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Port safety and the container revolution: A statistical study on human factor and occupational accidents over the long period
Abstract
Several factors can affect occupational accident frequency, namely economical factors, technologies used (low automation, discontinuous operating) job design, organization of work/environmental conditions and human factors. In particular, technological advances in industrial activities can give rise to improvement in productivity and in occupational health and safety, but not necessarily simultaneously. The beginning of the container transport dates back to 50 years ago, but while containerization changed everything, from ships and ports to patterns of global trade, its impact on work injuries was not explored at all. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between work organization, job experience, productivity and occupational accidents, from the starting of the container expansion to nowadays, considering Genoa port (Italy), one of the largest of the Mediterranean Sea. In order to minimize possible reporting biases, such as underreporting or reclassification to a lower level of severity, injury statistics are elaborated starting from data collected directly on-site, from internal accident or medical-aid reports. An in-depth statistical analysis on occupational injuries in the years 1980–2006 is carried out, with reference to frequency indexes, mechanism of injury and material causes. The increase of container-ships traffic and, consequently, the sharp change in port infrastructure involved a rapid modification also in the work organization, with particular reference to the number and characteristics of workforce (decrease from 5783 to nearly 1000 employees and increase of low experience workers from 28% to 74%). The striking high percentage increase of young or low experienced workers in handling container (and performing correlated new tasks) caused a remarkable increase of the risk for occupational injuries. In the studied port, we recorded an increase of the frequency index (injuries per hundred thousand hours worked) from 13.0 to 29.7. It results that the increased expansion of shipping container utilization is not connected to a correspondent human factor safety implementation. Main risk factors are pointed out, revealing an increase of accidents due to transport vehicle (+8.3%) and a reduction of accidents caused by substance or materials (−4.5%). These factors show a statistical significant correlation with the new job tasks. Consideration of these findings may enable managerial solutions and workplace organization interventions for the prevention of injuries and safety performance improvement in port activities.
... (Gun and Ryan, 1994) • Gender: (Lin et al., 2008;Nielsen et al., 2015;Stergiou-kita et al., 2015) (Chatterjee, 1986) (Julià et al., 2013;Smith and Dejoy, 2012) (Baker, 1987) (Murphy et al., 1986)(Barlas and Izci, 2018) (Cordeiro et al., 2005) Economic Problems (Mullen, 2004) (Haslam et al., 2005) (Choudhry, 2008) (Sawacha et al., 1999) • Experience (Khanzode et al., 2012;Laflamme and Menckel, 1995) (Chi et al., 2009) (Butani, 1988;Castillo-rosa et al., 2017;Chang et al., 2016;Keyserling, 1983) (Chau et al., 2007;Salminen, 2004). (Choudhry et al., 2007), (Koustellis et al., 2013) (Huang and Hinze, 2003) (Fabiano et al., 2010;Sawacha et al., 1999) (Man et al., 2017;Unsar and Sut, 2009) (Bax et al., 1998;Frade et al., 2004) (Anyfantis and Boustras, 2020) (Gimeno et al., 2004) (Barlas and Izci, 2018) (Benavides et al., 2006) (Lindroos and Burström, 2010) (Choudhry, 2008). (Kim et al., 2017). ...
... (Kim et al., 2017). • Stress: (Murphy et al., 1986;Petruni et al., 2017) (Petridou and Moustaki, 2000) (Fabiano et al., 2010) (Hetherington et al., 2006) (Kim et al., 2017) (Kim et al., 2017;Paul and Maiti, 2005;Zwetsloot et al., 2007) • Self Esteem: (Choudhry, 2008) (Guo et al., 2019) (Liu and Luo, 2012) (Mullen, 2004) (Petridou and Moustaki, 2000) • Risk Taking: (Choudhry et al., 2009;Fang and Wu, 2013;Feng et al., 2015;Frazier et al., 2013;O'Toole, 2002;Wu et al., 2015b) (Petridou and Moustaki, 2000;Verhaegen et al., 1976) • Safety Motivation: (Chen and Chen, 2014;Neal and Griffin, 2006;Vinodkumar and Bhasi, 2010b) (Bakker and Demerouti, 2017). (Christian et al., 2009;Griffin and Neal, 2000) Griffin and Hu, 2013;Hedlund et al., 2010;Kvorning et al., 2015;Neal et al., 2000;Neal and Griffin, 2006) • Safety Knowledge: (Smith-Crowe et al., 2003) (Melemez, 2015) (Hsu et al., 2015) (Hald, 2018) (Kang and Guo, 2016) (Bevilacqua and Emanuele Ciarapica, 2017) (Haslam et al., 2005) (Bust et al., 2008;Arboleda and Abraham, 2004;Dong et al., 2009;Saurin et al., 2008;Trajkovski and Loosemore, 2006) (Bentley et al., 2002) Vinodkumar and Bhasi, 2010b) • Safety Training: (Shin et al., 2014) (Hung et al., 2011) (Tam and Fung, 2012) (Burke et al., 2011). ...
... (Kim et al., 2017). • Stress: (Murphy et al., 1986;Petruni et al., 2017) (Petridou and Moustaki, 2000) (Fabiano et al., 2010) (Hetherington et al., 2006) (Kim et al., 2017) (Kim et al., 2017;Paul and Maiti, 2005;Zwetsloot et al., 2007) • Self Esteem: (Choudhry, 2008) (Guo et al., 2019) (Liu and Luo, 2012) (Mullen, 2004) (Petridou and Moustaki, 2000) • Risk Taking: (Choudhry et al., 2009;Fang and Wu, 2013;Feng et al., 2015;Frazier et al., 2013;O'Toole, 2002;Wu et al., 2015b) (Petridou and Moustaki, 2000;Verhaegen et al., 1976) • Safety Motivation: (Chen and Chen, 2014;Neal and Griffin, 2006;Vinodkumar and Bhasi, 2010b) (Bakker and Demerouti, 2017). (Christian et al., 2009;Griffin and Neal, 2000) Griffin and Hu, 2013;Hedlund et al., 2010;Kvorning et al., 2015;Neal et al., 2000;Neal and Griffin, 2006) • Safety Knowledge: (Smith-Crowe et al., 2003) (Melemez, 2015) (Hsu et al., 2015) (Hald, 2018) (Kang and Guo, 2016) (Bevilacqua and Emanuele Ciarapica, 2017) (Haslam et al., 2005) (Bust et al., 2008;Arboleda and Abraham, 2004;Dong et al., 2009;Saurin et al., 2008;Trajkovski and Loosemore, 2006) (Bentley et al., 2002) Vinodkumar and Bhasi, 2010b) • Safety Training: (Shin et al., 2014) (Hung et al., 2011) (Tam and Fung, 2012) (Burke et al., 2011). ...
A research survey is conducted in the large public sector electrical utility in the Kerala state of India. The measurement scale for personal factors like self-esteem, job stress, personal stress, social supports, and fatigue are developed as per the targeted population. Personal safety climate factors of the utility are accessed using existing safety climate scales. 3017 electrical employee's responses from all districts of Kerala state are collected by one to one interaction using the developed instrument. This data is analysed using statistical methods like reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, ANOVA, and explanatory factor analysis. The measurement model shows a good model fit indices, convergent validity, and discriminate validity. Six research hypotheses are validated by statistical analysis. The study found that personal factors, safety climate factors, and health conditions of the workers were significantly correlated to occupational accidents. Personal Attributes-age, job role, education, and experience are significantly effecting the safety behaviour of the electrical workers. All the personal factors significantly correlated with safety climate factors. The results of the study highlighted the need for safety participation, safety knowledge, safety training, and interventions to reduce personal issues in the workplace. These findings provide valuable insights to future researchers to implement novel methods to ensure workplace safety.
... Literature review has disclosed that some studies in port operation safety focus on port risk assessment analysis [2][3][4][5], port traffic risk identification [6], and port safety management [7]. Some researchers are interested in port safety and human factors and occupational accidents [8]. ...
... It is reported that more than 80% accidents are caused by human errors, either directly or indirectly [19]. The human errors in the port operation are mainly caused by lower safety awareness [16], insufficient skill and experience, and physical and psychological states based on the experience and knowledge of experts working in ports for more Processes 2020, 8,1235 4 of 17 than 15 years. The staff in port operation could not follow the safety operation rules and regulations, equipped with proper protective devices and neglect the safety culture in the port reflect the lower safety awareness. ...
... Processes 2020,8, 1235 ...
Safety is the premise of efficiency and effectiveness in the port operation. Safety investment is becoming a vital part of port operation in current era in order to overcome different types of hazards the port operation exposed to. This paper aims to improve the safety level of port operation through analyzing its influencing factors and exploring the interactions between the safety investment and system risk level. By analyzing the key factors affecting the port operation and their mutual relationship within a man–machine–environment–management system, a decision-making model of safety investment in port enterprise was established by system dynamics (SD). An illustration example and a sensitivity analysis were carried out to justify and validate the proposed model. The results show that increasing the total safety investment of port enterprises, improving the safety management investment on personnel, and strengthening the implementation effect of investment can improve the degree of port security to a certain extent. The strength of the proposed work is its practical application in current scenarios using real time data and the ability to provide a baseline approach for port enterprises to formulate safety investment strategy.
... The impact of such disruptive events has been felt across the supply chain, down through to the end consumers and society at large (Lam & Lassa 2017;Loh & Thai 2015). This has resulted in increased research focusing on port safety and risk assessment and/or management (Fabiano et al. 2010;Liu, Zhou & Sun 2019;Pak et al. 2015;Yang 2011;Yang et al. 2016). In pursuance of such port safety research interests, this study focused on establishing the determinants of effective dangerous cargo (DC) logistics, focusing on Namibian seaports. ...
