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Sources of natural phenolic antioxidants
Abstract
An important field of research today is the control of ‘redox’ status with the properties of food and food components. Natural antioxidants present in the diet increase the resistance toward oxidative damages and they may have a substantial impact on human health.Dietary antioxidants such as ascorbates, tocopherols and carotenoids are well known and there is a surplus of publications related to their role in health. Plant phenols have not been completely studied because of the complexity of their chemical nature and the extended occurrence in plant materials.Extensively studied sources of natural antioxidants are fruits and vegetables, seeds, cereals, berries, wine, tea, onion bulbs, olive oil and aromatic plants. Attempts are also made to identify and evaluate antioxidants in agricultural by-products, ethnic and traditional products, herbal teas, cold pressed seed oils, exudates resins, hydrolysis products, not evaluated fruits and edible leaves and other raw materials rich in antioxidant phenols that have nutritional importance and/or the potential for applications in the promotion of health and prevention against damages caused by radicals.
... Along with the fruits, the flowers of CpL are also consumed in dish decorations, salads, and desserts due to their delicate texture, intense color, and slightly sweet flavor [4]. Previous studies have suggested that CpL flowers contain considerable levels of active compounds such as polyphenols and carotenoids [5]. Carotenoids are naturally occurring chemical molecules with yellow, orange, and red colors well-known to exert potent antioxidant activity [6]. ...
Although edible flowers have been historically principally used due to their visual appeal and smell, the world is discovering their value as innovative and natural sources of bioactive compounds. Cucurbita pepo L. (CpL), a plant from the Cucurbitaceae family, is widely cultivated for its edible fruits and flowers, which are rich in polyphenols and carotenoids—compounds known for their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite their potential, the use of CpL flowers for skin-related applications remains underexplored. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze CpL flower extract (CpLfe), focusing on its polyphenolic and carotenoid content using, for the first time, advanced UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS and HPLC-DAD analysis. CpLfe highlighted remarkable antioxidant activity according to the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP tests. CpLfe showed significantly reduced intracellular ROS in HaCaT (23%, p < 0.05) and protected against UVB-induced damage by lowering MMP-1 expression. CpLfe also upregulated genes crucial for skin hydration (AQP3) and barrier function (CerS2, CerS4, and CerS6). A placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial further validated CpLfe efficacy, demonstrating marked improvements in moisture retention, wrinkle reduction, and collagen production in women aged 35–55. These findings suggested that CpL flowers could be a source of bioactive compounds recovered from edible flowers able to improve the major skin aging and photoaging features.
... Chilli is an excellent source of natural antioxidants that contain a wide variety of bioactive substances which are important for preventing free radical formation through scavenging or promoting their decomposition. 5 Chilli is one of the most widely consumed vegetables because of their combinations, color, flavor, taste, and nutritional value. Apart from being a rich source of vitamin C, chilli has vitamins A and E, a low amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and traces of minerals. ...
... The minor, unsaponifiable fraction of EVOO consists of numerous compounds that include tocopherols, pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), hydrocarbons (squalene), sterols, terpene alcohols, and phospholipids [9]. Biologically active compounds, such as phenolic compounds, and a plethora of volatile compounds are also present and contribute to its high nutritional value and pleasant sensory characteristics [10,11]. These components are related to EVOO's quality in terms of health properties, oxidative stability, and sensory properties [12]. ...
The presence of food in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) during simultaneous storage might bring additional changes to the oil’s composition and quality. To investigate this matter, the influence of dried tomatoes on the oxidative and hydrolytic parameters, fatty acids, phenolic and volatile composition, antioxidant activity, pigments, and sensory attributes of EVOO during six months of simultaneous storage at room temperature (RT; 22 ± 2 °C) and +4 °C, was studied. Lower storage temperature reduced the hydrolytic and oxidative degradation of oils when dried tomatoes were immersed. The dried tomatoes addition did not affect the fatty acids composition of EVOO. The accelerated degradation kinetics of individual phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of oils were influenced by the presence of dried tomatoes, being more pronounced at RT. C6 and C5 volatiles responsible for the green odour of EVOO decreased, while tomato-derived volatiles (3-methylbutanal and acetic acid) increased during simultaneous storage with dried tomatoes, especially at RT. The addition of dried tomatoes diminished the intensities of EVOO’s positive attributes (fruitiness, bitterness, and pungency) while enhancing the tomato odour attribute. This study demonstrates that the introduction of dried tomatoes significantly alters the composition and quality of EVOO when used as a storage medium.
... arabicus, examined using four different assays based on different chemical reaction mechanisms. The assessments of antioxidant properties of natural compounds are very important because of their uses in medicine, food and cosmetics [32]. DPPH is a stable nitrogen-centered free radical commonly used for testing radical scavenging activity of the compound or plant extracts. ...
The screening of the of the vegetative and fruit of 70% ethanol, 70% methanol and aqueous extracts showed the presence of tannins, carbohydrates, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins and alkaloids. The vegetative part was found to possess comparatively higher values of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, total phenolic and total flavonoids content. Of all the ethanol extracts tested from vegetative and fruit part exhibited strong antioxidant potential in scavenging DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, phosphomolybdenum assay and reducing power ( IC50 values; 288.47 and 282.05 μg/mL, 58.64 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g sample and 0.40; 400.1 and 381.07 g/mL, 38.63 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g and 0.37, respectively). In ferric reducing assay the absorbance was found to increase with increase in concentration
The ethanol and aqueous extracts from vegetative and fruit parts of investigated plant parts had antibacterial activity in which vegetative showed highest values but did not show any antifungal activity.
... The oxidative balance of the body is influenced by diet [34,35]. Among the nutrients with the highest antioxidant potential are vitamins, while non-nutrient compounds of phenolic origin and antioxidant peptides also stand out [36][37][38]. Our findings align with other studies that reported antioxidant activity in amaranth, which was primarily due to the presence of phenolic compounds or peptides [39]. The observed antioxidant function in AhL may be related to the amino acids present in its structure. ...
Lectin extracted from Amaranthus hypochondriacus was purified using an affinity column with an agarose-fetuin matrix specific to the lectin of interest. Purification was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, revealing a single protein band with a molecular mass of 34.4 kDa. A hemagglutination assay showed that the lectin had a higher affinity for human type A erythrocytes, and its hemagglutinating activity was inhibited only by fetuin, not by mono-, di-, or trisaccharides. This demonstrated the lectin's selectivity for the N-acetylgalactosamine present on the surface of type A erythrocytes and fetuin. Amaranth lectin exhibited antioxidant activity, which was attributed to the phenolic compounds, amino acids, and specific peptides within the protein structure that are known for their antioxidant properties. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy provided a structural analysis and confirmed lectin glycosylation, a crucial factor in its stability and its ability to bind specific glycans on cell surfaces. Cu 2+, Mn 2+, and Zn 2+ ions were found in the lectin, and these ions were strongly bound to the protein, as dialysis against ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) did not remove them. pH and temperature influenced lectin stability, with higher hemagglutinating activity observed at pH 7, and it remained thermostable at 25 • C.
... These results were consistent with values reported for other vegetable oils (Mosibo et al., 2022;Varvouni et al., 2021). Literature shows significant variability in the TPC of olive oil, ranging from 50 to 1000 mg/kg (Dimitrios, 2006), and potentially reaching up to 4497 mg/kg depending on the cultivar (Miho et al., 2021). These results suggest that olive stone oil qualifies as a high phenolic oil, a designation typically reserved for oils exceeding 1200 mg/kg of phenolics (Diamantakos et al., 2021). ...
... This is mostly due to their potential for preventing numerous illnesses [95]. Legumes, tubers, and fruits are commonly used to meet the aforementioned needs since they serve as natural carriers of bioactive substances and help mitigate the risk and potential side effects [96]. Black currant (Ribes nigrum) is a rich and plentiful source of vitamin C, proanthocyanidins, carotenoids, myricetin, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, quercetin, and flavonoids [97]. ...
Bioactive substances can enhance host health by modulating biological reactions, but their absorption and utilization by the body are crucial for positive effects. Encapsulation of probiotics is rapidly advancing in food science, with new approaches such as 3D printing, spray-drying, microfluidics, and cryomilling. Co-encapsulation with bioactives presents a cost-effective and successful approach to delivering probiotic components to specific colon areas, improving viability and bioactivity. However, the exact method by which bioactive chemicals enhance probiotic survivability remains uncertain. Co-crystallization as an emerging encapsulation method improves the physical characteristics of active components. It transforms the structure of sucrose into uneven agglomerated crystals, creating a porous network to protect active ingredients. Likewise, electrohydrodynamic techniques are used to generate fibers with diverse properties, protecting bioactive compounds from harsh circumstances at ambient temperature. Electrohydrodynamic procedures are highly adaptable, uncomplicated, and easily expandable, resulting in enhanced product quality and functionality across various food domains. Furthermore, food byproducts offer nutritional benefits and technical potential, aligning with circular economy principles to minimize environmental impact and promote economic growth. Hence, industrialized nations can capitalize on the growing demand for functional foods by incorporating these developments into their traditional cuisine and partnering with businesses to enhance manufacturing and production processes.
... Capsicum spp. are cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and they are significant and well-liked vegetables and spices 5 . Not only are they highly valued for their economic significance, but they are also appreciated for their abundant nutritional benefits. ...
Background and Objective: Peppers are among the vegetables that provide a rich source of various bioactive compounds with potential health-improving properties. However, their occurrence and
... The studies demonstrated that the highest PAR transcript peaked in the petal and at the unfurling stage (fully open flower) 98 ; also, PAR is classified as a short-chain dehydrogenase reductase (SDR). Some researchers have revealed that olive (Olea Europaea) is a rich source of bioactive polyphenols that can produce hydroxytyrosol, an important precursor of acetonide [99][100][101] . In this regard, PAR is one of the genes related to the synthesis of hydroxytyrosol. ...
Rosa damascena Mill., commonly known as the King Flower, is a fragrant and important species of the Rosaceae family. It is widely used in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. The scent and color of the flowers are significant characteristics of this ornamental plant. This study aimed to investigate the relative expression of MYB1, CCD1, FLS, PAL, CER1, GT1, ANS and PAR genes under two growth stages (S1 and S2) in two morphs. The CCD1 gene pathway is highly correlated with the biosynthesis of volatile compounds. The results showed that the overexpression of MYB1, one of the important transcription factors in the production of fragrance and color, in the Hot pink morph of sample S2 increased the expression of PAR, PAL, FLS, RhGT1, CCD1, ANS, CER1, and GGPPS. The methyl jasmonate (MeJA) stimulant had a positive and cumulative effect on gene expression in most genes, such as FLS in ACC.26 of the S2 sample, RhGT1, MYB1, CCD1, PAR, ANS, CER1, and PAL in ACC.1. To further study, a comprehensive analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the principal volatile compounds and colors. Our data suggest that the rose with pink flowers had a higher accumulation content of flavonoids and anthocyanin. To separate essential oil compounds, GC/MS analysis identified 26 compounds in four samples. The highest amount of geraniol, one of the main components of damask rose, was found in the Hot pink flower, 23.54%, under the influence of the MeJA hormone.
... Penelitian oleh Fitrianingsih, Lestari dan Aminah, (2014) menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol dari kulit salak mengandung senyawa flavonoid, tanin, alkaloid, polifenolat, kuinon, seskuiterpen, dan monoterpen. Flavonoid diketahui memiliki aktivitas antikanker (Dimitrios 2006), serta mampu menurunkan kadar glukosa dalam darah (Sahputra 2008). Sementara itu, potensi antioksidan dalam biji salak berperan untuk menghadapi radikal bebas (Aprianti, Sakti, dan Sadiyah 2015). ...
