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Evaluating a children's hospital garden environment: Utilization and consumer satisfaction
Abstract
The Leichtag Family Healing Garden at Children's Hospital and Health Center, San Diego was planned and built as a healing environment space for patients, families, and staff. A Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) was conducted to determine whether the garden was meeting the goals of reducing stress, restoring hope and energy, and increasing consumer satisfaction. Results from behavioral observations, surveys, and interviews indicated a number of benefits of the garden. The garden was perceived as a place of restoration and healing, and use was accompanied by increased consumer satisfaction. However, the garden was not utilized as often or as effectively as intended. Children, parents and many staff members recommended changes for the garden, such as the inclusion of more trees and greenery, and more interactive ‘things for kids to do’. In addition, the majority of family members surveyed throughout the hospital did not know about the garden. Based on the findings, recommendations for changes were developed to promote better use of the garden. These research findings can be used to guide the future planning, design, building, and subsequent evaluation of garden environments in children's hospitals and pediatric settings.
... a respite where the children's body and mind are engaged into a structured setting (Said, February 2003). Some research does exist to support the idea of nature as healer in an essay in Healing Gardens, by Ulrich (1984) summarizes some of the research and theory relevant to the effects of nature on health outcomes (R. S. Ulrich, 1984). Arguable by Whitehouse et. al. (2001), have indicated potential healing processes that may be supported by gardens, from reducing stress to achieving perspectives about life and death. A OPTIMUM HEALING SPACES OF PUBLIC AREAS FOR CHILDREN AGED 4 TO 12 IN MALAYSIAN HOSPITALS Nur Amirah Abd. Samad and Asiah Abdul Rahim 100 small but growing body of empirical research supports ...
... A OPTIMUM HEALING SPACES OF PUBLIC AREAS FOR CHILDREN AGED 4 TO 12 IN MALAYSIAN HOSPITALS Nur Amirah Abd. Samad and Asiah Abdul Rahim 100 small but growing body of empirical research supports the healing potential of gardens in hospital settings (Whitehouse S. et al., 2001). ...
... Ulrich, 2006;R. S. Ulrich, 1984;Whitehouse S. et al., 2001). Blundell P. and Crisp J. (2002) defines provision of healthcare architecture as a concept of a life enhancing environment, as a place built or created to support and sustain the well-being of the particular occupant of time, place and culture, where the body as a whole, both inner and outer, is regarded as essential to how the space is experienced. ...
Hospitals are evolving to cater its patients’ needs that emphasis on promotive rather than curative healthcare that should become more patients-centric with greater attention paid especially young patients with families and visitors that come regularly to visit these young patients. This research deals with the possible healing environment that caters children while being hospitalized and children are prone to feel unfamiliar of new surroundings, the environment is scary, depressed and frustrated of being hospitalized. The aim is to understand the characteristic in creating an environment that would decrease children anxiety. The research design will look into a concise area of the public spaces in all the three cases analysed. And method used in this paper is mostly through site visits to the case studies and taken photographs of physical observations at public spaces where the general public would experience the environment. The findings would look into three exemplar hospital design that has expertise on children health care in Malaysia and Singapore. The analysis of the cases data will identify whether these case studies comply with the design characteristic and how can it be improved. In conclusion, the research can give a little contribution in the hospital environment settings and creates exciting hospital that applies also for children.
... Incorporating gardens into hospital settings has become a growing trend wit goal of positively impacting the individuals who visit them [40]. Gardens can facili connection with nature and create a sense of restoration among visitors, alleviatin negative emotions often related to the hospital environment [41]. ...
... Incorporating gardens into hospital settings has become a growing trend with the goal of positively impacting the individuals who visit them [40]. Gardens can facilitate a connection with nature and create a sense of restoration among visitors, alleviating the negative emotions often related to the hospital environment [41]. ...
... In addition to relieving stress and improving mood, gardens and nature in hospitals can significantly increase healthcare worker satisfaction and overall quality of care [39]. Previous studies have shown that in hospitals with different categories of patients (adults, children, and elderly patients; outpatient settings or intensive care wards), the presence of nature-indoor and outdoor gardens, plants, views of nature from windows-increases patient and family satisfaction [39][40][41]. ...
Using nature to address socio-environmental challenges has emerged as a promising alternative to improve human well-being. Therapeutic gardens are landscaped outdoor spaces in health institutions, squares, and schools developed to improve the well-being of their users. However, there are information gaps on how to implement them. This study aims to systematize information about therapeutic gardens and use it to develop recommendations for implementing these spaces. We conducted a systematic review, which included 27 studies that contained the words therapeutic gardens, design, and/or implementation. The results indicated that the topic does not have a constant number of publications. Most articles are case studies in Europe (n = 8) and published in journals about environmental and health issues (n = 25). Furthermore, most studies (n = 23) relate the implementation of therapeutic gardens to health institutions. A framework with seven stages of recommendations was developed to guide the implementation and monitoring of these gardens in different spaces. This study is expected to contribute to the development of therapeutic gardens with an interdisciplinary team, promote SDG 3 (good health and well-being), and, mainly, improve the well-being of users.
... Figure 3 shows artworks displayed in the corridors of King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan. Access to Nature Whitehouse and his colleagues [33] introduced researchers to the concept of healing gardens in pediatric healthcare settings. They discovered that the garden space was seen as a place of restoration and healing, and that garden use was associated with increased consumer satisfaction, improved emotional respite for visitors, and decreased pain and suffering [23,33]. ...
... Figure 4 shows the garden of King Hussein Cancer Center. Access to Nature Whitehouse and his colleagues [33] introduced researchers to the concept of healing gardens in pediatric healthcare settings. They discovered that the garden space was seen as a place of restoration and healing, and that garden use was associated with increased consumer satisfaction, improved emotional respite for visitors, and decreased pain and suffering [23,33]. ...
... Access to Nature Whitehouse and his colleagues [33] introduced researchers to the concept of healing gardens in pediatric healthcare settings. They discovered that the garden space was seen as a place of restoration and healing, and that garden use was associated with increased consumer satisfaction, improved emotional respite for visitors, and decreased pain and suffering [23,33]. A variety of seating based on the scale of the occupying children, enhanced accessibility and circulation, additional trees, a pleasant microclimate, playful elements, and security and privacy are all design elements that may encourage children to utilize such a garden [23,34]. ...
In recent years, a broader perspective has viewed the use of therapeutic environments in healthcare, transforming the hospital’s environment into an energizing atmosphere that benefits both employees and patients. Scientists found that exposure to natural elements like nature scenes, sunlight, art, calming colors, and soothing sounds significantly sped up healing and created a more relaxed hospital environment. This research emphasized the importance of healthcare settings’ interior design in promoting patient well-being through beneficial distractions. The motivation for this investigation came from the need to develop an understanding of positive distractions in the cancer care environment and showed how this understanding could be used to enhance the space experience to promote health and well-being. This research adopted a mixed-methods approach. First, a qualitative method using a critical review of the literature was used to effectively present, analyze, and synthesize literature from diverse sources, followed by a quasi-experimental research method. This research is intended to focus on the attributes of positive distraction as one of the psychosocially and psychologically supportive healthcare design aspects that evoke positive feelings in children’s cancer center experiences.
... The experiences and preferences of these individuals across all studies were gathered using qualitative (n = 7), quantitative (n = 4), or mixed methods (n = 7). Examples of common (26,27,29,36,37,(39)(40)(41)(42). Two thirds of the reviewed studies (n = 12) reported on specific types of play spaces in hospital settings, including gardens (n = 7), designated play or recreational rooms (n = 4), and playgrounds (n = 1). ...
... Aside from their social function, play spaces are also valued because they can serve as an escape or distraction from illness, boredom, and hospitalization (25). Play spaces in children's healthcare settings are typically viewed as safe, homelike spaces that provide children with a sense of agency and normalcy within the broader (and, arguably colder or less child-friendly) institutional healthcare environment (25,27,28,35,38,40,42). Further, play spaces provide places to relax and relieve stress, which is beneficial to the psychosocial health of both children and their family members (27, 31-33, 38, 39, 42). ...
... Of the reviewed studies, more than half (11 of 18) included children as participants. Five of these studies included children in addition to adult family members and healthcare staff (35,(37)(38)(39)42). The other six studies focused exclusively on children's experiences with paediatric play spaces (25,(30)(31)(32)(33)(34). ...
Play spaces are important components of paediatric healthcare environments. They provide children with critical opportunities to experience the social, emotional, and developmental benefits of play while in healthcare settings for appointments or hospitalizations. These spaces can help to mitigate stress, provide a sense of normalcy in unfamiliar environments, and facilitate social engagement for children and their families. Given the benefits of play spaces in paediatric healthcare settings, it is important to understand how these spaces can be designed to enhance children's inclusion and quality of care. The aim of this scoping review was to explore the current understanding of paediatric play space design. Using search terms related to children, health care, and play space, six interdisciplinary databases were searched over a 30-year period. The search found 2,533 records from which eighteen were included for review. Findings suggest that although it is well-documented that play spaces offer valuable social and emotional benefits, little is known about the specific design features that can and should be incorporated to enhance play opportunities and ensure that they benefit all children and families. Further, the literature mostly considers play spaces in the context of designated play or recreational rooms. Scholars are encouraged to consider how play opportunities can be incorporated into the designs of paediatric healthcare environments beyond the boundaries of these rooms. Future studies should also consider the diversity of play space users, including children of varying ages and abilities, to create more accessible and inclusive paediatric play spaces for children and their families. Advancing knowledge on play space design can help to optimize the quality of these important spaces and to ensure their designs meaningfully enhance children's play experiences and quality of care.
... Studies have shown that properly designed hospital gardens offer comfortable landscape views for users, as well as opportunities for privacy and socialization, and have a stress-reducing effect on clinical results and the hospital environment [9]- [16]. Topics such as providing family atmosphere [15], [17]- [21] and designating volunteers to bring patients and visitors into the garden [18], [20], [21] will increase the comfort of garden use. ...