... Rothblum (2004) supports this view and has classified human error into incorrect decision-making, improper performance of tasks, and inaction. In view of these facts, Fabiano et al. (2010) rather attributed recognition of several human elements to port safety; elements such as situational awareness, proper communication and instruction interpretations, good health, effective management of work, and personal pressure (stress) issues. In addition, John et al. (2014) argued that the totality of an assessment of seaport operational risks is only complete with the inclusion of human elements -a view further expanded by Molero et al. (2017) in their 'total safety by design' contributions in increasing the safety and operability of DC terminals. ...
... nd personal pressure (stress) issues. In addition, John et al. (2014) argued that the totality of an assessment of seaport operational risks is only complete with the inclusion of human elements -a view further expanded by Molero et al. (2017) in their 'total safety by design' contributions in increasing the safety and operability of DC terminals. Fabiano et al's. (2010) study concluded that the container revolution has not improved safety conditions in seaports as the human factors have not been impacted by the revolution. More recently, Molero et al. (2017), in support of Pak et al. (2015), resonated the same view, adding the captain's perspective that human elements do indeed impact port safety. All ...
Background: In recent decades, accidents involving hazardous goods at seaports have become a major concern worldwide resulting in international conventions and interventions to minimise the impact of such accidents. Despite the improvements in safety measures and the enhancement of cargo handlers’ knowledge over the years, port accidents involving dangerous substances still continue to occur.
Objectives: The study explores the determinants of effective high-risk cargo (HRC) handling at seaports, focusing on Namibian seaports. The study was aimed at establishing the elements of HRC logistics processes and to determine factors influencing the effectiveness of HRC handling procedures followed by the seaports.
Method: An integrated research strategy was adopted, backed by the employment of mixed research methods, through seven key informant interviews and a quantitative survey involving 81 port employees.
Results: The results of the study confirmed the totality of HRC logistics activities at Namibian seaports. It emerged from the study that there were factors that facilitated and that hindered the effectiveness of HRC logistics activities at Namibian seaports. The study confirmed the association between HRC training and the level of knowledge of risk mitigation and emergency procedures, documentation understanding and regulations adherence. This guided in proposing a new theory for the determinants of HRC logistics in developing economies.
Conclusion: The study’s findings provided sufficient evidence to suggest that HRC logistics safety processes at seaports can be improved through the proposed framework. The study’s findings have important repercussions for re-shaping public policy, especially as coastal economies worldwide compete towards becoming preferred logistics hubs.
... Organizations must encourage risk-aversion strategies and practices. Coaching methods, training, rules of behavior supporting remote working and the right to disconnect, psychological risk assessments, and smart safety systems are among them [80]. Addressing social criticism necessitates a proactive strategy focused on increased stakeholder participation and communication. ...
... Threats appear either from malicious actions (hacking, malware infection) or as a consequence of omissions in system maintenance and the application of security rules. Furthermore, ports are prone to a variety of security challenges, which can result in losses in terms of income, the port's reputation, and the efficiency of its operations [80]. The key challenges in this sector include direct terrorist attacks, the exploitation of ports as a conduit for weapons commerce [81], natural dangers, and inherent risks in port activities that are security related. ...
Background: Information and communication technologies (ICT) have introduced “smart” concepts across industries, including ports. Smart ports, leveraging IoT, cybersecurity, and cloud computing, are trending in maritime operations. They optimize data for informed decision-making, cutting costs, enhancing efficiency, mitigating risks, and fostering growth. Methods: To consolidate knowledge in this area, we are conducting a systematic literature review and meta-analysis using the PRISMA framework. Our goal is to synthesize existing insights, minimize biases, increase reliability, and effectively communicate our findings. To address the research needs mentioned, the current study focuses on implementing a systematic literature review (SLR). Results: The goals of this review are: (i) to present and describe the main categories and themes within the research topic, and (ii) to identify research gaps that will aid future research. Key findings include the identification and classification of current literature trends in the smart port performance evaluation framework and the examination of fundamental themes discussed within this area of research. Conclusions: In our review, we emphasize the smart port concept, clarifying its common interpretations amid the industry 4.0 revolution. We discuss recent advancements in emerging technologies and identify key challenges driving researchers’ exploration of the evolving smart port landscape.
... Hazardous cargo incidents such as fires, toxic releases, corrosiveness, and unexplained oil spillages keep occurring during loading and unloading, temporary storage, and warehousing operations within the port areas (Alyami et al. 2014;Burgherr 2007;Fabiano et al. 2010;Sarkar and Shankar 2021). Loading and unloading of modern container ships at ports necessitate the movement of thousands of containers, which are loaded, unloaded, or repositioned (Ambrosino and Sciomachen 2021). ...
... Studies recommend training and development of seaport hazardous cargo handling crew to ensure they possess the essential proficiencies (Montwiłł 2014; Popek 2019), with particular attention to regulatory adherence (Lam and Lassa 2017;Wang et al. 2015). Numerous human elements including situation-based personal readiness, efficient comprehension and communication of instructions, well-being, efficient work organization, and personal posture and tranquility under stressful situations are critical to port safety (Fabiano et al. 2010). ...
Manifold calamitous consequences of seaport hazardous cargo accidents have raised grave trepidation over the safe management of hazardous cargo. Fewer investigations have aimed at the multifaceted risk associated with intricate seaport hazardous cargo loading and unloading operations. To that end, this study analyzes the multifaceted risks associated with seaport hazardous cargo loading and unloading operations. Bayesian network (BN) is employed and amalgamated with interval type-2 fuzzy sets to account for intricacies and uncertainties concomitant to the causation factors. Power average operator on aggregation of domain expert opinions, and experts scores in quantifying conditional probability tables are employed to further augment the viability and diagnosis accuracy of the analysis. The results reveal policy and regulations failures, errors and violations, and communications issues as the prominent accident causation factors. To identify the critical accident causation factors, a sensitivity analysis was performed. Based on these insights, the study proposes practical applications in terms of development and abidance of rules, resource upkeeping, and critical operations to mitigate the risk of seaport hazardous cargo loading and unloading operations.
... Furthermore, self-reported safety behaviour and safety training were found to have significantly positive correlations. Fabiano et al. (2010) scrutinised the relationship between work organisation, professional experience, job performance and working risks from the beginning of container expansion to the present time. Furthermore, the use of technical breakthroughs in industrial operations can increase labour productivity and reduce risks to occupational health and safety. ...
... Nevertheless, much of the earlier literature places more emphasis on human factors (e.g. Corrigan et al., 2019;Fabiano et al., 2010;Lu and Yang, 2010;Yang et al., 2016). Finally, apart from the study of Mabrouki et al. (2014), who used a discrete RM to assess the work safety of container port operations, the majority of previous studies evaluated the work safety of port activities through exploratory factor analysis (Lu and Yang, 2010), fuzzy AHP (Pak et al., 2015) and a regression model (Wang et al., 2021). ...
This paper aims to carry out the risk assessment of work safety in container dry ports (CDPs) by adopting a continuous risk matrix (CRM) based on a Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The originality of this paper consists of (1) identifying risk factors (RFs) for work safety at CDPs, (2) adopting the fuzzy AHP approach to estimate the likelihood and consequence weights of RFs, (3) developing CRM to evaluate the risk level of work safety in CDPs. For the empirical study, CDPs in Vietnam were surveyed to verify the research model. The proposed continuous risk matrix can contribute as a reference for theoretical methodologies in risk assessment research. At the same time, the empirical study can provide practical information for dry port managers to improve their performance in work safety.
... Security enhancements need to be implemented both on land and in water because they can pose significant challenges to security operations and personnel (Antão et al., 2016;Kang & Kim, 2019;Peckham, 2012). Added, Fabiano et al. (2010) an increase in accidents caused by transport vehicles and a reduction in accidents caused by materials, allows workplace organization interventions for the prevention of possible injuries and to improve safety performance in port activities. Based on the theoretical description, job security is an effort made by an organization or company to protect employees, as well as give them confidence in the continuity of their work and a safe working environment. ...
... Safety and security are needed by the workforce when carrying out loading and unloading activities, where workers are advised to wear all personal protective equipment. The results of this study are by the results of previous studies by Fabiano et al. (2010) that, in particular, technological advances in industrial activities can increase productivity and occupational health and safety, but not necessarily at the same time. Research by Ramli (2010) concludes that workers guaranteed with OSH will work more productively and will support company development. ...
This study is aimed at analyzing the effect of port service performance, occupational safety, and health, and work safety on loading and unloading productivity and its impact on service user satisfaction at Yos Sudarso Tual Port, Maluku province, in Eastern Indonesia in 2020. What was found was the limited-service performance delivered to service users, resulting in dissatisfaction. This could have implications for the less-than-optimal loading and unloading performance at Yos Sudarso Tual Port. The study uses a quantitative method, with a path analysis model, with a total of 40 samples. Research respondents are users of loading and unloading services. The findings, in general, indicate that there is an effect of port service performance, occupational safety, and health and work security on loading and unloading productivity which in turn has an impact on increasing user satisfaction of Yos Sudarso Tual Port services. The key finding is that new investments are needed which will require the ongoing capacity building and development of several port authorities who are civil servants who will oversee port planning and operations and regulate access to key port services and facilities.
... On study of the port throughput, the results indicate the predictive accuracy of programming genetic model has 40-45% of better results than smooth integrated moving model in all levels. In literature (Fabiano et al. 2010), the artificial models' disadvantages are listed. In general, the ANN suffers because of local minimum and over fitted because of data. ...
... In general, the ANN suffers because of local minimum and over fitted because of data. The general approaches like ANN and genetic algorithm are very sensitive in nature while selecting parameter (Fabiano et al. 2010). ...