Salak as a local commodity in Argoyuwono Village is usually directly sold or consumed by the community. Selling salak directly to collectors has low economic value and consumption of salak produces piles of salak waste. Waste bark and seeds contain antioxidants that are beneficial to health, so they have the potential to be processed into products. Service activities through training in making salak bark tea and salak coffee beans are carried out using the methods of 1) survey and observation, 2) analysis of problems and needs, 3) compiling procedures, 4) product manufacture, 5) packaging design, 6) preparation of cost of goods sold, 7) output products, 8) training, 9) evaluation and monitoring. Processing salak bark into tea and salak seeds into coffee in the Argoyuwono Village community can increase community innovation so that they are able to carry out the production of salak seed coffee and salak bark tea. The resulting product can increase the economic value and reduce the pile of salak waste.
... They have been shown to have a variety of biological effects, including antioxidant activity, therefore identifying the primary phenolic compounds in the fungus is crucial to understanding its nutritional makeup and functional characteristics. (Dimitrios, 2006;Kim et al., 2008). Fang et al. (2020) They verified that Agrocybe praecox had high levels of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and methionine. ...
Wild mushrooms are considered one of the important sources of many bioactive compounds with different therapeutic properties. Agrocybe praecox is one of the mushrooms found in Iraqi forest habitats. In the present investigation, the presence of some phenolic compounds such as ferulic, gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, and falalic acid was detected in A. praecox extracts. To reveal the potential antifungal ability of A. praecox extracts for some yeasts isolated from sputum of patients with asthma and allergic bronchitis which were Candida. albicans , C. lipolytica, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. lusittaniae, Cryptococcus laurentii and C. gattii, ethanolic extract gave the highest results in inhibiting growth, and the inhibition rate increased with increasing concentration to reach the highest level in concentration.
... Plant-derived antioxidants are mainly obtained from diets, such as vitamin A, C, E and carotenoids [13]. Plant polyphenols or phenolic compounds are now widely studied by researchers due to complexity of their chemical nature and the ubiquitous occurrence in plant materials [14]. Dried Hibiscus sabdariffa flower that is drunk as red tea is a rich source of polyphenols, especially anthocyanin and also vitamin C [15]. ...
Ocimum tenuiflorum is a medicinal plant with therapeutic potential, belongs to the family Lamiaceae also known as, tulsi and is known for its anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective activity. I have been selected groups were divided into two different doses, test groups (200 and 400 mg/kg) of the crude extracts, the standard drug (silymarin 100 mg/kg), and the hepatotoxicant carbone tetrachloride was negative control. The result of anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective activity suggested that effects of Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves extract were tested on phytochemical, results showed the presence of alkaloid, saponins, steroid, phenolic compounds flavonoids, tannins as chemical constituents may have anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective activity, which is not evaluated till now.Amoung the results, shows The amount of steroids was estimated to be 11.85 mg/g and 57.69 mg/g respectively for methanol extracts respectively. The amount of alkaloids was estimated to be 121.69 mg/g and 12.30 mg/g respectively for methanol extracts respectively. The amount of phenolic compounds was estimated to be 71.32 mg/g for methanol extract. The amount of flavonoids was estimated to be 116.60 mg/g respectively for methanol extracts respectively. The IC50 concentration of methanol extract was noticed to be very close to standard suggest that the activity of methanol extract was very high. The 80% methanol extract decreased the absolute and relative weight of the liver of mice at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg (p< 0.01 and p< 0.001, respectively). It also suppressed the plasma levels of AST and ALT (p< 0.001) in the aforementioned doses. Among extracts, the methanol fraction showed maximum hepatoprotective activity in its dose of 400 mg/kg (p< 0.001, in all cases). Ocimum tenuiflorum is endowed with hepatoprotectiveactivity, probably mediated via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, Ocimum tenuiflorum can be taken as one candidate for the development of hepatoprotective agents because of its good safety profile.
... radicals as well as singlet molecular oxygen by interacting with other antioxidants. Their effectiveness is greater than that of isolated compounds [43]. The concentration of β-carotene and lycopene in T. claveryi extracts was estimated spectrophotometrically with a level of 0.25 ± 0.001 (µg CrE/ mg extract) and 0.16 ± 0.0002 (µg CrE/mg extract) respectively. ...
Terfezia claveryi Chatin is an obligate ectomycorrhizal hypogeous desert truffle, very rich in active compounds. Our objectives are to promote the hydro-methanolic extract by spectrophotometrically evaluating of bioactive contents and their biological activities. DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and TAC were carried out to estimate the antioxidant potential. The lysis, the anti-hemolytic, the anti-inflammatory and the α-amylase inhibitory properties were investigated. The total phenolic compounds are the majority components 82.27 ± 1.44 (µg GAE/mg extract). Through GC–MS, a total of 06 compounds were identified. The IC50 value of DPPH and ABTS were respectively (251.03 ± 6,31 µg/mL), (177.64 ± 0.91 µg /mL), and the TAC value was (26.14 ± 0.22 µg AAE /mg extract). The results highlighted a low hemolytic activity 2.37 ± 0.20% at 2 mg/mL and a strong protective effect against AAPH radical-induced hemolysis, HT50 (min) was 209.56 ± 0.62 (min) compared to the ascorbic acid 224.15 ± 0.65 (min) at 200 µg/mL. Tests conducted revealed a promoting potential to inhibit BSA denaturation, the level of protection at 700 and 1500 (µg/mL) was 69.41% and 83.53%, while diclofenac was 92.16% and 98.43% respectively. Truffles research remain an unexplored field, and this research provides valuable findings. According to the data collected in the current investigation, the hydro-methanolic extract of T. claveryi exhibits in vitro, anti-inflammatory and anti-hemolytic benefits and can be suitable for use in the context of a natural source to protect against inflammation and the side effects linked to oxidative stress.
Graphical abstract
... Plant phenols have not been completely studied because of the complexity of their chemical nature and the extended occurrence in plant materials. Attempts are also made to identify and evaluate antioxidants in agricultural by-products and other raw materials rich in antioxidant phenols that have nutritional importance and/or the potential for applications in the promotion of health and prevention against damages caused by radicals (Dimitrios 2006). Therefore, the utilization of DSF as antioxidant and phenols compounds sources were evaluated in the current study in muffin and shaboura products and the results are found in Tables (7and 8). ...
The importance of antioxidants, phenols, is seen to increase the content of phenolics in plants, producing less hydrophilc derivatives by enzymatic modification of their structure with improved pharmacological characteristics, exploring novel effects and elucidating the quantitative structure-activity relationships of various phenol classes. The current study was designed to add an economic value to date seeds powder (DSP) by using it, as phenolic and antioxidant activities components, at varied amounts (of 2, 5 or 10%) to manufacture some bakery products (muffins and shaboura). The corresponding products were characterized in terms of chemical composition, minerals content, phenols content, antioxidant activities and sensory properties. Results showed a favorite significant effect of the date seeds flour on the chemical composition and minerals content of the tested products. It was found that fiber, protein, ash and moisture contents were gradient upwarded as a result of raising the substitution amount of date seeds powder. The carbohydrate was the predominant component in all the tested products. Indeed, muffin and shaboura manufactured by 10% DSP were the richest among of all samples. The total phenols content and antioxidant activity seemed to be higher in the products supplied by DSP and the enhancement in their amount applied the same pattern in case of chemical compositions. Sensory evaluation showed that among of all muffin and shaboura, the sample manufactured by 10% DSP were the least one in compare to the control sample with respect to the tested sensory attributes.
... 34 These compounds, characterized by phenolic features and unsaturated aromatic structures, can also deplete ROS, acting as antioxidants and potentially mitigating PM 2.5 -induced oxidative stress. 34,35 Surprisingly, no study has yet explored the antioxidant properties of air pollution or quantified the PM 2.5 antioxidant capacity (AOC). Examining both PM 2.5 OP and AOC, collectively termed redox potential, shall enhance our understanding of PM 2.5 toxicity and its involvement in redox cycling processes within the respiratory system. ...
This study investigates daily variations in redox potential of water-and organic-soluble PM 2.5 during Delhi's monsoon season, offering insights into its chemical composition, cytotoxicity, and oxidative threat to various lung conditions. PM 2.5 samples, categorized by pollution levels, showed an average intrinsic oxidative potential (OP m DTT) of 27.5 pmol min −1 μg −1 , OH • generation of 51.1 pmol μg −1 , and antioxidant capacity (AOC) in both gallic acid and trolox equivalency of 62.5 and 35.3 pmol μg −1 , respectively. Water-soluble redox-active compounds (RACs) contributed to approximately 67% of the PM 2.5 redox potential. The polar-phase distribution of RACs in PM 2.5 can be modified by atmospheric photochemistry and precipitation. Biomass burning emerged as a pivotal pollution source, with polluted PM 2.5 samples exhibiting higher cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in A549 cells. All PM 2.5 compounds impaired cellular respiration, reducing the oxygen consumption rates in A549 cells. Intrinsic OP m DTT and OH • generation of PM 2.5 were influenced by lung fluid variants, such as exogenous nicotine and endogenous inflammatory protein. This study provides a comprehensive perspective on PM 2.5 pollution and its toxicity in Delhi, India during distinct pollution periods and also points out the importance of considering population disparities and individual health status in assessing PM 2.5 health impacts.
... Protein and total carbohydrates are abundant in the seeds. Antioxidant qualities are attributed to flavonoids and phenolic acids due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in their structures; these compounds play a crucial role in the body's defense mechanism versus oxidative damage produced by endogenous free radicals [63]. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is engaged in a variety of metabolic processes and is required for collagen formation; it also improves blood circulation and acts as an antioxidant [64] (Table 3). ...
Background
Cholestasis is an important predisposing factor for hepatocyte damage, liver fibrosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and even liver failure. Silybum marianum L. (SM) plant is used in teas or eaten in some countries due to its antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. Because of its low and poor oral bioavailability, so we improve the therapeutic activity of Silybum marianum L. extract (SM) by studying the potential effects of nanoformulation of Silybum marianium L. extract (nano-SM) on 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE)-induced intrahepatic cholestasis.
Methods
Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups (6 rats/group). Group I: Rats were received the treatment vehicle and served as normal group. Group II:Rats were injected daily with EE (10 mg/kg) for five successive days. Group III-V: Rats were injected daily with EE (10 mg/kg) and treated with either Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (40 mg/kg), SM (100 mg/kg) and nano-SM (100 mg/kg) orally once/day throughout the trialfor five successive days, respectively.
Results
Nano-SM greatly dampened the increase in serum levels of total and direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, and alkaline phosphatase caused by EE. Furthermore, nano-SM increased the hepatic contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) and also upregulated the relative hepatic gene expressions of Rho-kinase (ROCK-1), myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and myosin phosphatase target subunit (MYPT1) compared to the EE-induced group. Administration of nano-SM reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation and downregulated the relative hepatic expressions of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ҡB) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In addition, nano-SM improved the histopathological changes induced by EE.
Conclusion
Nano-SM possessed a superior effect over SM, which can be considered an effective protective modality against EE-induced cholestatic liver injury through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, and enhancing bile acid (BA) efflux.