... Studies have shown that properly designed hospital gardens offer comfortable landscape views for users, as well as opportunities for privacy and socialization, and have a stress-reducing effect on clinical results and the hospital environment [9]- [16]. Topics such as providing family atmosphere [15], [17]- [21] and designating volunteers to bring patients and visitors into the garden [18], [20], [21] will increase the comfort of garden use. ...
... Different types of users need to be considered when designing hospital outdoor spaces. Studies found that adults and staff tended to seek places to sit and relax in the gardens, while children tended to be active, seeking to interact with the garden [20], [21], [28]. The results of the study by Georgi and Petros show that hospital users emphasized that they attach importance to roads, recreational areas, social and public areas, personal areas, water views, and a dominant, limited colour range in planting in landscaping [29]. ...
This study aims to evaluate hospital outdoor design landscaping requirements. In addition to taking into account user groups such as adult and child patients, hospital staff and visitors, also such elements as hospital entrances and exits, parking areas, hospital roads, children’s playgrounds, rest areas, water elements, art elements, field furniture, planting and maintenance subjects were determined to be important in a successful hospital garden design. A checklist has been prepared that includes these identified issues. The checklist was tested on five selected hospitals in Baku, Azerbaijan. According to a comparative analysis of hospital outdoor designs, it was determined that the Liv Bona Dea Hospital topped the list, followed by the National Oncology Hospital as having the most successful open space hospital designs.
... The term "restoration" should involve positive impact on the HRQOL domains, as demonstrated by Han (2003) in his Restoration Scale which measures the impact of observing a landscape on emotional, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions. Although most studies have not utilized randomized controlled experimental designs to test cause-effect relationships, the findings from the research literature, using mostly quasi-experimental, observational, and correlation designs, suggest that access to windows with views of nature, art that is naturefocused and engages the imagination, cleanliness of facilities, spaciousness of rooms, a sense of control over the environment, and a sense of privacy are important elements that contribute to positive perceptions of HRQOL in children and adults (e.g., Beauchemin and Hays 1996;Rubin et al. 1998;Ulrich 1984;1991;Ulrich et al. 2004;Varni et al. 2004;Whitehouse et al. 2001;Tse, Ng, Chung and Wong 2002). ...
... Studies on the hospital physical environment have demonstrated significant associations not only with health outcomes (Ulrich 1984;1991), but also with greater satisfaction with general healthcare services (Pilpel 1996;Verdeber and Reuman 1987). This relationship has also been found with parents of pediatric patients (Varni et al. 2004;Whitehouse et al. 2001). In a study assessing the healthcare built environmental satisfaction among parents of severely developmentally disabled children in a residential convalescent hospital, Varni et al. (2004) found large significant positive correlations between parents' built environment satisfaction and their satisfaction with healthcare services. ...
... Results from studies of pediatric healing gardens in children's hospital settings are consistent with nature's restorative properties (see the next section). In one study of a pediatric healing garden, patients reported that the garden improved their mood and satisfaction with the hospital, and that it was important to "get away" from the hospital built environment (Whitehouse et al. 2001). In another pediatric healing garden study, a small sample of patients, visitors and staff in the three gardens surrounding a pediatric cancer center showed a consistently better, though non-statistically significant, pattern of improved present functioning (e.g., less sadness, anger, anxiety, worry, pain, and fatigue) on a number of affective scales than a similar sample that was inside the hospital built environment (Sherman et al. in press). ...
... As research progresses, scholars have begun to focus on healing gardens for specific conditions, age groups and even treatment phases (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). It is believed that, given the differences in patients' ages and symptoms, landscape design should be patient-led and should seek to design more targeted garden landscapes to improve the healing efficiency of the landscape (21)(22)(23). ...
... Moreover, when there are too many indicators, the data statistics are excessive. In addition, evaluation indexes focus on the basic needs of landscape construction and user comfort (20,33) and pay little attention to the rehabilitation function of the landscape. Nonetheless, with scientific developments and improvements in people's awareness, demand for convalescent green space functions has continued to deepen and refine. ...
Introduction
Hospital affiliated green spaces can help patients recover and recover their physical functions, promote physical and mental relaxation, enhance health awareness, and improve overall health. However, there are still significant questions about how to scientifically construct hospital affiliated green spaces. This study examines the impact of hospital green spaces on patient rehabilitation through scientific evaluation methods, providing reference for the scientific construction of hospital affiliated green spaces. Applicability evaluation was conducted on the affiliated green spaces of three hospitals in Harbin. An evaluation system covering plants, space, accessibility, rehabilitation functions, and promotional and educational functions has been constructed. The entropy weight method is used to determine the weight of indicators, and the grey correlation analysis method is used to evaluate the suitability of green space for patient rehabilitation.
Methods
The experimental results showed that the landscape accessibility index had the highest weight (0.3005) and the plant index had the lowest weight (0.1628), indicating that caring for special needs is the foundation of hospital landscapes, and plants have subtle and long-term effects on physical and mental health. In the evaluation of the rehabilitation applicability of the affiliated green spaces of various hospitals, the second hospital has the highest grey correlation degree (0.8525), followed by the tumor hospital (0.5306) and the fifth hospital (0.4846). It can be seen that the green space of the second hospital has high applicability for patient rehabilitation, but the green space of the tumor hospital and the fifth hospital needs to be improved and developed.
Results and discussion
The evaluation criteria used in this study are comprehensive. The landscaping at the Third Hospital is well-planned with good plant configuration and reasonable spatial layout. However, there is insufficient consideration for accessibility in the landscape design, and the details are lacking. The rehabilitation and educational functions of the landscape are inadequate, with limited outdoor activities and low road safety. The hospital′s affiliated green spaces should adhere to the principle of “appropriate scale, comprehensive functionality, and educational leisure,” integrating rehabilitation and educational functions while increasing the variety of outdoor activities. In the future, emphasis should be placed on exploring the integration of landscape and rehabilitation to provide a functional site that is convenient for visiting, with improved rehabilitation facilities and an educational and enjoyable environment. The design should incorporate elements that contribute to a sense of well-being, including roads and
... Uncivilized behavior and insecurity can lead to a rejection of green space and thus a reduction in use [43,44]. Additionally, many studies have confirmed that green space naturalness and biodiversity positively impact the restoration potential and mental health benefits [14,36,[45][46][47][48]. These studies explored the impact of one or several aspects of green space quality on residents' green space use behavior and health or well-being. ...
... In terms of the green space plant and animal diversity, previous studies have shown that biodiversity positively affects resident green space use, Fig. 4 Canonical correlation models of residents' green space use behavior-mental health (a) and residents' green space use behavior-perceived stress (b) 705 restoration of attention capability, and mental wellbeing [45,47,48,72]. However, this study showed that plant diversity was a positive contributing factor to the frequency of green space visits and mental health. ...
Based on survey data conducted in Guangzhou in 2021, this study employs canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to evaluate the relationship between neighborhood green space, residents' green space use behavior, and their mental health. The results show that compared with the objectively measured accessibility, residents' subjective perceived accessibility of neighborhood green space plays a greater role in promoting green space use behavior and mental health. Meanwhile, the plant diversity, safety, and the number of recreational facilities in a green space can promote the frequency of green space use, improve residents' mental health status and reduce their perceived stress. Although perceived accessibility is more related to green space use behavior than green space quality indicators, green space safety and recreational facilities have many more benefits on mental health than perceived accessibility. In addition, residents' green space use behavior, especially green space visit frequency, can promote mental health and reduce perceived stress.
... Walking meditations in natural environments, like the 'soundwalks' mentioned above, and adventure therapy or education in nature fulfill the double function of improving youth well-being through emotional engagement and, in turn, increasing PEB (Barrable, Booth, Adams, & Beauchamp, 2021;Mansfield, Cotton, & Ginns, 2020;Rosa, Larson, Collado, & Profice, 2021). Providing natural spaces using design recommendations for therapeutic outdoor environments and trauma-informed approaches is likely relevant for supporting active emotional engagement and biophilic nature connection in learning environments (Camponeschi, 2022;Tamblyn et al., 2022;Whitehouse et al., 2001). In children's hospital gardens, for example, Whitehouse et al. (2001), recommend incorporating features with running water, giving the space a sense of enclosure (e.g., with trees, tall grasses, or shrubs), and having plants and artwork that stimulate multiple senses (e.g., lavender flowers, edible plants, and labels for them). ...
... Providing natural spaces using design recommendations for therapeutic outdoor environments and trauma-informed approaches is likely relevant for supporting active emotional engagement and biophilic nature connection in learning environments (Camponeschi, 2022;Tamblyn et al., 2022;Whitehouse et al., 2001). In children's hospital gardens, for example, Whitehouse et al. (2001), recommend incorporating features with running water, giving the space a sense of enclosure (e.g., with trees, tall grasses, or shrubs), and having plants and artwork that stimulate multiple senses (e.g., lavender flowers, edible plants, and labels for them). ...
This chapter first summarizes how the consequences of global climate change (GCC) can harm young people's well-being through physical health impacts and awareness of GCC. We then outline how youth may cope with GCC by denying the problem, distancing themselves from it, or taking individual actions. However, the coping strategy shown to have the best mental well-being outcomes relates to collective actions and agency. Next, an examination of school-based GCC interventions reveals that engaging, participatory approaches may be more effective in promoting positive outcomes for youth and climate action. Our main contribution is a discussion of how the evidence-based design of learning environments presents an undeveloped but potentially effective way to enhance interventions for the development of constructive GCC coping strategies among youth. Utilizing environmental affordances and design as scaffolding can guide the design of learning environments that give youth opportunities for active cognitive, emotional, and physical engagement with climate change education. Natural environments may be particularly effective in supporting active engagement and pathways to constructive coping. More research is needed to understand what design features underly these pathways to improved well-being and GCC coping strategies that may have positive implications for youth climate action.
