Article

A conceptual model of the groundwater regime and the hydrogeologic environment

February 1970
Journal of Hydrology 10(2):164-176

Authors:

University of Alberta

A conceptual model for the description, explanation, prediction, and control of hydrogeologic conditions is composed of two systems of physical and chemical parameters: the Hydrogeologic Environment, and the Groundwater Regime. The three components of the environment, each comprising a great number of parameters, are: topography, geology, and climate. The necessary and sufficient six parameters of the groundwater regime are: amount of water, geometric distribution of water movement, volume or velocity of the flow, chemical composition, temperature, and regime variance, or the time changes of the above parameters. The environment and regime are related quantitatively and each regime parameter can be expressed mathematically as a function of the environmental components. This allows the evaluation of the groundwater regime if the environmental conditions are known, as well as inferences concerning the rock framework from known properties of the regime. To date few parameters have been evaluated exactly, and mostly conceptual equations are presented. Conceptually, however, the groundwater regime may be defined as the sum of the six environmental parameters:.

A Review on the Research Advances in Groundwater–Surface Water Interaction with an Overview of the Phenomenon

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2023

Groundwater and surface water, though thought to be different entities in the past, are connected throughout the different landforms of the world. Despite being studied for quite some time, the interaction between groundwater and surface water (GW–SW) has received attention recently because of the heavy exploitation of both of these resources. This interaction is responsible for a phenomenon like contaminant transport, and understanding it helps to estimate the effects of climate change, land use on chemical behavior, and the nature of water. Hence, knowledge of GW–SW interactions is required for hydrologists to optimize resources and analyze the related processes. In this review article, different aspects of the interaction are discussed. Starting from the basics of the phenomenon, this work highlights the importance of GW–SW interactions in the hydrological cycle. Different mechanisms of GW–SW interactions are briefly examined to describe the phenomenon. The scales of interaction are also elucidated where the classification is addressed along with a brief introduction to the large scale and sediment reach scales. The study then moves on to the investigation methodologies used for the process of SW–GW interaction and their classifications based on whether they are field methods or modeling techniques. Various literature is then explored in terms of research approaches. Finally, we highlight the applicability of the methods for different scenarios. This work is aimed to summarize advances made in the field, finding research gaps and suggest the way forward, which would be helpful for hydrologists, policymakers and practicing engineers for planning water resources development and management.

Conflictos jurídico-políticos por apropiación de aguas subterráneas en la región de Paso del Norte.

Thesis

Full-text available

May 2016

Gonzalo Hatch Kuri

Estimations indicate that, presently, groundwater is the main world reservoir of physically accessible fresh water (30.28%) in contrast to water held in glaciers, above snowlines and in permanently frozen grounds (69.40%), and surface water (0.31%). In the context of natural water distribution, the relationship between the political and economic dimension of groundwater, and the increasing spatial growth processes -as the ones observed, during the last three decades, in Mexico and the United States’ borderline- is even more important. This research analyses the legal and political configuration related to access, appropriation, distribution, and usage of cross-border groundwater, or Transboundary Aquifers Systems (TAS) in the binational region of Paso del Norte. Considering that TAS are strategic hydric reservoirs for the economic consolidation of the above stated borderline space, the growing visibility of that water, makes it relevant to promote the development of knowledge, evaluation and identification of TAS. This study documents with detail the spatial struggles over transboundary groundwater in Paso del Norte, in which multiple actors and multiscaled binational agencies are involved. This research engages with the debates within the definition of cross-border space as the locus of actors and political practices. From this approach, sharing of transboundary water is seen as the object of differentiated interests among two nation-states. Additionally, it considers that political distribution and current international law on transboundary aquifers, needs the recognition of existent asymmetries between the nations involved, and that, in the Mexican-US case, it unfolds two opposed views. In one side the meaning of the multidimensional security, reinforced by the environmental “crisis” and water scarcity, and on the other, the sense of hydric national sovereignty. This work shows that in Mexico, transboundary groundwater is politically invisible, which is evidenced within the legal and operational gaps that regulate it. As a consequence, there is a scientific and technological dependency related to the portrayal of the TAS by the United States. To conclude, Mexico needs to activate legal and political mechanisms, like the ones established in the resolution Law of Transboundary Aquifers, to improve, in the given case of a binational diplomatic agreement, political certainty. Under this circumstance, an effective cooperative process of interdependent sovereignty should take place during the process to access, use, and fairly distribute transboundary groundwater.

Caractérisation hydrogéophysique des formations aquifères de la plaine de la Mitidja : Cas du champ de captage d'El Hamiz (Mitidja Est)

Thesis

Jul 2024

Nemer Zoubida

The Mitidja, an extensive sub-littoral plain at the gates of Algiers, holds a crucial position in the national economy due to its fertile soils and valuable groundwater resources. However, these resources face multiple constraints, primarily driven by increasing overexploitation and the impacts of climate change leading to a decrease in the recharge of aquifers. This study addresses these issues using hydrogeophysical techniques to comprehensively characterize the aquifers of the Mitidja plain, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Areas with high potential for new groundwater wells in the region have been identified by combining a geophysical and remote sensing approach. The pivotal role of geoelectrical methods in determining essential aquifer parameters such as transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity is demonstrated. These parameters play a central role in the optimal selection of locations for new wells, ensuring sustainable exploitation of this vital resource. To the east of Mitidja, marine intrusion into the coastal aquifer poses a major threat to groundwater quality in the El Hamiz region. The hydrogeophysical approach has identified the current boundary between saline and fresh waters, contributing to the development of effective mitigation and remediation strategies. Furthermore, the study explores the complex interaction between the waters of Oued Hamiz and the underlying aquifer system, providing insights into the intricate hydrogeological dynamics and demonstrating how hydrogeophysical methods can provide information on infiltration zones. All these results contribute to improving the existing database and provide relevant knowledge to authorities for the effective management of groundwater resources in the Mitidja plain.

2021 Book IntensifiedLandAndWaterUse (1)

Chapter

Full-text available

Apr 2021

Análisis del funcionamiento Hidrológico de la Región de los Bajos Submeridionales de la Provincias de Santa Fe, Chaco y Santiago del Estero. Argentina.

Groundwater Flow Systems and Their Importance in the Assessment of Transboundary Groundwater: The Mexico–U.S.A. Case

Chapter

Full-text available

Mar 2021

The “Transboundary Aquifer” concept envisaged in the United Nations Resolution 63/124 “The Law of Transboundary Aquifers” has had a significant impact on the evaluation of transboundary aquifers around the world. In the Mexico–U.S.A. case, it has not been possible to officially determine the total number of shared aquifers, therefore, the evaluation of the systemic functioning of “Transboundary Groundwater” is to be settled; it represents an absent concept in the international transboundary water enactments. This work carries out an analysis based on scientific evidence and legal documents to determine the nature of the current conceptual discrepancies between the scientific definitions of “Transboundary Aquifer” and “Transboundary Groundwater.” Results support the need to incorporate a systemic vision of the functioning of groundwater, as well as the scientific homologation of concepts and methodologies applied by those states interested in jointly assessing groundwater as to avoid water conflicts in the context of its incipient integrated management.

Water Security and Groundwater: The Absence of Scientific Criteria in Groundwater Management Through Three Case Studies in Mexico

Chapter

Mar 2021

The water debate seems to be summarized in two fully opposite positions: (i) the Dublin Conference of 1992 perspective favors movements that defend against the introduction of market economies in the management of water, arguing the production of “water scarcity”; and (ii) the groups calling for water as a “common good,” recognizing that there is enough fresh water access but an unequal appropriation. However, both lack to propose the required scientific research to guarantee a hidden basic concept: water insecurity. Countries such as China, Japan, Australia, and Canada, have implemented methodologies as the Tóthian groundwater flow system (Tóth 1962, 1999, 2016), concept that provides with solid interdisciplinary analyses of the related ambient components. In Mexico the situation is different, various political-administrative factors have prevailed over the scientific understanding of the functioning of groundwater. Through three case studies: Querétaro State, and the Northern, and Southern international boundaries of Mexico (transboundary groundwater) that reflect challenges in water management; such as the characterization and evaluation of groundwater flow systems shared. This chapter seeks to contribute to reveal the political and scientific elements that characterize groundwater management in Mexico, and its relation to Water Security.

Three‐Dimensional Distribution of Groundwater Residence Time Metrics in the Glaciated United States Using Metamodels Trained on General Numerical Simulation Models

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

Residence time distribution (RTD) is a critically important characteristic of groundwater flow systems; however, it cannot be measured directly. RTD can be inferred from tracer data with analytical models (few parameters) or with numerical models (many parameters). The second approach permits more variation in system properties but is used less frequently than the first because large‐scale numerical models can be resource intensive. Using a novel automated approach, a set of 115 inexpensive general simulation models (GSMs) was used to create RTD metrics (fraction of young groundwater, defined as <65 years old; mean travel time of young fraction; median travel time of old fraction; and mean path length). GSMs captured the general trends in measured tritium concentrations in 431 wells. Boosted Regression Tree metamodels were trained to predict these RTD metrics using available wall‐to‐wall hydrogeographic digital sets as explanatory features. The metamodels produced a three‐dimensional distribution of predictions throughout the glacial system that generally matched with the numerical model RTD metrics. In addition to the expected importance of aquifer thickness and recharge rate in predicting RTD metrics, two new data sets, Multi‐Order Hydrologic Position (MOHP) and hydrogeologic terrane were important predictors. These variables by themselves produced metamodels with Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency close to the full metamodel. Metamodel predictions showed that the volume of young groundwater stored in the glaciated United States is about 6,000 km ³ , or about 0.5% of globally stored young groundwater.