In the sequence of port throughput analysis, many nonlinear and fluctuation signals are included in order to find the accuracy of port. Besides the socioeconomic factors, the virtually decision making and execution are considered as some kind of forecast. The seasonality and volatility are the critical issues in predicting the efficiency. The forecasting is a useful tool to cross these issues. The forecasting uses many qualitative and casual models and performs time series analysis to find the information about events, pattern changes, relationship between the system elements. It assumes two different kinds of phenomena share the same model of behavior. One is to promote new issues and another is to predict the outcome of the analysis. The judgmental forecasting technique is based on present situation and past situation in order to predict the issues in port. To deal with these issues, this paper addresses a method of hyperchaotic model for optimizing the throughput based on PCA. We review the latest models to provide the theoretical basis and propose novel ideas; the proposed methodology is simulated compared with the other state-of-the-art approaches. The experimental analysis proves the robustness of the model. In the future, more scenarios will be tested.
... While these changes can enhance operational efficiency and reduce economic and environmental costs, they also give rise to emergent properties and interdependencies within the port itself and with related systems such as the power grid, inland logistics network, and sea routes. Consequently, a multitude of safety and security issues emerge, which can potentially result in significant losses in terms of benefits, reputation, and operational efficiency (Fabiano et al. 2010). To effectively manage and mitigate potential threats to a port, it is crucial to analyze and gain insights into improving its resilience while optimizing costs and minimizing losses (Molavi et al. 2020). ...
Over the course of history, maritime ports and their associated cities have grown in tandem, with the port acting as a catalyst for economic growth and prosperity in the city. The rise of globalization in recent decades has further reinforced this relationship. Understanding the operational risks faced by ports is crucial for assessing their resilience and their impact on the broader urban areas they serve. Currently, maritime ports are embracing digitalization, taking advantage of the abundance of data collection, transmission, and processing tools and networks. The concept of a “Digital Twin” is gaining popularity, with several pilot initiatives already underway in some of the world’s busiest ports. However, most existing Digital Twin implementations heavily rely on data-gathering devices like IoTs and primarily provide a snapshot of the port’s current status. This approach creates significant economic and technical barriers for other ports looking to replicate the same level of digitalization. This research aims to address the disparity in data availability among assets, facilities, and vehicles by proposing an adaptive Digital Twin framework, using the Port of Tyne as a case study. The developed Digital Twin serves as a foundation for implementing resilience strategies, encompassing both emergency response and long-term mitigation plans. It offers valuable insights to port authorities and stakeholders, aiding in the development of resilience strategies, understanding industrial ecology, and managing urban metabolism in port cities.
... Several innovative technologies such as the internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence and machine learning, cloud computing, etc. have been incorporated into port logistics operations. Their operational effectiveness is determined in part by employees' age and work experience, exposure to technological training, and ability to learn innovative technologies and analytical skills (Fabiano et al., 2010). According to Sakar and Shankar (2021), investment in infrastructure and technology should be prioritised. ...
... Islam et al. (2018) estimate that human factors cause 80 % of occupational accidents. In this line, some empirical studies, such as Fabiano et al. (2010), conclude that the inexperience of young workers generates a shocking increase in the probability of accidents. ...
This paper analyzes the effect of worker under-skilling on occupational safety. We estimate the impact of skill deficits on the probability of suffering an accident at work and, second, on the duration of sick leave. In addition, we test whether the company's measures to control the actions of these workers reduce this effect. We propose two moderation models in a sample of 42,871 workers obtained from the Sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS6). The results show that under-skilled workers suffer more accidents and longer periods of sick leave. Furthermore, the results suggest that on-the-job training, safety information, and teamwork weaken the relationship between under-skilling and accidents. However, the duration of sick leave is only reduced by teamwork. Our analysis shows that certain organizational and regulatory practices need to be modified to address the health effects of a lack of skills. The article includes some proposals in this regard.
... The work also suggested that more cost-effective safety measures should be developed by addressing systemic causes of ship engine room fires. Hazards connected to the handling of combustible materials in ship engine room areas mainly originate from the complicated nature of activities that occur there: the possibility of fire increases in the event of piping system and equipment failures or external events [7]. Ahn et al. [8] presented a framework for evaluating specific scenarios associated with human errors in ships, and the Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM) method was applied in the case of a ship fire. ...
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This work expands the existing limitations of ship engine room fire assessment, providing more support for ignition source control in enhance fishing vessel safety.
Abstract
The hazard of highly combustible marine oil leakage greatly increases fishing vessel operation risks. This research integrates an experiment to explore the coupling mechanism of a typical heated surface of an engine room as a source to ignite marine oil. A numerical model is established that depicts the dynamic process of and variations in the combined effects regarding multiple factors of oil ignition under actual experiment. The leaked marine oil is ignited with a heated surface, relevant models are applied to reproduce the results, and the influences of specific parameters of a fishing vessel’s engine room are analyzed. The results indicate that the leaked oil boils violently on the heated surface, and a vapor film forms on the oil surface. Increased heated-surface temperatures lead to a significant difference in the initial ignition occurrences of marine oil, and the distance between the ignition height and oil is closely related to the engine room environment. The ignition probability of marine oil shows a gradually increasing trend with elevated heated-surface temperatures. The ignition height presents a downward trend with the increase in the heated-surface temperature, while the engine room’s humidity in air inhibits the upward transfer of heat; however, the degree of inhibition is limited accordingly. The results evidence that this comparative work can be an effective approach to reveal the impacts of marine oil, heat source, ventilation velocity, and humidity on initial ignition characteristics. Additionally, this work provides a basis for setting up emergency planning with appropriate monitoring equipment and further preventing vessel fires due to oil–thermal ignition.
... Lo studio indica che le misure preventive principali devono essere orientate ad aumentare la cultura della sicurezza tra i lavoratori e, nell'ambito delle compagnie, a ridurre le operazioni a rischio e a effettuare periodicamente la valutazione dei rischi. Nel 2010 Fabiano e collaboratori [22] studiano la relazione tra l'organizzazione del lavoro, l'esperienza lavorativa, la produttività e gli infortuni sul lavoro nel periodo 1980-2006, nell'ambito del porto di Genova. Gli autori hanno rilevato una significativa diminuzione della forza lavoro impiegata (da 5783 a 1000 lavoratori), un relativo aumento del numero di lavoratori giovani o inesperti (dal 28 al 74 %) e un conseguente aumento dell'indice infortunistico di frequenza da 13,0 x 100,000 ore-persona a 29,7 x 100,000 ore-persona. ...
The manual aims to provide support to those having to manage safety in the port area, with particular reference to the assessment of the chemical risk deriving from landing operations of solid bulk goods. After presenting a general overview of the regulatory aspects and scientific literature relating to health and safety risks in port work, the topics are discussed regarding the risk assessment, linked to the hazard characteristics of both to the goods and to the environmental conditions in which these goods are stored in the holds, also proposing prevention measures for each situation studied and more appropriate protection. Finally, more specific indications and recommendations are proposed, aimed to preventing intoxications related to presence of two of the most dangerous pollutants potentially present in goods moving solids, i.e. phosphine and arsine.
... Penelitiannya menjelaskan pentingnya pelatihan keselamatan peserta pelatihan untuk meningkatkan praktik manajemen dan inisiatif yang dilakukan terkait dengan penanganan zat berbahaya. Menurut (Fabiano et al., 2010) mencatat bahwa faktor ekonomi, desain pekerjaan berbasis teknologi, organisasi kerja atau kondisi lingkungan dan faktor manusia merupakan beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi frekuensi kecelakaan kerja. Untuk menghindari jebakan manusia di atmosfer seperti itu, pekerja harus memiliki pengetahuan yang tepat tentang sumber gas berbahaya dalam proses dan tindakan pencegahan yang memadai harus dilakukan dengan mengenakan alat bantu pernapasan (Sivaprakash and Karthikeyan, 2014). ...
... The use of media brings psychological and behavioral demands to people. There is a causal chain of "social factors + psychological factors-media expectations-media contact-demand satisfaction" [27]. As a newly developed network medium, the internet is becoming increasingly mature. ...
Youth subjective well-being is enhanced not only from physical exercise but also from internet use. Based on the 2017 China General Social Survey (CGSS) data, the Bootstrap method was used to examine the mechanisms of the effects of physical exercise and internet use on youth subjective well-being. In this study, the questionnaire data of 619 Chinese young people (18–35 years old) were selected as the sample source. It was found that physical exercise (2.881 ± 1.352) and internet use (4.544 ± 0.756) had positive effects on youth subjective well-being (88.762 ± 11.793). Life satisfaction (2.253 ± 0.826) partially mediated the development of physical exercise and internet use on subjective well-being, with indirect effects of 34.1% and 30.4%, respectively. A social mindset (10.181 ± 1.966) played a moderating role in the relationship between physical exercise and youth subjective well-being and internet use and youth subjective well-being in both groups. The positive effects of physical exercise and internet use on youth subjective well-being gradually increased with the improvement in social mindset. This study revealed the mechanisms of physical activity and internet use on subjective well-being and that life satisfaction and the social mindset of youth are essential factors influencing subjective well-being.
... Although the potential of this technique has emerged in several scientific fields, its application within the topics of safety and risk analysis is largely unexplored. In this regard, few studies are available in the international literature, starting from its first adoption in the safety domain for the statistical analysis and prediction of occupational accidents in industrial contexts (Fabiano et al., 2010;Fabiano et al., 2008). RSM was then utilized as an evaluation tool of the leader-team perceptual distance in relation tosafety leadership and employee safety self-efficacy (Tafvelin et al., 2019), while Van Weyenberge et al. (2017) adopted the technique for quantitative risk analysis addressing life safety in case of building fires. ...