... This trend was followed by monasteries in Egypt before spreading to Western Europe in the 5th century A.D. [3]. In the Middle Ages, cloisters were used as primary settings for patients to be treated by monks within monasteries [4]. They contained herbaceous planting which was thought to be medicinal. ...
... Past debates argued that gardens put economic pressures on hospitals and financial resources are better spent on direct patient care or the advancement of technologies within hospitals [4,106]. In response to this, there is evidence that access to views of nature can speed up recovery rates and result in fewer requests for pain relief medication, thus reducing costs for hospitals in the long term and freeing up bed spaces faster [107]. ...
Despite the well-known benefits of healing gardens for children in healthcare facilities, policies and guidelines for their implementation are lacking, leading to their undervaluation by policymakers. This literature review investigates the advantages of healing gardens for children's health and wellbeing, with a focus on public-funded healthcare facilities. The review explores the definition of a healing garden, theories, the value of play, the impact on children's development, and the environmental benefits of healing gardens. Additionally, the review presents successful examples of healing gardens in practice, while acknowledging potential arguments against them and associated risks. During the literature review, research gaps were identified, and areas for future research were also examined. Finally, this review calls for evidence-based guidelines for policymakers and designers to incorporate healing gardens into healthcare facilities, providing a comprehensive argument for their adoption and regular access for children.
... Urban life is known to cause many public health problems [1,2]. Experts state that people should be close to nature due to diseases arising from this confusion [3][4][5]. The need for individuals to provide therapy has increased with the increase in busy living conditions. ...
... If you perform the activities you chose in question 18 in this park and this park was the style you wanted, would you consider spending time here more often? Please, answer according to the values between the statements Strongly Disagree (1) and Strongly Agree(5). ...
One of the biggest problems of societies living in modern world cities is the stress brought by a fast lifestyle. Stress affects individuals psychologically, physically, and socially. With the increase in the factors that cause stress, the need for places that individuals can use as therapy areas has also increased. Especially in this period when the 2030 100 EU (European Union) Cities Mission is determined, it is very important to design urban green spaces where the environmental and social criteria of sustainability are met, as places where society can breathe and where the society gets away from stress. In this study, based on the experiential quality criteria in outdoor therapy gardens, and the results of the evaluations made by experts and users, suggestions are made to improve the conditions of Birlik Park, located in the Gaziemir district of Izmir, one of the cities selected for the 100 EU Cities Mission, and to use it as an open space therapy garden.
... When children and adolescents are exposed to nature and gardens, their emotions can be improved, discomforts can be relieved, and healing can occur (Woo et al., 2016). Placing bright brochures in locations with high traffic can increase the garden's visibility (Whitehouse et al., 2001). The views outside the window can also improve patient happiness (Birch et al., 2007). ...
Designing pediatric healthcare facilities requires a thorough understanding of the unique needs of children, which differ from those of adults in terms of physical, emotional, and developmental requirements. Addressing these needs ensures that pediatric patients receive specialised care for their well-being and recovery. Little evidence is available regarding the design variables of pediatric healthcare facilities. Evidence-based design (EBD) has emerged as a sustainable approach that integrates research, empirical evidence, and best practices into the healthcare design process. This paper identifies the design variables of pediatric healthcare facilities impacting the outcomes of patients, families, and staff and develops a conceptual framework for the pediatric healthcare-built environment. A literature review were conducted to identify the design variables of pediatric healthcare environments and the opinion of experts was gathered to finalise the design variables. A conceptual framework for pediatric healthcare environments was developed consisting of 96 design variables under eight therapeutic goals namely: child-friendly environment; nature and outdoors; privacy; positive distraction; therapeutic play; peer and family support; safety and security; and comfort that have the potential to impact the outcomes of patient, families, and staff. Incorporating these variables into the design would contribute to improved patient outcomes.
... To achieve this, the hospital must provide high-quality service by addressing patients' difficulties in solving health problems. This approach is expected to result in a high level of satisfaction and positive environmental satisfaction for the hospital [26]. ...
... In this research, due to the importance of the role of architecture in the design of the interior spaces of the hospital, the effect of these factors on reducing stress and increasing patient satisfaction is examined. According to the mentioned materials and also according to recent research, to create a favorable treatment environment, it is very important to pay attention to and use the opinions and experiences of patients (4). Therefore, investigating the needs and interests of patients to obtain solutions to improve the environment and reduce the stress of patients forms the main goal of this research. ...
... Restorative experiences have been described as being relaxing, allowing the feeling of being away from everyday life and worries, facilitating reflection on personal matters, and enabling recovering from mental fatigue and physiological stress (Hartig, 2011;Kaplan, 1995;Korpela et al., 2001;Ulrich et al., 1991). Whitehouse et al. (2001) found that familiar environments may lead to increased restoration potential because of the lower information processing load if a person experienced an environment they recognized. Berto (2007) found that older adults viewing familiar pictures of natural landscapes was more restorative than unfamiliar pictures. ...
Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) makes visiting outdoor spaces difficult. This proof-of- concept study tapped into personally meaningful outdoor memories to co-create and deliver personalized nature-based VR experiences with four adults living in upstate South Carolina, U.S. Our study objective was to evaluate participant responses to the co-creation process and VR experience. We identified familiar landscapes with each participant, captured 360-degree videos of these locations, and worked with them to select the videos, audio, and sequences to use. Each participant co-created and then experienced their own unique 5–7 min 360- degree video in a VR headset. Participant responses were measured with questionnaires on psychological well- being, perceived restoration, cybersickness, and presence, along with physiological data on heart rate, heart rate variability, respiratory rate, and blood oxygen levels. Our findings generally supported that the co-creation process and personalized, nature-based VR experience was safe for our participants and could support their psychological well-being. More broadly, this study supports additional research with these activities to promote well-being among people living with chronic disease.
... Maggie Keswick Jencks wrote about the longing the patients have for beautiful, uplifting environments [23]. The study conducted in The Leichtag Family Healing Garden at Children's Hospital and Health Center, San Diego concluded with recommendations for including more trees and greenery, and more interactive 'things for kids to do' [24]. There is still not much information about the preferred design of hospital grounds. ...
The importance of contact with nature for human health was confirmed by numerous research. One of the sometimes neglected fields is the landscape design of hospital premises. This study focuses on the perception and preferences of prospective patients regarding the hospital site design. The methodology included anonymous survey with images and lists of adjectives. The online questionnaire was distributed using e-mails and social media from 4th May to 8th July 2024. The objective was to include all age groups. The results confirm previous studies and demonstrate the importance of landscape architecture design of hospital premises for the well-being of patients. The findings may inform the design of hospital sites.
... A maioria dos pacientes indicaram a preferência por fazer o tratamento no jardim e responderam que se sentiram melhores, mais Gestão & Tecnologia de Projetos positivos e mais restaurados do que os pacientes que faziam quimioterapia dentro do hospital. Uma enquete feita por Whitehouse (2001) sobre o uso de jardins em hospitais, também revelou que grande parte dos usuários, se sentiam "mais relaxados, menos estressados e mais contentes", "rejuvenescidos", "mais positivos" e "mais conectados com si mesmo" após visitar o jardim. Wichrowksi et al. (2021) ao analisar quartos de hospitais na cidade de Nova York, notou que até a presença de quadros com imagens de natureza traziam uma satisfação maior para pacientes, mostrando que também há essa possibilidade para hospitais que não estão localizados perto de lugares naturais. ...
A presença e o contato com elementos da natureza têm sido amplamente defendidos pelo design biofílico, principalmente em Estabelecimentos Assistenciais de Saúde (EAS), cujos benefícios de melhoria no bem-estar e na qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores e no auxílio à recuperação de pacientes, se mostra de grande relevância no planejamento e projeto destes espaços. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar as principais estratégias e benefícios da aplicação do design biofílico em EAS. A metodologia utilizada foi uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL) seguida da análise das obras dos Hospitais da Rede Sarah, projetadas pelo arquiteto brasileiro João Filgueiras Lima. Os resultados apontaram que a presença de elementos do design biofílico nos ambientes hospitalares além de trazer efeitos benéficos para os trabalhadores de saúde, trouxe diversos benefícios para os pacientes e ajudaram de maneira substancial a recuperação deles. Ao analisar as obras de João Filgueiras Lima, foram notadas diversas decisões projetuais que se assemelham às características do design biofílico, tais como estratégias para prover o conforto térmico, amplos espaços com solários, jardins e ambientes hospitalares humanizados, características consideradas fundamentais nos cuidados biofílicos e consideradas valiosas do ponto de vista arquitetônico. O reconhecimento nos últimos anos acerca desse tema, principalmente após a pandemia do Coronavírus, mostra a importância dos projetos de ambientes de saúde reestabelecerem o contato com a natureza, que vem se perdendo com o estilo de vida urbano, bem como entender novas maneiras mais ecologicamente conscientes de se construir.
... Through a literature review, it is evident that many scholars base their post-occupancy evaluations of historical streets and alleys on user perspectives, often linked to satisfaction assessment. This approach is not only evident in the study of historical streets but also in urban parks, outdoor spaces in healthcare institutions, rehabilitation gardens, and others [46][47][48][49]. Incorporating user satisfaction-oriented post-occupancy evaluation methods into the validation of phased objectives will help reduce social conflicts and promote collaborative protection practices involving multiple stakeholders. ...