Anthropogenic Basin Closure and Groundwater Salinization (ABCSAL)

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2020
J HYDROL

Global food systems rely on irrigated agriculture, and most of these systems in turn depend on fresh sources of groundwater. In this study, we demonstrate that groundwater development, even without overdraft, can transform a fresh, open basin into an evaporation dominated, closed-basin system, such that most of the groundwater, rather than exiting via stream baseflow and lateral subsurface flow, exits predominantly by evapotranspiration from irrigated lands. In these newly closed hydrologic basins, just as in other closed basins, groundwater salinization is inevitable because dissolved solids cannot escape, and the basin is effectively converted into a salt sink. We first provide a conceptual model of this process, called “Anthropogenic Basin Closure and groundwater SALinization” (ABCSAL). We examine the temporal dynamics of ABCSAL using the Tulare Lake Basin, California, as a case study for a large irrigated agricultural region with Mediterranean climate, overlying an unconsolidated sedimentary aquifer system. Even with modern water management practices that arrest historic overdraft, results indicate that shallow aquifers (36 m deep) exceed maximum contaminant levels for total dissolved solids on decadal timescales. Intermediate (132 m) and deep aquifers (187 m), essential for drinking water and irrigated crops, are impacted within two to three centuries. Hence, ABCSAL resulting from groundwater development constitutes a largely unrecognized constraint on groundwater sustainable yield on similar timescales to aquifer depletion in the Tulare Lake Basin, and poses a serious challenge to groundwater quality sustainability, even when water levels are stable. Results suggest that agriculturally intensive groundwater basins worldwide may be susceptible to ABCSAL.

Interaction Modeling of Surface Water and Groundwater: An Evaluation of Current and Future Issues

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2025

Surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW), once considered distinct entities, are now recognized as interconnected components within diverse landscapes globally. Understanding the relationship between SW and GW is critical for characterizing both the qualitative and quantitative dynamics of hydrologically dependent systems. A comprehensive understanding of these exchanges can be achieved through a multi-scale approach, integrating cross-disciplinary methodologies to significantly reduce uncertainties. However, the dynamic interactions occurring at the soil–water interface present challenges for validation and calibration in groundwater numerical simulations, particularly at larger scales, where these interactions become increasingly complex. Numerical simulation remains the most effective tool for studying GW-SW interactions, but it requires extensive data, a deep understanding of the hydrological system, and considerable time to develop accurate models. The reliability of modeling results depends heavily on the accurate representation of model parameters. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature concerning the application of models to investigate the interaction between groundwater and surface water. Various mechanisms governing GW-SW interactions are briefly examined to elucidate the underlying processes. To improve the outcomes of modeling efforts, considerations related to data accessibility and transparency in modeling practices must be addressed. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), have revolutionized the modeling of these interactions. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by identifying gaps in the literature, addressing common shortcomings in model implementation, and emphasizing the critical role of modeling in the development of sustainable water management strategies.

New Predictors for Hydrologic Signatures: Wetlands and Geologic Age Across Continental Scales

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2025
HYDROL PROCESS

In dry summer months, stream baseflow sourced from groundwater is essential to support aquatic ecosystems and anthropogenic water use. Hydrologic signatures, or metrics describing unique features of streamflow timeseries, are useful for quantifying and predicting these valuable baseflow and groundwater storage resources across continental scales. Hydrologic signatures can be predicted based on catchment attributes summarising climate and landscape and can be used to characterise baseflow and groundwater processes that cannot be directly measured. While past watershed‐scale studies suggest that landscape attributes are important controls on baseflow and storage processes, recent regional‐to‐global scale modelling studies have instead found that landscape attributes have weaker relationships with hydrologic signatures of these processes than expected compared to climate attributes. In this study, we quantify two landscape attributes, average geologic age and the proportion of catchment area covered by wetlands. We investigate if incorporating these additional predictors into existing large‐sample attribute datasets strengthens continental‐scale, empirical relationships between landscape attributes and hydrologic signatures. We quantify 14 hydrologic signatures related to baseflow and groundwater processes in catchments across the contiguous United States, evaluate the relationships between the new catchment attributes and hydrologic signatures with correlation analysis and use the new attributes to predict hydrologic signatures with random forest models. We found that the average geologic age of catchments was a highly influential predictor of hydrologic signatures, especially for signatures describing baseflow magnitude in catchments, and had greater importance than existing attributes of the subsurface. In contrast, we found that the proportion of wetlands in catchments had limited influence on our hydrologic signature predictions. We recommend incorporating catchment geologic age into large‐sample catchment datasets to improve predictions of baseflow and storage hydrologic signatures and processes across continental scales.

Seasonal Groundwater Level Dynamics in Unconfined Aquifers across the United States

Article

Jun 2024
GROUND WATER

Groundwater hydrographs contain a rich set of information on the dynamics of aquifer systems and the processes and properties that influence them. While the importance of seasonal cycles in hydrologic and environmental state variables is widely recognized there has yet to be a comprehensive analysis of the seasonal dynamics of groundwater across the United States. Here we use time series of groundwater level measurements from 997 wells from the National Groundwater Monitoring Network to identify and describe groundwater seasonal cycles in unconfined aquifers across the United States. We use functional data analysis to obtain a functional form fit for each site and apply an unsupervised clustering algorithm to identify a set of five distinct seasonal cycles regimes. Each seasonal cycle regime has a distinctive shape and distinct timing of its annual minimum and maximum water level. There are clear spatial patterns in the occurrence of each seasonal cycle regime, with the relative occurrence of each regime strongly influenced by the geologic setting (aquifer system), climate, and topography. Our findings provide a comprehensive characterization of groundwater seasonal cycles across much of the United States and present both a methodology and results useful for assessing and understanding unconfined groundwater systems.

Hydrological drought assessment using the standardized groundwater index and the standardized precipitation index in the Berg River Catchment, South Africa

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2024

Study region: Berg River Catchment (BRC), South Africa (SA). Study focus: Hydrological droughts threaten water security and climate Change and groundwater abstractions may exacerbate their impact. Thus, early detection and prediction of droughts is essential. The integration of the Standardised Groundwater Index (SGI) with the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI), has been applied worldwide, it but not explored in South Africa (SA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the integration of the SGI and SPI for hydrological drought assessment within the BRC, SA. New hydrological insights for the region: The sensitivity of the SGI to selected Probability Distribution Functions (PDFs) was examined, resulting in the Gamma and Log-Normal PDFs being preferred in the BRC. SGI-Gamma and SPI-Gamma comparisons validated the SGI method and shed light on the key factors influencing groundwater-related droughts in the BRC. The following was revealed: Hydrological droughts in the BRC are influenced by climate factors, surface and groundwater interactions, and groundwater abstractions. When conducting hydrological drought assessments using the SGI and the SPI, the initial focus should be on catchment-scale assessments before expanding to national-scale evaluations. Groundwater in the BRC exhibit significant resilience to droughts induced by climate factors, and thus useful to mitigate the risk of future droughts. Finally, The SGI performed satisfactorily in the BRC with limited groundwater level data.

Hydrogeology of the small island: a case study of Pisang island, West Coast Regency, Lampung province

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2024

Pisang Island has an area of 1.5 km ² . The issue on small islands pertains to the quality and quantity of water. This is related to an increasing population and growing water demand. This research aims to address the sustainability of water resources. Therefore, a hydrogeological concept is required to assess and predict potential water resources to maintain the quality and quantity of water. The methodology used in this research includes geological mapping, measurement of rock resistivity, hydrometeorological analysis, and water quality testing. The research indicates that the lithologies of Pisang Island calcareous gravelly sand, calcareous sandstone, and porous limestone. The aquifer system on Pisang Island is unconfined. The aquifer was spread throughout the island with varying thicknesses. The lithology of calcareous gravelly sand is found in the island’s northern part, with a thickness ranging from 15 to 90 m. Calcareous sandstone is located in fold slopes of 3 to 5 m thickness. Porous limestone is distributed across the island, with a 30–170 m thickness. Pisang Island has an annual rainfall of 3,101.93 mm/year, evapotranspiration of 2,017.91 mm/year, and infiltration of 511.23 mm/year. The groundwater flow pattern moves from high elevations in hilly areas to low elevations in coastal areas.

Simulation of the impact of sea level rise groundwater flooding along the south-eastern coast of India

Article

Oct 2023

Sea-level rise affects low-lying coastal regions that jeopardize superficial infrastructure through groundwater flooding, which also impacts near-surface artificial structures, inhumed networks, and near-shore ecosystems. In the present study, groundwater flow modeling has been utilized to simulate different scenarios of sea level rise to evaluate the groundwater level changes and predict possible vulnerable zones to groundwater inundation along the coast of the Nagapattinam district. The model has been simulated for ten years (2010–2019) under the transient condition with MODFLOW-2000 engine in Visual MODFLOW. Calibration and validation of the simulated model have been performed by trial-and-error method considering groundwater heads of selected observations well data, which results in a root mean square value of 1.765 m, 0.941 as correlation coefficient, and a value of 0.687 m as the standard error. Groundwater flooding due to a 0.6 m sea level rise is forecasted to cause significant flooding, covering 23.83% of the study area. A 1.0 m rise in sea level impacts 26.2% of the study region. The sea level rise scenarios evaluate that the coastal groundwater heads will reduce as they are restricted by topography from rising landward. The present study suggests groundwater in the coastal regions is influenced by sea level rise due to climate change impacting the coastal ecosystems.

