and fruit waste increased the methane yield compared to the mono-digestion with the highest methane production was achieved from the co-digestion of cassava biomass with vegetable & fruit waste at 40:60 ratio (CB: VF) Although several challenges hampering the smooth implementation of biogas generation in South Africa, this study concludes that cassava (peeled and unpeeled) co-digested with fruit and vegetables waste has potential to generate biogas thereby presenting a substantial opportunity to promote bioenergy production from cassava considering in many rural areas the needs for fuel and electricity are not satisfied fully. Finally, cassava anaerobic digestion facility at different scales could enhance additional benefits like the integration of nutrients and residual carbon into the land as fertilizer.
... Electricity is, undoubtedly, one of the greatest of humankind's inventions, and it has impacted our daily lives in many ways. However, despite its benefits for humanity, about 1.1 billion people lack electricity supply, according to reports by International Energy Agency (IEA) [4]. A more significant percentage of this population resides in the rural areas in South ...
The synthesis of high value-added organic carboxylic acids, especially chiral carboxylic acids, from the electrochemical fixation of CO2 with organic molecules under mild conditions is very important and challenging. In...
Two metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), DDCu and DDMn have been synthesized from a tetracarboxylate ligand by solvothermal method. DDCu contained paddlewheel- [Cu2(COO)4] clusters with axial sites occupied by water molecules and comprised of two types of cages: smaller spherical cages of diameter 9.3 Å and larger ellipsoidal cages of dimensions of 12.4 × 17.7 Ų. While DDMn having bimetallic Mn2(COO)4 clusters with 1D rhombus channels of window size 10.16 × 8.97 Ų. Both the MOFs have open framework structure with solvent accessible void volume 66.5% and 64.1% based on the PLATON calculations. The MOFs have been characterized by a series of methods like Single crystal XRD, powder XRD, FT-IR, TGA and N2 adsorption study. Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) surface area of the activated MOFs were 360 and 290 m²/g, respectively. The loosely bound water molecules could be removed to produce unsaturated metal coordination sites that rendered exciting heterogeneous catalytic properties at the metal center of DDCu and DDMn in the fixation of CO2 through the cycloaddition of CO2 with various epoxide. Under ambient conditions (25 °C and 1 atm. CO2 pressure), both the catalyst showed appreciable yields (96 and 91%) and selectivity (>99%) for cyclic carbonate formations. Both the catalysts showed very good recycling properties (at least five times).
Solar energy‐driven CO2 reduction and H2 evolution is considered as a very promising pathway to address energy shortage and environmental issues. Multivariate metal organic frameworks (MTV‐MOFs) as a class of distinctive crystal porous materials are assembled from different metals or different ligands via one pot reaction or postsynthesis approach. Recently, MTV‐MOFs have gathered significantly interest in the field of photocatalytic CO2 reduction and H2 evolution owing to their excellent structural stability, tailorable light‐absorption, and catalytic abilities. In this review, incorporating different functional ligands or metals into the parent MOFs are focused on to boost the photocatalytic performance of MTV‐MOFs. First, the synthesis and unique advantages of MTV‐MOF‐based photocatalysts are introduced. Next, an overview on the recent advance on MTV‐MOFs for solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion is summarized into three main categories, consisting of mixed‐metal MOFs, mixed‐ligand MOFs, and mixed‐metal and mixed‐ligand MOFs. Finally, future perspectives and challenges in CO2 conversion and H2 evolution over MTV‐MOF‐based photocatalysts are presented. Multivariate metal organic frameworks (MTV‐MOFs) consist of mixed‐metal MOF, mixed‐ligand MOF, and mixed‐metal and mixed‐ligand MOF, assembled from different metals or different ligands via one pot reaction or postsynthesis approach. Upon visible light irradiation, the photocatalytic CO2 reduction and H2 evolution can be achieved over MTV‐MOF photocatalysts and further regulated by introduction of heterometals or functional ligands.