The preservation and reuse of historical alley spaces infuse these areas with renewed vitality, which holds significant importance for the direction of preservation and restoration efforts in historical districts. This paper focuses on Jinyu Alley in Quanzhou and identifies a study targeting tourists for the protection and reuse of historical alley spaces. Through preliminary research and interviews, a system of evaluation indicators for urban historical alley spaces post-usage was established using a factor analysis, extracting five main components: historical context, neighborhood space, commercial environment, supporting facilities, and operational management. Additionally, a modified importance–performance analysis (IPA) method was employed to conduct a quadrant analysis on tourist satisfaction evaluation indicators. Transformation quadrant distribution maps of various evaluation indicators reveal dissatisfaction among tourists with certain aspects of supporting facilities, the commercial environment, and neighborhood space. Relevant departments should prioritize improvements in dining quality, business variety, neighborhood traffic connections and transformations, neighborhood space form and scale, landscape greening, environmental elements, parking availability, and trash bin density for future enhancements. Finally, based on the results of tourist satisfaction surveys and information gathered from interviews with a minority of residents, a more inclusive and sustainable strategy for the protection and reuse of historical alley spaces is formulated.
... Physical moments of pause in the healthcare setting create places that allow a person to process cognitive information. Nature-based interventions such as natural playgrounds, gardens, and courtyards that invite dynamic interaction with nature are preferred (Whitehouse et al., 2001) and afford deeper engagement with nature and thereby more benefits than passive exposure (Chawla, 2022). However, biophilic, or nature-based, design elements such as views to nature from a window, and even large, realistic nature-themed artwork can be introduced into transition spaces to help patients and parent/caregivers reduce stress, restore attention, guide internal processing, and better cope with negative emotions. ...
A trip to the doctor can be a stressful experience for children. Patient experience can be improved when healthcare settings are designed to support children's attentional states of engagement and distraction. This essay describes when to use engagement and distraction, and how these states can be supported by clinic designers, clinicians, staff, and child life specialists through aligning environmental design and technology interventions in the outpatient pediatric healthcare setting throughout the patient's healthcare journey.
... Specifically, we argue that there is a shortage of restoration studies that focus on the recovery from a lack of stimulation. Few researchers have called for the need for further examination of the possible benefits of exposure to nature for those who have experienced understimulating situations (Duvall, 2011;Whitehouse et al., 2001). In line with recent calls to extend theory and research concerned with the benefits of nature experience (Hartig, 2021;Stevenson et al., 2018), our study offers a first step to filling this gap in the literature by empirically examining the possible restorative effects of exposure to nature for understimulated children. ...
... Thus, "exposure to natural elements (e.g., nature-filled windows, water, landscape paintings of photographs) may promote positive feelings while also reducing negative emotions (e.g., fear, insecurity"; Pearson et al., 2019, p. 117). As room windows are the most common way patients are exposed to natural elements, nature-filled views have more restorative qualities than views without nature (Tse, Ng, Chung, & Wong, 2002;Ulrich, 1984;Whitehouse et al., 2001). ...
Aim: This article elucidates current understanding in pediatric healthcare building design via scoping review of research on the impacts on the health and well-being of children of the architectural and landscape characteristics of healing spaces.
Background: Studies indicate that patients' phenomenological experiences of the built environment characteristics of healthcare buildings can impact their healing and well-being. It follows that understanding the healing effects of landscape and architecture can inform the design of healthcare settings for increased health benefits.
Method: This method comprises five search stages: (1) research question is formed; (2) key words, search terms, and search strategy are identified; (3) databases are searched, and papers are assessed via inclusion and exclusion criteria; (4) information of the selected articles is extracted and summarized; and (5) key findings are interpreted and reported via comparative tabulation.
Results: One hundred seventy-three papers were found during the first search stage. After screening and evaluating for relevance and quality, 13 articles were selected for study. Analysis indicates that the built environment characteristics of pediatric healthcare environments that have healing benefits include access to nature, music, art and natural light, reduced crowding, reduced noise, and soft, cyclical, and user-controlled artificial lighting.
Conclusions: While it is important to understand the design variables that influence pediatric healthcare, it is also necessary to contextualize them and to distinguish these variables from each other and appreciate their interaction. In other words, a more rounded understanding of these variables is required via research so that their individual and combined impacts are reflected in holistic design recommendations.
... Further design considerations are brought to light in the Whitehouse et al. (2001) study, where, it was observed that a design skewed toward hardscape elements, led to suggestions from users for more diverse vegetation, including shade-providing trees. Younger users expressed a desire for more activities within the garden, such as gardening tasks and plant identification opportunities. ...
It has been documented that patients with mental or physical disabilities can benefit from being placed within the setting of a natural environment. Consequently, the concept of creating spaces that can enhance health preservation or patient recovery, while also augmenting environmental and aesthetic value, has merged as a contemporary discourse. Green areas around hospitals can offer a great opportunity to incorporate healing gardens to benefit their patients and not only. The aim of this paper is to propose a design for a sensory-therapeutic garden based on key principles derived from selected academic literature, focusing on the application of these principles in a healthcare setting in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The design was informed also by onsite data collection and analysis, and it aims to create a healing landscape that addresses the needs of patients, healthcare providers, and visitors. This study seeks to augment the discourse in the field by demonstrating the practical application of key therapeutic garden design principles in a specific context and how these principles impacted the design process.
... pacientes, acompanhantes e funcionários (Pasha & Shepley, 2013) e maior aderência aos planos de tratamento por parte dos pacientes pediátricos (Curtillo et al., 2015). (Whitehouse et al., 2001). Assim sendo, espaços destinados a esses usos também devem ser idealizados. ...
Pesquisas pertinentes apontam que estímulos arquitetônicos contribuem com a restauração do equilíbrio do corpo e, consequentemente, com o bem-estar. Para mais, tais estudos compilam vantagens para o tratamento de pacientes hospitalizados, principalmente, advindas do contato com ambientes naturais, o que pode ser elucidado pela Teoria da Biophilia. Por intermédio de revisão bibliográfica e análise de pesquisas aplicadas em hospitais nacionais e internacionais, extraídas de bases de indexação da produção científica no período de 2000-2020, contatou-se que as áreas verdes em ambiências hospitalares [a] promovem estímulos que potencializam emoções e sentimentos positivos; [b] agem na diminuição dos níveis de estresse e ansiedade; [c] reduzem a dor, a ingestão de analgésicos e o tempo de internação; e [d] aumentam a satisfação do paciente. Com a divulgação destes resultados, almeja-se, além de evidenciar a indispensabilidade de mais estudos a respeito, e da real conexão de disciplinas afins para análise profunda e holística da relação corpo-mente-espaço, indicar perspectivas às ambiências hospitalares.
... Insufficient greenery, shading, and seating are some of the factors that prevent people from visiting gardens in hospitals (Pasha, 2013). Whitehouse et al. (2001), propose recommendations for overcoming the barrier to garden visitation as (1) staff members must be updated on the garden's intent, and how to integrate it into the patient and family care (2) colorful brochures with images that provide details about the garden and directions to get there (3) flyers about the garden could be put in lifts and other high activity areas to improve the visibility of garden details. ...
Aim: This study identifies, evaluates, and synthesizes the recent literature related to the pediatric healing environment and presents the impact of physical environments on the health outcomes of pediatric patients, families, and staff. Background: Recent studies have shown that the physical environment has an increasing impact on health outcomes, however, the effects of the physical environment of the pediatric healthcare settings on health outcomes of patients, families, and staff have not been extensively investigated. Methods: A multi-phased approach was adopted to review literature, including a literature search, screening, and selection of literature, its appraisal, and discussion. Electronic databases: Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched to find peer-reviewed articles between 2000 to 2020. Finally, a total of 38 peer-reviewed articles were examined and discussed. Results: The findings suggest that design strategies, such as improved layout, proper rooms, orientation, adequate light & ventilation, positive distraction, and play can help patients achieve better outcomes. The result is grouped into seven research themes. (1) architectural features; (2) interior design features; (3) environmental attributes; (4) access to nature; (5) artwork & thematic design; (6) interactive technologies and positive distractions; (7) family and peer support. Conclusion: The result indicates that an appropriately designed pediatric healthcare environment has several positive effects, including lower levels of anxiety and fear among patients, improved family experience, and improved staff satisfaction with the work environment.
... Friedrich (1999) valued aesthetically pleasing art as it boosts patients' healing process. Since healing environments include physical and cultural surroundings supporting patients and families, various hospital rooms, outdoor areas of hospital buildings, and artworks can contribute to patients' healing process (Harris et al., 2002;Whitehouse et al., 2001). As Gesler et al. (2004) suggested, hospital design should be comprehensively planned by combining physical, social, and symbolic attributes of environments that potentially provide positive experiences to patients. ...
Although health professionals have recognized critical connections between health outcomes and physical hospital settings, research data on adolescent patients’ age-appropriate hospital design is insufficient, especially for activity rooms. To explore age-appropriate spatial needs and hospital room design attributes for adolescent patients, the present study examined their spatial needs in hospitals and their perceptions of hospital activity room photos. Thirty-two adolescent outpatients from a university hospital in Kentucky, aged between 15 and 18, completed the survey. Adolescents’ spatial needs during their hospital stays were surveyed on a 5-point Likert scale, and the highly rated need was to have privacy control, followed by the need for quiet places and activity places. The participants’ perceptions of the four hospital activity room photos were collected using twenty-two adjective words on a 5-point scale. The finding revealed that adolescent patients need activity rooms to meet and socialize with their peers during their hospital stays. The statistical analysis revealed enjoyable, controllable, and adult-like as the dominant design attributes of age-appropriate activity rooms for adolescent patients. Unlike activity areas in pediatric hospitals, adolescent hospital activity rooms should be enjoyable to adolescents and allow them to control privacy while providing opportunities to meet their peers.
... Research finds that life events sometimes lead to lower satisfaction, especially if a transition is unexpected. For the elderly (Lawther, 1980), children (Whitehouse et al., 2001), the psychiatrically treated (Broz, 1996), those marrying (Russell & Lyster, 1992), the disabled (Wilhite & Sheldon, 2008), and others who perceive their life events as uncertain or stressful, life satisfaction may be elusive. In fact, based on Van Gennep's work on rites of passage, one of the critical stages of transition, liminality (i.e. an uncertain feeling), has been an important focus of examination in consumer literature (Gentry et al., 1995;Hopkins et al., 2014;Kennett-Hensel et al., 2012;Thyroff et al., 2018;Van Gennep, 1960). ...