Safety culture and awareness by workers are pivotal tools for the implementation of systematic procedures aiming to risk mitigation in the process industry. The evaluation of human factors on safety performance can reveal unsafe attitudes and failures in training, supervision and management, whose correction greatly contribute to the enhancement of safety program. In this work, the role of human factors in an oil industry was studied by the collection of field data through a structured questionnaire filled by shift, daily and outsourced workers. A deep investigation on the variables involved in the process was carried out, firstly quantifying three conceptual key dimensions (individual, human resource management, equipment and technology) and then analyzing data by means of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), to identify the statistical significant factors and the overall level of safety awareness, behaviour and risk perception of the respondents.
... Regarding the roundtable GREEN, the environmental domain achieved more interest (25) than the energy efficiency (13), even if both are in a secondary priority in SPMS. For each domain, LIP defined which sub-domain should be implemented in the roadmap as driver for the port development: • Safety and Security: Ports are vulnerable to several safety and security issues, which can potentially cause a loss in terms of benefits, port reputation, and the efficiency of operations (Fabiano et al., 2010). Smart port uses solutions such as regulations, standards, employee training, periodic control of facilities, risk assessment, proper designs, and monitoring systems to detect any security issue, increase port preparedness, and improve resilience. ...
The modern port structure is configured as territorial system of productive aggregation (hub) of a complex nature, strongly linked to the productive fabric of a larger territory and in close relationship with the context in which the port is physically located. In the development of processes of innovation and improvement of the sustainability of the activities connected to the port, a strong connection is necessary between all the local stakeholders who, each for the functions of their own competence, can activate improvement processes with common objectives. This paper describes a framework for the activation and coordination of a Locally Integrated Partnership (LIP) towards the development of a multi-term Smart Port Management Strategy (SPMS) to support innovation processes in the sustainable and safe management of the port. The methodology was applied to the case study of the port of Ravenna (Italy) where the state-owned areas managed by Port Authority (public authority managing the port area) are limited to 50 mt-width harbour quay, while the remaining areas are owned by private companies. The result was the development and the implementation of the roadmap for the development of the SPMS of Ravenna Port with a multi-stakeholder participatory approach. This process favoured the activation of many public funds to modernize port infrastructure, as well as private investments for the development and dissemination of innovations and for the sustainable use of port area. This has shown how the development and coordination of a local LIP makes it possible to make synergies between stakeholders more effective in accessing financing funds and sharing development strategies aimed at innovation and sustainability. The framework developed and tested to the case study demonstrated the benefits of a participatory and inclusive process in decision-making processes, with a benefit for all the key aspects of sustainability. This process can be used, following step-by-step, as a guideline for other port areas.
... Low experienced operators in container terminals cause a remarkable increase in the risk of occupational injuries [12]. The introduction of new technologies was not followed by sufficient training. ...
Our study generates a review of serious games in the container terminal logistics field. Serious games deliver certain knowledge to the user and improve the user’s understanding of the problem. We analyse 68 games in published research papers and gaming websites and classify them based on the types of container terminal logistics problems, G/P/S (gameplay, purpose, and scope) concept, and the gaming platform. We enrich the existing classification of container terminal logistics problems by adding new fields considered by the listed games. Moreover, further analysis related to user experiences of the games is also conducted. The classification results provide insights regarding the existing studies related to gamification in the container port logistics field. It gives ideas for future developments to support the effectiveness of the learning process in the related area. Our main suggestions are increasing learning stages for game users, a list of required topics for new games, and gaming quality improvements in the existing games. Developing games with a good user interface is as important as considering the complexity of real problems in the games to allow an effective training process for the game users.
Keywords: container terminal logistics; gamification; serious game; review; game user experience
... The cooperation of carriers also helps in case of possible problems. The most frequently discussed operational risks of the port are port accidents [12,13], port equipment failures [13], improper handling of dangerous goods [14], port congestion [15], low qualification of personnel [16], safety violations [13], and strikes. In addition, human factors that impede communication (cultural differences, political problems, and conflicts between staff) may increase the scope of problems [17]. ...
In a modern economy, international trade is an important factor in the development of various regions. Shipping is one of the most important elements of the global supply chain. However, after the economic crisis of 2008, global shipping revenues plummeted. One way to restore profitability is the consolidation of shipping routes and the globalization of shipping lines. As container transport lines move to larger ships, the structure of the delivery route becomes a structure with intermediate points. This trend put forward higher demands on the port infrastructure, which aggravated the competition between regional ports, as well as ports that could degrade into a large cargo consolidation port. The economic advantage is enhanced by cooperation between shipping lines and ports. Thus, ports and shipping lines in the same supply chain can be mutually beneficial partners. The study analyses the effectiveness of horizontal and vertical cooperation between ports and carriers. As a source of information, a review of the literature on this issue, expert opinions, and statistical data is taken. Next, a mathematical model is built on the basis of cooperative game theory, and numerical analysis is carried out. The results show that the strategy of cooperation of shipping lines strongly depends on the situation with the supply and demand of vessels. A port that interacts with shipping lines will significantly reduce port charges, which creates the advantage of receiving more port requests. However, cooperation may lead to losses for the port, so a redistribution of profits is necessary to maintain the coalition.
... Multiple factors contribute to occupational accidents, including technologies, job design, human error, environment and economic conditions, and organization of work (Fabiano et al., 2010). As an example, in a meta-analytic investigation, Nahrgang et al. (2011aNahrgang et al. ( , 2011b tested the relationship between job demands, resources, burnout, engagement, and safety outcomes in the workplace. ...
Multiple factors contribute to occupational accidents including individual, job, environmental, organizational, and family issues. Most of them are latent factors and hard to model how and what extent they influence incidents occurrence. Although past research has included an occupational incident context, this attention has rarely provided a holistic instrument for the dynamic causal modeling of different influencing factors. Hence, the present study is aimed at developing a concrete instrument for identifying and modeling various influencing factors on occupational accident occurrence. After a comprehensive literature review and employing occupational safety and industrial psychological experts to achieve a reasonable conceptual model, the primary structure of the instrument was developed. Several systematic attempts were made to identify items (questions), define contributing factors, assess content and face validity, analyze its reliability, construct validity, criterion validity, and assess the model’s fitness using advanced statistics tests by SPSS.22 and LISREL9.3 programs. Finally, dynamic hybrid Bayesian Network (DHBN) based on the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) technique was developed to model accident occurrence and simulate the behavior of the main influencing factors over ten years under uncertainty. After standardization of the proposed instrument, a comprehensive study was conducted via the participation of 700 workers from thirty-eight manufacturing companies to illustrate its effectiveness and modeling capability. The findings revealed the effectiveness of the proposed instrument in the causation modeling of occupational incidents, dynamic modeling of contributing factors, and risk-based decision making for occupational incidents management. The proposed instrument can serve as a holistic tool for accurately identifying and dynamic modeling of different latent influencing factors, and making tailored safety decisions in different workplace context.
... The ambivalent attitude toward new technologies stems from the conflict of negative and positive expected impacts and technological advances in industrial activities can give rise to improvement in productivity and in occupational health and safety, but not necessarily simultaneously [13]. ...
Industry and related work and workplaces are constantly changing as a result of the implementation of new technologies, substances and work processes, changes in the composition of the workforce and the labor market, and new forms of employment and work organization. The implementation of new technologies represents certain ambivalence. Next to the positive impact on workers’ health, new risks and challenges can arise in the area of process and occupational safety and health of people at work. On these bases, it follows the need for predicting and handling the new risks, in order to ensure safe and healthy workplaces in the future. The aim of most forecasting studies is not only to identify new emerging risks, but also to foresee changes that could affect occupational safety and health. However, a number of questions still require proper investigation, i.e., “What impact do new emerging risks have on tertiary education in the area of Safety engineering? Has tertiary education already reacted to progress in science and research and does it have these innovations in its syllabus? How are tertiary graduates prepared for the real world of new technologies?” This paper represents a first attempt in the literature to provide answers to the raised questions, by a survey approach involving academics, Health Safety and Environment (HSE) industrial experts and university students in the Czech Republic. Even if statistical evaluation is limited to a single Country and to a small sample size, the obtained results allow suggesting practical recommendations that can contribute to ensuring new challenges in the area of education by addressing relevant culture issues needed to support new workplace realities according to the newly defined Safety 4.0.
... However, a large number of activities usually carried out in these areas (e.g. transport of passengers, transport of cargo, storage of oil and chemicals, storage and transport of vehicles, circulation of vessels and ships, lorries and trains) also imply high risks for human beings (Ronza et al., 2009;Fabiano et al., 2010;Cho et al., 2018). The consequences of accidents in port areas may be not only economic losses (e.g. for emergency actions and cleaning up the areas) but also human losses (Ronza et al., 2009). ...
Coastal areas and seaport areas are exposed to high wind speeds which may involve risks for the ships and people working in the area. Therefore, knowledge of the microscale wind conditions is essential for safe maneuvering and mooring of ships and optimizing harbor design. In the present study, 3D steady RANS CFD simulations with the realizable k-ε turbulence model are performed for the new configuration of the “IJmuiden sea lock” in Amsterdam, the largest sea lock in the world at the time of writing this article. The computed wind speed and turbulence intensity amplification factors and the local wind directions are validated with on-site measurements for the old configuration of the sea lock. For the wind speed amplification factor and local wind direction, a satisfactory agreement is obtained with 90% of CFD data within ±30% from the measured data. Conversely, for the turbulence intensity amplification factor, less satisfactory agreement is found with 74% of CFD data within ±30% from the measured data. Overall, the 3D steady RANS approach shows a sufficiently high reliability for predicting the wind conditions in the seaport area under neutral atmospheric conditions.
