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Taurine tissue concentrations and salinity effect on taurine in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man)
Abstract
1.1. Taurine concentrations were determined in various organs dissected from juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii.2.2. Heart and nervous tissue had the highest taurine concentrations; this suggests that taurine may function in cardiac and neural processes in the prawn.3.3. Relative free amino acid concentrations were determined to investigate changes in concentration following acclimation to various salinities.4.4. No significant change in taurine concentration in the prawns was demonstrated at any salinity tested. However, the concentration of alanine increased significantly between 15–20%. The elevated alanine concentration suggests it may function in osmoregulation.
... This evidence suggests that P. monodon might have a taurine-specific antennular chemoreceptor similar to that found in Panulirus argus Travis (Fuzessery, Carr & Ache 1978). This may be related to the fact that taurine is the most abundant p-amino acid in the prey of shrimp and in their own bodies (Watanabe & Konusu 1972;Fuzessery et al. 1978;Smith, Miller & Mead 1987). The diet containing the amino acid mixture (43-6% taurine) as an attractant produced a lesser response than taurine alone, but was still preferred (P < 0-05) over the control diet. ...
... The diet containing taurine promoted a high and consistent feed intake. This diet was also shown to have excellent attractant qualities from the behavioural study, Taurine thus seems to be effective as both a feeding attractant and as a mild feeding stimulant for P. monodon, as was found for P. japonicus (Deshimaru & Yone 1978) and M. rosenbergii (Smith et al. 1987), ...
A study was conducted to obtain a measure of the potency of some potential and commercially used feeding attractants for Penaeus monodon Fabricius. Behavioural trials monitoring the feeding response of the shrimp were used to gauge the attractant qualities of the substances. A growth trial recording the feed intake, feed assimilation, growth, food conversion and survival rates of the shrimp was used to assess further the feeding stimulant properties of the substances.
Replicate groups of juvenile shrimp were fed semi-purified diets containing 1·5% by weight of a range of potential feeding attractants.
In the behavioural trial, diets containing taurine and a yeast extract were found to be significantly preferred to the control and all other diets. However, none of the substances appeared to act as potent feeding stimulants, producing statistically similar feed intake and assimilation rates to the control diet. However, taurine and an amino acid mixture designed to mimic a clam extract promoted the best performance of the attractants tested in terms of growth rate and feeding efficiency.
Overall, the behavioural response of the shrimp to the feeding attractants was found to show similarities to the effects of attractant supplementation of feed on subsequent ongrowing performance, but not significantly so.
... TAU, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a nonprotein amino acid of ubiquitous occurrence within the animal phyla [Smith et al., 1987], having a widespread distribution in human and animal tissues, and demonstrating a particular abundance in excitatory secretory organs and tissues such as the brain, heart and skeletal muscles [Awapara, 1956;Awapara et al., 1950;Warskulat et al., 2004;Yoshikawa and Kuriyama, 1976]. ...
Research results concerning nutrition of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii and applicability to the production of feed for intensive culture are presented. Future research approaches are recommended and comparisons to the nutrition of penaeid shrimp species are provided.Quantitative requirements of essential amino acids for M. rosenbergii are undefined; however, arginine, methionine, and lysine are suspected as being the first limiting amino acids in commercially formulated feeds. The proportion of each essential amino acid in the tissue of shrimp provides a good guideline for the determination of dietary requirements. Optimal dietary protein: energy ratios in shrimp feeds appear to be dependent on the ability to digest carbohydrates. The digestibility of potential protein sources in commercial feeds needs to be evaluated through in vitro studies using natural enzyme extracts. Levels of lipids in freshwater prawn diets can be as low as 2% if sufficient dietary energy is available and the requirement for polyunsaturated fatty acids is satisfied. Juvenile M. rosenbergii require >20 carbon unit polyunsaturated fatty acids at a dietary level of approximately 0.1%, lower than the reported requirements of penaeid shrimp. Representatives from the linolenic and linoleic families appear to be equally effective in satisfying the requirement. Dietary phospholipids confer a growth‐enhancing effect on penaeid shrimp, but the effect of dietary phospholipids for M. rosenbergii remains undefined. M. rosenbergii and all other shrimp species studied to date require dietary cholesterol, but the possible benefit or sparing effect of phytosterols remains to be sufficiently investigated.Information concerning requirements of water‐soluble vitamins and minerals is lacking due to the combined effects of leaching and feeding behavior, which influence amounts actually consumed. M. rosenbergii has a vitamin C requirement similar to that reported for fish.Feeding strategies need to be based on efficient delivery of nutrients and the stage of growth. Processing suitability, availability, and chemical composition place restrictions on the number of feedstuffs that can be successfully incorporated into a feed. In ponds, an effective feeding strategy may reside in a procession from exclusive provision of organic material that stimulates the detrital food chain to feeding a water‐stable, nutritionally well‐balanced, formulated feed. Contribution of natural pond productivity to satisfaction of nutritional requirements decreases as the resident shrimp biomass in a pond increases. Feeding rates per unit body weight can be minimized through the use of a water‐stable feed and feed ingredients that are highly digestible.