CO2 is deemed as the major greenhouse gas causing global warming over the past several decades. Developing porous solid materials to achieve the capture and utilization of CO2, in this work, two metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), [Ni2(5H-Ade)(TCPE)(H2O)3]∙3DMF∙6H2O (Ni-Ade-TCPE), and [Co4.5(HCOO)3(4H-Ade)2(TCPE)(H2O)5]·5DMF·7H2O (Co-Ade-TCPE) have been synthesized by employing mixed adenine and tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)ethylene (H4TCPE). The structural analysis demonstrates they are 3D frameworks possessing 1D open channels with –NH2 groups and open metal sites modified surfaces. They display impressive chemical stability in acidic and basic water solutions and high adsorption capacity for CO2. At 70 °C and 1 bar, Ni-Ade-TCPE exhibits outstanding activity, selectivity, and recyclability in the cycloaddition reaction of epoxides with CO2 due to Lewis acid–base bifunctional sites. Moreover, a reasonable catalytic reaction mechanism has been proposed.
By employing a C3-symmetric ligand, 3,3′,3′'-[1,3,5-benzenetriyltris- (carbonylimino)]tris-benzoic acid (H3L), three metal-organic frameworks formulated as {Na4[Zn3(L)2(µ3-OH)(µ2-OH)3]·3DMF}n (1), {[Ca2(L)(MeOH)2(DMF)3]·Cl}n (2) and [Sr2(L)(H2O)2(DMF)Cl]n (3) have been solvothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by IR, PXRD and X-ray single crystal diffraction analyses. Complex 1 features a 2D twofold interpenetrated structure in which the [Zn3(µ3-OH)(µ2-OH)3(CO2)3O3] subunit acts as a 6-connected node and the L³⁻ ligand as a 3-connected node, exhibiting a binodal (3, 6)-connected topology with a {4³}2{4³.6¹²} point symbol. Complex 2 shows a 2D double-layered structure, exhibiting a (3,6)-connected {4³}2{4⁶.6⁶.8³} topology based on a centrosymmetric tetranuclear [Ca4(CO2)6] subunit as a 6-connected node and the L³⁻ ligand as a 3-connected node. Complex 3 exhibits an extended 3D framework with a {4⁶}2{4¹².6¹².8⁴} topology in which the centrosymmetric {Sr4(CO2)6 [(O^O)acylamide]2} subunit performs as an eight connected node and the L³⁻ ligand as an unusual 4-connected node. Complex 1 is explored well as a catalyst for the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with epoxides into cyclic carbonates under the reaction conditions of 70°C, 1 bar atmosphere and free solvent. The efficient catalytic ability of 1 perhaps attributes to the high density of Lewis acidic sites of Zn²⁺ and Lewis basic -NH- groups in 1. Beside the basic function, the -NH- group in 1 can also perform as hydrogen bond donor (HBD) for the activation of epoxide in the catalytic process. A plausible mechanism for synergistic catalysis is proposed for the cycloaddition reaction.
Two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets are ideal candidates for membranes because of their intrinsic in-plane nanopores. However, non-selective defects formed by traditional top-down preparation and the unfavorable re-stacking hinder the application of these nanosheets in gas separation. Herein, we report lamellar g-C3N4 nanosheets as gas separation membranes with a disordered layer-stacking structure based on high quality g-C3N4 nanosheets through bottom-up synthesis. Thanks to fast and highly selective transport through the high-density sieving channels and the interlayer paths, the membranes, superior to state-of-the-art ones, exhibit high H2 permeance of 1.3 × 10−6 mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹ with excellent selectivity for multiple gas mixtures. Notably, these membranes show excellent stability under harsh practice-relevant environments, such as temperature swings, wet atmosphere and long-term operation of more than 200 days. Therefore, such lamellar membranes with high quality g-C3N4 nanosheets hold great promise for gas separation applications.
Recently, industrialization has led to a worldwide rise in energy usage. Consequently, satisfying rising energy demands has assumed more significance. Fuel, gasoline, and nat gas are all finite resources, making it all the more important to discover sustainable energy alternatives. To fulfill the current need for energy, renewable resources play a significant role. Therefore, energy decisions and government policy are of paramount importance for nations. Energy policy and judgment challenges, such as the appraisal of energy projects, the choice among fuel sources, the location of power plants, and the determination of energy policy, are solved using a variety of technical, financial, ecological, and social factors. Multi-criterion decision-making (MCDM) methodologies may be used to assess energy policy decisions, one of the important challenges for governments. Some of the challenges associated with making energy-related decisions and formulating policies are choosing between various energy sources, assessing the relative merits of various energy supply techniques, formulating an energy strategy, and carrying it through. Various forms of fuel sources are taken into account in the much research that has been conducted on energy decision-making challenges. Because they take into account several, sometimes competing, criteria in their assessments of potential solutions, MCDM techniques have proven useful in the resolution of energy-related decision-making issues. By combining MCDM with the neutrosophic set theory (NST), which captures the inherent ambiguity of human judgment, we may get more nuanced, tangible, and practical outcomes. This work intends to provide a thorough analysis of the methodology and implementations of neutrosophic MCDM in the power industry, as well as to synthesize the current literature and the latest recent breakthroughs to help guide researchers in this area. The neutrosophic Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is used to compute the weights of each criterion of energy in a social project. This research shows that neutrosophic AHP, either on its own or in combination with another MCDM approach, is the most often used MCDM technique.