... A study by Harris et al. [64] indicated that art therapy in hospital environments is a key indicator of hospital satisfaction. This viewpoint has been supported by subsequent studies [65,66]. Zhang [67] demonstrated the significant impact of decorative art in creating emotionally therapeutic landscapes in public spaces and satisfying individuals' spiritual pursuits. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the global tourism industry, leading to a decrease in peoples’ willingness to travel and a sense of insecurity regarding tourist destinations. Therefore, restoring people’s willingness to travel is the greatest challenge faced by this industry in the post-pandemic era. The tourism industry requires innovative solutions to achieve sustainable recovery. While there is a considerable amount of research on its recovery during the pandemic, there are few studies exploring people’s willingness to travel to encourage sustainable and resilient recovery in the post-pandemic era. This study employed a quality model to examine the satisfaction and intention of tourists towards the application of online digital art exhibitions under the influence of COVID-19. The aim was to investigate the promoting role of online digital art exhibitions in the sustainability and resilient recovery of the tourism industry. To achieve these objectives, this study focuses on the online digital art exhibition of Song Dynasty figure paintings launched by China Central Television (CCTV), with post-exhibition surveys conducted and 512 valid questionnaires collected. The research model and hypotheses are tested using structural equation modeling. The results of this study indicate that travelers’ intentions to engage in on-site visits through online digital exhibitions are determined by three factors: perceived value, satisfaction, and art therapy. Furthermore, online digital art exhibitions not only represented the most important form of tourism during the pandemic, but they also provided significant psychological healing. They have become a driving force for the transformation of the current culture and tourism industry and the promotion of its sustainable development. This research provides a benchmark for future research on the tourism industry, and it offers new research directions in the field of sustainable tourism.
... Connecting nature in hospitals is another way to provide opportunities for patients to move out in the lap of nature as nature is any ways healing and soothing for the mind and body. Whitehouse et al. (2001), suggested that integration of nature improves mood and hospital satisfaction 4) Sensorial dimensions:Finding from the survey shows that 38.5% does not like noise, 61.5% does not like smell, and 46.5% does not like crowd. Therefore while designing care has to be taken for smell and noise reduction. ...
The thought of spending time in a hospital as a patient or visitor is stressful and scary for anyone, and more so for children. Children’s hospital should be child friendly and safe, thus creating a “small world in itself”. The aim of this paper is to understand how children’s hospitals can be designed to make the hospital experience for children less stressful, while attempting to accomplish a building more pleasant and child-friendly. The research explores ways to integrate elements and principles in children’s hospitals by studying child psychology to create a child friendly environment where the children will forget their pain and will not be scared of hospitalization. The first part of the research is based on literature review, exploring the Children psychology according to age and their perspective towards built environment. In second stage, a set of guidelines were compiled addressing the factors that influence healing environments. In a third stage, three case studies are being done.Survey has been done of Primary users (children between 6 to 18 years) Secondary users (Parents of children below 6 years), as this age group are unable to express or answer and understand the questions. Data collected has been analyzed and parameters found, sense of control, social support, positive distractions, sensorial dimensions and age appropriate environment to determine the elements and spaces for children’s hospital environments that can be used to strengthen the designs.
... There are many studies showing the relationship between natural green space and human health [7][8][9][10] . Some research reveals the ecological benefits [11] , recreational benefits [12] , psychological benefits [13][14][15][16] , environmental benefits [17] , and economic benefits [18] of open green spaces. ...
The aim of the study is to show which areas mainly prefered when the people want to carry out recreational activities in the Kastamonu city center and determine the appropriateness of this area for recreative activity. A questionnaire study was conducted with 100 randomly selected people in order to determine the most frequently used open green area in terms of recreational activity in Kastamonu and the results showed that 89% of the participants prefer the Clock Tower. Thus Clock Tower was determined as a research area in this study. It is revealed the current state of the Clock Tower in scope of the study, plants are used in this area and the purpose of use of these plants is determined and how frequently users use this area and the reasons for not frequent use. In addition, activities that are effected in the area and changes in mood after using the area. The second survey study was conducted on users of the area consisting of 118 people. It is revealed space features existing at Clock Tower and events area identified after that space features that users want to be in this area and events areas. Thus, the aim of the area is to determine the users' expectations and the deficiencies and problems in this area.
... In this regard, American researchers conducted a semistructured interview and found that natural elements had positive effects on sick children in a hospital (11). In 2005, Hutton also conducted qualitative research on seven sick teenagers and asked them to do drawing of their favorite room meeting their needs (12). ...
Objectives: According to the available evidence, changes in the design of medical centers, which can create a more comfortable, pleasant, and natural environment, have reduced the patient tensions and increased their satisfaction with the quality of treatment in the given centers. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the architecture and design of a supportive care environment on the treatment process in hospitals adopting a qualitative study design. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study with a phenomenological approach was conducted to investigate the effect of an optimal supportive care environment in hospitals based on the experiences and opinions of experts, university professors of architecture, and doctors in hospitals. To this end, experts were interviewed qualitatively and, then, eight main themes as well as 22 sub-themes were classified by performing content analysis. Furthermore, the effect of the environment on the patients, treatment control length, blood pressure control, and subjective nature of the disease’s impact, as well as the effect of social relations on the vital signs, comprehensiveness and acceptability, place of using the supportive care model and a completely mechanical attitude towards humans in the modern period were all evaluated. Results: The effect of the optimal supportive care environment on the patients’ treatment processes was confirmed by qualitatively reviewing the experts’ viewpoints and collecting comprehensive information from other sources. Conclusions: In sum, it was recommended that that the heads of the hospitals should consider the concepts of optimal supportive care environment when designing and/or reconstructing hospitals.
Purpose
Increased urbanization has resulted in physical environments, including servicescapes, dominated by functional designs, with nature’s presence becoming scarcer. While “biophilia” designs have received attention in fields like environmental psychology and architecture, studies on biophilia in servicescapes remain scant, fragmented and often contextual. The purpose of this study is to do a semi-systematic review of studies on biophilia in physical servicescape designs (interior and exterior), identify prevailing critical gaps and develop a comprehensive framework for theory advancements in biophilic servicescapes.
Design/methodology/approach
Drawing from a critical review of 56 servicescape studies over 33 years and incorporating theoretical frameworks from environmental psychology, this paper introduces a typology of biophilia in physical servicescapes that includes direct, indirect and human–nature relationships. Furthermore, this study develops a conceptual framework using the Stimulus-Organism-Response model to systematically synthesize biophilia’s overall applicability in servicescapes for consumers and service employees, incorporating moderating factors related to service, servicescape and user types.
Findings
This review investigates the emergence and definition of biophilia in servicescapes, examines the benefits of biophilic design for consumers and service employees and highlights key design strategies. In the absence of robust frameworks to assess biophilia’s impact on consumer and employee responses, this paper presents a comprehensive framework and offers guidelines for future research in retail environments and servicescapes.
Originality/value
Drawing from the synthesis of research on biophilia in servicescapes, this study introduces a framework that demonstrates how antecedent variables, including both direct and indirect biophilic elements, foster human–nature relationships that lead to affective, cognitive and behavioral responses. These effects are moderated by situational factors (e.g. service and servicescape types) and individual differences (e.g. personality, values and nature-relatedness). Ultimately, these responses influence approach or avoidance behaviors in consumers and employees, with a taxonomy detailing responses aligned with biophilia.
En önemli sağlık kurumları olan hastaneler, toplumda sağlığın geliştirilmesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Türkiye'de hastane endüstrisinde, son yıllarda görülen en önemli gelişme entegre sağlık tesisi niteliğindeki şehir hastaneleri modelinin benimsenmesidir. Araştırmada, şehir hastanesinde yatan hastaların, hastanenin çevresel uyarıcılarını değerlendirerek hastanede kaldıkları süre boyunca, hissettikleri duygu tipolojileri ile hastaların hekimlerine güven düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki incelenerek, hasta davranışına yönelik içgörüler sağlamak amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Mehrabian ve Russell (1974) tarafından geliştirilen Uyaran-Organizma-Tepki (S-O-R) ve Memnuniyet-Harekete geçme- Egemenlik kurma (P-A-D) modelleri kapsamında hastaların davranışları üzerinde etkili olduğu düşünülen sağlık hizmet ortamının çevresel uyarıcıları, hastaların memnuniyet ve hekime güven düzeyleri ele alınmıştır. Bu faktörlerin, hastaların davranışsal niyet üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu bağlamda Ankara Bilkent Şehir Hastanesinde, Kadın Doğum ile Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon Hastanelerinde yatarak sağlık hizmeti alan 404 hasta ile araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler frekans, yüzde dağılımları, açımlayıcı faktör analizi, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, Pearson Korelasyon Analizi, bağımsız örneklem t-testi, ANOVA ve TUKEY testleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır. Araştırma modelini test etmek amacıyla iki aşamalı yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; hasta davranışı üzerinde memnuniyet duygusunun önemli bir etkisi bulunmaktadır. Aynı zamanda çevresel uyarıcıların, duygu tipolojisi, hekime güven ve davranışsal niyet; duygu tipolojisinin, hekime güven ve davranışsal niyet; hekime güvenin, davranışsal niyet üzerinde etkili olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırma, şehir hastanesinin çevresel uyarıcılarını hastaların olumlu değerlendirdiğini ve memnuniyeti artırdığını, hekime güven düzeyinin yüksek olduğunu ve hastaların davranışsal niyetini pozitif yönde etkilediğini ampirik olarak doğrulamıştır. Memnuniyet ve hekime güven düzeyi, test edilen teorik çerçevede önemli aracı değişken olarak çalışmıştır. Şehir hastanelerinin çevresel uyarıcıları, hastaların davranışsal niyetini olumlu yönde artırmada önemli bir rol oynadığını kanıtlamıştır. Bununla birlikte, elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda yöneticilere, politika yapıcılara ve karar vericilere yönelik birtakım öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
Hospitals, which are the most important health institutions, play a significant role in the development of health in the society. The most important development in the hospital industry in Turkey in recent years is the adoption of the city hospitals model, which is an integrated health facility. In the study, it was aimed to provide insights into patient behavior by examining the relationship between the emotional typologies that the patients in the city hospital feel during their stay in the hospital and the level of trust in their physicians by evaluating the environmental stimuli of the hospital. For this purpose, environmental stimuli of the health care environment, which are thought to be effective on the behavior of patients within the scope of Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) and Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance (P-A-D) models developed by Mehrabian and Russell (1974), satisfaction of patients and trust in physicians levels have been addressed.It was aimed to determine the effect of these factors on the behavioral intention of the patients.It was aimed to determine the effect of these factors on the behavioral intention of the patients. In this context, the research was carried out with 404 patients who received health care services in Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Gynecology and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Hospitals. The data obtained in the study were evaluated and interpreted using frequency, percentage distributions, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson Correlation Analysis, independent sample t-test, ANOVA and TUKEY tests. A two-stage structural equation model was used to test the research model. According to the research results; pleasure has a significant effect on patient behavior. At the same time, environmental stimuli, emotion typology, trust in the physician and behavioral intention; emotion typology, trust in physician and behavioral intention; It was determined that trust in the physician was effective on behavioral intention. The research empirically confirmed that the environmental stimuli of the city hospital were positively evaluated by the patients and increased satisfaction, the level of trust in the physician was high, and they positively affected the behavioral intention of the patients. Pleasure and level of trust in the physician worked as important mediating variables in the tested theoretical framework. Environmental stimuli of city hospitals have proven to play an important role in positively increasing patients' behavioral intention. However, in line with the results obtained, some suggestions have been developed for managers, policy makers and decision makers.