The transport and intraluminal reduction of dehydroascorbate was investigated in microsomal vesicles from various tissues.
The highest rates of transport and intraluminal isotope accumulation (using radiolabeled compound and a rapid filtration technique)
were found in hepatic microsomes. These microsomes contain the highest amount of protein-disulfide isomerase, which is known
to have a dehydroascorbate reductase activity. The steady-state level of intraluminal isotope accumulation was more than 2-fold
higher in hepatic microsomes prepared from spontaneously diabetic BioBreeding/Worcester rats and was very low in fetal hepatic
microsomes although the initial rate of transport was not changed. In these microsomes, the amount of protein-disulfide isomerase
was similar, but the availability of protein thiols was different and correlated with dehydroascorbate uptake. The increased
isotope accumulation was accompanied by a higher rate of dehydroascorbate reduction and increased protein thiol oxidation
in microsomes from diabetic animals. The results suggest that both the activity of protein-disulfide isomerase and the availability
of protein thiols as reducing equivalents can play a crucial role in the accumulation of ascorbate in the lumen of the endoplasmic
reticulum. These findings also support the fact that dehydroascorbate can act as an oxidant in the protein-disulfide isomerase-catalyzed
protein disulfide formation.
Although freshwater prawn farming forms only about 5% of the global aquaculture production of shrimps and prawns it is of considerable local importance, particularly in S.E. Asia. Recent entry into global markets is likely to stimulate renewed interest in Macrobrachium culture. This review summarizes the status of freshwater prawn culture globally in terms of research, rearing technology, marketing and economics.
The study of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) was initiated in 1827, when Tiedman and Gmelin found this compound in ox bile. In spite of intensive studies on taurine by many investigators, its actions and effects and their significance in various mammalian organs have long been unknown.
Taurine is not only an oxidative end product but also a key intermediate of sulfur metabolism. In marine invertebrates it appears to have three organic functions. It can be shown that specimens of Mya subjected to low salinities greatly increase the rate of loss of ammonia from their bodies. However, no comparable increase occurs in excreted sulphate ions, which might be expected from the degradation of taurine, not in taurine itself. Thus, it could be that sulphate ions are retained in the body or possibly might be attached to mucopolysaccharides and disposed of by enhanced mucus secretion. The other known functions are concerned with transphosphorylation, this particularly in marine polychaetes, and with the rate of transmission of nerve impulses and the ionic balance of nerve axoplasm. Taurine also had a specific activity similar to alanine and together with aspartic acid, proline, and glycine makes up most of the concentration of amino derivatives present.
1. A detailed study of intracellular osmoregulation in skeletal muscles has been carried out in two species of toads, Bufo viridis and Bufo boreas, adapted to various external salinities between fresh water and 50% sea water (salinity 16%‰).2. Both species are osmoconformers, changes in plasma osmotic concentrations being due almost entirely to changes in NaCl concentrations. Muscle dry weight, however, is more stable, increasing by less than 35% in both forms in the face of osmotic concentration increases of 80-135% in the plasma. Muscle extracellular volume (inulin space) is constant, independent of changes in plasma concentration.3. Relative stability of muscle hydration is due to accumulation of intracellular solutes. Changes in intracellular osmotic concentration are broadly partitioned: 47% inorganic ions (Cl, Na, K), 33% free amino acids and related compounds, 20% urea in B. viridis; 43% inorganic ions, 40% free amino acids and related compounds, 17% urea in B. boreas. Free carbohydrates appear to ...
A fluorometric procedure for quantitative amino acid analysis of a typical peptide hydrolysate is presented. The amino acids were derivative with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) prior to injection into the high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) apparatus. The OPA-amino acid adducts were resolved using a linear gradient of acetonitrile against an initial solvent consisting of 0.01875 M triethylamine acetate (TEA-A), pH 7.5. Complete analysis required 46 min, with an injection-to-injection time of 56 min. The lower limit of quantitation using the equipment specified was found to be 100 pmoies, with a lower detection limit of 25 pmoles.