... Fruits and vegetables in foods are an important source of phytonutrients that have been shown to be necessary for sustaining human consumption (Zhang et al., 2015). They are immensely valuable, not only for their nutritional value but also for their potential health functionality against various degenerative diseases (Dimitrios, 2006;Deepa et al., 2007). The phytonutrients display antioxidant properties and can therefore act as free radical scavengers, resulting in the inhibition of the oxidative mechanisms which are responsible for many disorders and diseases in humans (Valko et al., 2007;Painupong, 2017). ...
The development of chili paste from karanda (Carissa carandas L.) was aimed to obtain a product which will benefit consumer health and promote the use of Thai herbs to become functional foods. This research was designed to conduct a comparative evaluation of physicochemical compositions, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities, microbiological qualities, and sensory testing of three karanda chili paste formulas (formula A, B and C). The physicochemical proximate compositions were analyzed by the AOAC method. The TPC of the extracts was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activities were tested by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging DPPH and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The results showed that the colour values of redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) of chili paste in formula B were lower than others. Formula B was significantly higher than others in protein content whereas formula C was significantly higher than others in fat, carbohydrate, ash and energy. The extract of steamed formula A contained the highest TPC (3.94±0.11 milligram gallic acid equivalent per gram of fresh weight (mg GAE/g FW). Similarly, this extract containing most karanda showed stronger antioxidant capacities, 11.55±0.04 milligram trolox equivalent per gram of fresh weight (mg TE/g FW), and 11.93±0.02 micromole trolox equivalent per gram of fresh weight (µmole TE/g FW) as determined by DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. The DPPH and FRAP values of steamed chili paste were higher compared with unsteamed chili paste in all formulas. Moreover, the steamed chili paste did not have counts of the total aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, yeasts, and mold that exceeded the community product standard. Overall preference for all formulas of karanda chili paste was not significantly different, but formula A was the most acceptable. This study demonstrated that karanda chili paste could retain its antioxidant activity and help to reduce microbial contamination due to steaming and its spice phytochemicals; therefore, it could be valuable as a functional food for preventing oxidative stress-mediated human disorders.
... Plants have been utilized for thousands of years as drugs and remedies for a wide range of illnesses. An important area of research is the regulation of microbial action and redox status in the human body by the characteristics of diet and food components (Dimitrios, 2006). The use of commercial antimicrobial drugs to treat several infectious diseases increased the resistance power against various microorganisms. ...
... It is known that the phenolic content may correlate with the antioxidant activity in the extracts, since the structural characteristics of phenolic molecules make strong antioxidant action possible whenever high contents of phenolics occur [33]. Hence, the correlations between total phenolic content and either DPPH or FRAP were analysed. ...
Biological activity and bioactive compound content in sea cucumbers was assessed, considering Parastichopus regalis, Holothuria mammata, Holothuria forskali, and Holothuria arguinensis as species and intestine, muscle band, respiratory tree, body wall, and gonads as tissues. P. regalis had the lowest content in phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in contrast to Holothuria species. In the respiratory tree, the highest phenolic concentration was recorded in H. arguinensis, 76.4 ± 1.2 mg GAE/100 g dw vs. 21.0–49.0 mg GAE/100 g dw in the other species. H. arguinensis had the highest DPPH and FRAP results in the gonads, 13.6 ± 0.7 mg AAE/100 g dw vs. 2.6–3.5 mg AAE/100 g dw and 27.1 ± 0.3 μmol Fe2+/g dw vs. 8.0–15.9 μmol Fe2+/g dw, respectively. Overall, P. regalis biomass presented the highest anti-inflammatory activity levels and H. arguinensis the lowest anti-inflammatory levels. The respiratory tree was the most anti-inflammatory (measured by the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2) tissue in H. mammata and H. forskali (also the muscle band in this case), 76.3 ± 6.3% and 59.5 ± 3.6% COX-2 inhibition in 1 mg/mL aqueous extracts, respectively. The results demonstrated a variable bioactive potential and advantage in targeting antioxidant properties in the muscle band and anti-inflammatory activity in the respiratory tree, which may constitute a starting point for a biorefinery approach envisaging multiple applications.
... Furthermore, they play a crucial role in maintaining and promoting a healthy and productive life [5]. Plants, herbs, fruits, and vegetables represent the main sources of dietary antioxidants [6]. ...
The zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) plant is well known for its fruits; however, its edible flowers appear to contain several active molecules, including polyphenols, which display poor bioaccessibility after gastrointestinal digestion (GiD). This study explores the bioaccessibility of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity within zucchini flower extracts during simulated GiD. Two nutraceutical formulations, non-acid-resistant (NAcR) and acid-resistant (AcR) capsules containing an aqueous extract of zucchini flowers, were employed in this investigation. Additionally, high-resolution mass spectrometry (Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was utilized for a comprehensive analysis of their polyphenolic constituents. Predominantly, rutin and isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside were the most prevalent compounds detected in the samples (514.62 and 318.59 mg/kg, respectively). Following in vitro GiD, the extract encapsulated in AcR capsules exhibited enhanced bioaccessibility during both the duodenal (189.2 and 162.5 mg GAE/100 g, respectively) and colonic stages (477.4 and 344.7 mg GAE/100 g, respectively) when compared with the extract encapsulated in NAcR capsules. This suggests that gastric acidity adversely impacted the release of polyphenols from NAcR capsules. In conclusion, the aqueous zucchini flower extract emerges as a promising and readily accessible source of dietary polyphenols. Moreover, the utilization of AcR capsules presents a potential nutraceutical formulation strategy to improve polyphenol bioaccessibility, enhancing its applicability in promoting health and well-being.
... The qualitative analysis by HPLC chromatography revealed the presence of quercetin, chlorogenic acid and p-Coumaric Acid from the dry crude latex extract of P. tomentosa. Which could be enough for this plant to be a natural source of antioxidants prevent oxidative damage that causes many different diseases (Dimitrios, 2006), enhance health by preventing the formation of free radicals and converting them into less toxic compounds, in addition to restoring damaged molecules (Ali Amin et al., 2022) and for use in the food industry as a natural additive due to their natural antioxidant content (Kaska, 2018). Finally, these results conclude that the differences in antioxidant activity tests between the studied latex extract and these species may be attributed to the difference in geographical environments, in addition to the difference in the mechanism of action of these assays and the interaction between them on the one hand, and the variation in phenolic content between them on the other hand. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the dry crude latex extract from P. tomentosa, endemic to the Sahara, by determining the total content of polyphenols and flavonoids, and detecting the plant compounds by HPLC chromatography. Also, Antioxidant activity was measured through three tests: (BCB) beta-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay, (DPPH) radical scavenging and (FRAP) ferric reducing ability assay. In addition, anti-inflammatory activity. The results showed that the dry crude latex extract of P. tomentosa showed moderate content of polyphenols and flavonoids in the dry crude latex extract of P. tomentosa. Besides, qualitative HPLC analysis led to the detection of a group of phenolic compounds of this extract that have therapeutic properties. Also, the studied extract had strong activity in the beta-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching test and the values obtained were very close to the reference gallic acid. The results also indicated significant antioxidant activities in the DPPH and FRAP assay compared to ascorbic acid. In addition, the strong effect of dry crude latex extract from P. tomentosa in inhibiting protein denaturation induced by albumin hyperthermia, compared to ASPEGIC®, which is used as a reference drug in infections. In conclusion, the results indicate that the dry crude latex extract of P. tomentosa has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, which confirms the use of this extract in folk medicine, which could be a first step in introducing it into therapeutic applications.
... The qualitative analysis by HPLC chromatography revealed the presence of quercetin, chlorogenic acid and p-Coumaric Acid from the dry crude latex extract of P. tomentosa. Which could be enough for this plant to be a natural source of antioxidants prevent oxidative damage that causes many different diseases (Dimitrios, 2006), enhance health by preventing the formation of free radicals and converting them into less toxic compounds, in addition to restoring damaged molecules (Ali Amin et al., 2022) and for use in the food industry as a natural additive due to their natural antioxidant content (Kaska, 2018). Finally, these results conclude that the differences in antioxidant activity tests between the studied latex extract and these species may be attributed to the difference in geographical environments, in addition to the difference in the mechanism of action of these assays and the interaction between them on the one hand, and the variation in phenolic content between them on the other hand. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the dry crude latex extract from P. tomentosa, endemic to the Sahara, by determining the total content of polyphenols and flavonoids, and detecting the plant compounds by HPLCchromatography. Also, Antioxidant activity was measured through three tests: (BCB) beta-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay, (DPPH) radical scavenging and (FRAP) ferric reducing ability assay. In addition, anti-inflammatory activity. The results showed that the dry crude latex extract of P. tomentosa showed moderate content of polyphenols and flavonoids in the dry crude latex extract of P. tomentosa. Besides, qualitative HPLC analysis led to the detection of a group of phenolic compounds of this extract that have therapeutic properties. Also, the studied extract had strong activity in the beta-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching test and the values obtained were very close to the reference gallic acid. The results also indicated significant antioxidant activities in the DPPH and FRAP assay compared to ascorbic acid. In addition, the strong effect of dry crude latex extract from P. tomentosa in inhibiting protein denaturation induced by albumin hyperthermia, compared to ASPEGIC®, which is used as a reference drug in infections. In conclusion, the results indicate that the dry crude latex extract of P. tomentosa has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, which confirms the use of this extract in folk medicine, which could be a first step in introducing it into therapeutic applications
... In addition, they serve vital functions in mitigating inflammation, protecting neural cells, safeguarding the cardiovascular system, and exhibiting anti-aging properties, as evidenced by earlier studies. 45,46 Mycochemical tests (Table 3) showed that EtAK1 had a total phenolic content of 40.49 ± 3.71 μg gallic acid equivalent per milligram of extract and a total flavonoid content of 43.89 ± 2.297 μg quercetin equivalent per milligram of extract. The β-carotene and lycopene contents are present in very small amounts. ...
In humans, a wide range of health disorders have been induced due to an imbalanced metabolism and an excess generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Different biological properties found in mushrooms seem to be the reason for their customary use as a favourite delicacy. Therefore, exploration of wild edible mushrooms as a source of various biological compounds is gaining much importance today. Amanita konajensis , one of the underutilized macrofungi popularly consumed in Eastern India, demands a systematic study of its medicinal values. The study aims to explore the myco-chemical contents of A. konajensis ethanolic extract (EtAK1) and screen their antioxidant potency through various in vitro assays. GC-MS analysis identified the chemical components of EtAK1. Further, structure-based virtual screening of the identified compounds was analysed for drug-like properties and molecular docking with the human p38 MAPK protein, a potent targeting pathway for human lung cancer. The morpho-molecular features proved the authenticity of the collected mushroom. The screening assays showed that EtAK1 was abundant in flavonoids, followed by phenolics, β-carotene, and lycopene, and had strong antioxidant activity with EC50 values of 640-710 μg/mL. The GC-MS analyses of EtAK1 identified the occurrence of 19 bioactive compounds in the mushroom. In silico analysis revealed that anthraergostatetraenol p-chlorobenzoate, one of the compounds identified, displayed high binding affinity (ΔG = -10.6 kcal/mol) with human p38 MAPK. The outcome of this study will pave the way for the invention of myco-medicine using A. konajensis , which may lead to a novel drug for human lung cancer.
... As such, the lignin source and preparation method should be considered when using it as building blocks for RTP materials. Also, it should be noted that some of these aromatic resources -such as natural phenolics -for RTP emission contain sensitive phenolic moieties 136 . Once they are oxidized in air, the phenolic moieties would be changed into a quinone structure, which could decrease the RTP emission 137 . ...