Sağlık yapıları; yalnızca fiziksel sağlığa değil, çevreyle olan ilişkileri sayesinde ruhsal sağlığa da katkıda bulunan mekanlardır. Eski çağlardan itibaren sağlık yapılarında doğa ile iç içe olmaya özen gösterilmiştir. Örneğin, Antik Yunan’da Asklepion tapınakları şifa sunan kutsal mekânlar olarak tasarlanmıştır. Bu tapınaklarda, bitkiler ve su unsurları şifa amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Benzer şekilde, 20. yüzyıl başlarında kurulan sanatoryumlar, özellikle verem gibi hastalıkların tedavisinde doğanın iyileştirici etkisinden faydalanmıştır. Sanatoryumlar, temiz hava ve doğal manzara sağlayan ormanlık alanlara kurulmuş, böylece hastaların çevreyle etkileşimi artırılarak fiziksel ve ruhsal sağlıklarına destek olunmuştur. İstanbul’daki Heybeliada Sanatoryumu da bu yapılardan biridir. Bu çalışmada geçmişten günümüze sağlık yapıları ele alınmış, bu şifa alanlarının peyzaj ile bir bütün olarak önemi ve korunma gerekliliğinden bahsedilmiştir. Bu tarihi değerlerin doğal peyzajlarıyla birlikte korunması, kültürel mirasın sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamada önemli bir rol oynamaktadır.
Healthcare settings are increasingly adopting nature-based interventions (NBIs) to support users’ health and well-being, but these interventions are often underutilized. To get a grip on utilization problems, insight into factors that affect use and uptake of NBIs in routine care is needed. This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of factors that facilitate or impede successful implementation of NBIs in hospitals, long-term care facilities for the elderly (LTCF), and rehabilitation centers. Systematic searches were conducted across various databases to identify studies that collected qualitative and/or quantitative data on the implementation of NBIs in healthcare settings. Findings were classified into the five domains of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. A total of 57 articles were included in the review. The articles provide detailed insight into facilitating and impeding implementation factors related to the intervention (e.g., awareness, adaptability, type of natural elements, accessibility, safety, weather conditions, comfort, privacy, supportive design factors, activities). Other found factors related to the inner setting (e.g., culture, implementation climate) and individuals (e.g., characteristics and opportunities of stakeholders). Factors related to the outer setting (e.g., financing) and implementation process (e.g., teaming, assessing needs, planning, engaging, doing, integration in care and therapy, reflection and evaluation, maintenance) also emerged, but to a lesser extent. This review identified a broad range of factors important for the successful implementation of NBIs, which can guide implementation of future NBIs. To complement these findings, future studies should consider conducting implementation studies.
Academic research indicates that the spatial arrangements of healthcare facilities have a significant impact on the efficiency of healthcare professionals. Healthcare facilities are complex, multifunctional structures housing interconnected units. However, the insufficient involvement of healthcare professionals, who constitute one of the most crucial user groups in hospital structures, in the planning and design process can lead to negative effects on both workforce performance and work motivation. Therefore, addressing the architectural spatial quality in the context of healthcare professionals' satisfaction is crucial for creating healthy work environments in hospital design. Consequently, this study aims to evaluate the spatial quality of work environments during the utilization process for healthcare professionals working in two hospitals in Istanbul. The field study was conducted through literature review, architectural project analysis, and survey research techniques. Hospitals were assessed in terms of criteria such as "capacity/numerical adequacy of spatial structures based on patient density," "dimensional appropriateness of spatial working areas," "spatial circulation suitability for mobile machines and equipment," and "suitability of spatial positioning." The survey technique involved face-to-face interviews with 90 healthcare professionals (12 doctors, 38 nurses, 40 medical technicians). The results of the study identified elevators, hospital gardens, and parking as problematic areas for healthcare professionals, leading to the determination of strategies for new hospital constructions.
Akademik araştırmalar hastanelerin mekânsal düzenlemelerinin sağlık çalışanlarının iş verimliliği üzerinde son derece etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Hastaneler, birbiri ile ilişkili olan farklı birimleri bünyesinde barındıran karmaşık fonksiyonlu yapılardır. Ancak hastane yapılarının en önemli kullanıcı gruplarından biri olan sağlık çalışanlarının planlama ve tasarım sürecinde yeteri kadar yer almamaları, hem iş gücü performansı, hem de çalışma motivasyonları üzerinde olumsuz etkilerin oluşmasına neden olabilmektedir. Dolayısıyla hastane tasarımında mimari mekân kalitesinin sağlık çalışanlarının memnuniyeti bağlamında ele alınması sağlıklı çalışma ortamlarının oluşturulması açısından önemli olmaktadır. Bu nedenle İstanbul’da yer alan iki hastanede görev yapan sağlık çalışanlarının kullanım sürecinde mekân kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi bu çalışmanın temel amacını oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışmada sağlık çalışanlarının çalışma ortamlarının kullanıcı ihtiyaçlarını ne ölçüde karşıladığı ve kullanıcı memnuniyeti açısından mimari mekân kalitesinin değerlendirilebilmesi için İstanbul’da bulunan iki hastanede alan çalışması yapılmıştır. Alan çalışması literatür taraması, mimari proje okumaları ve anket araştırma tekniklerinde dayandırılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hastaneler “hasta yoğunluğuna bağlı mekânsal yapılanmalarının kapasite/sayısal yeterliliği”, “mekânsal çalışma alanlarının boyutsal uygunluğu”, “mobil makine ve ekipman açısından mekânsal sirkülasyon uygunluğu” ve “mekânsal konumlandırılma uygunluğu” kriterleri açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Anket tekniği 90 sağlık personeli (12 doktor, 38 hemşire, 40 tıbbi teknisyen) ile birebir yüz yüze yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda sağlık çalışanlarının problemli olarak tanımladıkları alanların asansörler, hastane bahçesi ve otopark olduğu tespit edilmiş ve yeni yapılacak hastaneler için bazı stratejiler belirlenmiştir.
Purpose
This study examines the impact of outdoor environments in public rental housing complexes on residents’ psychological restoration, taking into account the interconnectedness of physical and psychological factors in human health. Drawing on Kaplan and Kaplan’s Attention Restoration Theory and Ulrich’s Supportive Design Theory, the research investigates the factors influencing residents’ psychological restoration within these outdoor spaces.
Design/methodology/approach
The Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS), which is based on the Attention Restoration Theory and the Zuckerman Inventory of Personal Reactions (ZIPERS) are used to assess residents’ restorative experiences. Field research was conducted to collect data on the outdoor environments, and surveys were administered to the residents. The study analyzes the data using SPSS, including both factor and correlation analyses, to explore the relationship between the restorative effect and emotional factors.
Findings
The study verified a significant influence of positive emotions in ZIPERS on PRS’ overall restorative effect, thus supporting the utilization of both PRS and ZIPERS factors together to assess comprehensively the impact of outdoor environments on residents’ psychological restoration.
Originality/value
By employing a multidimensional approach involving residents’ experiences and emotions, this study quantified emotional and psychological data, which were hard to quantify. These results provide a basis for developing more objective restoration environment design guidelines and programs in the future.