... On the other hand, the 74.9 % of internal workers showed a clear conflict between pressure and productive behavior in terms of worker safety. This item is widely reported in the international literature (Fabiano et al., 2010) and is empirically confirmed by this study, being production pressure the main perceived cause of injury, with a percentage of 25.9 %. Alongside the behavioral attitude, there was also a significant tendency to by-pass relevant procedures (66.3 %). ...
In large-scale construction projects, site situation and surrounding environment can change daily. This is due to multiple factors acting as “incident catalysts”, like less, or un-skilled workers, outsourcing, more complex construction phases (heights or confined spaces), under pressure working conditions, as well as changes in environmental conditions (e.g. wind, temperature, etc.). It is essential to acquire a statistical significant reference concerning the unsafe acts and risky behaviour to implement proactive measures preventing occurrences of major incidents. In this paper, the construction phase in the Middle East of one of the world’s largest oil and petrochemical integrated complex was considered. Starting from the accident/incident pyramid approach, management, direct field supervisors, as well as subcontractors were involved in the development and upgrading of a Multilayer Reporting System, covering any risk behaviours, unsafe situation, violations or acts, safety or environmental issues, near misses as well as minor, or major accidents. The modular approach provided a comprehensive overview of the core human and technical issues in the construction and testing of the process plant, suggesting how to implement technical and managerial solutions to handle them effectively, reduce the likelihood of errors, violations and avoid damages to the facilities, environment and humans.
Container crane operators play a crucial role in maintaining the productivity of container terminals. The presence of well-rested and efficient crane operators is essential for maximizing terminal performance. This study highlights a strong correlation between optimized scheduling of operator work hours and increased productivity. A key innovation in this approach is the elimination of equipment downtime that is typically caused by operator breaks. This is achieved through dynamic scheduling, which ensures that operators receive adequate rest while minimizing interruptions. As a result, both operator performance and safety during loading and unloading operations improve, leading to enhanced overall terminal efficiency. In addition to boosting productivity, the proposed scheduling method takes into account the sustainability of human resources. It aligns with broader policy considerations, socioeconomics, and legal regulations, particularly labor laws. Furthermore, this study addresses challenges related to infrastructure and sustainability in container terminal operations by optimizing resource use and improving operational efficiency. Various scenarios involving different numbers of operators and workload patterns are evaluated against container handling performance, while keeping the same equipment and operational conditions. The results show that, although increasing the number of crane operators and improving workload management leads to higher operational costs, it significantly enhances both productivity and capacity at the container terminal.
Maritime occupations encompass seafaring, fishing, marine aquaculture, and longshore work. These non-standard occupations tend to be hazardous with high injury rates. They are associated with varying levels of seasonality, shift work, geographic mobility, and different types of remuneration, posing unique challenges when recovering from work-related injury and illness. Occupational health and safety is under-researched in these sectors. Furthermore, little research exists on return to work (RTW) after injury among maritime workers. This paper presents findings from a mixed methods research program designed to provide insight into injury, compensation and RTW experiences among maritime workers in the Canadian province of British Columbia (BC). Research methods include the analysis of provincial workers’ compensation data, data from an anonymous online survey of injured/ill BC maritime workers and from semi-structured interviews with injured workers and key informants. Analysis of workers’ compensation data shows high rates of serious injuries, longer disability duration, and high rates of deemed RTW, particularly in fishing. Survey findings suggest a relatively low percentage of workers file claims for workers’ compensation to WorkSafeBC. Interview data highlight some of the challenges that may explain under-reporting, longer disability duration, and relatively poor RTW outcomes. Policy relevant concerns and areas for future research relevant to understanding and addressing some of the identified RTW challenges associated with these sectors are presented.
Liman İşletmeciliği
Limanlarda İş Güvenliği
Limanlarda İş Kazaları
Denizcilik
In this critical analysis, the focus is on the nation's maritime port operations and international mode of transportation for Fixing America's Surface Transportation (FAST) Act of 2015 surrounding port distribution and logistics. The FAST Act requires the Bureau of Transportation and Statistics to report statistical data highlighting the challenges in global product distribution within infrastructure and value-added systems in logistics and supply chain management. The transportation costs estimate costs accounted for approximately 50% of the total logistics costs for businesses. Furthermore, fluctuations in fuel prices and increased demands for e-commerce shipping further emphasized the significance of cost challenges in global distribution. These disruptions underscored the complexity of managing a global network of suppliers, distributors, and customers. In this study, the researchers analyze 76% of companies still struggling with forecasting accuracy along with ongoing challenges in inventory management due to fluctuating consumer demand.
Uluslararası ticarette denizyolu taşımacılığı diğer taşımacılık türlerine göre birçok avantaja sahiptir. Denizyolu taşımacılığında en çok tercih edilen konteyner taşımacılığı, aynı anda büyük miktarlarda yüklerin güvenilir ve hızlı bir şekilde taşınabilmesini sağladığı için konteyner terminallerindeki gemi ve yük trafiği yoğun olmaktadır. Konteyner terminalleri, yükün konteynerler aracılığıyla taşındığı karayolu, demiryolu ve denizyolu arasındaki ara yüzdür ve bünyesinde birçok riski bir arada bulundurmaktadır. Dolayısıyla iş kazalarını ve yaralanmaları önleyebilmek adına iş sağlığı ve güvenliği yönetim sistemlerinin çalışma alanına taşınması önemli bir husustur. Bu kapsamda bu çalışmanın amacı, konteyner terminallerinde yaşanan iş kazalarının nedenlerinin belirlenmesi ve iş kazalarının önlenmesine yönelik alınabilecek önlemlerin tespit edilmesidir. Bu çalışmada, konteyner terminallerinde yaşanan iş kazaları nedenleri kriterler ve alt kriterler olarak değerlendirilmiş ve bulanık DEMATEL yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Ardından konteyner terminallerinde yaşanan iş kazalarını önleyebilmek adına belirlenmiş alternatifler TOPSIS yöntemi ile analiz edilerek önem derecesine göre sıralanmıştır. Yapılan analizlerin sonucunda, konteyner terminallerinde yaşanan iş kazalarının nedenleri arasında “yönetim uygulamaları kaynaklı” iş kazalarının ilk sırada geldiği tespit edilmiştir. Alternatif önlemlerin sıralamasında ise “iş sağlığı ve güvenliği denetimlerinin etkinliğinin arttırılması” en ideal çözüm olarak belirlenmiştir.
İş güvenliği performansının ölçülmesi, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği yönetim sisteminin temel unsurlarındandır. İşletmelerin iş güvenliği hedeflerine ulaşabilmesi adına iş güvenliği performansının doğru yöntemler ile ölçülmesi ve sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada, liman işletmelerindeki iş güvenliği performansının önem düzeylerinin ve ağırlık değerlerinin terminaller özelinde incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, iş güvenliği performansı göstergeleri ulusal ve uluslararası literatürden elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen parametreler arasındaki ilişki yönü, şiddeti ve önem derecesi için Kocaeli Liman Bölgesinde görev yapan 7 A sınıfı iş güvenliği uzmanının görüşü alınmıştır. Veriler çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinden bulanık DEMATEL ve TOPSIS yöntemleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada, iş güvenliği performansı göstergeleri arasında yer alan, çalışanların sağlık ve güvenlik bilgisi iletişimi, çalışanların hak ve sorumluluklarını yerine getirmesi ve çalışanların almış olduğu iş sağlığı ve güvenliği eğitimlerinin kalitesi diğer parametreleri etkileyen grupta yer aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışanların kişisel koruyucu ekipman kullanması ve çalışanların risk azaltıcı iş uygulamalarına katılımı parametrelerinin ise diğer göstergelerden etkilenen grupta yer aldığı görülmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra TOPSIS yöntemi ile iş güvenliği performansını etkileyen göstergelerin en önemli olduğu düşünülen terminal çeşidinin sıvı yük terminali olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Together with economic growth, ports generate a series of externalities, both social and environmental. The need to minimize environmental externalities while promoting economic growth and addressing societal requirements defines the concept of port sustainability. Undertaking actions aimed at increasing port sustainability requires in parallel the availability of quantitative tools to evaluate and monitor the performance of a port in this sense. Using the critical literature review method, this paper proposes a framework which categorizes port sustainability key performance indicators (KPIs) according to the three lines of sustainability: social, economic, environmental. The ultimate scope is to identify a set of sustainable KPIs that port managers can use to monitor and assess the impact of actions aimed at improving their sustainability.KeywordsSustainable PortKPIsPort SafetyPort PerformancePort Efficiency
Denizyolu taşımacılığının en çok tercih edilen taşıma yönetmelerinden biri olması nedeniyle liman işletmelerinde yaşanılan yoğunluk ve liman hizmetlerin yapısı gereği, çalışan sayısı ve iş süreçleri fazladır. Bu nedenle liman işletmelerinde iş güvenliği, çalışanlar ve çevre açısından vazgeçilmez bir unsur olmaktadır. İş süreçleri ve yapılan faaliyetler nedeniyle liman işletmeleri iş güvenliği açısından birçok risk etmenini bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Bu risk etmenlerinden en önemlilerinden biri olan tehlikeli madde elleçleme ve depolama operasyonu, başlı başına çok büyük tehlike unsurlarını bünyesinde barındırmakta, risk analizinin doğru yapılmaması ve güvenlik önlemlerinin yetersiz kalması sonucunda gerçekleşecek kazanın sonucu, yaşanan kazalardan da göz önüne alındığında birçok ölüm ve çevresel felaketle sonuçlanmaktadır. Böyle büyük bir felaketin yanı sıra işletmeleri uğrattığı zarar, tehlikeli madde elleçleme ve depolamada risk analizinin ne kadar önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın temel amacı, liman işletmelerinde iş güvenliği açısından tehlikeli yük elleçlemesine ilişkin olası tehlikeleri belirlemektir. Bunun yanında belirlenen risklerin gerçekleşmemesi için uygulanması gereken yönetimsel önlemleri belirlemek çalışmanın diğer bir amacıdır. Bu amaçlara yönelik olarak da Fine Kinney ve FMEA risk analizi yöntemleri ile tehlikeli madde depolama ve elleçleme operasyonlarında tehlike unsurları belirlenerek, oluşturduğu risk unsurları tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, gerekli düzeltici ve önleyici faaliyetler belirlenip, riskleri minimuma indirmeye ve liman işletmeleri yük operasyonlarında daha güvenli bir çalışma ortamı oluşturmaya yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Port enterprises resort to external resources, e.g. outsourcing of labor services during loading and unloading operations. The low safety management ability of labor service enterprises causes frequent hazards and unsafe incidents. This study sets out to identify safety system deficiencies that are likely to occur when port enterprises outsource operations, as well as the causes of system hazards and impact on safety management. A quantitative research design was implemented in this study, where the data was collected through evidence-based practice techniques with the participation of safety management experts selected by purposive sampling. The study reveals six themes that may potentially affect safety. Compared with the extensive supervision and management method, the evidence-based evaluation of the safety management mode brings about a striking optimization effect which results in classification accuracy and targeted control. This finding triggered a management requirement for establishing sustainable, direct, legal measures in association with outsourcing safety improvement.