Scientific Investigations Report 2021-5142 National Water Quality Program Groundwater Residence Times in Glacial Aquifers-A New General Simulation-Model Approach Compared to Conventional Inset Models LAKE MICHIGAN BOARD KALA MANI UPFOX

Technical Report

Full-text available

Jun 2023

Groundwater Residence Times in Glacial Aquifers—A New General Simulation-Model Approach Compared to Conventional Inset Models: Groundwater quality can be predicted, in part, by its residence time in the subsurface, but the residence-time distribution cannot be measured directly and must be inferred from models. This report compares residence-time distributions from four areas where groundwater flow and travel time were simulated with conventional simulation-inset models (IMs) and with a new automated model-construction method called general simulation models (GSMs). The comparison provides an opportunity to explore controls on travel time and improve the methods used in the creation of GSMs. These models can be useful for three main-use cases: (1) rapid testing of relationships that govern groundwater flow and age, (2) generation of consistent examples for training a machine-learning metamodel, and (3) serving as a starting point for more detailed models. Comparison of the GSMs to IMs indicated a qualified pattern of agreement for residence-time distributions as indicated by the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The agreement was best for the median values of the simulated residence times in young fractions of groundwater (defined as the fractions of groundwater in samples less than 65 years old) at the scale of the eight-digit hydrologic-unit code.... The GSM results compared most poorly for median travel times in the older fraction of groundwater (older than 65 years).

Boundary-to-Solution Mapping for Groundwater Flows in a Toth Basin

Preprint

Mar 2023

In this paper, the authors propose a new approach to solving the groundwater flow equation in the Toth basin of arbitrary top and bottom topographies using deep learning. Instead of using traditional numerical solvers, they use a DeepONet to produce the boundary-to-solution mapping. This mapping takes the geometry of the physical domain along with the boundary conditions as inputs to output the steady state solution of the groundwater flow equation. To implement the DeepONet, the authors approximate the top and bottom boundaries using truncated Fourier series or piecewise linear representations. They present two different implementations of the DeepONet: one where the Toth basin is embedded in a rectangular computational domain, and another where the Toth basin with arbitrary top and bottom boundaries is mapped into a rectangular computational domain via a nonlinear transformation. They implement the DeepONet with respect to the Dirichlet and Robin boundary condition at the top and the Neumann boundary condition at the impervious bottom boundary, respectively. Using this deep-learning enabled tool, the authors investigate the impact of surface topography on the flow pattern by both the top surface and the bottom impervious boundary with arbitrary geometries. They discover that the average slope of the top surface promotes long-distance transport, while the local curvature controls localized circulations. Additionally, they find that the slope of the bottom impervious boundary can seriously impact the long-distance transport of groundwater flows. Overall, this paper presents a new and innovative approach to solving the groundwater flow equation using deep learning, which allows for the investigation of the impact of surface topography on groundwater flow patterns.

Multimethodological Revisit of the Surface Water and Groundwater Interaction in the Balaton Highland Region—Implications for the Overlooked Groundwater Component of Lake Balaton, Hungary

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

The hummocky Balaton Highland is located in western Hungary and is part of the Transdanubian Mountains, the most extensive carbonate aquifer system in Hungary. The study region also encompasses Lake Balaton, the biggest lake in central Europe, which is to the south of Balaton Highland. The surface water–groundwater interaction in the Balaton Highland–Lake Balaton region and the groundwater contribution to Lake Balaton are revisited in this paper. Hydrostratigraphic classification was performed first; then, groundwater flow directions by hydraulic head distribution were analysed, and baseflow indices of surface watercourses were calculated. Regarding hydrochemical characterisation, general hydrochemical facies were identified, natural tracers of temperature, chloride and uranium were applied, and the stable isotopic composition of oxygen and hydrogen was determined. Finally, groundwater flow and heat transport were simulated in a 2D numerical model. A high level of hydraulic interaction was evidenced between surface water and groundwater and the sub-regions of Bakony Mountains, Balaton Highland and Lake Balaton by physical and chemical parameters, numerical simulation and groundwater-flow-related natural manifestations, revealing hydraulic continuity in the study region. Based on the results, the division of legislative water bodies can be reconsidered, especially that surface water and groundwater should be regarded as interconnected, and Lake Balaton can be considered a groundwater-dependent ecosystem in any water-use planning in the region.

A combined GIS, remote sensing, and geoelectrical method for groundwater prospect assessment and aquifer mapping in El‑Hamiz Sub‑watershed, Algiers, Algeria

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023
ENVIRON EARTH SCI

As climate change intensifies, water supplies are declining and groundwater is increasingly being exploited worldwide to meet increased population needs, industrial growth, and agricultural development. Groundwater exploration relies mainly on hydrogeological studies, often supported by geophysical techniques (e.g., geoelectrical methods). Although these techniques can be cost-effective and time-efficient, they can be difficult to implement due to topographical effects or localized heterogeneities. Furthermore, when using ground-based geophysical measurements, it is impossible to survey large regions with dense coverage. We, therefore, require a means of targeting geophysical campaigns. The combination of Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote-sensing (RS) data can facilitate the identification of areas with high groundwater potential and suitable locations for geophysical surveys. In this study, we illustrate how GIS, RS, and geophysical surveys can be utilized for assessing potential groundwater resources. The study is based on two phases: a RS–GIS groundwater prospect modeling and a detailed geoelectrical survey (40 vertical electrical soundings, VES) for aquifer description in the El-Hamiz watershed (Algeria). The GIS–RS model was developed to highlight potential groundwater areas and locate the site of VES measurements. Furthermore, the geoelectrical data and hydrochemical analysis helped to determine the aquifer characteristics (depth to water table, saturated zone thickness, and aquifer resistivity). This study highlights the effectiveness of a combined use of RS–GIS modeling and geophysical data to improve the understanding of groundwater availability and its quality.

Development and Evaluation of the Drinking Water Quality index in the Eastern Bank of Nineveh Governorate

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Development anD evaluation of the Drinking Water Quality inDex in the eastern Bank of nineveh governorate extenDeD aBstract obiettivo di questo studio è il tentativo di sviluppare un nuovo metodo per valutare l'indice di qualità delle acque sotterranee (GWQI) derivato dall'equazione di Gupta & Misra, 2018. Tale indice si basa sugli standard indicati dall'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS, 2006) (GWQI 3) e sulle specifiche standard irachene di potabilità (IQS 417, 2001) (GWQI.6) per la valutazione delle acque sotterranee e la possibilità di utilizzo delle acque dei pozzi per uso potabile nella zona orientale del fiume Tigri, nel Governatorato di Ninive. Per'un'attenta valutazione sono stati quindi selezionati tre siti: il primo tra la città di Mosul e Jabal Bashiqa, il secondo tra i distretti di Hamdaniya, Bartella e Nimrod, ed il terzo tra la città di Tel-kaif e la città di Wana. Complessivamente, per misurare 12 parametri e calcolare l'indice di qualità dell'acqua (GWQI), che comprende: le proprietà fisiche, il pH, i sali totali disciolti (TDS) e la conducibilità elettrica (E.C.), sono stati prelevati centotrentanove campioni di acqua di pozzo. Le proprietà chimiche misurate in laboratorio includevano i cationi (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K +), gli anioni (SO 4 2-, HCO 3-, Cl-, NO 3-) ela durezza totale (TH). I valori ottenuti di qualità dell'acqua in termini di GWQI. 1 variavano da 20 a 271, quindi l'acqua dei pozzi è stata classificata come non potabile nel 43% dei casi, di pessima qualità potabile nel 28%, di scarsa qualità nel 27% e di buona qualità solo nel 2% dei campioni esaminati. Mentre i valori del proposto GWQI. 2, derivato dall'equazione originale, dopo aver eliminato i paramentri che non influiscono sulla qualità dell'acqua potabile, vale a dire pH, K + e HCO 3-.variavano tra 66 e 172. Secondo la classificazione di Gupta & Misra (2018), la maggior parte dei campioni, per il 59%, mostrava una qualità dell'acqua molto scarsa, scarsa nel 12%, potabile solo nel 29%, mentre la categoria buona ed eccellente non è stata trovata. Utilizzando la formula proposta GWQI. 3 e la classificazione in funzione dei limiti del WHO, (2006), il 37% dei pozzi risulta non potabile, il 57% con acqua molto scadente, il 6% scadente, mentre non si riscontrava la categoria buono e ottimo. Il GWQI. 4 variava da 24 a 374 per le specifiche standard irachene (IQS 417. 2001), nei seguenti rapporti: 10%, 18% e 72%, rispettivamente scarso, molto scarso e inadatto. Mentre il proposto GWQI. 5 secondo gli standard IQS 417. (2001) variava tra 80 e 268, con i campioni distribuiti in molto scadente nel 19% e inadatta all'uso potabile nell'81%. Infine, applicando l'equazione e la classificazione proposta GWQI.6 è stato trovato che il 68% dei pozzi erano non potabili, il 30% con qualità molto bassa e il 2% con qualità bassa. Il motivo per cui i pozzi presentavano valori di GWQI molto alti era probabilmente legato al forte aumento delle concentrazioni di potassio provenienti dai fertilizzanti organici e chimici utilizzati in agricoltura. In generale, le acque sotterranee nell'area di studio risultano non adatte per usi potabili e domestici. a. s. kateB & k. t. al-youzBakey aBstract Groundwater quality is the result of all the chemical and hydrological reactions and processes that affected on the water. The Water Quality Index (WQI) is a mathematical tool that describes water quality to assess the levels of water usage. This study attempts to develop a new method for the groundwater quality index (GWQI). It is based on the standards of the (WHO, 2006) and the (IQS 417, 2001) to assess the groundwater and validity of wells water for drinking in the eastern bank of Nineveh Governorate. 139 well water samples were taken to measure 12 physical variables (pH, E.C. and T.D.S.) and chemical variables (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + , SO 4 2 , HCO 3 2-, Cl-, NO 3-, and T.H.). Nine variables were use to calculate the WQI, excluding non-influential parameters (potassium, pH, and bicarbonate) that fall within the permissible ranges for drinking in WHO and IQS 417, based on the statistical treatments. The study developed and modified equations and classifications were used to reflect an accurate quality of the groundwater in the region. The (GWQI.3) classified depending on (WHO, 2006), 37% of wells were unsuitable, 57% were very poor, 6% were poor, while the (GWQI.6) was classified as follows: 68% are unsuitable, 30% very poor, 2% poor, depending on (IQS 417, 2001). In general, groundwater in the study area is unsuitable for drinking and civil uses.