Although CO 2 emissions are purely global externalities and unlikely to be addressed by individual countries, empirical attention has typically been on the national level as national efforts have come in to plug the gap. The contribution of this study is therefore to investigate the effect of population aging on CO 2 emissions, controlling for income and fossil fuel energy consumption, using panel data of 25 OECD countries during 1980–2015. After applying the panel cointegration approach such as fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), we discover that population aging appears to reduce CO 2 emissions, ceteris paribus. We also confirm the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship with an inverted-U curve, where CO 2 emissions increase with income level until it reaches the estimated turning point and then starts to turn down. Other evidence shows that fossil fuel energy consumption increases CO 2 emissions, other things equal. We believe that these findings present sustainable policy directions that may help solve the problem of population aging our world is dealing with today.
The direct conversion of carbon dioxide in atmosphere into valuable compounds or fuels is the most effective way to fundamentally solve the problem of the greenhouse effect. In this study, a Janus membrane with different layers and structures was designed to demonstrate the idea of simultaneously capturing and converting carbon dioxide directly from air. The selective layer was prepared through a dry-casting process to form a dense layer with appropriate CO2 permeance and selectivity to efficiently generate CO2-enriched air. The reactive layer was prepared through non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method to create a continuous porous structure that houses the photocatalyst. This membrane morphology enhanced the contact efficiency between CO2 and the photocatalyst. The photocatalyst was synthesized from titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and copper chloride dihydrate (CuCl2·2H2O) through hydrothermal method and activated in the membrane using UV-light. The copper doping amount on TiO2 was investigated to obtain the optimal photocatalytic activity in converting or regenerating CO2 to CO. The synthesized Cu-doped TiO2 particles were characterized through X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron, and photoluminescence spectroscopies. While the membrane morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Then the gas separation performance of the Janus membranes was analyzed. The CO2 was able to be concentrated in the selective layer and resides in the reactive layer with the photocatalyst with good efficiency. It was found that at 20 wt% loading of Cu-TiO2 yielded 2.21 μmol g⁻¹ hr⁻¹ of CO. This research provides an avenue for potential simultaneous capture and conversion of CO2 from air using Janus membranes.
This paper examines the effect of board gender diversity on firms’ carbon emissions. Using a sample of firms from 43 countries during the 2005–2019 period, we establish that firms with more gender-diverse boards have a lower carbon footprint. Our results are shown to be robust for a battery of sensitivity checks, including the use of alternative definitions of board gender diversity, multiple estimation methods, inclusion of additional control variables, and potential endogeneity concerns.
Glucose to fructose transformation is an essential transformation for the success of biorefinery. Herein, the epitaxial‐grafting of Nb in UIO‐66 significantly improved the fructose yield. Post‐synthesis incorporating Nb in the UIO‐66 phenomenally improved the glucose conversion from 31.1 % to 71.8 % and fructose selectivity from 38.2 % to 71.2 %. The incorporation of Nb was confirmed from the FTIR, HR‐TEM investigation, EDX analysis, and elemental mapping. The XPS analysis distinctly stated the successful incorporation of Nb and generation of Zr‐O‐Nb oxo clusters in the UIO‐66 framework. The NH 3 ‐TPD provided distinguishable information about the chemical interaction of Nb with the UIO‐66 framework that resulted in the increase of the acid strength after the Nb incorporation in the UIO‐66 catalyst. The content of Nb and reaction parameters, especially temperature and duration, control the glucose to fructose isomerization over glucose to mannose epimerization. The structure‐activity relationship was established, and a reaction mechanism was proposed. The catalyst was recycled five times with only a low decrease in the fructose yield (47.3 % to 42.2 %) than several reported MOFs catalysts. The activity of the developed catalyst was higher or similar to the reported catalysts. The successful grafting of Nb demonstrates that by swiftly modifying the acidity of the catalyst, a superior activity can be achieved.