Accident models are mental models that make it possible to understand the causality of adverse events. This research was conducted based on five major objectives: (i) to systematically review the relevant literature about AcciMap, STAMP, and FRAM models and synthesize the theoretical and experimental findings, as well as the main research flows; (ii) to examine the standalone and hybrid applications for modeling the leading factors of the accident and the behavior of sociotechnical systems; (iii) to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of exploring the research opportunities; (iv) to describe the safety and accident models in terms of safety-I-II-III; and finally, to investigate the impact of the systemic models’ applications in enhancing the system’s sustainability. The systematic models can identify contributory factors, functions, and relationships in different system levels which helps to increase the awareness of systems and enhance the sustainability of safety management. Furthermore, their hybrid extensions can significantly overcome the limitations of these models and provide more reliable information. Applying the safety II and III concepts and their approaches in the system can also progress their safety levels. Finally, the ethical control of sophisticated systems suggests that further research utilizing these methodologies should be conducted to enhance system analysis and safety evaluations.
The catastrophic consequences of the recent hazardous cargo port accidents have raised serious concerns for the port safety and maritime transportation officials. Human factor is one of the prominent instigation factors in maritime accidents. However, investigating the role of the human factor in hazardous cargo accidents in a port environment is still in its infancy. This study investigates the multifaceted human factor involvement in port hazardous cargo accidents. The methodology consists of using expert judgment, literature review, and maximum likelihood estimation for the selection of variables, developing their causal relationship and its quantification, while Bayesian network (BN) for the inference based on past accident reports from 1960 to 2018. The results indicate that under normal situations, hazardous cargo port operations are susceptible to an accident probability of 21.47%, where safety issues, bad supervision, intellectual issues, and violations remain the most protuberant instigators. Setting evidence at the hazardous cargo accident, the probability of “errors and violations” is increased by 5.06%, revealed as the highest disruptor. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the most critical accident causation factors. This study imparts practical insights for evading and mitigating risks associated with hazardous cargo handling in a port environment, ensuring sustainable and safer port operability.
Maritime transport is the second source of income in Kuwait. The unorganized mechanism of truck traffic flow had caused severe congestion and increased the waiting time of containers transporting trucks both inside and outside the port. Also, the insufficiency of the container storage area had contributed to the reduction in the ship traffic and the unavailability of area for the basic infrastructure needed to accommodate and store the overstocked shipments inside the port. The objective of this study was to set the cornerstone of 2035 vision of a fully automated Kuwaiti Port. An automated Smart Gate was used to reduce the time required for both the passage of cargo and customs inspection. A LEED-certified warehouse was designed that earned 75 points scoring a gold certificate. A smart gate operating system by Camco Group was used to provide a smart portal that integrates the functions of both the port and customs administration. This will make it easier for the port customers and truck drivers to facilitate entry and exit procedures. Vissim was used to simulate, analyze, and compare the current and future logistical operations in Shuwaikh Port under different scenarios. The future operation scenario had decreased the average time a truck took to finish a route to 40%.
The main purpose of this article was to study the risk management of terminal on-site operations for special bulk cargos in Taiwan. This study applied the concept of Formal Safety Assessment approach as the foundation of risk management assessment. At first, a total of four risk aspects with eighteen preliminary risk factors were generated from literature and experts interviews. Three methods – namely analytical hierarchy process (AHP), risk matrix model (RMM), and costs and benefit analysis (CBA) methods – were employed to perform an empirical study in Taiwan. The empirical results showed: (1) The most severe risk factor found using the AHP method was ‘failure to perform periodic machinery maintenance and examination.’ (2) Ten risk factors placed in the highest-risk area via the RMM method. (3) All risk control strategies were evaluated for applicability by using the CBA method. This study recommended that improvement and reinforcement of the staff aspect and the related risk factors for the on-site operation of special bulk cargos. Through implementation of risk control strategies, the risks of accidents can be controlled.
The increasing dependency in the maritime transportation platforms brings into the spot the reliability aspect in container terminals (CT). In this paper agent’s technology integrated with decision support process in CT complex system. It is used to build intelligence in the containers as to manage the risk at its different levels. In this paper we address the containers control as a system where decision making is distributed among the various components especially the containers carrying dangerous materials. The multi-agent modeling is well suited to represent the complexity as a distributed system. The proposed model based on a complex process which targeting the highly risked containers based on multi agents’ systems and intelligent environment called CTRMS: Container Terminal Risk Management System. Diversity of communities and emergence play a major role in this approach. In this paper we define the CT environment as complex adaptive system (CAS) with respect to some CAS properties and mechanisms as aggregation and tagging in CT. The originality of our approach lies in the proposed new mechanisms for reasoning and coordination of agents in which we put special emphasis on the mechanisms of decision making for dynamic and autonomous system components.
Port logistics plays an important role in moving physical resources across the globe. The study aims to identify and analyze barriers associated with port logistics in Industry 4.0 era for emerging economies. A total of eighteen key barriers were selected from the literature and finalized by conducting a multi-stage workshop by considering the views of stakeholders. A TISM has been used to develop a hierarchical model that reveals the inter-dependencies among the barrier. MICMAC analysis was applied to categories the barriers into clusters depending on dependence and driving power. Results highlight non-supportive policy ecosystem, poor infrastructure and lack of R&D as the major barriers. It helps in understanding the direction of driving power and dependence relationship among the barriers. Timely action to remove these barriers will not only help managers but also helps in reducing the cost and achieving effective operation of port logistics.
This paper reports the findings from a safety research survey conducted among the employees of a large public sector electrical utility in the state of Kerala, India. Response of 3017 employees was collected by one-to-one interaction using the developed instrument. Personal factors like self-esteem, job stress, personal stress, social supports, and fatigue of the targeted population were measured. Personal safety climate factors of the utility were accessed by modifying the existing safety climate scales. Statistical analysis confirmed the reliability and validity of the factors in the study. A significant path model of personal and safety climate factors was developed. Seven research hypotheses were validated by using statistical analysis. The results of the study highlighted the need for safety participation, safety knowledge, safety training, and interventions to reduce personal issues in the workplace. These findings provide valuable insights to safety professionals for implementing novel methods to ensure workplace safety.
Based on the analysis of the storage, safety risks and risk factors of the dangerous cargo container yard in the port, the accident hazards and the scope of impact were evaluated through simulation calculations. The results show that the main risk factors are inherent dangerous characteristics of dangerous goods, improper storage modes, substandard packaging, and the failure to implement the main responsibility of the port operator, the weak safety awareness of employees, the inadequate safety supervision and the improper emergency response. The influence range extends as far as the surrounding regions. It is necessary to take countermeasures such as limiting the stockpile, equipping with safety facilities, and strict management to prevent and control risks and accidents.
The research is based on analysis of the survey for identification of reasons for injuries and following disability of staff which was organized in November and December 2020. Experts-respondents were 415 employees of 258 enterprises and organization in Chelyabinsk region. As the main reason for disability was named mental outside of work injuries. The second reason is physical outside of work injuries. The 3rd place in the list is physical injuries at work. The fourth reason is mental injuries at work. Thus, the working activity of respondents is 2.4 times less traumatic than outside of work activity. Experts named the reduction of attentiveness as the most valuable reason of injuries and following disability (24.3%). Then follow the omission of technical control over the content of materials, equipment performance and tool quality (19.2%), the omission of control over employees’ behavior (19.1%), risky behavior of employees at work (18.6%), problems of the legislative framework for safety and health (8.7%), no-fault incidents (5.8%).