Approximation of the Boundary-to-Solution Operator for the Groundwater Transport Equation in a Toth Basin

Preprint

Full-text available

Jul 2022

Theoretical progress of groundwater chemical evolution based on Tóthian theory: A review

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2022

Tóthian theory refers to the gravity driven groundwater flow system (GFS) theory represented by Tóth, which mainly expounds the driving and distribution law of groundwater. The establishment and development of this theory not only deepened people’s understanding of the driving and distribution law of groundwater, but also greatly promoted the study of groundwater chemical evolution (GCE). Modern GCE research is mostly based on Tóthian theory, characterized by combining with advanced scientific and technological means. Based on the clue of time, this paper is divided into two parts. The first part mainly summarizes the establishment and development of Tóthian theory, including the exploration of groundwater driving force and distribution form by hydrogeologists before Tóthian theory, and the enrichment, development and application of Tóthian theory by geologists after its establishment. The second part mainly combs the main theories and application progress of GCE mechanism research, including the main theories and findings of GCE research before the emergence of Tóthian theory, as well as the research progresses of GCE after the emergence of Tóthian theory. With the flow of groundwater in GFS, groundwater undergoes continuous chemical evolution, which eventually leads to the transformation of hydrochemical types and the gradual increase of total dissolved solids (TDS). The distribution of GFS and GCE complement each other. The distribution of GFS directly determines the model of GCE, and the results of GCE also play a certain role in the distribution of GFS. GCE mainly includes dissolution, precipitation, cation exchange and adsorption, which is affected by the physical and chemical conditions of permeable media, organic matter content and microorganisms. GCE has the characteristics of universality, sustainability and diversity. With the increasing global population and the progresses of science and technology, the impact of human life, industrial and agricultural production on groundwater is deepening. The aggravation of pollution directly changes the chemical compositions of groundwater, resulting in changes of the law of GCE.

Groundwater-surface water interactions at wetland interface: Advancement in catchment system modeling

Article

Apr 2022
ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW

Wetlands strongly interact with groundwater and surface water, influencing catchment hydrology and altering water quality. Meanwhile, catchment-scale models are typically unable to simulate groundwater-wetland interactions despite the fact that quantifying groundwater-wetland interactions can assist in better identifying locations for wetlands restoration/creation. We modified an integrated groundwater-surface water model (SWAT-MODFLOW-RT3D) to simulate water and nutrient exchange at the wetland interface. Several modifications were applied to the SWAT wetland module, and a spatial linkage was established between the module and the MODFLOW Drain Package to provide bidirectional water and nutrient exchange between groundwater and wetlands. We applied the modified model (SMR-W) to a tropical catchment in northeast Australia and quantified water and nitrate exchange between wetland, groundwater, and surface water for 28 potential locations. This study demonstrates that when groundwater heads are perched above wetlands bed, significant nitrate discharge from aquifers to wetlands occurs, which should be considered during wetland restoration planning.

Environmental sustainability of oil & gas developments Onshore: Experiences from the humid tropics Cub@: Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

Leslie Molerio-Leon

This paper describes the results of the environmental management actions accompanying the onshore and offshore oil & gas exploration/production/storage in several countries in the Humid Tropics (Bahamas, Cameroon, Canada, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Equatorial Guinea, Trinidad-Tobago and Venezuela). Actions taken under highly varied geological, hydrological, institutional, social, political and operational boundary conditions comprises the appropriate design and operation of air and water quality monitoring networks, derivation and application of novel technologies for the management of liabilities like the final disposal of produced water and drilling wastes.

Assessment of groundwater depletion in a heterogeneous aquifer: historical reconnaissance and current situation

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021
ENVIRON EARTH SCI

Groundwater depletion has appeared as a main socio-ecological challenge in the arid and semi-arid conditions such as Iran during the last decades. This study attempts to evaluate long-term spatiotemporal variations of water table in the Bieza alluvial aquifer in southern Iran (from 1973 to 2018). A hydrogeological conceptual model was developed to elucidate the spatiotemporal groundwater depletion, factors influencing the irregular decline of the water table and deterioration of groundwater quality in the study area. The conceptual model was developed based on the physical structures (e.g., well logs and geological evidence) as well as hydrological processes taken place during the studied period (e.g., spatiotemporal variation of water table). Although, the aquifer is known as an unconfined aquifer, the results revealed it partly functioned as a confined aquifer due to the complex and heterogeneous sequence of a wide range of sizes and types of deposits ranging from clay to boulder sizes. Four different hydrogeological units, HU, are introduced to explain the spatial heterogeneity of the aquifer (i.e., the particle size of the deposits is gradually increased for HU1–HU4). Comparing hydrogeological characteristics in the different geological cross sections elucidated that the recharge zone is mainly comprised with the HU3 and HU4, while, HU1 and HU2 are widely distributed in the intermediate and discharge zones of the aquifer. There were three wetlands in the area (e.g., Banish, Negarestan and Malusjan wetlands) that were active before 2006. Results revealed that in consequence of the complete drying of the three wetlands, groundwater flow direction has been reversed and the groundwater divide line has been relocated to adjust the new condition of the groundwater system which is affected by the considerable depletion of groundwater level. Spatial heterogeneity of the aquifer caused unequal groundwater level decline from a few to more than 40 m in the discharge and recharge zones, respectively. Multi-regression analysis elucidated that the groundwater level in the Bieza aquifer has been reduced in response to decreasing recharge rate due to the experienced drought periods as well as over-exploitation of the aquifer. As a consequence, the quality of groundwater is broadly lessened. Assuming the zero water-level change method, annual safe yield (value of 23.7 Mm3) is determined as a sustainable strategy for groundwater exploitation in the study area.

Etude Hydrogéologique, Hydrochimique in situ et Modélisation Hydrodynamique du Système Aquifère du Bassin Sédimentaire Côtier de la Région de Pointe-Noire

Thesis

Full-text available

Jul 2012

Guy Moukandi

La région de Pointe-Noire se situe dans le grand ensemble hydrogéologique du bassin sédimentaire côtier du Congo Brazzaville, de superficie 6 000 km2 . Cet ensemble est formé essentiellement des roches meubles très peu ou pas consolidées à porosité d’interstice. Il est constitué d’un complexe hydrogéologique, incluant un système aquifère composé de plusieurs couches aquifères superposées avec une continuité hydraulique. La présente étude a permis de représenter et de schématiser les fonctions du réservoir et le comportement hydrodynamique de l’aquifère AQ-2. Elle a, en outre, permis de définir en première approximation le système aquifère en fonction des conditions géologiques et d’obtenir une première estimation de son mode d’alimentation et de son sens d’écoulement. Un système d’information hydrogéologique (SIH) de l’aquifère AQ-2 a été dressé à partir d’une reconstitution historique des charges piézométriques des forages et piézomètres de différentes compagnes de mesures réalisées à l’aide de systèmes d’informations géographiques (SIG). Deux zones hydrologiques liées à la topographie et/ou au relief de la zone d’étude ont été identifiées : une zone de la plaine littorale caractérisée par des protubérances et une forte profondeur de la surface piézométrique à gradient hydraulique de 0,03 révélatrice d’un débit d’écoulement moins important et d’une perméabilité moyenne qui traduit un drainage plus faible que l’alimentation ; et une zone des plateaux caractérisée par un type de structure hydrogéologique appelée seuil hydraulique traduisant une chute de la surface piézométrique et du gradient hydraulique (0,005 et 0,006) qui peut s’expliquer par des variations de débit ou de perméabilité. Cette morphologie est imposée par deux phénomènes, d’une part l’apport d’eau du plateau de Hinda et d’autre part, le drainage général axial révélé par la présence des faciès semi-perméables. L’hydrochimie des eaux souterraines réalisée montre une faible minéralisation et une différence de la distribution spatiale des ions majeurs qui pourraient s’expliquer en partie par la nature des sols du bassin sédimentaire côtier et de l’influence possible de l’environnement immédiat des ouvrages en relation probable avec leur mauvaise protection ou leur proximité avec l’océan. La modélisation des écoulements d’eau en milieu non saturé a permis d’évaluer la recharge de l’aquifère dans les différents écosystèmes occupant la zone de recharge, (Eucalyptus : 400 mm/an et savane : 520 mm/an). La modélisation numérique des écoulements souterrains de l’AQ-2 contrôlée par la distribution des perméabilités des roches et par la configuration de la surface piézométrique qui dépend de la topographie et qui est contrôlée par le climat, est établie à l’aide du programme de modélisation Processing Modflow for Windows (PMWIN). Ce modèle d’écoulement qui se base sur « l’environnement hydrogéologique » a donné des résultats satisfaisants. D’une manière générale, Les résultats de la modélisation numérique des écoulements souterrains dans l’AQ-2, où toutes les hypothèses ont été prises en compte, sont satisfaisants. Le calage de la perméabilité, a conduit à repérer trois zones de perméabilité se rapportant aux différents horizons géologiques. La recharge moyenne de l’AQ-2 est estimée autour de 56,3 mm.an-1