1.1. Caloric, carbon and nitrogen budgets were constructed for juvenile Macrobrachium rosen-bergii when fed either a plant, animal or mixed diet.2.2. The rate of caloric assimilation was highest for the animal diet, intermediate for the mixed diet and lowest for the plant diet.3.3. Routine metabolism comprised from 69 to 94% of the total energy assimilated.4.4. The standard dynamic effect accounted for 8–28% of the total energy assimilated.5.5. Growth efficiency was determined to be −3.32 for the plant diet, 3.50 for the mixed diet and 1.75 for the animal diet.6.6. Rates of assimilation of carbon were higher than for nitrogen on all diets.
1.1. The concentrations of free amino acids and taurine in Mytilusedulis are shown to be linearly correlated to sea-water salinity.2.2. Amino acids and taurine were mainly found intracellularly.3.3. It is concluded that amino acids and taurine take active part in the osmotic equilibration between tha extracellular and intracellular fluids of Mytilus edulis.4.4. The concentration of taurine, relative to that of the total ninhydrin positive substances, was found to increase with increasing sea-water salinity, and it is suggested that taurine thereby exerts a sparing effect on the use of essential amino acids in osmoregulation.
During adaptation to an increase in ambient salinity (2–20 ppt) the estuarine clam Rangia cuneata enlarges the pool of free amino acids in adductor muscle fibers by more than five-fold (>300 μM/gm dry wt). The process can occur under anaerobic conditions, but oxygen is critical to survival during high salinity adjustment. It is suggested that the pool may be enlarged by de novo synthesis, via a modified form of glycolysis perhaps involving the direct amination of pyruvate to form alanineutilizing free ammonia.
1.1. The total amino acid pool increased in ventricles and gills removed from M. demissus during adaptation to high salinity. However, each major amino acid had a unique time course of accumulation.2.2. Initially, alanine concentration increased rapidly followed by slower accumulations of glycine and taurine. Alanine declined as the other amino acids increased. Thus the pool size remained constant following the initial elevation.3.3. Proline, undetected at first, increased after 1 day in the high salinity. Eventually, proline concentrations peaked, declined and disappeared again.4.4. Mantle tissue showed a different pattern of amino acid accumulation from the other tissues. Although alanine accumulated first, followed by glycine and proline, taurine did not increase.5.5. A pattern of amino acid accumulation similar to that in tissues from the whole animal was found in isolated gills and ventricles during high salinity stress.
1. 1. Taurine, a sulphonic amino acid was analysed in the serum, liver and brain of a hibernating lizard, Varanus griseus Daud, in active and hibernating seasons. 2. 2. The level of taurine showed a marked increase in serum, liver and brain during hibernation. 3. 3. Taurine was analyzed in the different brain regions and a significant change was recorded in brain cortex. 4. 4. It is suggested that taurine may have an inhibitory action and may participate in the depression of CNS during hibernation.
1.1. In the crab, destalking was without effect on the concentration of taurine in the hepatopancreas and the genital organs. Neurosecretion does not seem to be involved in regulation of taurine concentration there.2.2. In the heart, a difference in taurine concentration was noted in the controls, 35 μmol/g in the female and 50 μmol/g in the male.3.3. In the heart, destalking provokes an increase of taurine concentration in the female and a decrease in the male.4.4. The hypothesis that heart taurine concentration could be related to the activity of the crab and to its cardiac rhythm was discussed.
The tolerance of postlarval Macrobrachium rosenbergii to gradual and rapid increases in salinity was determined. Mortalities occurred at salinities around 25‰ and increased rapidly at levels ≥30‰ in both cases. However, acclimation substantially increased survival time at 35‰.Freezing point depressions of blood were measured from laboratory-reared M. rosenbergii postlarvae and juveniles exposed to various salinities from fresh water to approximately 35‰. The blood concentration was hyperosmotic to the medium at salinities from fresh water to about 17–18‰ and hypoosmotic at higher salinities. Postlarvae maintained a nearly constant blood concentration (freezing point depression = −0.89 ± 0.13°C) over a wide range of external salinities (fresh water to about 27–30‰). The animals' osmoregulatory mechanisms failed at salinities ≥30‰, and thereafter the blood concentration paralleled that of the medium. The blood concentrations of juvenile shrimp grown for 5 months at salinities from fresh water to about 15‰ (freezing point depression = −0.88 ± 0.07°C) closely resembled those of postlarvae.The osmoregulatory performance of young M. rosenbergii is generally similar to that of other brackishwater animals, but in their ability to hyperosmoregulate effectively in fresh water they more closely resemble fresh water species. It is suggested that M. rosenbergii may be able to conserve salt in dilute media by producing blood-hypoosmotic urine.An interesting stress symptom often preceded death of postlarvae in high salinities. The animals changed gradually from nearly transparent to opaque white and then died, usually within a day or so.