With the increasing global demand for energy, renewable and sustainable biogas has attracted considerable attention. However, the presence of various gases such as methane, carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide in biogas, and the potential emission of acid gases, which may adversely influence the environment, limits the efficient application of biogas in many fields. Consequently, researchers have focused on the upgrade and purification of biogas to eliminate impurities and obtain high-quality and high-purity biomethane with an increased combustion efficiency. In this context, the removal of CO2 gas, which is the most abundant contaminant in biogas, is of significance. Compared to conventional biogas purification processes such as water scrubbing, chemical absorption, pressure swing adsorption, and cryogenic separation, advanced membrane separation technologies are simpler to implement, easier to scale, and incur lower costs. Notably, hollow fiber membranes enhance the gas separation efficiency and decrease costs because their large specific surface area provides a greater range of gas transport. Several reviews have described biogas upgrading technologies and gas separation membranes composed of different materials. In this review, five commonly used commercial biogas upgrading technologies, as well as biological microalgae-based techniques are compared, the advantages and limitations of polymeric and mixed matrix hollow fiber membranes are highlighted, and methods to fabricate and modify hollow fiber membranes are described. This will provide more ideas and methods for future low-cost, large-scale industrial biogas upgrading using membrane technology.
The selective capture of CO2 in humid conditions on metal-organic frameworks is challenging due to competitive adsorption of H2O and CO2 on the active sites. Herein, amine and fluorine co-functionalized MIL-101(Cr) was synthesized and evaluated for use as CO2 adsorbent to overcome this issue. MIL-101(Cr)-NH2-F0.5 (CrA-F0.5) was prepared using a mixed-ligand strategy, and contains 2.9% nitrogen and 0.5% fluorine while maintaining the MIL-101(Cr) structure. Numerically, one 4F ligand per 20 amino ligands was included in the CrA-F0.5 structure. The calculated selectivity for CO2/N2 of CrA-F0.5 is 108 (CO2/N2 = 15/85) at 20 ℃ and 1 bar, and this value was 3.7 and 2.1 times higher than that of MIL-101(Cr) and MIL-101(Cr)-NH2, respectively. The results of CrA-F0.5 adsorption of CO2 indicated that amine and fluorine groups served as adsorptive sites for CO2 in this structure. The moderate isosteric heat of CO2 adsorption value (45 kJ mol⁻¹) of CrA-F0.5 merits in desorption of CO2. The result of a hydrophobicity index test, indicated that CrA-F0.5 was 2.5 times hydrophobic than MIL-101(Cr)-NH2. In a CO2 and N2 breakthrough test, compared to the dry condition, the CO2 breakthrough time at 30 ℃ and 1 bar was reduced by 40% for MIL-101(Cr)-NH2 and by 10% for CrA-F0.5 in 60% relative humidity. The CO2 and N2 breakthrough results under humid conditions were consistent with the hydrophobicity index value, and the excellent water repellency of CrA-F0.5 was confirmed. CrA-F0.5 is considered a candidate suitable for CO2 adsorbent in an actual post-combustion CO2 adsorption process.
Poly (ether-block-amide) or Pebax is one of the most promising copolymers employed for CO2 separation. The existence of polyamide and polyether segments within the total matrix gives superior properties to Pebax, providing it significant CO2 permeation compared to the other light gases such as CH4 and N2. However, improving the separation performance of Pebax is one of the major concerns in developing new membranes. Compounds with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups are listed as appropriate candidates to be embedded within the Pebax matrix, finally enhancing the CO2 separation. Such compounds with oxygen atoms (negatively charged) can interact with the central carbon (positively charged) of CO2 via Lewis acid-base interactions, which contributes to further CO2 permeation. In this study, Pebax®1657, which has a good performance in CO2 separation, was blended with maltitol and mannitol as multi-hydroxyl compounds. Pebax/mannitol and Pebax/maltitol blend membranes were prepared by solution casting/solvent evaporation method, and their CO2 separation performance from N2 and CH4 was studied. Changes in chemical bonds, thermal properties, and cross-sectional morphology of the membranes were investigated using FTIR, DSC, TGA, FESEM and XRD analysis. The gas permeability results showed that the highest permeability of CO2 was 341.27 (barrer) and 228.64 (barrer), which are related to Pebax/maltitol (20 wt.%), and Pebax/mannitol (20 wt.%) at a temperature of 30 °C and feed pressure of 10 bar, respectively. In addition, the highest selectivity of 66.65 (CO2/N2) and 23.95 (CO2/CH4) was obtained for Pebax/maltitol (20 wt.%). Likewise, selectivity values of 67.84 for CO2/N2 and 25.49 for CO2/CH4 were obtained with Pebax/mannitol (20 wt.%), at a pressure of 10 bar.