Spatial Interpolation for the Distribution of Groundwater Level in an Area of Complex Geology Using Widely Available GIS Tools

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

The present study is an attempt to implement several spatial interpolation methods for the distribution of groundwater level in a wider area with multiple aquifers having variable hydraulic characteristics. Moreover, the goal of this study is to compare the results of these methods and check their accuracy and reliability, considering mainly the physical meaning of the outcome. Finally, we try to figure out which of these methods manage to identify hydrogeological features like groundwater divides, hydraulic conductivity barriers and no flow boundaries, and to highlight the hydraulic relationship between aquifers. Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis proved to be a necessary step prior to the implementation of spatial interpolation methods, since normalization of datasets, removal of general trends and data declustering was necessary for the proper implementation of geostatistical methods and reduction of the uncertainty of the results. Inverse Distance Weight, Radial basis functions, simple Kriging and Cokriging methods were implemented. None of the implemented methods produced results that were totally unreliable or erroneous and each method added pieces of information that were useful for the deeper understanding of the hydrogeological processes in the study area. The most appropriate spatial interpolation method for generating a groundwater level distribution surface, in an area with multiple aquifers and significant heterogeneity in hydraulic properties proved to be the Ordinary Cokriging method with altitude as a second parameter, which was highly correlated to groundwater level values in the study area. Cokriging method succeeds to accurately represent both the local variations within the individual aquifers and also to highlight the hydraulic relationships between them. Highlights • All spatial interpolation methods produced realistic surfaces.• Geostatistical methods produced smoother surfaces and lower hydraulic gradients.• Applying block declustering to sample data significantly reduces prediction uncertainty.• The most appropriate method for groundwater level distribution is Ordinary Cokriging.

A comprehensive review of groundwater vulnerability assessment using index-based, modelling and coupling methods

Article

Oct 2021
J ENVIRON MANAGE

Groundwater has become increasingly vulnerable to quality degradation. An elaborate understanding of its flow, draft, recharge and pollutant transport processes needs to be developed to understand its risk to contamination. This paper has discussed different tools and methods that are used to map groundwater vulnerability around the world. To maintain the quality and impact of the study, rigorous search for relevant literature published in high impact scientific journals has been done, and the comprehensive information on groundwater vulnerability assessment methods being used, has been compiled. The GIS based overlay and index-based methods like DRASTIC, GALDIT, GOD, COP and PI takes into consideration various thematic layers, overlays them to calculate weighted index and identifies vulnerability classes. They have been criticised for the lack of numerical basis in their formulation. Therefore, over the years, many of the proposed indices have been modified to provide quantitative estimates of groundwater potential to degrade and deplete. However, where the data and software are not a constraint, the use of numerical based simulation models can be done for more elaborate and numerical based quantification of the vulnerability. These numerical models typically require extensive data and are exceedingly becoming more sophisticated with the introduction of new parameters. This study concludes that integrating the GIS with numerical models offers the advantage of data management and assists to spatially analyse the datasets. The difficulties that are associated with the differences between GIS and numerical model's data structures should be thoroughly understood, prior to coupling, to develop uniform conversion software.

2021 SOSTENIBILIDAD-AMBIENTAL-DEL-DESARROLLO-GASOPETROLÍFERO-ONSHORE

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Leslie Molerio-Leon

Se presentan los resultados de las acciones de gestión ambiental que acompañan la exploración/producción/almacenamiento de petróleo onshore y offshore en algunos países del Trópico Húmedo (Bahamas, Camerún, Canadá, Cuba, Ecuador, México, Guinea Ecuatorial, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela) bajo condiciones de borde geológicas, hidrológicas, institucionales, sociales, políticas y operacionales muy variadas. Se comenta el diseño y operación de medidas estructurales y no estructurales que han minimizado o prevenido los daños ambientales, como el diseño apropiado de redes de monitoreo de la calidad del aire y las aguas, derivación y aplicación de tecnologías novedosas para la gestión de los pasivos ambientales, particularmente la disposición final de las aguas producidas y los residuos de perforación

Regional Groundwater Flow Systems: Their Role in Conserving the Marismas Nacionales Biosphere Reserve in Nayarit, Mexico

Chapter

Mar 2021

The Marismas Nacionales de México, located on the Pacific coast of the state of Nayarit, is a protected area, internationally recognized as a RAMSAR site. Twelve rivers pass through the reserve, producing complex fluvial and geomorphological networks, which contain an abundance of ecosystems, rich in biodiversity. While there are studies on the general hydrology of these marshes, mainly from hydrographic and ecosystem perspectives, a fuller systemic understanding of the hydrological functioning of the area is needed, given the environmental importance of the area. Based on the Tothian theory of regional groundwater flow systems, this paper presents an analysis of the association between the hydrological features and ecosystems of the Marismas Nacionales. By integrating observations and measurements from various disciplines, the ecosystem interconnectivity of the area is described and proposed as a basis for future studies and sustainable interventions in the Marismas Nacionales and other, similar environments.

Modeling of groundwater level changes in an urban area

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2021

Groundwater level changes, mostly depletion, are widespread around the world due to the high population and industrial growth. Numerical models can provide relevant information in a data scares location and thus could be great means to save both money and time. In this study, an attempt was made to analyze changes in the groundwater level using the widely accepted MODFLOW-2005 model. This study covered 22 wards among the 41 wards of Chittagong city in Bangladesh and the simulation was run for the year 2009–2016. Compare to the observed water heads, the simulated model could reasonably predict water heads with a residual of less than 10%. From 2009 to 2016, the model outcome showed a depletion rate of about 4.75 m/year in the central part of the city. Finally, the model was run for the year 2020 to predict the future condition of the water head. From this, there are five wards in the central part facing a serious groundwater lowering problem. Thus, to save this natural resource more comprehensive strategies as well as ground extraction regulations should be made. And in this context, this study will provide an overview of this urgent issue in this city. Graphic abstract

Establishing regimes of landslide activity – Analysis of landslide triggers over the previous seven decades (Western Carpathians, Poland)

Article

Jan 2021
CATENA

Long-term analyses of landslide patterns and triggering factors, covering several decades of continuous data, including periods of both acceleration and stability, are a key to understanding landslide activity, background, and variability. In this study, we analyse the long-term relationships between landslide activity and the triggering factors, precipitation, and low-magnitude earthquakes for three landslides in the Western Carpathians, Poland. Based on dendrochronological reconstruction covering 68 years (1951–2018), including tree-ring eccentricity and compression wood dating for 107 Norway spruce trees, we determined that there are significant differences in the activity and triggers of the studied slopes. We were able to explain the origin of the differences through the individual features of landslide topography and structure, such as the depth of the shear zones, disintegration of landslide blocks resulting in a plastic, flow-like movement of the material, and location of the landslide blocks in relation to high groundwater levels in the valley floors. Finally, we determined the optimal sequences of triggers leading to heavy landsliding for each slope, therefore establishing the regimes of their activity. We argue that the long-term regularities in landslide response to triggers can be generalised into regimes, as is commonly done with river discharge, groundwater levels, and their hydro-meteorological background. We propose establishing “regimes of landslide activity” that are based on decades of observations and reconstructions. Our study demonstrates that such a long-term approach can be an efficient tool for describing and explaining the variability of landslide activity and hazards over space and time.

Unraveling groundwater functioning and nitrate attenuation in evaporitic karst systems from southern Spain: An isotopic approach

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2020
APPL GEOCHEM

High evaporation rates in semi-arid to arid regions result in an increase in salinity that can exacerbate the effect of pollutants in water bodies.This study examines how groundwater drives pollution removal in wetlands, wells and springs within the Chaotic Subbetic Complexes (southern Spain). This evaporitic system, localy with a clear karstic functioning, is characterized by groundwater with a wide range of mineralization. Hydrochemical and multi-isotopic (δ34S, δ18O, δ15N, δ13C and δ2H) techniques were used to understand the geochemical processes leading to pollutant attenuation within the complexes. There, regional groundwater evolve from recharge/transition areas, with low salinity, to the discharge zone. Mineralization of groundwater depends on the dissolution of evaporitic deposits (gypsum, halite) of Keuper age, which increases salinity of the water drained by the outlet springs. δ15N and δ18O values of dissolved nitrate (NO3−) were used to estimate the relative contribution of N sources. NO3− is mainly derived from agricultural inputs (nitrate and urea fertilizers). Long-residence groundwater plays an important role in the biogeochemical evolution. Denitrification is responsible for NO3− removal in transitional zones and discharge springs. This process is promoted by the oxidation of organic carbon, derived from recharge areas and further transported to deeper zones of the aquifer. The findings of this study provide a new understanding of how hydrogeological functioning is connected to pollutant removal in an evaporitic karst system, where the scale of groundwater flows plays a key role in biogeochemical processes.