Palyatif bakım, terminal dönem hastaların, kalan hayatlarını daha az sıkıntılı ve daha konforlu geçirmeleri için özelleşmiş bakım şeklidir. Sağlık hizmeti veren yapılarda ya da evde bakımda hastanın ihtiyacı olacak bakım şartlarının uygulanması için özel tasarlanmış mekanlara ihtiyaç vardır. Palyatif bakım, hastanın hastalık sürecinde değişen insani gereksinimlerini ve yakınlarının ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak üzere multidisipliner olarak hazırlanmış bütüncül bir sağlık planı içermelidir. Bu doğrultuda, çalışma kapsamında doğa ile birlikte tasarlanmış iç ve dış mekanların hastalar ve yakınları üzerinde olumlu etkileri olabileceği hipotezi ortaya konmuştur. Çalışma aynı zamanda palyatif bakım merkezlerinde doğa ile bütünleşmiş mekân tasarımlarının palyatif bakım altında olan hastalar ve hasta yakınları üstündeki çoklu etkilerini ortaya koymayı hedeflemiştir. Literatürde bu bağlamda kabul görmüş üç ayrı araştırmacının birbiri ile ilişkili teorileri; ‘Psiko-evrimsel Teori’, Stresi Yenme Teorisi ve Dikkat Yenileme Teorisi dikkate alınarak mekânsal öneriler sunulmuştur. Yapılan araştırma sonucunda elde edilen veriler ışığında, palyatif bakım merkezlerindeki iç mekân- dış mekân birlikteliğinin doğa elemanlarının olumlu etkileri bağlamında süreklilik içinde tasarlanması gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır. Tasarlanan mekanların sadece niceliksel değil, kapsam ve bireylerin gereksinimlerine uyumluluk açısından değerlendirilmesinin palyatif bakımda olumlu etkiler yaratacağı vurgulanmıştır.
Objectives, Purposes, and Aims
Principles of behavioral economics are now being used across fields in changing human behavior toward perceived benefit. We studied the effectiveness of simple, cost-effective design cues based on these principles, in encouraging use of a neglected outdoor space in a hospital.
Background
Benefits of access to nature and green spaces are established in healthcare; however, we found utilization of an outdoor space to be suboptimal. Presenting choices in different ways is known to influence user choice.
Methods
We designed four design interventions based to nudge relative-caregivers waiting outside the operation theater toward utilizing an adjoining outdoor balcony. These included making the terrace prominent, reducing indoor sensory stimulation, adding stereotypical elements, and improving usability. We measured usage via video camera data and satisfaction using questionnaires.
Results
The number of users and average time per person spent on the balcony increased over the consecutive intervention periods as compared to baseline (trend p < .01 for both), mainly driven by the addition of stereotypical elements. There were no adverse events in the balcony. There was no difference in the satisfaction related outcomes on questionnaire; a larger percentage of positive comments tended to be related to the balcony in the final intervention.
Conclusions
Cost-effective design cues nudged patient-caregivers toward spending more time with nature, thus changing behavior toward that with perceived benefits.
An Internet survey was conducted from 28 May to 8 June 2008 to investigate consumer awareness and interest in attending programming offered at The Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore College (Swarthmore, PA). The study was designed to investigate what traditional and non-traditional programs might attract community members to the arboretum and to identify potential barriers, perceived or real, that might discourage community members from visiting the arboretum. Among demographic groups, more females were interested in “hands-on workshops” (42.5%) and “fact sheets, instructional bulletins, and how-to guides” (37.4%) than males (26.8% and 26.3%, respectively). In examining events and activities, significant differences were found for “wine tasting and tours” and “outdoor concerts and live performances” based on household income; however, no significant differences were found among age groups and other demographics tested. Differences in interest in other activities were apparent based on number of adults and number of children in the household. Public gardens and arboreta can use this information as the foundation for modifying programs and services offered, though input from the community and trialing of alternative programs should be considered before completely changing programs and services offered.
With vast influences of Chinese industrial transformation, also largely impacted by the global challenges, such as climate change and pandemic, the home becomes as a place for occupants to perform their work tasks. To that end, this study concentrates on the effects of residential indoor environments, especially the factor of indoor environment quality (IEQ) and indoor greenery (IG), on occupants’ residential satisfaction and performance. By conducting a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) survey with the perspective of user experience (UX), 764 samples were collected, of which 528 are valid for statistical analysis. The method of structural equation modeling (SEM) was adopted to test the hypotheses. The results show that both indoor environment quality and indoor greenery have a positive effect on residential satisfaction and occupant performance, however, the former is more influential. In addition, residential satisfaction is a partial mediator, which demonstrates the mechanism: residential indoor environment mainly affects satisfaction, then occupant performance. The findings of this study provide important evidence from China in the period of the post-pandemic era that combines the unique characteristics of urbanization, gaining more insight for researchers to understand the relationship between the built environment of homes and their occupants, revealing specific design implications for practitioners.
Artan nüfus ile beraber insanların doğayla etkileşimde bulunma ihtiyaçları giderek atmaktadır. Kent parkları bu ihtiyaçları gidermek için en çok kullanılan rekreasyon alanlarıdır. Bu alanların kullanıcıların ihtiyacına göre düzenlenmesi, kullanılabilirliği ve kullanıcıya terapik fayda sağlaması ve çok önemlidir. Bu çalışma yardımıyla Kastamonu merkezde bulunan ve sıklıkla kullanılan Cevizli Park’ın eski ve yeni tasarımlarının kullanım ve terapi sağlayıcı etkileri açıdan karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Parkın geçmiş ve günümüzde hangi özelliklere sahip olduğu, ne oranda kullanıcılara terapi sağladığı, ne kadar sık kullanıldığı, sık kullanılmama sebepleri, bu alanda hangi etkinliklerin gerçekleştirildiği ve alanların etkinliklere uygunluğu, bu etkinlikleri gerçekleştirdikten sonra ruh hallerinde meydana gelen değişimler ve pozitif ruh haline sahip olmalarına yardımcı olan alan özellikleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Parkın terapik açıdan değerlendirilmesi hem uzman hem de kullanıcı grubu tarafından ayrı ayrı yapılmış ve iki grubun da değerlendirme sonuçlarının birbirine benzerlik gösterdiği çalışma sonuçları ile ortaya konulmuştur. Bu değerlendirme sonucunda Cevizli parkın yeni tasarımının eskiye oranla terapi sağlayıcı etki ve kullanım açısından daha başarılı olduğu ancak iki tasarımın da yetersiz olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.
Research supports the essential nature of play as directly impactful of children's overall development and wellbeing. However, the meaning of play, play materials, and access to play are not uniform across cultures or communities. Biopsychosocial factors such as development, health, mental health, trauma, racism, gender, gender identity, family structure, socioeconomics, geography, and religion influence how and why children play within their daily lives. Children in healthcare settings can face additional obstacles to play engagement thereby minimizing the therapeutic and healing impact of play. This chapter seeks to highlight the need for healthcare providers, particularly play specialists, to improve their understanding of biopsychosocial factors to promote more thorough assessments of patient coping, facilitate beneficial play engagements, and address areas of intrinsic bias in pursuit of optimal outcomes and well-being for children in healthcare settings whether hospitals, community clinics, hospice, or residential care.
Human visual preferences for slides of five natural landscapes or biomes-tropical rain forest, temperate deciduous forest, coniferous forest, savanna, and desert-were examined. Subjects were third graders, sixth graders, ninth graders, college students, adults, senior citizens, and a group of professional foresters. A series of 20 slides, 4 examples of each biome, was shown twice to each group of subjects. On one pass through the slides, subjects judged how much they would like to live in an area similar to the one represented; on the other pass, subjects rated the slides for how much they would like to visit an area similar to the one shown. Judgments were made on a 6-point Likert scale. Elementary schoolchildren showed a significant preference for savanna over all other biomes. From midadolescence and through adulthood, more familiar natural environments were equally preferred to savanna. Results were interpreted as providing limited support for the hypothesis that humans have an innate preference for savanna-like settings that arises from their long evolutionary history on the savannas of East Africa.
In an attempt to move beyond traditional design guidelines to develop and design healing gardensfor Alzheimers disease facilities, the author presents his theory of remembrance therapy. Using Sedgewood Commons, a). Alzheimer'sfacility designed by the!.Mthor and located in Falmouth, Maine, as a prototype, this paper examines the design of built gardens that support the theory of remembrn nce therapy. Simply stated, remembrance therapy is based on the theory lriat each stage of Alzheimer s diseast--mild, moderate, and severe-ixs associated with a correspondib-g emotional stage of normal human development-adult, child, and infant. Thus, the author describes built ga rden types that are designed to respond to the emotional equivalent of each corresponding stage of normal human development. This paper concludes with a brief discussion and inquiry into the role of post-occupancy evaluation, research, and data gathering. This is done in an attempt to validate or refine remembrance therapy as a landscape planning awd design method for Alzheimer's Facilities.
Evolution has given human beings strong perceptual and informational biases that affect aesthetic preferences for landscapes. A model of visual landscape preference developed largely from these biases forecasts high preference for scenes (a) that have various attributes facilitating perception and comprehension, or (b) that convey to the observer an explicit anticipation that additional information can be gained by changing the vantage point. These information properties are conceived as independent dimensions underlying preference and are represented in the model as several component variables: complexity, focality, ground surface texture, depth, and mystery. The performance of the model is tested by its application to preference data obtained from groups of Americans and Swedish Ss. Results support the model's accuracy and strongly suggest that the formulation identifies major determinants of preference. One implication is that much previous work on aesthetic preference for landscapes has overstated the importance of culture and neglected the role of informational determinants. (52 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Different conceptual perspectives converge to predict that if individuals are stressed, an encounter with most unthreatening natural environments will have a stress reducing or restorative influence, whereas many urban environments will hamper recuperation. Hypotheses regarding emotional, attentional and physiological aspects of stress reducing influences of nature are derived from a psycho-evolutionary theory. To investigate these hypotheses, 120 subjects first viewed a stressful movie, and then were exposed to color/sound videotapes of one of six different natural and urban settings. Data concerning stress recovery during the environmental presentations were obtained from self-ratings of affective states and a battery of physiological measures: heart period, muscle tension, skin conductance and pulse transit time, a non-invasive measure that correlates with systolic blood pressure. Findings from the physiological and verbal measures converged to indicate that recovery was faster and more complete when subjects were exposed to natural rather than urban environments. The pattern of physiological findings raised the possibility that responses to nature had a salient parasympathetic nervous system component; however, there was no evidence of pronounced parasympathetic involvement in responses to the urban settings. There were directional differences in cardiac responses to the natural vs urban settings, suggesting that attention/intake was higher during the natural exposures. However, both the stressor film and the nature settings elicited high levels of involuntary or automatic attention, which contradicts the notion that restorative influences of nature stem from involuntary attention or fascination. Findings were consistent with the predictions of the psycho-evolutionary theory that restorative influences of nature involve a shift towards a more positively-toned emotional state, positive changes in physiological activity levels, and that these changes are accompanied by sustained attention/intake. Content differences in terms of natural vs human-made properties appeared decisive in accounting for the differences in recuperation and perceptual intake.