Room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials have enormous potential in many different areas. Additionally, the conversion of natural resources to RTP materials has attracted considerable attention. Owing to their inherent luminescent properties, natural materials can be efficiently converted into sustainable RTP materials. However, to date, only a few reviews have focused on this area of endeavour. Motivated by this lack of coverage, in this Review, we address this shortcoming and introduce the types of natural resource available for the preparation of RTP materials. We mainly focus on the inherent advantages of natural resources for RTP materials, strategies for activating and enhancing the RTP properties of the natural resources as well as the potential applications of these RTP materials. In addition, we discuss future challenges and opportunities in this area of research.
... Therefore, several antioxidants have been exploited in recent years for their actual or supposed beneficial effect against oxidative stress, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, flavonoids, and polyphenols [3]. Natural products obtained from various living organisms, especially from plants are proven to show antioxidant activities [4][5][6][7][8] although the clinical trials have been disappointing for many of the antioxidant sources. In light of that context, searching for newer antioxidants and making them evident through both preclinical and clinical trials is still a challenging and tedious approach. ...
Terpenes and their derivatives in essential oil have been raising an upstream interest due to their unwavering health-promoting effects and safety profiles, although the individual essential oil components are inadequately assessed for their biological potential. Terpinen-4-ol, a bioactive natural terpene-derivative unambiguously distributed in most essential oil sources, is displaying a very remarkable role as a phytometabolite. This review, therefore, deciphered the health-promoting effects of Terpinen-4-ol in oxidative stress-linked diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and inflammatory disorders. Using Google as a search engine, this systematic review unraveled 217 relevant articles out of 857 search results from Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Terpinen-4-ol is reported to increase superoxide dismutase, decrease glutathione-S-transferase and acetylcholine esterase, inhibit NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation pathway, downregulate the α-amylase activity and increase insulin sensitivity, and substantially inhibit the generation of inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10. Despite several beneficial actions of Terpinen-4-ol, it has hardly been expedited to use as pharmaceutical therapeutic target for unveiled biological activities. In that context, this review has focused on the role of Terpinen-4-ol in attenuating oxidative stress and stress-linked pathophysiological conditions unravelling a research gap on it to manifest its best pharmaceutical and therapeutic uses.
Padmaka ( Prunus cerasoides Don.), or wild Himalayan cherry, is a deciduous tree from the Rosaceaae family. The Prunus genus has 400–430 species, including shrubs and trees. It is widely distributed across the Himalayan region of India, China, Myanmar, Nepal, and Thailand. It is used in many classical formulations of various Asian traditional medicinal systems viz., Ayurveda, TCM (traditional Chineese Medicines) and TTM (Traditional Thai Medicines) for treating burning sensations, Blisters, blood disorders, dizziness, bleeding disorders, herps, and skin disorders. The present review covers the research updates on P. cerasoides from 1982 to 2023, accessible on scholars’ platforms and databases. More than 200 phytomolecules have been investigated for their biological potential and the discovery of pharmacophores‐inspired drugs. Padmaka instigated over fifty diverse phytochemicals, viz. flavones, isoflavones, chalcones, terpenoids, glycosides, and sterols. The phytochemical flux of P. cerasoides is dominant with phenylpropanoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and terpenoids. Several experimental shreds of evidence emphasized the biological significance of P. cerasoides extracts and their derived phytochemicals. Medicinal significance and its safety in clinical validation have been discussed efficiently. Moreover, the barrier in validated therapeutics is a lack of information on the bioavailability of specialized bioactive, standardization, safety, and toxicokinetic. This review also provides insight into discussions on the key specialized secondary metabolism in P. cerasoides responsible for pharmacological/therapeutic action.
This is the first report of an innovative, one-pot, pseudo-five-component, and solvent-free synthesis of 6,6′-(arylmethylene)bis(2-(tert-butyl)4-methylphenol) antioxidants from p-cresol, methyl tert-butyl ether, and aldehydes in the presence of sulfonated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-SO3H) as heterogeneous, robust, and reusable catalysts under solvent-free conditions. MWCNTs-SO3H was prepared and characterized by some microscopic and spectroscopic techniques including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, dispersibility in different solvent, and thermogravimetric analysis (one functionality every approximately five carbon atoms). The acidity of the catalyst was measured by acid–base titration (1.80 mmol g⁻¹). This reaction proceeds smoothly to give the products in good yields. The catalyst was reused several times without efficient loss of its activity for the preparation of 6,6′-(arylmethylene)bis(2-(tert-butyl)4-methylphenol) antioxidants. In addition, high yields of the products and solvent-free and nontoxicity of the catalyst are other worthwhile advantages of the present method.
Ultraviolet-induced skin damage is very frequent due to the severe climatic change taking place globally. Treatment of skin damage using bioactive is the sought remedy where the molecule in question is being encapsulated in a synthetic polymeric material. It has been observed that such fabrication leads to a toxic impact on the skin with time. To overcome the limitation, biopolymer-derived material has been used for encapsulating compounds to treat various skin damages caused due to ultraviolet irradiation. The main purpose of this review is to update topical delivery systems using carotenoids as the bioactive compound.
Various articles based on carotenoids and their numerous health and photo-protective effects were screened and chosen for this review. Previous reports on hydrogel-based delivery systems of carotenoids have been included.
Various reports showed that the application of carotenoids in hydrogel delivery can prevent carotenoid degradation. However, ensuring long-lasting stability could be a big challenge. Advanced hydrogel technology, such as stimuli-responsive hydrogel, was developed for the carotenoid delivery system, thus resulting in the controlled, prolonged, and sustained release of the carotenoid. 3D and 4D bioprinting emerged as recent techniques for developing stimuli-responsive hydrogel due to their stretchability, biocompatibility, ultra-flexibility, and printability properties. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels could act as sensors while providing real-time biotherapeutic and antioxidant properties to treat skin damage.
The perspective of this review is to highlight the stimuli-responsive hydrogel, 3D and 4D bioprinting hydrogel, and their responsive behavior in skin damage treatment. It also highlights the role of carotenoids in skin repair.
ROS induced by UV radiation has become primarily responsible for various skin diseases. Antioxidants have been known to protect ROS-mediated damage by scavenging reactive molecules. Carotenoid pigment has been reported to protect skin from damaging effect of ROS. High susceptibility of carotenoid degradation to various external factors has led to development of hydrogel-based delivery system for topical application. However, reports on delivery of carotenoids by stimuli-responsive hydrogel are limited. In this review, the potential treatment of skin damage by stimuli-responsive hydrogel has been discussed. The update on the recent concept 3D and 4D bioprinting hydrogel has also been provided.
Biopolymer-derived hydrogel will be prepared and preliminary screening and characterization will be done to select the best hydrogel formulation for carotenoid encapsulation. The functioning of the formulated hydrogel containing carotenoid will be further studied through in vitro release study and in vitro degradation study. Bioactivity of formulated hydrogel will be studied by performing antioxidant assay. To explore the stimuli-responsive behavior, formulated hydrogel will be exposed to different mediums (pH, temperature, and salt). The stimuli-sensing ability of formulated hydrogel may be enhanced by fabrication of hydrogel with different stimuli-responsive agents to achieve targeted delivery of carotenoid.
The development of stimuli-responsive carotenoid–loaded hydrogel and its application in skin damage is illustrated in graphical abstract. Encapsulation of carotenoids in hydrogel has several advantages from preventing degradation to exhibiting antioxidant activity. Development of smart-stimuli responsive hydrogel through using various methods could be an ideal system for carotenoids due to its biocompatible nature which will allow real-time monitoring of wound healing capacity.
This research provides the antioxidant activities of locally produced rice in the Northern and Western regions of Nigeria, with a focus on Kebbi rice and Igbemo rice. The study utilizes the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of these rice varieties. In which the sample was extracted using solvent extraction method after which the antioxidant (AO) activity of the rice samples as ferric-reducing power, is determined using a modified FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power) assay Sodium phosphate, buffer solution, pipettes, test tubes, centrifugal machine, TCA, KFC and reagent such as Fe(iii) solution were used to analyse the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the sample. Also, Methanolic solution, and spectrophotometer to measure absorbance at 516nm is used to determine the free radical scavenging ability of the extract against DPPH (1, 1- diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl). Results reveal that Kebbi rice exhibits higher FRAP values compared to Igbemo rice, indicating superior antioxidant activity in the FRAP assay. Conversely, Igbemo rice demonstrates higher DPPH values than Kebbi rice, suggesting greater antioxidant potency in the DPPH assay. These findings underscore the variability in antioxidant properties among different rice varieties and highlight the importance of considering multiple assays for a comprehensive assessment of antioxidant activity. Understanding the antioxidant profiles of indigenous rice varieties like Kebbi and Igbemo rice is crucial for promoting their consumption and enhancing food security in Nigeria. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific antioxidant compounds responsible for the observed differences and explore their potential health benefits.
This study aimed to prepare defatted ethanol extract of Abelmoschus esculentus leaves, Morus nigra leaves and Punica granatum peel, to identify the chemical composition of these extracts and to explore their efficacy in counteracting diabetic neuropathy. LC‐ ESI ‐MS spectrometry was the hyphenated tool for component identification of these extracts. Behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological investigations were carried out after treatments of diabetic rats. The phenolic contents in the extracts are 16.38, 34.75 and 40.57 mg GAE/g extract regarding A. esculentus leaves, M. nigra leaves and P. granatum peel respectively. Chemodiversity of the phenolic contents was observed from the LC/Mass, where A. esculentus extract contained isoflavonoids and flavanones, M. nigra extract consisted of benzofurans, prenylated flavonoids, stilbenes, and xanthones, and P. granatum extract was rich in ellagitanins, condensed tannins, and anthocyanins. The extracts normalize of blood glucose levels, enhance the explorative behavior of the rats and their response time to thermal pain, restore the oxidant/antioxidant balance, attenuate inflammation, augment brain monoamines levels and modulate MAO‐A and Ache enzyme activity. Furthermore, they recovered brain histopathological alterations. Conclusively, this study offers experimental evidence for neuroprotective impact of studied defatted ethanol extracts against diabetic neuropathy via their hypoglycemic effect, antioxidant activity, and anti‐inflammatory potential.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os teores de fitoquímicos em três espécies vegetais nativas de Portugal - erva-cidreira (Melissa officinalis L.), camomila (Matricaria chamomilla L.) e tília (Tilia cordata Mill.) - , através da quantificação dos compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides totais, proantocianidinas (taninos totais) e carotenoides totais. Foi também avaliada a possível correlação entre a atividade antioxidante (in vitro) e o efeito sinérgico entre os diferentes fitoquímicos presentes, através do método do radical livre DPPH. Os extratos aquosos apresentaram diferenças significativas (p 0.05) entre todos os fitoquímicos estudados. A erva-cidreira apresentou maiores concentrações em fenólicos totais (258.1 mg.100g-1) e flavonoides totais (686.4 mg.100g-1), verificando-se uma correlação positiva entre estes compostos e o seu poder antioxidante (65%). A camomila foi a planta medicinal com maiores teores em taninos (37.0 mg.100g-1), compostos reconhecidos pelo seu poder adstringente e propriedades digestivas. Todas as plantas apresentaram atividade antioxidante, superior à amostra controlo, com valores compreendidos entre 8.5% e 65% para a tília e erva-cidreira, respetivamente. Este estudo prova que as plantas medicinais portuguesas são uma fonte rica em compostos bioativos para a aplicação nas indústrias alimentares e farmacêuticas.