Significance of basin asymmetry and regional groundwater flow conditions in preliminary geothermal potential assessment – Implications on extensional geothermal plays

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2020
GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE

Extensional domain type geothermal plays, as fertile targets for future resource development, consist of an orogen and an adjoining sedimentary basin of asymmetric physiographic and geologic setting. Preliminary geothermal potential, i.e. prospective geothermal regions, basin-scale flow patterns, heat transfer processes, temperature distribution and appearance of thermal springs were analyzed systematically by numerical simulations in groundwater basins with special emphasis on the effects of basin asymmetry. The importance of basin-scale regional groundwater flow studies in preliminary geothermal potential assessment was demonstrated for synthetic and real-life cases. A simulated series of simplified real systems revealed the effects of anisotropy, asymmetry of the topographical driving force for groundwater flow, basin heterogeneity and basal heat flow on heat accumulation, locations of thermal spring discharge and prevailing mechanisms of heat transfer. As a new aspect in basin-scale groundwater and geothermal studies, basin asymmetry was introduced which has a critical role in discharge and accumulation patterns, thus controlling the location of basin parts bearing the highest geothermal potential. During the reconnaissance phase of geothermal exploration, these conceptual, generalized and simplified groundwater flow and heat transport models can support the identification of prospective areas and planning of shallow and deep geothermal energy utilization, also with respect to reinjection possibilities. Finally, the scope of “geothermal hydrogeology” is defined in a scientific manner for the first time.

Assessment of the impacts of climate change on groundwater evapotranspiration in mid-to-high latitude regions

Article

Apr 2025
J HYDROL

Enhancing Drought Resilience through Groundwater Engineering by Utilizing GIS and Remote Sensing in Southern Lebanon

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2024

Nasser Farhat

Countries face challenges of excess, scarcity, pollution, and uneven water distribution. This study highlights the benefits of advances in groundwater engineering that improve the understanding of utilizing local geological characteristics due to their crucial role in resisting drought in southern Lebanon. The type of drought in the region was determined using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Vegetation Index (NDVI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), and Soil Moisture Anomaly Index (SM). The dry aquifer and its characteristics were analyzed using mathematical equations and established hydrogeological principles, including Darcy’s law. Additionally, a morphometric assessment of the Litani River was performed to evaluate its suitability for artificial recharge, where the optimal placement of the water barrier and recharge tunnels was determined using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. This analysis involved excluding certain parameters based on the Shapiro–Wilk test for normality. Accordingly, using the Geographic Information System (GIS), we modeled and simulated the potential water table. The results showed the importance and validity of linking groundwater engineering and morphometric characteristics in combating the drought of groundwater layers. The Eocene layer showed a clearer trend for the possibility of being artificially recharged from the Litani River than any other layer. The results showed that the proposed method can enhance artificial recharge, raise the groundwater level to four levels, and transform it into a large, saturated thickness. On the other hand, it was noted that the groundwater levels near the surface will cover most of the area of the studied region and could potentially store more than one billion cubic meters of water, mitigating the effects of climate change for decades.

Hydrochemical evolution of groundwater in a river corridor: the compounded impacts of various environmental factors

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2024

Various environmental factors could induce groundwater hydrochemical evolution, which should be considered when addressing groundwater environmental issues. However, the complex interactions among the environmental controls remain unknown for a groundwater flow system spanning multiple geological units. To fill this gap, we conducted a study on the groundwater hydrochemical evolution in the fluvial corridor of the Fen River, Northern China, utilizing a combination of hydrogeochemical and multiple isotope methods. Results reveal that the groundwater in the corridor has significantly degraded due to high concentrations of SO42-

{\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - }

, NO3-

{\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }

, Cl⁻, or F⁻. We find an unordered evolution of the hydrochemical composition of groundwater along this corridor. These evolutions are driven by mineral dissolution/precipitation, dedolomitization, and cation exchange processes. Human activities play a significant role, with notable contributions including NO3-

{\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }

fluxes from agricultural fertilizers, manure, and sewage, as well as SO42-

{\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - }

fluxes arising from coal mining activities. The combination between karst spring areas and faults/uplifts, between coal-bearing strata and mining activities fosters the mixing of karst water/mine water with shallow groundwater, promoting dramatic hydrochemical evolution of groundwater. The flat terrain and the natural blockage formed by mountains significantly enhance water–rock interactions and groundwater evaporation by slowing groundwater flow. The contribution of evaporation on groundwater salinity ranges from ~ 0.2% to 4.8%, highlighting its importance in the groundwater hydrochemical evolution. This study unravels the multifaceted nature of groundwater hydrochemical evolution. It emphasizes the four types of environmental controls, including hydrogeochemical processes, climate factors, human activities, and variations in geological settings, can be equally important, which is usually ignored. The findings enrich our understanding of groundwater evolution and highlight the challenges encountered in regions composed of diverse geological units.

Pliocene subsurface fluid flow driven by rapid erosional exhumation of the Colorado Plateau, southwestern USA

Article

Mar 2024
GEOSPHERE

Erosion may modify the architecture of subsurface flow systems by removing confining units and changing topography to influence patterns of fluid circulation or by inducing gas exsolution from subsurface fluids, influencing compositional and buoyancy patterns in flow systems. Here, we examine the geologic record of subsurface flow in the sedimentary rocks of the Paradox Basin in the Colorado Plateau (southwestern USA), including the distribution and ages of Fe- and Mn-oxide deposits and bleached, former red-bed sandstones. We compare our results to those of previous geo- and thermochronology studies that documented as much as 2 km of erosional exhumation at ca. 3–4 Ma and Fe-and Mn-oxide precipitation at 3.6 Ma along fault zones in the region. We used (U-Th)/He and K-Ar dating to document two new records of subsurface flow of reduced fluids between 3 and 4 Ma. The first is precipitation of Mn-oxides along the Moab fault (Utah, USA) at 3.9 ± 0.2 Ma. The second is clay mineralization associated with laterally extensive bleaching in the Curtis Formation, which we dated using K-Arillite age analysis to 3.60 ± 0.03 Ma. The coincidence of the timing of bleaching, Fe- and Mn-oxide formation in multiple locations, and erosional exhumation at 3–4 Ma raises the question of how surface erosion may have induced a phase of fluid flow in the subsurface. We suggest that recent erosion of the Colorado Plateau created steep topographic gradients that enhanced regional groundwater flow, whereby meteoric water circulation flushed reduced fluids toward discharge zones. Dissolved gases, transported from hydrocarbon reservoirs, also may have been exsolved by rapid depressurization.

Interaction between surface waters and the Quaternary shallow alluvial aquifer of Lake Maga downstream: influence of ponds, streams, irrigation canals, and geological features (Far North, Cameroon)

Article

Feb 2024

The valorization of Lake Maga for agricultural purposes has not only contributed to the socio-economic development of the study area, but has also modified the surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) flow regimes. Understanding the interaction between the SW and the shallow Quaternary aquifer, under land use change and soil structure modification, is still a challenge, especially in the semi-arid area. In this study, GW level, hydrogeochemical characterization, and geological features are used to understand, locally, the influence of Lake Maga, its associated hydraulic components, and the other SW bodies on the GW behaviour. GW levels were measured in 51 wells in December 2012 and monitored in February 2013, and in 15 wells (beyond the 51) in June 2017 and December 2018. Physicochemical parameters of SWs and GWs were measured in the field, and 15 water samples were collected for major ion characterization. The GW levels were close (mean value ≈5 m) to the land surface, with zero to very low (< 1 m) water level fluctuations near SW bodies. The GW levels (< 2 m) are influenced more by their proximity to irrigation canals, ponds, and streams than Lake Maga (mean ≈3.5 m). The analysis of electrical conductivity (EC) values and GW levels showed that the weakly mineralized (< 200 µS.cm−1) GW were associated with the shallower GW table level. The moderate GW mineralization (200 < EC < 700 µS.cm−1) were more influenced by the geological texture of the shallow aquifer. The analysis of the geological characteristics of the sub-shallow aquifer structure in the locality of Pouss is mainly sandy, while in the localities of Maga and Guirvidig, clay, clayey-sand and sandy-clay materials dominate. There are no trends in GW chemical evolution from Lake Maga waters towards the shallow groundwater table (SGWT). The mixing-ratios values showed that the SW contributed for more than 65% (mean) to the sub-shallow aquifer in the study area, and the highest SWs (80%) contribution occurred in the locality of Pouss, close to Lake Maga, pond, Logone River, irrigation canal, and seasonal stream, associated with the shallowest GW levels (< 1.5 m). The proximity to SW bodies and the texture of the fluvio-lacustrine deposit of the shallow aquifer strongly influenced GW table levels and their hydrogeochemical characteristics. This work could be a prerequisite to understand how the physicochemical and chemical properties of GW in the shallow aquifer evolve and respond under the influence of SW bodies.