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is believed to be a promising remedy to simultaneously lessen CO2 emission and obtain high value-added products, but suffers from the thwarted activity of photocatalyst and poor selectivity of product. Over the past decade, aided by the significant advances in nanotechnology, the atom manufacturing of photocatalyst, including vacancies, dopants, single-atom catalysts, strains, have emerged as efficient approaches to precisely mediate the reaction intermediates and processes, which push forward in the rapid development of highly efficient and selective photocatalytic CO2RR. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in highly efficient and/or selective photocatalysts toward CO2RR with the special focus on various atom manufacturing. The mechanisms of these atom manufacturing from active sites creation, light absorbability, and electronic structure modulation are comprehensively and scientifically discussed. In addition, we attempt to establish the structure-activity relationship between active sites and photocatalytic CO2RR capability by integrating theoretical simulations and experimental results, which will be helpful for insights into mechanism pathways of CO2RR over defective photocatalysts. Finally, the remaining challenges and prospects in this field to improve the photocatalytic CO2RR performances are proposed, which can shed some light on designing more potential photocatalysts through atomic regulations toward CO2 conversion.
By using electric power data, observational station temperature data in Beijing, CN05.1 temperature data, ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis data, and ERSST.v3b sea surface temperature (SST) data, it is found that summer (July–August) electric power demand in Beijing is remarkably positively correlated with the previous spring (March–April) tropical North Atlantic (TNA) SST anomaly (SSTA). The possible physical mechanism of the TNA SSTA affecting summer electric power in Beijing is also revealed. When a positive SSTA occurs in the TNA during spring, anomalous easterlies prevail over the tropical central Pacific, which can persist to the following summer. Trade winds are thus enhanced over the northern Pacific, which favors a strengthening of upwelling cold water in the tropical central-eastern Pacific. As a result, a negative SSTA appears in the central-eastern Pacific in summer, which means a La Niña event is triggered by the previous TNA SSTA through the Bjerknes feedback. During the La Niña event, an anomalous anticyclonic circulation occupies the northwestern Pacific. The southerly anomalies at the western edge of this anomalous anticyclone strengthen the transportation of warm and humid airflow from the low latitudes to North China, where Beijing is located, causing higher summer temperatures and increased electricity usage for air conditioning, and vice versa. The results of this study might provide a new scientific basis and clues for the seasonal prediction of summer electric power demand in Beijing.
摘要
本文利用北京市电力负荷资料,北京市站点观测温度资料,CN05.1温度资料,ERA5大气再分析资料及ERSST v3b海表温度资料, 发现3-4月副热带北大西洋海温异常和北京市夏季电力呈很好的正相关关系, 并揭示了副热带北大西洋海温异常影响北京市夏季电力的可能物理机制.春季副热带北大西洋海温异常偏暖, 热带中太平洋出现东风异常并持续至夏季, 太平洋信风增强, 热带中东太平洋冷水上翻增强, 通过Bjerkness正反馈机制激发了La Nina事件.La Nina事件时, 西北太平洋反气旋环流异常, 将低纬度暖湿气流输送至北京地区, 引起北京市夏季温度增高, 电力负荷需求增加.反之亦然.研究结果可为北京市夏季电力负荷需求的季节预测提供新的科学依据和线索.
As climate change threatens human life and health by causing severe storms, floods, temperature fluctuations and droughts, it is predicted that in the coming decades, most of the global population will be impacted and the lives of millions will be at risk. In this context, the article investigates the existence of a symmetric and asymmetric causality between climate change and health between 1990 and 2015 for European countries, including EU, EFTA member and EU candidate states. In the first stage of the analysis, health scores are estimated by cluster and discriminant analyses; in the second stage, the relationships among these scores and climate variables are examined. The country-specific findings are obtained for the health effects of climate change variables according to factors such as geographical structure and seasonal characteristics. According to the results, while the health effects of changes in temperature and greenhouse emissions differ from country to country, the reduction in precipitation for nearly half of the countries is found to have a negative effect on health.
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