This paper provides a historical context for the Probe studies reported in this special issue by describing the stalled development of post-occupancy evaluation (POE) in Britain since the 1960s. It charts 40 years of continuing academic, professional and commercial neglect of POE as a mainstream activity in the procurement of buildings in Britain. It notes the current resurgence of interest in the "customer care" focus of the Egan Report. And it closes by identifying a re-emerging research agenda for POE in Britain. This could include its use for benchmarking progress in the transition towards more sustainable production and consumption of the built environment.
Records on recovery after cholecystectomy of patients in a suburban Pennsylvania hospital between 1972 and 1981 were examined
to determine whether assignment to a room with a window view of a natural setting might have restorative influences. Twenty-three
surgical patients assigned to rooms with windows looking out on a natural scene had shorter postoperative hospital stays,
received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses' notes, and took fewer potent analgesics than 23 matched patients in
similar rooms with windows facing a brick building wall.
Anthropologists have long recognized that cultural evolution critically depends on the transmission and generation of information. However, between the selection pressures of evolution and the actual behaviour of individuals, scientists have suspected that other processes are at work. With the advent of what has come to be known as the cognitive revolution, psychologists are now exploring the evolved problem-solving and information-processing mechanisms that allow humans to absorb and generate culture. The purpose of this book is to introduce the newly crystallizing field of evolutionary psychology, which supplied the necessary connection between the underlying evolutionary biology and the complex and irreducible social phenomena studied by anthropologists, sociologists, economists, and historians.
... And analysis of this body of research is at least suggestive that a cause-ef- fect relationship exists between some health - care environmental factors and therapeutic ... xx An Investigation to Determine Whether the Built Healthcare Environment Affects Patients' Medical Outcomes ...
In order to get an idea of special places for children, it is important not only to learn more about the places children like, but also about the places children dislike or even fear. As part of a longitudinal research project about children and their outdoor environment in The Netherlands, data on these issues were collected by means of interviews and mapping techniques. The whole project consisted of a pilot study involving 36 children ages 6 to 12 years and a main study involving 140 children of the same ages. These children were asked which places in their direct neighborhood they liked, disliked, or feared and what reasons they had for their preferences. This article reports on the results of the study, giving the main categories and figures of the responses and discussing the qualitative information from the reasons the children gave for their preferences.
The utility of different theoretical models of restorative experience was explored in a quasi-experimental field study and a true experiment. The former included wilderness backpacking and nonwilderness vacation conditions, as well as a control condition in which participants continued with their daily routines. The latter had urban environment, natural environment, and passive relaxation conditions. Multimethod assessments of restoration consisted of self-reports of affective states, cognitive performance, and, in the latter study, physiological measures. Convergent self-report and performance results obtained in both studies offer evidence of greater restorative effects arising from experiences in nature. Implications for theory, methodology, and design are discussed.
An empirical investigation focused on person-window transactions in the physical medicine and rehabilitation environment. Attributes of windows, view, daylight, and spaces perceived as insufficient in these respects were studied in six hospitals. Preference, environmental documentation, and behaviorsassociated with windows and windowless rooms were the subject of a two-part interview and questionnaire. The respondent group numbered 250 persons. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) was utilized, yielding an array of 21 cognitive dimensions. From evaluations of 56 photographs that sampled a broad spectrum of spaces ranging from highly windowed to windowless, 8 visual dimensions were identified; and 13 nonvisual dimensions distilled from 89 written response items were identified that addressed degree of satisfaction and associated behaviors. Among the findings, ideal window and view conditions frequently contrasted the actual conditions in one's hospital setting; informative views of urban life and nature beyond the hospital, accessible from one's typical viewing angle and position within the room, were desired; minimally windowed rooms wereequated with architecturally windowless spaces, and window-view substitutes in windowless rooms were distinguished from similar rooms without such compensatory measures. Implications for hospital planning and design are discussed.
Contrasts the naturalistic research paradigm with the scientific model, noting that the naturalistic paradigm assumes multiple reality, subject-object interrelatedness, and contextuality. Skills required for the pursuit of naturalistic inquiry are described. (JEG)
Explored the relationship of well-being to physical settings in workshop visualizations and artwork by adults asked to depict settings where healing occurs. Characteristics of natural spaces such as motion, control, light, privacy, and beauty are discussed for their healing properties. Adults' strong images of the healing capacity of natural spaces argues for increasing children's contact with nature as a critical resource for healthy growth and development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The dearth of theoretically driven research on the predictors of pediatric chronic pain may unwittingly contribute to needless suffering in children and adolescents by underinvestigating a potentially treatable condition. The objective of the present study was to investigate the hypothesized predictive effects of perceived stress on pediatric chronic pain intensity in 148 children and adolescents. Consistent with thea priori Biobehavioral Model of Pediatric Pain, higher perceived stress was predictive of greater pediatric pain intensity. The results are discussed with regard to the implications for cognitive-behavioral pediatric pain treatment.
A group of members and volunteers at the Morton Arboretum near Chicago rated their preferences for photographs of landscapes in the arboretum, wrote open-ended descriptions of their favorite arboretum settings, and described the thoughts, feelings, and memories they associated with those settings. Most participants rated densely forested, natural landscapes highest in preference, but some also liked either open, natural fields or maintained, formal landscapes. The open-ended descriptions revealed a variety of significant meanings and experiences, some of which appeared to be associated with specific kinds of environments. The combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods yields a more complete understanding of how people experience arboretum landscapes, than would either method used by itself.
Environmental design research and participation can enable groups with different environmental values to negotiate critical design decisions. This article presents findings and techniques from two open space projects—one a neighbourhood playground, the other an elementary schoolyard—found to be useful in clarifying differences in open space values and preferences. Specific differences between child and adult views of these places are reviewed. How participation and research was utilized to help resolve basic open space differences is discussed. The article concludes with a brief review of future issues facing research and design participation.
nand urbanization: the dirt, dilapidation, overcrowding, and unsanitary conditions of industrial cities. It is our view that the uncritical continuation and extension of these policies as priorities for twentieth century problems is inappropriate be cause these policies do not take into account new information. First, sani tary programs in the nineteenth century were primarily directed toward, and had a major impact on, the infectious diseases that decimated popula tions at that time. These diseases are no longer the main causes of morbidity and mortality in industrialized nations of the world. The main causes of disease today include conditions not related directly to sanitation, such as coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, mental illness, accidents, and sui cide. Second, the development of modern industrialized communities has generated a range of new disease-producin g agents also not related directly to sanitation, such as toxic chemicals and waste, increased levels of ionizing radiation, vehicle exhaust and other new synthetic products that pollute air, water and food. Third, as will be seen, new evidence indicates that disease occurs more frequently (a) among those with fewer meaningful social rela tionships, (b) among those in lower hierarchical positions, and (c) among those disconnected from their biological and cultural heritage.
The role of the health care physical or tangible environment, including the facility, is essentially an unstudied area. This article identifies and defines components of "atmospherics" concerning health care (Healthscapes), to assess their strengths and predictiveness in the relationship between patient and other customer outcomes, satisfaction, quality assessments, intention to return, and willingness to recommend a health care provider to others and to propose much needed research in the area.
Medical care cannot be separated from the buildings in which it is delivered. The quality of space in such buildings affects the outcome of medical care, and architectural design is thus an important part of the healing process. This article explores the relation between spatial design and healing by focusing on recent developments in the design of hospitals in the United States. The number of U.S. hospitals grew steadily from 6125 in 1945 to 7174 in 1974, an increase of 17 percent.1 Since 1975, however, there has been a continuous decline in numbers, to 6467 in 1993, while the average . . .
Conceptually-driven investigations on the potentially modifiable predictors of individual differences among children with newly-diagnosed cancer may facilitate the identification of pediatric cancer patients at risk for maladjustment during the profound adversity associated with this life-threatening disease and aversive biomedical treatment. Within a risk and resistance theoretical framework, perceived stress and social support were investigated concurrently and prospectively within an exploratory design as predictors of negative affectivity (anxiety and depressive symptoms composite construct) in newly-diagnosed pediatric cancer patients at Time 1 (within one month after diagnosis), Time 2 (6 months postdiagnosis), and Time 3 (9 months postdiagnosis). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis findings indicate that perceived stress and social support have direct and independent effects on negative affectivity principally at the 9-month time interval. These findings are discussed in terms of the cognitive-behavioral treatment implications for enhancing child adjustment during the transition from the initial cancer diagnosis and aversive biomedical treatment to subsequent school and social reintegration.
Greater fear or distress prior to surgery is associated with a slower and more complicated postoperative recovery. Although anxiety presumably interferes with recuperation through both behavioral and physiological mechanisms, the pathways have been unclear. Recent work in psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) has demonstrated that stress delays wound healing. In addition, a second line of research has illustrated the adverse effects of pain on endocrine and immune function. A biobehavioral model is described that is based on these and other data; it suggests a number of routes through which psychological and behavioral responses can influence surgery and post-surgical outcomes. Clinical and research implications are highlighted.
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Healing by design: To the editor
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Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments Places children like, dislike, and fear
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The periodic rediscoveries of re-storative gardens: 1100 to the present The Healing Dimensions of People-plant Relations: Proceedings of a Research Symposium
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The therapeutic garden Conclu-sions and prospects Restorative ef-fects of natural environment experiences
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