In this study, it was aimed to determine that the by-products of grapes grown in each region of Turkey will be evaluated for different purposes, to reveal the oxidation stability, fatty acid profile and quality of butter during the storage period by using the bioflavonoid properties of the grape skin, to reveal the mineral substance, dietary fiber, phenolic substance and quality of butter. It is aimed to enrich its therapeutic properties and improve its technological properties by increasing its antioxidant content. The physico-chemical and pomological properties of grapes were determined by harvesting 6 types of grapes (Antep Karası, Trakya İlkeren, Michaeli Paliere, Red Globe, Crimson Seedless, Sultani Seedless) used in butter production, according to their maturity index.
Composition, physico-chemical, microbiological, textural and sensory analyzes were
performed on the 1st, 30th, 60th and 90th days of storage in butters to which dried grape skins were added.
Mineral substance, carbohydrate and dietary fiber contents of butter with grape skin added were determined to be higher. Grape skins showed bioactive properties, increased the total flavonoid and total phenolic content of the butter and increased the antioxidant capacity. Oxidation stability increased with the decrease of lipid oxidation in butter. Peroxide value was not determined in the samples, and a decrease in free fatty acidity was determined during storage. It has been determined that the grape skin added butters, which have gained consumer appreciation in the sensory sense, can be consumed as a healthy and innovative dairy product, and that food industry by-products can be used as bioactive nutraceutical components.
Esta obra constituiu-se a partir de um processo colaborativo entre professores, estudantes e pesquisadores que se destacaram e qualificaram as discussões neste espaço formativo. Resulta, também, de movimentos interinstitucionais e de ações de incentivo à pesquisa que congregam pesquisadores das mais diversas áreas do conhecimento e de diferentes Instituições de Educação Superior públicas e privadas de abrangência nacional e internacional. Tem como objetivo integrar ações interinstitucionais nacionais e internacionais com redes de pesquisa que tenham a finalidade de fomentar a formação continuada dos profissionais da educação, por meio da produção e socialização de conhecimentos das diversas áreas do Saberes. Agradecemos aos autores pelo empenho, disponibilidade e dedicação para o desenvolvimento e conclusão dessa obra. Esperamos também que esta obra sirva de instrumento didático-pedagógico para estudantes, professores dos diversos níveis de ensino em seus trabalhos e demais interessados pela temática.
The study aimed to extract Capsicum frustecens fruits (Red pepper) and determine the total phenolic contents in the crude extracts. The methodology involved using aqueous and ethanol as solvents, and both were extracted for 48 and 72 hours, respectively, at room temperature. Filtrates were subjected to evaporation in a rotary evaporator. Ethanol had recovered the highest extract of 13.43g (26.04%), while aqueous extract had recovered 09.52g (19.4%). Total phenolic contents of the Capsicum frustecens fruits were determined by Folin Ciocalteau method, standard gallic acid solution was prepared in 100ml of ethanol to produce a stock solution. Various concentrations of working solutions (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 μg/ml) were prepared. Samples were prepared in triplicates for each assay, and a mean absorbance value was recorded at 760 nm in a UV spectrophotometer. The results showed that Capsicum frustecens ethanolic extract had recorded the highest mean total phenolic content of 113.79+1.63 mg GAE/g than aqueous extract recorded 78.33 mg GAE/g. The highest phenolics content in ethanolic extract was (196.77 mg GAE/g) recorded in 100µg concentration, while the lowest phenolic content (29.33 mg GAE/g) was recorded in 12.5µg concentration of aqueous extract. The total phenolic contents showed no significant difference (p>0.05) among the extracts. The results obtained from the study highlighted the potential of Capsicum frustecens fruits from the plant-based origin as a promising source of phenolics and other phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, etc., in food and pharmaceutical industries.
In recent years, food and packaging industries have worked together to minimize food wastes. Fruit and vegetable by-products, which are known to be among the most abundant food wastes and a great source of bioactive compounds, have the potential to improve food product packaging properties. The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of pomegranate peel in food active packaging have been the subject of numerous studies. Pomegranate peel has an impact on the films' microstructure and physical properties, such as thickness, water vapor permeability, mechanical properties, optical properties, and thermal properties. Moreover, pomegranate peel incorporated films demonstrate great antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Reviewing current advancements in the physical and functional properties of active packaging films containing pomegranate peel is the goal of this study.
In this study, effect of some solvents (ethanol, acetonitrile and water) for the extraction of phenolic compounds was investigated. Solvent volume, temperature and duration of the extraction process have a positive correlation with the amounts of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The amounts of phenolic compounds, especially oleuropein in the leaf extract is higher than the fruit extract, and the concentration of oleuropein content in leaves and fruits extract was 4900 and 1800 mg/L, respectively. The oleuropein extracted from olive leaves was purified with liquid-liquid extraction to above 98%, and its concentration in leaves was 9.8 w/w/% in dried leaves.
Background
Hyperpigmentation is a growing problem worldwide among various skin diseases and directly relates to the quality of life. The factors causing hyperpigmentation may range from excess exposure to sunlight, pollution, underlying disease conditions, adverse effects of a medication, modified lifestyle, and oxidative stress. Treatment includes the use of hydroquinone, retinoids, corticosteroids, and kojic acid along with anti-inflammatory drugs. However, these medications are preferred for short-term treatment under acute conditions, while in the case of long-term treatment, botanical extracts are a safe choice for a majority of the population for the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Formulation with plant extracts/oil enriched with polyphenols, vitamin C, and vitamin E are reported to be safe and effective in inhibiting melanogenesis.
Objective
Seed oils composed of polyphenols, vitamins and unsaturated fatty acids were selected to evaluate their antioxidant property and tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity.
Methods
Grape seed oil (GSO), papaya seed oil (PSO), and carrot seed oil (CSO) were evaluated for their total phenolic and flavonoid content , in-vitro antioxidant activity was done using DPPH assay and anti-tyrosinase activity was done usingMushroomtyrosinaseinhibition assay.
Result
Total phenolic content for PSO was 0.936 mg/gm. Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) was highest when compared to GSO and CSO, while CSO had a higher total flavonoid concentration, 0.945 mg/gm as quercetin equivalent (QE). Free radical scavenging activity was comparable to standard and tyrosinase inhibitory activity for grape and carrot seed oils were 80.10 % and 76.52 % at 100µg/ml, respectively and was comparable to kojic acid used as standard.
Conclusion
The results obtained suggest that the oils can be formulated as a topical depigmenting product and used for skin care and skin glow
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development and progression of diabetes and its complications. Nutritional antioxidants derived from dietary sources have gained significant attention due to their potential to improve antidiabetic therapy. This review will delve into the world of polyphenols, investigating their origins in plants, metabolism in the human body, and relevance to the antioxidant mechanism in the context of improving antidiabetic therapy by attenuating oxidative stress, improving insulin sensitivity, and preserving β-cell function. The potential mechanisms of, clinical evidence for, and future perspectives on nutritional antioxidants as adjuvant therapy in diabetes management are discussed.
Effect of sesamin, a sesame lignan, on the hepatic fatty acid metabolism was examined in the rat. Increase of the dietary level of sesamin progressively increased the mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation rate. Mitochondrial activity almost doubled in rats fed a 0.5% sesamin diet. Peroxisomal activity became more than 10 times higher in rats fed a 0.5% sesamin diet, compared to those fed a sesamin-free diet. Dietary sesamin also markedly increased the hepatic activity and mRNA levels of various fatty acid oxidation enzymes. In contrast, dietary sesamin decreased the hepatic activity and mRNA abundance of lipogenic enzymes. This was associated with the down-regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, a transcriptional factor that regulates the lipogenic enzyme gene expression. Dietary sesamin significantly decreased the triacylglycerol secretion accompanying the increase in ketone body production by the perfused rat liver. It is apparent that sesamin affects the fatty acid metabolism and lipoprotein production in the liver, and hence lowers the serum lipid levels. We also developed several sesame lines with seeds containing sesamin and sesamolin at twice the concentration of conventional cultivars. Compared to a conventional cultivar, these lignan-rich sesame seeds increased the hepatic fatty acid oxidation rate and lowered the serum triacylglycerol level in the rat. Therefore, it is considered that enrichment of the lignans potentiates the characteristics of sesame in improving human health.
Hexane extracts, decoctions and the essential oil obtained from Origanum glandulosum Desf., an oregano species grown wild in North Africa and used as a herb tea or a medicine, were checked for their inhibitory effect on various fungi and yeasts isolated at the Central University Hospital of Setif, Algeria. The microorganisms Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium expansum, Fusarium solani, Uloclodium sp., Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, Pityrosporum orbicular and Candida albicans were tested using the disk diffusion assay and macrodilution test. Additionally, Thin Layer Chromatography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy were used to detect the presence of important phytochemical antioxidants, such as hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols. All the extracts and the essential oils showed an inhibitory effect on yeasts and fungi. In the test with saprophytic fungi the highest activity was observed with the essential oil on P. expansum and the hexane extract and chloroform extract of the decoction on P. expansum and F. solani. Polyphenol content of the water and acetone extracts expressed as caffeic acid was 118 and 261 g kg -1 of extract respectively. TLC chromatography and colour reactions indicated the presence of caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid, bound forms of 3-and 5-hydroxylated flavonoids and free flavonoids. NMR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of quercetin.
ABSTRACT: Over the past three decades accumulated laboratory and epidemiological studies have lead to the consensus that the consumption of virgin olive oil helps prevent chronic diseases and that many of the health benefits can be attributed to the presence of polar phenolic compounds. The latter are mainly tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol and their derivatives (aglycones of oleuropein and ligstroside, deacetoxy and dialdehydic forms of the aglycones), hydroxytyrosol acetate, the lignans pinoresinol and 1-acetoxypinoresinol, luteolin, apigenin and phenolic acids. In table olives free hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol prevail. The levels of total phenols and individual phenols profiles in the raw olives and the extracted oil depend on agronomic factors, maturity of olives, processing, packaging and storing. Health benefits attributed to olive oil phenols have been linked to their antioxidant properties and their potential to scavenge radicals and reactive species. Attempts to understand better the biological role of these biophenols focus on mechanisms related to improvement of in vivo antioxidant defences, biochemical markers for the assessment of oxidant stress and metabolism in the body.
An on-line HPLC-1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) method has been improved for the detection of polar and nonpolar radical scavenging compounds from complex plant extracts. Eight water extracts were prepared from steam-distilled essential oil-extracted Lamiaceae plants (Origanum vulgare L., O. Onites L., O. Minutiflorum O. Schwartz et P. H. Davis, O. Syriacum L., Satureja cuneifolia Ten., Thymbra spicata L., Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Reichb. f., Majorana hortensis Moench). After the components within each extract had been separated by reverse phase chromatography using 10% to 100% methanol with 2% acetic acid as a mobile phase, analytes capable of scavenging a citric acid-sodium citrate buffered methanolic DPPH* solution were detected by post-column derivatization at 517 nm. The HPLC-DPPH* on-line method was applied to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of these Lamiaceae plant extracts. There was a strong correlation between the scavenging (negative) peak area and the concentration of the radical scavenging reference substances used. The radical scavenging compounds within the extracts were determined as benzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and diterpenoids according to their retention time and UV spectral data. Rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid were identified as the dominant radical scavengers in these extracts by this method.