В рамках дослідження встановлено, що під час визначення проблематики причин виникнення та мінімізації проявів “людського фактора” доцільним є вивчення не окремих особистісних причин, що спонукали людину до певних небезпечних дій (бездіяльності), а загальних причин, що притаманні певному трудовому соціуму. З метою дослідження причин виникнення проявів “людського фактора” та розробки напрямів їх мінімізації, за допомогою методу анкетування було проведено опитування 1565 респондентів – представників трудових колективів м. Одеси та Одеській області, що розподілені за гендерною, віковою та професійною ознаками. За результатами опитування встановлено, що основними причинами виникнення проявів “людського фактора” є недотримання керівництвом підприємств вимог нормативно-правових актів з охорони праці, порушення правил та регламенту проведення інструктажів, свідоме порушення вимог інструкцій з охорони праці працівниками підприємств, формальний характер перевірки знань працівників з охорони праці, низький рівень соціальної відповідальності керівників та нерозуміння ними економічної вигоди від поліпшення стану охорони праці на підприємстві. Визначено основні напрями мінімізації проявів “людського фактора”, які полягають у необхідності: переходу існуючої в Україні системи загальнообов’язкового соціального страхування, що передбачає сплату роботодавцем єдиного соціального внеску, до системи диференційного, ризик-орієнтовного підходу визначення розміру (для кожного підприємства) страхових тарифів, з одночасним впровадженням системи тарифних коефіцієнтів “бонус-малус”; реформування системи вищої та професійної технічної освіти, шляхом повернення циклу дисциплін з охорони праці статусу нормативних з встановленням єдиних, для всіх закладів освіти відповідних рівнів акредитації, типових програм з вивчення зазначених дисциплін, що враховують напрями підготовки (спеціальності) майбутніх фахівців, а також вирішення проблеми невідповідності спеціальності (фахової освіти) викладачів закладів освіти фахової спрямованості циклу дисциплін з охорони праці; загальної популяризації охорони праці у суспільстві шляхом інформаційної підтримки, на державному рівні, концепції безпечного труда тощо.
Container terminals are critical nodes in the globalisation of trade. Many are operated by global companies with strong corporate rhetoric espousing zero tolerance of injury and ill-health. Yet operational practices often contribute to the intensification of work and outsourcing of labour; conditions associated with poor safety and health. Serious and fatal injuries and ill-health continue to occur in these terminals. With reference to the findings of a study of occupational safety and health (OSH) arrangements in terminals operated by four of the largest operators, key contextual determinants in the terminals’ labour relations and regulatory environments that influence practice and outcomes are identified. The influences are compared in different national settings and, the paper finds, like multinational companies generally, global operators are obliged to adapt and reflect local contexts. In relation to OSH best practice, a critical influence is the way that local context acts to constrain and challenge business logics and interests. This acts to make 'best practice' more likely where companies are constrained in this way, regardless of the claims of their corporate rhetoric.
This research empirically examines ferry passengers’ perception of safety delivery and awareness on their preventative behaviours. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were conducted on survey data collected from 422 ferry passengers in Hong Kong. An exploratory factor analysis identified two main dimensions of safety delivery, namely: safety facilities and safety demonstration. Safety awareness was further clustered into three dimensions, which included safety information, vessel condition and rescue equipment. Results indicated that safety delivery and safety awareness positively influence passengers’ preventative behaviour, as well as safety delivery positively influences passengers’ safety awareness. This study highlighted the importance of passengers’ perception of safety awareness and safety delivery in ferry safety. Implications of study findings on safety in ferry operations enhancements and suggestions for safety delivery development are discussed.
A Bayesian network–based risk analysis approach is proposed to analyse the risk factors influencing maritime transport accidents. Comparing with previous studies in the relevant literature, it reveals new features including (1) new primary data directly derived from maritime accident records by two major databanks Marine Accident Investigation Branch and Transportation Safety Board of Canada from 2012 to 2017, (2) rational classification of the factors with respect to each of the major types of maritime accidents for effective prevention, and (3) quantification of the extent to which different combinations of the factors influence each accident type. The network modelling the interdependency among the risk factors is constructed by using a naïve Bayesian network and validated by sensitivity analysis. The results reveal that the common risk factors among different types of accidents are ship operation, voyage segment, ship type, gross tonnage, hull type, and information. Scenario analysis is conducted to predict the occurrence likelihood of different types of accidents under various situations. The findings provide transport authorities and ship owners with useful insights for maritime accident prevention.
This paper attempts to find out the causal relationship between port performance and port traffic by using Indian data. The use of cointegration analysis has come out with the result that performance precedes traffic in most of the ports of India. Hence, government policy towards performance augmenting facilities should be given priority so that higher efficiency induces higher traffic
Trends in the rates of total injuries and fatal accidents in the different sectors of Italian industries were explored during the period 1951-98. Causes and dynamics of injury were also studied for setting priorities for improving safety standards.
Data on occupational injuries from the National Organisation for Labour Injury Insurance were combined with data from the State Statistics Institute to highlight the interaction between the injury frequency index trend and the production cycle-that is, the evolution of industrial production throughout the years. Multiple regression with log transformed rates was adopted to model the trends of occupational fatalities for each industrial group.
The ratios between the linked indices of injury frequency and industrial production showed a good correlation over the whole period. A general decline in injuries was found across all sectors, with values ranging from 79.86% in the energy group to 23.32% in the textile group. In analysing fatalities, the trend seemed to be more clearly decreasing than the trend of total injuries, including temporary and permanent disabilities; the fatalities showed an exponential decrease according to multiple regression, with an annual decline equal to 4.42%.
The overall probability of industrial fatal accidents in Italy tended to decrease exponentially by year. The most effective actions in preventing injuries were directed towards fatal accidents. By analysing the rates of fatal accident in the different sectors, appropriate targets and priorities for increased strategies to prevent injuries can be suggested. The analysis of the dynamics and the material causes of injuries showed that still more consideration should be given to human and organisational factors.
Temporary work, supplied by temporary-help agencies and sometimes referred to as ''job in leasing", was only recently introduced in Italy, and has since spread considerably thanks to its flexibility and cost effectiveness. In this study, trends in the rates of occupational injuries in different sectors of Italian industries in the period 2000–2004 are explored, contrasting direct employment and temporary work. Data on occupational injuries from the National Organization for Labour Injury Insurance as well as data directly obtained through a field survey in three large manufacturing firms were analysed to high-light the interaction between injury frequency index (FI) and the characteristics of the labour force. FI for temporary workers ranged between 89.23 and 94.10, i.e., between 136.4% and 175.2% more than the value found for direct employees in the most hazardous industrial sector. Also accident severity (assessed on the basis of time lost due to injuries) is twice the overall value of the severity index. The results from the field survey confirmed the trend: FI for direct employees ranges from 25.7 to 45.0 in respect of total hours of work in the range 1.99 Â 10 6 –2.40 Â 10 6
Around ten years have elapsed since the UNCTAD model on port development was put forward as an explanation of how ports have adapted to incorporate technological, political and operational changes. The UNCTAD Three Generation Port Model is critically examined in the light of research carried out under the WORKPORT project funded by the European Commission, 1998–1999. Evidence from the WORKPORT study shows that, rather than developing in discrete steps, ports evolve continuously, adapting to new technologies, fresh legislation, revised working practices and other influences on an as-required basis. Further, it is demonstrated that several streams of evolution can be observed simultaneously; the pace of change within each stream can vary substantially. One of the prominent features of ports is that they often have several terminals, some operating along traditional lines while others may be leading edge in terms of technology, working practices or other aspects; all of them may be equally effective. The UNCTAD model, implying ports develop in discrete steps, or generations, is therefore shown to be fundamentally flawed.
Several authors, on the basis of mathematical models of different complexity, have faced the study of dispersion and transformations following an open sea oil spill. The different phenomena involved in the release evolution were quantified: convective transport by sea currents; wave action; turbulent diffusion; buoyant action on dispersed particles; superficial spreading of the oil due to different density between sea water and hydrocarbon; and evaporation and emulsification rates. In dealing with a release in the port area, besides the environmental consequences, the most severe hazards are linked to fires and explosions due to the formation of a flammable cloud by evaporated hydrocarbons and air and subsequent ignition. If a cloud of sufficient size is formed and ignition occurs instantly, a large fire, jet flame or fireball may occur, but significant blast-pressure damage is unlikely. Instead, the blast effect produced by vapour cloud explosion (i.e. cloud formation and ignition delayed typically by some minutes) can vary greatly depending on the flame propagation velocity, confinement and turbulence and can result in extensive damage. This paper considers such events in confined areas, focusing on individual intervention time and types more suitable for containing the risk on an acceptable level. Considering that intervention time and dispersion time are comparable, the basic variables allowed for in developing the mathematical model were oil spill spreading rate, hydrocarbon evaporation rate, cloud transport and dispersion into the atmosphere. The simplified model allows identifying risk areas and intervention times in confined regions and ports of relative simple geometry. The same model can also be applied to more complex geometry, typical of port areas, obtaining conservative results for a preliminary risk evaluation. The results of the model, even if conservative, have not yet been tested with laboratory or full-scale data.
This paper deals with the major accident hazards associated with the intermediate temporary storage of dangerous substances in transportation-related activities. In particular, the hazards related to the presence of dangerous substances in port areas and marshalling yards are identified and analysed. Furthermore, a number of past accidents in transport interfaces have been collated from various sources and have been statistically analysed. Finally, the framework for major accident control in these activities is reviewed and discussed.
The past thirty years have been a period of many structural and technological changes in Finnish society. This paper describes the overall situation in occupational accidents in Finland during this period.Accident incidence in three industries is analysed. These branches represent different types of technological progress.Fairly rapid mechanization took place in the construction industry in the late fifties and early sixties.The wood and wood products industries experienced rapid automation during the seventies.In the metal industry technological development has been steadier than in the two other industries, but the expansion rate of this industry has been high.The analysis gives rise to the hypothesis that the most adverse development in accidents can be expected during periods of rapid changes of any type (technological, structural etc).