1.1. Injection of [U-14C]aspartic acid into juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii resulted in no label being incorporated into asparagine.2.2. Labelled taurine was observed 24 hr post injection of [U-14C]serine. Radioactivity was also detected in glycine.3.3. The turnover rate of injected [U-14C]taurine suggests a half-life of greater than 28 days in the prawn.4.4. Results suggest that a dietary requirement for asparagine may exist in the prawn. In addition, the prawn's nutritional requirement of taurine may be fulfilled by its biosynthesis.
Amino acids contribute up to about 50% of the intracellular osmotic pressure of aquatic invertebrates. Since their concentration varies according to the salinity of the medium (high in sea water, low in fresh water) euryhaline invertebrates are good models for studying the mechanisms involved in the control of amino acid metabolism. During hyperosmotic stress CO2 production and O2 consumption decrease whereas the reverse is true when the animal is submitted to a hypo-osmotic stress. Nitrogen excretion (as NH3) increases in media of low salinity and the concentration of cyclic AMP increases during hyperosmotic stress. Moreover, blood proteins and haemocyanin are more concentrated in individuals adapted to media of low salinity. To explain the situation, three main mechanisms can be considered: (a) hydrolysis and synthesis of blood proteins; (b) transport of amino acids across the cell membrane; (c) control of the turnover rate of some amino acids. Results obtained on whole animals as well as on isolated tissues indicate that some amino acids are released from the cells and carried via the haemolymph to the posterior pairs of gills where they are oxidized (mechanisms b) or to an organ (hepatopancreas ?) Where they are used for blood protein synthesis (mechanism a). The use of labelled substrates demonstrates that the turnover rate of amino acids is controlled by the salinity of the environment (mechanism c). It is suggested that inorganic ions trigger the metabolic response by directing reducing equivalents toward oxygen or 2-oxo acids through control of the catalytic activity of dehydrogenases.
The effects of taurine on single lobster muscle fibres and the in vitro frog spinal cord were investigated with intra- and extra-cellular recordings respectively. In the crustacean preparation, taurine produced reversible increases in membrane conductance with little change in membrane potential. These effects were chloride-mediated but were only partially sensitive to picrotoxin. A quantitative analysis of taurine action showed that a maximum for the taurine dose-conductance curve could not be obtained in the concentration range studied, even in the presence of picrotoxin. In the frog spinal cord, taurine produced variable responses from the ventral roots whereas closely reproducible depolarizations were recorded from the dorsal roots. Such depolarizations appeared to be sodiumdependent and were antagonized in a seemingly non-competitive manner by both strychnine and picrotoxin. These findings suggest that the mechanism of action of taurine on the lobster muscle differs from that on the frog spinal cord.
According to the generally accepted model of thermoregulation, the temperature of the body is detected by thermosensitive neurons which bring autonomic and behavioral mechanisms into play to counteract any deviation from the optimal state.
Chronic hypernatremic dehydration induced in developing mice by water deprivation and salt loading for 4 days increased 16 of the 19 amino acids measured in brain. Taurine accounted for over one-half of the total increase. It is well known that during adaptation to increased environmental salinity, levels of amino acids in invertebrate and amphibian tissues increase to maintain osmotic equilibrium and to limit the loss of cell water. The findings in young mice support a similar function for amino acids, taurine in particular, in mammalian brain and suggest that the phenomenon may be causally related to the cerebral edema that develops during overly rapid rehydration of infants and children with chronic hypernatremic dehydration.
1.1. The distribution pattern of free amino acids and related substances (taurine, glutathione and glutamine), has been determined by means of two-dimensional paper chromatography in eight organs of the rat.2.2. A major portion of the amino nitrogen was found distributed among few substances, in a manner characteristic for each organ. Several unidentified substances have been detected in some of the tissues examined.Résumé1.1. Le mode de distribution des acides aminés libres et des substances alliées (taurine, glutathione, et glutamine), a été déterminé dans huit organes du rat au moyen de la chromatographi de partage sur papier en deux dimensions.2.2. Nous avons trouvé gue la plus grande partie de l'azote aminé est distribuée parmi quelques substances d'une manière charactéristique pour chaque organe en question. Nous avons recontré dans quelques-uns des tissus examinés des substances non identifieés.Zusammenfassung1.1. Die Verbreitung der freien Aminosäuren und verwandter Stoffe, (Taurin, Glutathion und Glutamin), wurde durch zwei-dimensionale Chromatographie auf Filterpapier in acht Organen der Ratte festgestellt.2.2. Ein Hauptteil des Amino-Stickstoffes wurde zwischen einigen Substanzen, in einer für jedes Organ charakteristischen Weise verteilt gefunden. Verschieden, bis jetzt noch nicht identifizierte Stoffe, sind in einigen der analysierten Geweben gefunden worden.
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Biosynthesis of asparagine and taurine in the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)
- Smith