Tea and herbal infusions have been studied for their polyphenolic content, antioxidantactivity and phenolicprofile. The total phenolics recovered by ethyl acetate from the water extract, were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu procedure and ranged from 88.1 ± 0.42 (Greek mountain tea) to 1216 ± 32.0 mg (Chinese green tea) GAE (Gallic acid equivalents)/cup. The antioxidantactivity was evaluated by two methods, DPPH and chemiluminescence assays, using Trolox and quercetin as standards. The EC50 of herbal extracts ranged from 0.151 ± 0.002 mg extract/mg DPPH (0.38 quercetin equivalents and 0.57 Trolox equivalents), for Chinese green tea, to 0.77 ± 0.012 mg extract/mg DPPH (0.08 quercetin equivalents and 0.13 Trolox equivalents), for Greek mountain tea. Chemiluminescence assay results showed that the IC50 ranged from 0.17 ± 3.4 × 10−3 μg extract/ml of the final solution in the measuring cell (1.89 quercetin and 5.89 Trolox equivalents) for Chinese green tea, to 1.10 ± 1.86 × 10−2 g extract/ml of the final solution in the measuring cell (0.29 quercetin and 0.90 Trolox equivalents) for Greek mountain tea. The phenolicprofile in the herbal infusions was investigated by LC-DAD-MS in the positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) mode. About 60 different flavonoids, phenolic acids and their derivatives have been identified.
In addition to the fatty acid profile of olive oil, which is high in the monounsaturated oleic acid and appears to be beneficial in reducing several risk factors for coronary heart disease and certain cancers, extra virgin olive oil contains a considerable amount of phenolic compounds, e.g. hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, that are responsible for its peculiar taste and for its high stability. A body of evidence demonstrates that olive oil phenolics are powerful antioxidants. Although most of these studies have been carried out in vitro, some in vivo experiments confirm that olive oil phenolics are dose-dependently absorbed and that they retain their biological activities after ingestion. These data could in part explain the lower incidence of coronary heart disease in the Mediterranean area, where (extra virgin) olive oil is the principal source of fat.
La composición del aceite de oliva virgen extra se caracteriza por su contenido en ácidos grasos, fundamentalmente monoinsaturados (ácido oleico) beneficiosos para reducir el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria, y en componentes menores, particularmente polifenoles (p.e. hidroxitirosol y oleuropeína) responsables de su sabor y estabilidad. Diversos estudios demuestran el poder antioxidante de los compuestos fenólicos del aceite de oliva (virgen extra). Aunque la mayoría de ellos se han realizado in vitro, algunos in vivo parecen confirmar que los polifenoles se absorben dependiendo de la dosis y que retienen las actividades biológicas después de su ingestión. Estos resultados pueden explicar en parte la menor incidencia de enfermedad coronaria en los países del área Mediterránea, donde el aceite de oliva (extra virgen) es la principal fuente de grasas.
Essential oils and extracts of aromatic herbs obtained by organic solvents have been extensively studied for their antioxidant activity in lipid substrates. Very little is known about the possible presence of antioxidants in polar extracts from herbs used in preparation of infusions and decoctions. In this work water extracts of six different herbs of the Lamiaceae family (dittany, lemon balm, mint, sage, sideritis and sweet marjoram) were prepared. The extracts were examined for their effect against lipid oxidation in comparison to a tea water extract. Sweet marjoram, sage and dittany extracts were found to have a remarkable capacity in retarding lipid oxidation. Examination by thin-layer chromatography of the freeze-dried extracts, before and after hydrolysis, showed that the extracts were rich in bound forms of phenolic compounds such as hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids. Rosmarinic and caffeic acids were detected in all extracts with the exception of those from mint and sideritis. These results indicate that certain plants used for the preparation of infusions could be further studied like tea as sources of antioxidants.
The antioxidant capacities (oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC) and total phenolic contents in extracts of 27 culinary herbs and 12 medicinal herbs were determined. The ORAC values and total phenolic contents for the medicinal herbs ranged from 1.88 to 22.30 micromol of Trolox equivalents (TE)/g of fresh weight and 0.23 to 2.85 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of fresh weight, respectively. Origanum x majoricum, O. vulgare ssp. hirtum, and Poliomintha longiflora have higher ORAC and phenolic contents as compared to other culinary herbs. The ORAC values and total phenolic content for the culinary herbs ranged from 2.35 to 92.18 micromol of TE/g of fresh weight and 0.26 to 17.51 mg of GAE/g of fresh weight, respectively. These also were much higher than values found in the medicinal herbs. The medicinal herbs with the highest ORAC values were Catharanthus roseus, Thymus vulgaris, Hypericum perforatum, and Artemisia annua. A linear relationship existed between ORAC values and total phenolic contents of the medicinal herbs (R = 0.919) and culinary herbs (R = 0.986). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode-array detection was used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds in selected herbs. Among the identified phenolic compounds, rosmarinic acid was the predominant phenolic compound in Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum x majoricum, and P. longiflora, whereas quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl-(1 --> 2)-rhamnosyl-(1 --> 6)-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnosyl-(1 --> 2)-rhamnosyl-(1 --> 6)-glucoside were predominant phenolic compounds in Ginkgo biloba leaves.
Oregano vulgare L. ssp. hirtum (Greek oregano), Salvia fruticosa (Greek sage), and Satureja hortensis (summer savory) were examined as potential sources of phenolic antioxidant compounds. The antioxidant capacities (antiradical activity by DPPH* test, phosphatidylcholine liposome oxidation, Rancimat test) and total phenol content were determined in the ethanol and acetone extracts of the dried material obtained from the botanically characterized plants. The ground material was also tested by the Rancimat test for its effect on the stability of sunflower oil. The data indicated that ground material and both ethanol and acetone extracts had antioxidant activity. Chromatographic (TLC, RP-HPLC) and NMR procedures were employed to cross-validate the presence of antioxidants in ethanol and acetone extracts. The major component of all ethanol extracts was rosmarinic acid as determined by RP-HPLC and NMR. Chromatography indicated the presence of other phenolic antioxidants, mainly found in the acetone extracts. The presence of the flavones luteolin and apigenin and the flavonol quercetin was confirmed in the majority of the extracts by the use of a novel (1)H NMR procedure, which is based on the strongly deshielded OH protons in the region of 12-13 ppm without previous chromatographic separation. This deshielding may be attributed to the strong intramolecular six-membered ring hydrogen bond of the OH(5)...CO(4) moiety.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the fatty acids, tocopherols, squalene, sterols and phenolic antioxidants in three types of argan oil (Moroccan food, Moroccan aesthetic and a French commercial variety) along with a basic comparison with extra virgin olive and sunflower oil. The fatty acid profiles in the argan oils were very similar, with oleic acid (43%) and linoleic acid (36%) and their respective monoacylglycerols predominating. The major vitamer identified was -tocopherol with a mean of 483+/-11 mg/kg, in contrast to -tocopherol, which is the major vitamer in olive (190+/-1 mg/kg) and sunflower oil (532+/-6 mg/kg). The squalene content of the argan oils was very similar with a mean of 313+/-4 mg/100 g, which is lower than that of the olive oil (499 mg/100 g) but significantly higher than in the sunflower oil (6 mg/100 g). In contrast to olive and sunflower oils in which -sitosterol is predominant, the major sterols detected in the argan oils were schottenol (mean 147+/-10 mg/kg) and spinasterol (mean 122+/-10 mg/kg). The only phenolic compounds other than the tocopherol vitamers which could be readily detected and quantitated were vanillic, syringic and ferulic (probably conjugated to glucose) acids along with tyrosol. In contrast to the extra virgin olive oil (793 mg/kg), the concentration of total phenolic compounds is extremely low (<5.0 mg/kg). Nevertheless, argan oil with its high content of the vitamer -tocopherol, squalene and oleic acid is likely to enhance the cancer prevention effects of the Moroccan diet.
Polyphenols are abundant micronutrients in our diet, and evidence for their role in the prevention of degenerative diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases is emerging. The health effects of polyphenols depend on the amount consumed and on their bioavailability. In this article, the nature and contents of the various polyphenols present in food sources and the influence of agricultural practices and industrial processes are reviewed. Estimates of dietary intakes are given for each class of polyphenols. The bioavailability of polyphenols is also reviewed, with particular focus on intestinal absorption and the influence of chemical structure (eg, glycosylation, esterification, and polymerization), food matrix, and excretion back into the intestinal lumen. Information on the role of microflora in the catabolism of polyphenols and the production of some active metabolites is presented. Mechanisms of intestinal and hepatic conjugation (methylation, glucuronidation, sulfation), plasma transport, and elimination in bile and urine are also described. Pharmacokinetic data for the various polyphenols are compared. Studies on the identification of circulating metabolites, cellular uptake, intracellular metabolism with possible deconjugation, biological properties of the conjugated metabolites, and specific accumulation in some target tissues are discussed. Finally, bioavailability appears to differ greatly between the various polyphenols, and the most abundant polyphenols in our diet are not necessarily those that have the best bioavailability profile. A thorough knowledge of the bioavailability of the hundreds of dietary polyphenols will help us to identify those that are most likely to exert protective health effects.
The British Nutrition Foundation was recently commissioned by the Food Standards Agency to conduct a review of the government's research programme on Antioxidants in Food. Part of this work involved an independent review of the scientific literature on the role of antioxidants in chronic disease prevention, which is presented in this paper.
There is consistent evidence that diets rich in fruit and vegetables and other plant foods are associated with moderately lower overall mortality rates and lower death rates from cardiovascular disease and some types of cancer. The 'antioxidant hypothesis' proposes that vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids and other antioxidant nutrients afford protection against chronic diseases by decreasing oxidative damage.
Although scientific rationale and observational studies have been convincing, randomised primary and secondary intervention trials have failed to show any consistent benefit from the use of antioxidant supplements on cardiovascular disease or cancer risk, with some trials even suggesting possible harm in certain subgroups. These trials have usually involved the administration of single antioxidant nutrients given at relatively high doses. The results of trials investigating the effect of a balanced combination of antioxidants at levels achievable by diet are awaited.
The suggestion that antioxidant supplements can prevent chronic diseases has not been proved or consistently supported by the findings of published intervention trials. Further evidence regarding the efficacy, safety and appropriate dosage of antioxidants in relation to chronic disease is needed. The most prudent public health advice remains to increase the consumption of plant foods, as such dietary patterns are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease.
This study reports the first application of the hyphenated LC-SPE-NMR technique using postcolumn solid-phase extraction to the direct analysis of phenolic compounds in the polar part of olive oil. Apart from the identification and structure elucidation of simple phenols (hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, vanillic acid, vanillin, p-coumaric acid, hydroxytyrosol, and tyrosol acetates), lignans (pinoresinol and 1-acetoxypinoresinol), flavonoids (apigenin and luteolin), and a large number of secoiridoid derivatives, this technique enables the identification of several new phenolic components, which had not been reported previously as constituents in the polar part of olive oil.
Several vegetables were selected to study their flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities. The results showed that both green and purple leaves of sweet potatoes (185.01 and 426.82 mg kg(-1) respectively) and the outer leaves of onion (264.03 mg kg(-1)) possessed higher amounts of flavonoids, and more than 85% of free radical scavenging activities were evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. In addition, green leaves of sweet potatoes and the outer leaves of onion showed higher reducing power and higher antioxidant activity in a Linoleic acid system as compared to cabbage, spinach, potato and crown daisy. Blanching of green leaves of sweet potatoes for 30-60 s retained more flavonoids and higher free radical scavenging activities as compared to more than 1 min of blanching. The storage test showed that green leaves of sweet potatoes stored at 4-10 degrees C maintained better quality than those stored at room temperature. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry.