Arctic Spring Systems Driven by Permafrost Aggradation

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2023
GEOPHYS RES LETT

Plain Language Summary In the High Arctic, the subsurface is frozen in a state called permafrost. Since fluids cannot flow through ice, surface water only flows close to the surface, while groundwater below the permafrost is trapped—sometimes along with large amounts of greenhouse gases. In some permafrost locations, groundwater springs allow groundwater to reach the surface and atmosphere from the deep subsurface. Unlike non‐permafrost regions, these locations often lack routes for surface water to flow beneath the permafrost, which means that the spring outflow is not balanced by incoming water. In this study, we investigate the idea that when permafrost grows deeper, the expansion of groundwater as it freezes creates enough pressure to cause the spring outflow. We use a computer model to simulate this process, and our results show that permafrost growth can generate spring outflow for millennia, reaching a flow rate of a few liters per second. This new understanding is crucial for predicting how greenhouse gas emissions from groundwater springs in permafrost will respond to climate change. It is also relevant for the long‐term deposition of hazardous materials, such as nuclear waste, as it provides a mechanism for contaminants to spread from the deep subsurface to surface systems.

Categorize Groundwater Potential Zone in Soft Rock Formation in Rib River Basin by Geospatial Technology: in the Case of South Gondar District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

Dawit Yihunie

This study is aimed at delineating the groundwater potential sites in the Rib watershed using Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), Analytical Hierarchy Processes (AHP), geographic information system (GIS), and remote sensing (RS). Those techniques were implemented to develop groundwater potential zone map with integrating different significant thematic parameters. Thematic layers of lithology, lineament density, drainage density, slope, and soil were used to prepare groundwater potential zones map as it assigned to each thematic layers. Those thematic maps were integrated by a weighted sum overlay analysis in Arc geographic information system tool (AGIS) to develop groundwater potential zones. The groundwater potential was (1) very high 48.25 km² (1.23%), (2) high 1024.93 km² (26.29%), (3) moderate, 2682.93 km² (68.82%), and (4) poor, 141.81 km² (3.63%). The groundwater potential map was validated using data of 35 pumping wells such as hydraulic conductivities and material transmitivity; the prediction was confirmed acceptable. Groundwater flow rate and its direction were described by the piezometric surface model as follows: high flow rate (26.83–34.33 m), moderate flow rate (19.32–26.82 m), poor flow rate (11.81–19.32 m), and extremely poor flow rate (4.3–11.81 m). It might conclude that the groundwater potential zone that was identified by MCDA is reliable in Arc GIS 10.4 and RS application.

Boundary-to-solution mapping for groundwater flows in a Toth basin

Article

May 2023
ADV WATER RESOUR

The Significance of Groundwater Table Inclination for Nature-Based Replenishment of Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems by Managed Aquifer Recharge

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is an increasingly popular technique; however, the significance of groundwater flow dynamics is rarely examined in detail regarding MAR systems. In general, a high hydraulic gradient is not favoured for MAR implementation, as it causes higher water loss and mixing of recharge water with native groundwater. However, during groundwater-dependent ecosystem (GDE) rehabilitation, these hydraulic gradient-driven flow processes can be taken advantage of. The aim of this research is to test this hypothesis by evaluating the effect of groundwater table inclination, topography, and other local characteristics on MAR efficiency from the perspective of GDE restoration. MAR efficiency was examined from recharge to discharge area in a simple half-basin based on theoretical flow simulations, using GeoStudio SEEP/W software. Different scenarios were compared to analyse the groundwater level increase and the infiltrated water volumes and to assess the efficiency of MAR based on these parameters in each scenario. The theoretical results were applied to a close-to-real situation of Lake Kondor, a GDE of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve (Hungary), which dried up in the past decades due to groundwater decline in the area. Based on the results, initial hydraulic head difference, model length, and hydraulic conductivity are the most critical parameters regarding water level increase at the discharge area. The water amount needed for increasing the water table is mainly influenced by the thickness of the unsaturated zone and the material properties of the aquifer. The findings can help better understand MAR efficiency in light of local groundwater flow processes and contribute to optimising MAR systems. The results of the study suggest that, if water is infiltrated at the local recharge area, the water table will also increase at the corresponding discharge area, which positively effects the connected GDEs. This approach can serve as a nature-based solution (NBS) to sustain sensitive ecosystems in changing climatic conditions.

HIDROGEOLOGÍA DE LAS REGIONES CÁRSICAS DE CUBA: MARCO CONCEPTUAL

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

Leslie Molerio-Leon

RESUMEN: Se presentan resumidos y actualizados los principios de la regionalización hidrogeológica del karst cubano y se sumarizan las características de las 31 regiones en las que hasta ahora, se ha divido el país. Según nuestra más reciente evaluación, se extiende sobre una superficie aproximada de-hasta ahora-72630 kilómetros cuadrados, un 2 poco más del 66% del área total del país, de los cuales 64587 km corresponden a tierra firme (10882 a las zonas 2 montañosas-Fig. 2-y 61748 llanuras-Fig. 3). Se incluyen 2839 km de sistemas o aparatos sin regionalizar 2 hidrogeológicamente que corresponden, 1336 km al karst de los cayos e isletas del archipiélago y el resto (1503) a zonas de elevaciones. ABSTRACT: The principles of the Cuban karst hydrogeology of the 31 karst regions of the country is updated and summarized in this paper. According to author´s ore recent evaluation, karst is developed over 72630 km2, a little 2 more than 66% of the national territory. 64587 km are in the main land (10882 in mountains and 64587 in flat 2 2 lands). Not regionalized territories considers currently 2839 km , 1336 km from small islands and cays and 1503 of small mountains and hills.

Springs regarded as hydraulic features and interpreted in the context of basin-scale groundwater flow

Article

Full-text available

May 2022
J HYDROL

Springs are sources of freshwater supply. Furthermore, they can also deliver valuable insight into the hydrogeologic processes of a mountainous region, a natural conservation area or a remote study site with no wells. In order to assess the appearance, peculiarities, quality, stability, longevity and resilience of springs and related ecosystems, they need to be regarded in the context of basin-scale groundwater flow systems. The application of spring data evaluation on a basin scale was demonstrated via the carbonate system of Transdanubian Mts., Hungary. The readily measurable physical parameters of springs, the elevation of spring orifice, temperature and volumetric discharge rate provided reasonable classification and characterisation of springs and the related groundwater flow systems. Applying these parameters seemed prospective in a basin-scale understanding of flow systems in data-scarce regions, as monitoring discharge rate and water temperature are cost-effective, requiring no specific tools and analysing procedures. The combined cluster and discriminant analysis (CCDA) can handle uneven data distribution, unequal length and spacing of time series, data gaps, and consider the time-dependent variability of parameters. The optimal number of groups can be determined based on frequently sampled springs (or other entities). The less monitored springs (or other entities) can be classified using a similarity-based approach and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Diagnosing the relation of springs to groundwater flow systems can advance sustainable water resources management, considering the ecological water needs maintaining various ecosystem services, therefore enhancing the resilience of springs and groundwater-dependent ecosystems.

Characterizing groundwater flow paths in an undeveloped region through synoptic river sampling for environmental tracers

Article

Dec 2021

Synoptic sampling of three rivers for a suite of environmental tracers is shown to be an efficient way to gain an understanding of groundwater flow paths for a previously unstudied large area in Alberta, Canada. For regional-scale characterization, classical hydrogeological techniques are limited by the location and number of groundwater wells. This study demonstrates that rivers can become an easily accessible location to sample the distribution of groundwater flow paths discharging to surface water. Modelling of groundwater discharge to the rivers and groundwater mean age helps generate knowledge of groundwater circulation for a large area, which is useful for conceptual model development and focusing future characterization efforts. Results indicate that the benchland areas in this region, with higher topographic relief, had hydrogeological conditions that favoured deeper groundwater circulation with a modelled mean age greater than 100 years from recharge to discharge. Lower relief areas, which coincide with a transition in bedrock formations in this region, appeared to have much shorter and shallower groundwater circulation. The approach required a field program completed in 5 days and financial budget approximately equivalent to drilling a single borehole and installing a monitoring well. It is concluded that under the right conditions, where few classical observation points exist and knowledge is limited, synoptic sampling of rivers can be used to develop scientifically defensible conceptual models at a comparable scale to regional planning and resource management. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Mathematical Model of Ground Water Flow of Bashiqa Area,Northern Iraq

Article

Dec 2004

Funcionamiento hidrogeológico del Trías de Antequera. Hipótesis sobre el modelo general de flujo subterráneo.

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2020

M. Mudarra

The Trías de Antequera (in the north of the province of Malaga), belonging to the so-called Chaotic Subbetic Complexes, is formed by diverse materials (clays, evaporites, sandstone, ophites, dolostones, etc.). This complex has traditionally been considered to have low permeable behavior as a whole. Nevertheless, some studies evidence high hydrogeological complexity, with predominantly aquitard functioning and higher permeability in the evaporitic outcrops as a result of dissolution/karstification processes and halokinetic movements. Recharge is associated with direct rainfall infiltration and runoff entry through karst swallow holes, whilst discharge mainly takes place towards the Meliones Strait, in the Guadalhorce River. Hydrogeochemical data reveal a general increase of water temperature and mineralization from outlets located at higher places towards those at a lower altitude. This provokes a progressive transition of hydrochemical facies: from calcium-bicarbonate to sodium-chloride type, passing through calcium-sulphated waters. All these results suggest the existence of a hierarchized groundwater flowpath system, with different residence times in the media, similar to that proposed by Tóth for sedimentary basins. Thus, low mineralization groundwater of recent infiltration (flowing through karst conduits within the unsaturated zone) is mixed with older groundwater related to the deep ascending slow flow paths of greater residence time in the media.