The present study starts with a summary of an earlier study in which a fairly simple explanation was suggested to explain the relation frequently found between absences and accidents: both are related to negative attitudes towards the work organization and its safety rules.The present study situates the earlier one in the larger context of behavioural research on safety, provides some specific comments, and concludes that generalization of the results is quite difficult.RésuméCette étude commence par la présentation du résumé d'une étude effectuée il y a quelque temps et qui avançait des raisons relativement simples pour expliquer la relation qui existe entre les absences et les accidents, les deux étant liés à une attitude négative par rapport à l'organisation du travail et aux règlements en matière de sécurité.L'étude actuelle place l'étude faite plus tôt dans le contexte plus large des recherches sur le comportement dans le domaine de la sécurité. Elle fournit quelques commentaires bien précis et conclut en soulignant qu'il est très difficile de généraliser les résultats.ZusammenfassungDiese Untersuchung fängt mit einer Zusammenfassung einer früheren Untersuchung an, in der eine ziemlich einfache Erklärung für den öfters festgestellten Zusammenhang zwischen der Abwesenheitsquote und der Unfallquote vorgeschlagen wurde. Beide hängen nämlich mit einer negativen Haltung gegenüber der Arbeitsorganisation und deren Sicherheitsvorschriften zusammen.Diese Untersuchung stellt die frühere Untersuchung in den breiteren Kontext der Verhaltensforschung in bezug auf die Sicherheit, enthält eine Anzahl spezifische Bemerkungen und es wird festgestellt, daß aus den Ergebnissen kaum allgemeine Schlüsse zu ziehen sind.
Central composite design was used to determine the optimal levels of microbiological parameters, viz., slant age, seed age and inoculum level, for enhanced griseofulvin production by Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 1898 and Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 2004 in shake flask fermentation. The optimal levels of slant age, seed age and inoculum level for Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 1898 were found to be 8.8772 days, 4.2093 days, 12% (v/v) (᷁.56 kg dry cell mass/m3) and for Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 2004, 8.221 days, 3.4875 days and 9% (v/v) (̀.09 kg dry cell mass/m3) respectively. The yield of griseofulvin under optimal conditions was found to be 1.65 times for Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 1898 and 1.07 times for Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 2004 higher than that obtained using unoptimized conditions. The fermentation time for maximum production of griseofulvin by Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 1898 and Penicillium griseofulvum MTCC 2004 decreased by 4 days and 2 days respectively.
The paper reviews scientific studies of the past two decades dealing with the effects of advances in production technology on industrial injuries. The main features of these studies and the evidence gathered with regard to injury frequency, severity and characteristics are described. The accident co-determinants pointed to by the studies are highlighted. Methodological and theoretical shortcomings are discussed, and a research agenda comprising five questions is proposed. The fairest conclusion at this stage is that technological change may have positive effects with regard to injury occurrence and also promote personal well-being. But the conditions and moderating factors enabling favorable outcomes are not yet fully understood.
Many companies still use the lost-time accident rate as the main or only measure of safety performance and produce length analyses of the data. I suggested, in 1976, that the effort could be more usefully spent on the collection of data on the failure rates of equipment and people. This has proved to be more difficult than expected. Nevertheless, the use of quantitative methods of risk assessment has grown beyond expectations and uncertainties in the data are not the main source of error. Recent official inquiries have criticised the competence of senior managers, so far as safety is concerned, though not their motives. The paper suggests some aspects of safety to which they might pay more attention, including a better understanding of the nature of human error.
Accident reports from the 1230 work-related single fatalities in the years 1989, 1990, and 1992 were collected and analyzed to reveal the significant factors contributing to such fatalities. The aggregated and disaggregated fatality rates of twelve accident types were standardized using the total number of workers of the same age, gender, and industry. The standardized fatality rates were subjected to the analysis of variance using age, gender, industry, worker's experience, source of injury, and size of the company as the independent variables. It was discovered that industry and age were the main significant factors, and the interaction effect between industry and age was significant for the fatality rates of almost all accident types. The relationship between age and mean fatality rate differed depending upon the industry and accident type. Fatality rate has a significant rising trend with age for falls, collapse, being struck by and against, falling objects, explosion, drowning, and slipping and tripping accidents. Fatality rate of electric shock declined significantly with age.
Increasing global competition and shareholder pressure are causing major changes in the chemical industry. Over the last decade companies have been continuously improving staff efficiency. As a result, most modern chemical plants can be regarded as lean. Plans to further reduce the number of staff have come under increasing criticism by personnel for safety reasons, and there is strong resistance to further staff reductions. It is clear that management and workers often have conflicting viewpoints for more than just safety reasons; technologists and safety engineers also have different points of view. This results in complex decision-making processes and makes it difficult to realize changes.What can the chemical industries learn from their experiences of decision-making and management with regard to staff reductions?In our exploratory research that used four case studies, we were able to identify and analyse three distinct patterns, with some variations:•Fragmented and incomplete decision-making.•Unintended and undesirable side effects generated by the decision-making and management of change.•Development of difficult dilemmas and ambiguous issues.In this paper, we present a conceptual model that includes factors important for optimizing shifts. This model can serve as a common frame of reference for all agents involved in the decision-making and management process with regard to staffing.The present study was based on four cases, which means our findings serve to form rather than test hypotheses. At this early stage it is not yet possible to generalize from or validate the results, but we plan to go beyond these preliminary results in future research.
This paper summarizes data from ten studies examining the relationship between organizational and workplace factors and injury rates. The studies were identified from a systematic literature search, as well as from other sources, and were included if they reported comparisons among at least 20 workplaces. Factors that were examined in at least two studies were identified. Their relationship with injury rates was determined. It was not possible to make quantitative comparisons between studies. We looked for ‘consistency’ or ‘contradiction’ in the relationships. Among the variables ‘consistency’ associated with lower injury rates were: empowerment of the workforce (in general matters); delegation of safety activities; and an active role (in health and safety) of top management. Among the ‘contradictory’ variables were the level and use of discipline for safety violations; and several others that were contradictory only in subgroups of the same study. We discuss the limitations of synthesizing results from the diverse studies.
The techniques for hazard identification of cargo, ships and port installations is discussed. Hazardous events related to port installations are identified and effects of chemical releases on board ship, on sea and in port are discussed through cause-consequence analysis. Suggestions are provided with respect to hazard containment in cargo sheds.
This study discusses the relationship between fatal accidents in the workplace and certain macro-structural features of production life in Finland during the period from 1977 to 1991. The fatality rate was studied in relation to variables describing economic activity and the frequency of non-fatal accidents. Construction and manufacturing were studied separately. According to the results the relationship between fatal and non-fatal accidents was reverse, in the case of construction, in a statistically significant way. In the construction industry the fatality rate increased with declining number of cubic metres under construction. The results did not lend support to pro-cyclic approximations of the relation between business cycles and fatal accidents, but supported the hypothesis of the different causation of different accident types. On the other hand, in the case of non-fatal accidents, the social construction of accident statistics must also be taken into account.
A study has been carried out of accidents occurring in seaports. A total of 471 accidents occurring between the beginning of the twentieth century and October 2002 have been analysed. The results obtained show a significant increase in the frequency of accidents over time: 83% of the accidents occurred in the last 20 years and 59% in the past decade. The most frequent accidents were releases (51%), followed by fires (29%), explosions (17%) and gas clouds (3%). More than half the accidents occurred during transport: loading/unloading operations, storage and process plants also make a large contribution to the total. The various causes of the accidents have also been analysed, as have the type of substance involved and the consequences for the population (number of people killed, injured and evacuated). Finally, some conclusions are drawn concerning the need to improve certain safety measures in ports.
Europe has been subject to tremendous changes in terms of flexibility of work and labour in response to macro trends like globalisation and the resulting fierce market competition. Such changes in the world of work can give rise to new safety risks. Although the effects of “changing work environment” are fairly documented for psychosocial and ergonomic risks, the subsequent effects on occupational safety are less investigated. This paper sets a general framework on changing work environment presenting prominent descriptions by various institutes.New trends in work environment including new work organisational forms, new contractual relationships, new technologies and changes in the workforce are briefly presented. This paper reviews existing evidence on the effects of changing work environment on safety and occupational accidents. It further suggests an underlying mechanism explaining these effects that is based on organizational factors. Finally it discusses safety prevention challenges to policy makers. In conclusion a sustainable work system is suggested as an alternative to intensive systems.
To explore the underlying mechanisms between organisational downsizing and deterioration of health of employees.
Longitudinal cohort study. Data were assembled from before downsizing (time 1); during major downsizing affecting some job categories (time 2); and after downsizing (time 3). Contributions of changes in work, support, and health related behaviours between time 1 and time 2 to the relation between downsizing and sickness absence at time 3 were assessed by multilevel modelling. Mean length of follow up was 4.9 years. Setting: Raisio, a town in Finland.
764 municipal employees who remained in employment after downsizing.
Records of absences from work from all causes with medical certificate.
Downsizing was associated with negative changes in work, impaired support from spouse, and increased prevalence of smoking. Sickness absence rate from all causes was 2.17 (95% confidence interval 1.54 to 3.07) times higher after major downsizing than after minor downsizing. Adjustment for changes in work (for instance, physical demands, job control, and job insecurity) diminished the relation between downsizing and sickness absence by 49%. Adjustments for impaired social support or increased smoking did not alter the relation between downsizing and sickness absence. The findings were unaffected by sex and income.
The exploration of potential mediating factors provides new information about the possible causal pathways linking organisational downsizing and health. Downsizing results in changes in work, social relationships, and health related behaviours. The observed increase in certificated sickness absence was partially explained by concomitant increases in physical demands and job insecurity and a reduction in job control. A considerable proportion of the increase, however, remained unexplained by the factors measured.
Environmental management of port operations – the ports sector’s response to the European dimension
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Editors’ preface: the measurement of slipperiness
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Chi, C.F., Wu, M.L., 1997. Fatal occupational injuries in Taiwan. Safety Science 27, 1-17.
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Effectively downsizing management structures
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The impact of advances in production technology on industrial injuries
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