Essential oils and extracts of aromatic herbs obtained by organic solvents have been extensively studied for their antioxidant activity in lipid substrates. Very little is known about the possible presence of antioxidants in polar extracts from herbs used in preparation of infusions and decoctions. In this work water extracts of six different herbs of the Lamiaceae family (dittany, lemon balm, mint, sage, sideritis and sweet marjoram) were prepared. The extracts were examined for their effect against lipid oxidation in comparison to a tea water extract. Sweet marjoram, sage and dittany extracts were found to have a remarkable capacity in retarding lipid oxidation. Examination by thin-layer chromatography of the freeze-dried extracts, before and after hydrolysis, showed that the extracts were rich in bound forms of phenolic compounds such as hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids. Rosmarinic and caffeic acids were detected in all extracts with the exception of those from mint and sideritis. These results indicate that certain plants used for the preparation of infusions could be further studied like tea as sources of antioxidants.
This review analyses, how pedoclimatic aspects together with olive ripeness, harvest of olives, and the olive extraction system determine the chemical composition and sensory descriptors which assess the quality of virgin olive oils. Thus for monovarietal virgin olive oil, sensory descriptors evaluated by different European panels, volatile compounds produced through the lipoxygenase pathway, and series of compounds from unsaponifiable matter have been quantified.
Several vegetables were selected to study their flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities. The results showed that both green and purple leaves of sweet potatoes (185.01 and 426.82 mg kg−1 respectively) and the outer leaves of onion (264.03 mg kg−1) possessed higher amounts of flavonoids, and more than 85% of free radical scavenging activities were evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. In addition, green leaves of sweet potatoes and the outer leaves of onion showed higher reducing power and higher antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid system as compared to cabbage, spinach, potato and crown daisy. Blanching of green leaves of sweet potatoes for 30–60 s retained more flavonoids and higher free radical scavenging activities as compared to more than 1 min of blanching. The storage test showed that green leaves of sweet potatoes stored at 4–10 °C maintained better quality than those stored at room temperature.© 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
An HPLC method is described for the simultaneous detection of selected flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin) and phenolic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, p-hydroxybenzoic, gallic and ellagic acids) in berries. Three extraction and hydrolysis methods and three HPLC column and solvent systems were tested for strawberry and blackcurrant. The optimal extraction and hydrolysis of these phenolics was obtained by incubating freeze-dried berry samples for 16 h at 35°C in 50% methanol and 1·2 M HCl. The best separation of the hydrolysed phenolics was achieved in ODS-Hypersil column using a ternary solvent system (dihydrogen ammonium phosphate, orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile) with increasing hydrophobicity and changing pH. The method was used for the determination of the phenolic profiles of strawberry and blackcurrant. The relative content of flavonoids was low in strawberry but over 50% in blackcurrant. Ellagic acid was the main phenolic in strawberry while its relative content was very low in blackcurrant. Although the precision of the method was not equally good for all the phenolics, a reasonable amount of information was obtained within a single analysis. This simple, semiquantitative method is suitable for routine screening of the major phenolics in berries. © 1998 SCI.
Flavonoids rutin and naringin were acylated with fatty acids of medium carbon chain (with 8–12 carbon atoms on their molecule) in a reaction catalyzed by immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozyme) in various solvent systems. The reaction parameters affecting the acylation rate and the conversion of the enzymatic process, such as the nature of the organic solvent and acyl donor used, the water activity (aw) of the system, as well as the kinetic of the reaction have been investigated. In all cases studied, only flavonoid monoester is identified as the product, which indicates that this lipase-catalyzed esterification is regioselective. The enzymatic acylation of flavonoids seems to follow Michaelis–Menten kinetics.
A new class of phenolic compounds, hydroxy-isochromans, was found in different samples of extra-virgin olive oil. In particular, the presence of l-phenyl-6,7-dihydroxy-isochroman, 10 and 1-(3′-methoxy-4′-hydroxy)phenyl-6,7-dihydroxy-isochroman, 11 was demonstrated by comparison of the high performance liquid chromatography–mass/mass (HPLC–MS/MS) spectra of biophenolic samples from extra-virgin olive oils with those of compounds obtained by a reaction between hydroxytyrosol and the aromatic aldehydes, benzaldehyde and vanillin, respectively.
Oils extracted from the seeds of two date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars, Deglet Nour and Allig, collected from Tunisia, were compared in terms of phenolic, tocopherol and sterol profiles. These minor components are not only very important for functional properties of oils (oxidation resistance, taste, aroma and color), but could also have many health benefits. Total phenols, considered as the principal source of oil oxidation resistance, ranged from 520.81 for Deglet Nour to 220.32 mg/kg for Allig. High performance liquid chromatography revealed eight identified peaks for which the major component was hydroxytyrosol (10.21%) for Deglet Nour and tyrosol for Allig (8.10%). Total sterol content was 3500 and 3000 mg/kg for Deglet Nour and Allig, respectively. The sterol marker, β-sitosterol, accounted for 83.31 and 78.66% of total sterols in Deglet Nour and Allig seed oils, respectively. Alpha-tocopherol was the predominant component in both date seed oils (24.97–38.85%).
Different chromatographic methods, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
(GC/MS) and normal- and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were compared for their ability to separate
the different lignans present in fourSesamum species,viz., S. indicum Linn.,S. alatum Thonn., S. radiatum Schum & Thonn. andS. angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed, and a combination of methods is suggested for
qualitative analyses. Two-dimensional TLC was found to be a valuable qualitative technique and one-dimensional TLC is useful
for preparative purposes. GC is a good supplement for qualitative analysis, but it had many limitations as a quantitative
tool—it involves many preparative steps, no suitable internal standard was found to be commercially available and the various
lignans had markedly different response factors. GC/MS is a necessary techniqee to confirm the identity of the lignans present.
HPLC is a one-step technique suitable for quantitative analyses, and is fast and simple because it involves direct injection
of oil solutions. Reversed-phase HPLC was unable to separate sesamolin and sesangolin, but a normal-phase silica column provided
satisfactory separation for these two lignans. 2-Episesalation ofS. alatum, however, did not elute from the normalphase column. Once lignans are identified, a relevant HPLC method can be used for
quantitative analyses. Sesamin was present in large amounts inS. radiatum, in considerable amounts inS. indicum andS. angustifolium, and in small amounts inS. alatum. Sesamolin occurred in considerable amounts inS. indicum andS. angustifolium, but only in small amounts in the other two wild species studied.Sesamum alatum was characterized by high amounts of 2-episesalatin, andS. angustifolium was characterized by high levels of sesangolin.
Free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constantly formed in the human body. Free-radical mechanisms have
been implicated in the pathology of several human diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, malaria, and rheumatoid arthritis
and neurodegenerative diseases. For example, the superoxide radical (O
2
·−
) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are known to be generated in the brain and nervous system in vivo, and several areas of the human brain are rich in iron, which appears to be easily mobilizable in a form that can stimulate
free-radical reactions. Antioxidant defenses to remove O
2
·−
and H2O2 exist. Superoxide dismutases (SOD) remove O
2
·−
by greatly accelerating its conversion to H2O2. Catalases in peroxisomes convert H2O2 into water and O2 and help to dispose of H2O2 generated by the action of the oxidase enzymes that are located in these organelles. Other important H2O2-removing enzymes in human cells are the glutathione peroxidases. When produced in excess, ROS can cause tissue injury. However,
tissue injury can itself cause ROS generation (e.g., by causing activation of phagocytes or releasing transition metal ions
from damaged cells), which may (or may not, depending on the situation) contribute to a worsening of the injury. Assessment
of oxidative damage to biomolecules by means of emerging technologies based on products of oxidative damage to DNA (e.g.,
8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine), lipids (e.g., isoprostanes), and proteins (altered amino acids) would not only advance our understanding
of the underlying mechanisms but also facilitate supplementation and intervention studies designed and conducted to test antioxidant
efficacy in human health and disease.
The growing interest in the substitution of synthetic food antioxidants by natural ones has fostered research on vegetable sources and the screening of raw materials for identifying new antioxidants. Oxidation reactions are not an exclusive concern for the food industry, and antioxidants are widely needed to prevent deterioration of other oxidisable goods, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and plastics. Polyphenols are the major plant compounds with antioxidant activity, although they are not the only ones. In addition, other biological properties such as anticarcinogenicity, antimutagenicity, antiallergenicity and antiaging activity have been reported for natural and synthetic antioxidants. Special attention is focussed on their extraction from inexpensive or residual sources from agricultural industries. The aim of this review, after presenting general aspects about natural antioxidants, is to focus on the extraction of antioxidant compounds (mainly polyphenols) from agricultural and industrial wastes, as well as to summarize available data on the factors affecting their antioxidant activity and stability, and, in some cases, the reported major active compounds identified.
Sesame seed contains lignans and lignan glycosides. The antioxidative activity of the crude extract of lignan glycosides obtained from unroasted defatted black sesame seeds was investigated in this study. The components responsible for the antioxidative activity were also studied. The unroasted black sesame seeds, after defatted with n-hexane, were extracted with 80% methanolic solution to prepare for the crude extract of lignan glycosides. After chromatographic separation of this crude extract with octadecylsilane (ODS) column (2.5 cm i.d.×100 cm), four fractions (Fr1, Fr2, Fr3, Fr4) of the crude extract were obtained from the eluents of 25, 50, 75% aqueous methanolic solution and 100% methanol, respectively. Among them, Fr2 and Fr3 showed better antioxidative activity by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) antioxidative assay. These two fractions were further purified by preparative HPLC (Hyperprep 100 C18 column; 20 mm i.d.×250 mm) and the main constituents were found to be lignan glycosides and some unknown brown materials. It was interesting to find that the brown materials (in Fr2) exhibited exceptional DPPH free radical scavenging effect, whereas the identified sesaminol triglucoside in Fr2 and sesaminol diglucoside in Fr3 possess no such activity. Using Cu+2-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) for the antioxidative assay, similar results were observed. Seaminol triglucoside and sesaminol diglucoside showed no effect on the extension of lag phase, while the brown materials had excellent inhibitory effect on the oxidation of LDL. Furthermore, natural antioxidants such as γ-tocopherol, sesamol and sesaminol were not detected in the crude extract of lignan glycosides. Our findings suggest that the brown materials present in Fr2 had a significant contribution to the antioxidative activity of the crude extract of lignan glycosides. Identification of the responsible components is underway.
Cold-pressed black caraway, carrot, cranberry, and hemp seed oils were extracted with methanol and evaluated for radical-scavenging activities against ABTS+ and DPPH, chelating activity, oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC), and total phenolic contents (TPC). All the oil extracts had significant antioxidant activities. The ORAC value ranged from 28 to 220 μmol TE/g oil for the cold-pressed hemp, carrot, and black caraway seed oils, whereas the ABTS+ – scavenging capacity ranged 8.9–30.8 μmol TE/g oil for the four cold-pressed edible seed oils. The greatest TPC, 3.53 mg gallic acid equivalent (GE) per gramme of oil, was detected in the cold-pressed black caraway seed oil extract, while the lowest TPC, 0.44 mg GE/g, was observed in the cold-pressed hemp seed oil extract. In addition, methanol extracts of the cold-pressed black caraway and cranberry seed oils were evaluated for their inhibitory capacities on human LDL oxidation by measuring the reduction of the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance production (TBARS). Both oil extracts significantly suppressed the lipid peroxidation in human LDL, with TBARS reductions of 2.84 and 3.77 mg/g for cranberry and black caraway seed oil extracts, respectively. These results suggest that cold-pressed black caraway, cranberry, carrot and hemp seed oils may serve as dietary sources of natural antioxidants for health promotion and disease prevention, and the cold-pressed black caraway seed oil may be used as a natural antioxidative food additive for improving food quality and stability.