PETRÓLEO Y KARST: BASES TEÓRICAS DE UNA TECNOLOGÍA PARA LA DISPOSICIÓN FINAL DE AGUAS PRODUCIDAS TRATADAS EN ACUÍFEROS CÁRSICOS SOMEROS Y CUERPOS DE AGUA SALINIZADOS

Preprint

Full-text available

May 2021

Leslie Molerio-Leon

Tracing groundwater circulation in a valuable mineral water basin with geochemical and isotopic tools: the case of FERRARELLE, Riardo basin, Southern Italy

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2022
ENVIRON GEOCHEM HLTH

The Riardo basin hosts groundwater exploited for the production of high quality, naturally sparkling, bottled water (e.g., Ferrarelle water), and circulating in a system constituted by highly fractured Mesozoic carbonates, overlain by more impervious volcanic rocks of the Roccamonfina complex. The two formations are locally in hydraulic connection and dislocated by deep-rooted faults. The study aimed at elucidating groundwater origin and circulation, using isotopic tracers (δ¹⁸O, δ²H, δ¹¹B and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) coupled to groundwater dating (Tritium, CFCs and SF6). Besides recharge by local precipitation over the Riardo hydrogeological basin, stable isotope ratios in water indicated an extra-basin recharge, likely from the elevated surrounding carbonate reliefs (e.g., Maggiore and Matese Mts.). The mineralization process, promoted by the deep CO2 flux, controls the B and Sr contents. However, their isotopic ratios did not allow discriminating between circulation in the volcanic and in the carbonate aquifers, as in the latter the isotopic composition differed from the original marine signature. Groundwater model ages ranged from ~ 30 years for the volcanic endmember to > 70 years for the deep, mineralized end-member, with longer circuits recharged at higher elevations. Overall, the results of this study were particularly relevant for mineral water exploitation. A recharge from outside the hydrogeological basin could be evidenced, especially for the more mineralized and valuable groundwater, and an active recent recharge was detected for the whole Riardo system. Both findings will contribute to the refinement of the hydrogeological model and water budget, and to a sustainable development of the resource.

Environmental isotopes (δ18O, δ2H, 222Rn) and hydrochemical evidence for understanding rainfall-surface water-groundwater transformations in a polluted karst area

Article

Jan 2021
J HYDROL

The vulnerable karst water systems and the serious pollution issues in Southwest China have been facing tremendous challenges, especially when controlling processes of transformation in rainfall, surface- and groundwater (SW and GW) are poorly understood in such areas. In this study, transformation processes have been identified based on physical–chemical indicators (T, DO, EC, HCO3²⁻, SO4²⁻, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺), δ²H and δ¹⁸O isotopes, and ²²²Rn activities in different water forms. The δ²H and δ¹⁸O isotopic signals of the river are depleted in the upstream non-karst area due to the altitude effect. The karst aquifers are dominantly recharged by local rainfall in summer and by river water from the non-karst area in winter indicated by the seasonal variation of stable isotopic compositions. A ²²²Rn mass-balance model was constructed to estimate GW-SW exchange during the autumn period. Net gaining and net losing sections (including a segment of conduit flow) were identified to be fluxes of 3.6 × 10⁻³ and −4.0 × 10⁻³ m³ s⁻¹ m⁻¹ respectively. The bank storage water contributed critically in the net gaining section, deduced by the inconsistent responses of stable isotopic and chemical tracers to the GW influent, which resulted in a relative identical amount of influent and effluent water (5.0 × 10⁻³ and −1.4 × 10⁻³ m³ s⁻¹ m⁻¹ respectively). In the net losing section (influent and effluent are 2.8 × 10⁻⁴ and −4.2 × 10⁻³ m³ s⁻¹ m⁻¹ respectively), interactions through the segment of surface flow are sluggish, which is standing in stark contrast to the well-mixed flow in the conduit segment. The results reveal various signs of sulfides oxidation from the mine and tailings, along with liberated metals could be introduced and travelled across in the transformations of rainfall-SW-GW. It needs to put more efforts into the research of water quality and transport of metals hereafter.

Groundwater in sedimentary (clastic) rocks

Article

Aug 1967

József Tóth

A hydrogeological study of the Three Hills area, Alberta

Article

Jan 1968

József Tóth

A Theoretical Analysis of Groundwater Flow in Small Drainage Basins

Article

Aug 1963
J GEOPHYS RES

József Tóth

Theoretically, three types of flow systems may occur in a small basin: local, intermediate, and regional. The local systems are separated by subvertical boundaries, and the systems of different order are separated by subhorizontal boundaries. The higher the topographic relief, the greater is the importance of the local systems. The flow lines of large unconfined flow systems do not cross major topographic features. Stagnant bodies of groundwater occur at points where flow systems meet or branch. Recharge and discharge areas alternate; thus only part of the basin will contribute to the baseflow of its main stream. Motion of groundwater is sluggish or nil under extended flat areas, with little chance of the water being freshened. Water level fluctuations decrease with depth, and only a small percentage of the total volume of the groundwater in the basin participates in the hydrologic cycle.

Theoretical analysis of regional groundwater flow: 2. Effect of water-table configuration and subsurface permeability variation

Article

Jun 1967
WATER RESOUR RES

Details of steady-state flow in regional groundwater basins can be investigated using digital computer solutions of appropriately designed mathematical models. The factors that must be considered are: (1) ratio of depth to lateral extent of the basin; (2) Watertable configuration; and (3) stratigraphy and resulting subsurface variations in permeability. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the following properties of regional flow systems: (1) groundwater discharge will tend to be concentrated in major valleys; (2) recharge areas are invariably larger than discharge areas; (3) in hummocky terrain, numerous sub-basins are superposed on the regional system; (4) buried aquifers tend to concentrate flow toward the principal discharge area, have a limiting effect on sub-basins, and need not outcrop to produce artesian flow conditions; (5), stratigraphic discontinuities can lead to distributions of recharge and discharge areas that are difficult to anticipate and that are largely independent of the water-table configuration. (Key words: Groundwater; computers, digital; drainage basin characteristics)

Orthonormal Function Tables and the Seepage of Steady Rain through Soil Bedding

Article

Dec 1967

Tables of functions are developed for generating, with the aid of a digital computer, sets of general orthonormal functions useful in solving some potential flow problems. As an example of the use of the tables, a flow problem of seepage of ground water through soil bedding (which is a series of formed parallel mounds and depressions used in land drainage design when soil overlies an impermeable layer) is solved. Flow nets are presented for a number of geometries for the bedding problem. It is noted that the bedding problem corresponds to the problem of seepage of ground water into a shallow river between sloping hillsides when horizontal bedrock underlies the river valley.

The Theory of Ground-Water Motion

Article

Jan 1940

M. King Hubbert

The existing analytical treatments of ground-water flow have mostly been founded upon the erroneous conception, borrowed from the theory of the flow of the ideal frictionless fluids of classical hydrodynamics, that ground-water motion is derivable from a velocity potential. This conception is in conformity with the principle of the conservation of matter but not with that of the conservation of energy. In the present paper it is shown that a more exceptionless analytical theory results if a potential whose value at a given point is defined to be equal to the work required to transform a unit mass of fluid from an arbitrary standard state to the state at the point in question is employed. Denoting this function by

\Phi

, it is shown that the differential equation of fluid flow in an isotropic medium is given by

q = - \sigma

grad

\Phi

, where q is the flow vector whose magnitude is equal to the volume of fluid crossing a unit of area normal to the flow direction in unit time, and

\sigma

a specific conductivity parameter depending upon both the properties of the fluid and the medium. This is an expression of Darcy's law and is physically, as well as mathematically, analogous to Ohm's law in electricity and leads to the same deductions in analogous situations. It is shown that

\sigma = \kappa\rho/\eta

, where

\kappa

is the permeability parameter depending upon the geometrical properties of the medium only and

\rho

and

\eta

are the density and viscosity, respectively, of the fluid. The remainder of the paper is devoted to deducing the consequences of Darcy's law as just expressed, with particular regard for the practical problems of ground-water hydrology.

Rates of Vertical Groundwater Movement Estimated From the Earth's Thermal Profile

Article

Jun 1965
WATER RESOUR RES

An analytical solution is developed describing vertical steady flow of groundwater and heat through an isotropic, homogeneous, and fully saturated semiconfining layer. A type-curve method for estimating groundwater velocities from temperature data is presented.

Darcy's Law and the Field Equations of the Flow of Underground Fluids

Article

Mar 1957

M. KING HUBBERT

Theoretical analysis of regional groundwater flow

Article

Jan 1969

R. Allan. Freeze

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 1966. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 210-215). Microfilm. s

A theoretical analysis of groundwater flow in small drainage basins.

Article

Jan 1963

J. T&tdbldotb

Groundwater in sedimentary rocks

Jul 1967
91-102

J T6th

J. T6th, Groundwater in sedimentary rocks. Proc. Nat'l Symposium on Ground-Water Hydrology, AWRA San Francisco, Nov. 6-8, 1967 (1967) 91-102

La thermique des eaux souterraines d'origine profonde

Jan 1948
109

Schoeller

H. Schoeller, La thermique des eaux souterraines d'origine profonde. LA.S.H. General Assembly, Oslo, Aug. 19-28, 1948, 3 (1948) 109-116

A conceptual model of the groundwater regime and the hydrogeologic environment

Abstract

No full-text available

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