The possible effects of different preparation methods (Italian or Mocha, Filter and Espresso) on the antioxidant activities of brewed coffee were assessed using two methods: Ferric reducing power (FRAP) and scavenging capacity (ABTS). In addition, the polyphenol content was estimated. The order of ferric reducing ability per gram of dry matter (dm) of the different brewed coffees tested, in terms of the coffee-making procedure used, was freeze-dried > filter ≈ espresso ≈ Italian. The order of ferric reducing ability per serving was filter > espresso > freeze-dried ≈ Italian. In the case of scavenging activity the order was similar to that described for the FRAP assay. There was a high correlation between the estimated polyphenol contents and the FRAP, or the ABTS values (r: 0.98, P<0.01; r: 0.99, P<0.01, respectively). In the case of FRAP and ABTS assays; a serving of filtered coffee was equivalent to 2653 ± 297 and 1295 ± 262 μg trolox, respectively. In the USA and Northern Europe, the pot containing the coffee is usually kept hot (85 °C) for several hours. We found that antioxidant activity increased significantly (by 34%) after four hours of heating. The cause of this increase would seem to be the formation of Maillard products, due to the heat process. These compounds also appear to be responsible for the fact that antioxidant capacity was higher in dark-roast than in other brewed coffees tested. Antioxidant activity decreased when milk was added to the espresso coffee.
The present paper presents the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative capabilities of 16 plants. These plants can be found in the Limousin countryside and most of them are used in popular medicine as herbal tea. The biological properties of the water-soluble fractions were measured. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by the ESR method in order to visualize the inhibition of the DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Some extracts were good antioxidants by comparison with reference molecules, e.g. vitamin E and quercetin. Antioxidant effects were correlated with the total amount of phenolic compounds contained in the extracts. Also measured were the anti-inflammatory activities of the 16 water-soluble fractions, by evaluating inhibition of lipoxygenase activity. Finally the effects of these plants on the proliferation of melanoma B16 cells were studied.
Plant samples from several species and populations of the genus Sideritis (Labiatae) grown in Bulgaria (S scardica, S syriaca and S montana) were extracted with different solvents. Their antioxidant activities were determined by the -carotene bleaching test (BCBT), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and static headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) and compared with the antioxidant activity of two reference compounds of different polarity, viz butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and rosmarinic acid. The pure reference compounds were applied in a ten-times lower concentration than the plant extracts. The highest antioxidant activity in the BCBT, close to that of BHT, was observed for the more apolar extracts. The inhibitory effect on -carotene bleaching of the polar extracts and rosmarinic acid was much lower than that of BHT. The inhibition of hexanal formation in bulk safflower oil by most of S syriaca and S scardica extracts was as effective as BHT but less so than rosmarinic acid. S montana extracts showed weak antioxidant or even pro-oxidant properties. Extracts from butanol and from ethyl acetate and the total methanol extracts from all Sideritis plants studied showed a strong radical scavenging activity against DPPH, close to that of rosmarinic acid. S montana extracts were, as a whole, slightly weaker radical inhibitors than the extracts from the other two species. The antioxidant activity of Sideritis extracts was attributed to the presence of flavonoid and phenylpropanoid glycosides
Three series of experiments demonstrated that sesame seed and its lignans cause significant elevation of alpha-tocopherol content in rats. In Experiment 1, 20% sesame seed (with a negligible amount of alpha-tocopherol) supplementing 10 (low), 50 (normal), or 250 (high) mg/kg alpha-tocopherol diets (protein and fat concentrations in diets were adjusted to 200 and 110 g/kg, respectively) all caused a significant increase of alpha-tocopherol in the blood and tissue of rats. In Experiment 2, groups of rats were fed five different diets: a vitamin E-free control diet, a low alpha-tocopherol diet, and three low alpha-tocopherol diets supplemented with 5, 10, and 15% sesame seed. Changes in lipid peroxides in liver, red blood cell hemolysis, and pyruvate kinase activity, as indices of vitamin E deficiency, were examined. These indices were high in the low alpha-tocopherol diet, whereas supplementation with even 5% sesame seed suppressed these indices completely and caused a significant increase of alpha-tocopherol content in the plasma and liver. In Experiment 3, two diets containing sesame lignan (sesaminol or sesamin) and low alpha-tocopherol were tested. Results in both of the sesame lignan-fed groups were comparable to those observed in the sesame seed-fed groups as shown in Experiment 2. These experiments indicate that sesame seed lignans enhance vitamin E activity in rats fed a low alpha-tocopherol diet and cause a marked increase in alpha-tocopherol concentration in the blood and tissue of rats fed an alpha-tocopherol-containing diet with sesame seed or its lignans.
Improved resolution in slalom chromatography, a novel size-fractionation method discovered recently for relatively large DNA molecules (> 5 kpb), was obtained by using columns generally employed for reversed-phase chromatography: i.e., two types of Capcell-Pak (methyl or phenyl-derivatized 5-microns microbeads), and five types of Hypersil-3 packings (trimethylsilyl, dimethyloctyl, cyanopropyl, octadecyl or phenyl-derivatized 3-microns microbeads). The resolution of 5-15-kbp DNA was significantly improved by employing these columns, though the separation characteristics differed. When Capcell-Pak columns were used with a normal low-salt eluting solvent (10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, 1 mM EDTA), chromatograms were obtained for lambda/HindIII fragments (a mixture of 0.1, 0.5, 2.0, 2.3, 4.4, 6.6, 9.4 and 23.1-kbp fragments) similar to those obtained previously with Asahipak GS-310 5-microns size-exclusion packings. However, when up to 0.2 M NaCl was added to the solvent, the DNA was increasingly retarded, particularly the 4.4, 6.6 and 9.4-kbp fragments, resulting in improved resolution in the low to middle molecular-mass range. The effect of salt was more significant with Capcell-Pak Phe than C1, although various features characteristic of slalom chromatography were preserved with both columns; i.e., dependency on DNA size, flow-rate, and temperature. This suggests that a mixed mode of separation, that is, slalom mode and hydrophobic-interaction mode, was operating. Although all of the Hypersil-3 packings showed significant adsorption of lambda/HindIII fragments under low-salt conditions, the fragments could be eluted with satisfactory yield and resolution by adding acetonitrile (> 5%) to the solvent. Notably, these Hypersil-3 packings allowed resolution of a 4.4-kbp lambda/HindIII fragment from the flow-through fraction for the first time, possibly due to their small particle size. Thus, various packing materials developed for high-performance liquid chromatography proved to be applicable for slalom chromatography, though the eluting conditions still need to be refined. The results support the concept that slalom chromatography is based on a hydrodynamic phenomenon.
Fruits and leaves from different cultivars of thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.), and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa D.) plants were analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC) and total phenolic content. In addition, fruits were analyzed for total anthocyanin content. Blackberries and strawberries had the highest ORAC values during the green stages, whereas red raspberries had the highest ORAC activity at the ripe stage. Total anthocyanin content increased with maturity for all three species of fruits. Compared with fruits, leaves were found to have higher ORAC values. In fruits, ORAC values ranged from 7.8 to 33.7 micromol of Trolox equivalents (TE)/g of fresh berries (35. 0-162.1 micromol of TE/g of dry matter), whereas in leaves, ORAC values ranged from 69.7 to 182.2 micromol of TE/g of fresh leaves (205.0-728.8 micromol of TE/g of dry matter). As the leaves become older, the ORAC values and total phenolic contents decreased. The results showed a linear correlation between total phenolic content and ORAC activity for fruits and leaves. For ripe berries, a linear relationship existed between ORAC values and anthocyanin content. Of the ripe fruits tested, on the basis of wet weight of fruit, cv. Jewel black raspberry and blackberries may be the richest source for antioxidants. On the basis of the dry weight of fruit, strawberries had the highest ORAC activity followed by black raspberries (cv. Jewel), blackberries, and red raspberries.
In previous studies we have elucidated the presence of powerful, natural antioxidants (NAO) in water extracts of spinach leaves and demonstrated their biological activity in both in vitro and in vivo systems. In the present study, the chemical identity of several of these antioxidant components is presented. Spinach leaves were extracted with water and the 20,000 g supernatant which contained the antioxidant activity was extracted with a water:acetone (1:9) solution. The 20,000 g supernatant obtained was further purified on reverse phase HPLC using C-8 semi-preparative column. Elution with 0.1% TFA resulted in five hydrophilic peaks. Elution with acetonitrile in TFA resulted in seven additional hydrophobic peaks. All the peaks were detected at 250 nm. All the fractions obtained showed antioxidant activity when tested using three different assays. Based on 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy four of the hydrophobic fractions were identified as glucuronic acid derivatives of flavonoids and three additional fractions as trans and cis isomers of p-coumaric acid and others as meso-tartarate derivatives of p-coumaric acid. The present study demonstrates for the first time the presence of both flavonoids and p-coumaric acid derivatives as antioxidant components of the aqueous extract of spinach leaves.
Unprocessed olives are well-known sources of phenolic antioxidants with important biological properties. Processing methods to prepare table olives may cause a reduction of valuable phenols and may deprive the food of precious biological functions. The present work was undertaken to evaluate table olives produced in Greece as sources of biophenols. Commercially available olives were analyzed for their total phenol content by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and for individual phenols by RP-HPLC. Samples were Spanish-style green olives in brine, Greek-style naturally black olives in brine, and Kalamata olives in brine. Most of the types of olives analyzed were found to be good sources of phenols. Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and luteolin were the prevailing phenols in almost all of the samples examined. High levels of hydroxytyrosol were determined mainly in Kalamata olives and Spanish-style green olives, cultivar Chalkidiki (250-760 mg/kg).
Subcritical water extraction at several temperatures ranging from 25 to 200 degrees C has been studied to selectively extract antioxidant compounds from rosemary leaves. An exhaustive characterization of the fractions obtained using subcritical water at different temperatures has been carried out by LC-MS, and the antioxidant activities of the extracts have been measured by a free radical method (DPPH). Results indicate high selectivity of the subcritical water toward the most active compounds of rosemary such as carnosol, rosmanol, carnosic acid, methyl carnosate, and some flavonoids such as cirsimaritin and genkwanin. The antioxidant activity of the fractions obtained by extraction at different water temperatures was very high, with values around 11.3 microg/mL, comparable to those achieved by SFE of rosemary leaves. A study of the effect of the temperature on the extraction efficiency of the most typical rosemary antioxidant compounds has been performed.
Sesamin, a major lignan in sesame oil, is known to have many biological activities, especially protective effects against oxidative damage in the liver. As sesamin itself has no antioxidative properties in vitro, to elucidate the mechanism of its antioxidative effects, the reaction products of sesamin in rat liver homogenate were analyzed. The methylenedioxyphenyl moiety in the structure of sesamin was shown to be changed into a dihydrophenyl (catechol) moiety. The enzymatic reaction products in vitro were identified as (1R,2S,5R,6S)-6-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(3,4-m