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Allometry, biomass, and productivity of mangrove forests: A review
Abstract
We review 72 published articles to elucidate characteristics of biomass allocation and productivity of mangrove forests and also introduce recent progress on the study of mangrove allometry to solve the site- and species-specific problems. This includes the testing of a common allometric equation, which may be applicable to mangroves worldwide. The biomass of mangrove forests varies with age, dominant species, and locality. In primary mangrove forests, the above-ground biomass tends to be relatively low near the sea and increases inland. On a global scale, mangrove forests in the tropics have much higher above-ground biomass than those in temperate areas. Mangroves often accumulate large amounts of biomass in their roots, and the above-ground biomass to below-ground biomass ratio of mangrove forests is significantly low compared to that of upland forests (ANCOVA, P < 0.01). Several studies have reported on the growth increment of biomass and litter production in mangrove forests. We introduce some recent studies using the so-called “summation method” and investigate the trends in net primary production (NPP). For crown heights below 10 m, the above-ground NPP of mangrove forests is significantly higher (ANOVA, P < 0.01) than in those of tropical upland forests. The above-ground litter production is generally high in mangrove forests. Moreover, in many mangrove forests, the rate of soil respiration is low, possibly because of anaerobic soil conditions. These trends in biomass allocation, NPP, and soil respiration will result in high net ecosystem production, making mangrove forests highly efficient carbon sinks in the tropics.
... The results of the calculation of species uniformity can be divided into three categories: low if E ≤ 0.5, moderate if 0.5 ≤ E ≤ 0.6, and high if E > 0.6. Komiyama et al. (2008) developed the allometric equation method to estimate stand biomass. First, each plot identified an individual with a stem diameter of 5 cm or greater. ...
... In this study, the estimation of underground biomass was calculated based on the estimation of vegetation roots on the DBH of individual trees. The estimation of underground biomass in A. marina species was quantified using a formula based on Komiyama et al. (2008), while the estimation of underground biomass in A. alba species was quantified using an equation formula referring to Komiyama et al. (2005) where the formula used is as follows: ...
... Where: C denotes the carbon content of the biomass in kilograms (kg), B denotes the total biomass in kilograms/hectare (kg/ha), and % C organic denotes the percentage value of carbon content, assuming that the carbon content in plants is 50% (Komiyama et al. 2008). In this case, carbon stocks can be calculated as total slow-tree biomass (Tons/ha) x 0.50. ...
Harefa MS, Nasution Z, Tuhono E, Susilowati A. 2023. Floristic composition and carbon stock estimation under restored mangrove area in Bagan Serdang, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 2037-2044. Mangrove forests play an important role in the surrounding ecosystem, providing various complex ecosystem services such as coastal protection, food and medicine provision, water quality improvement, and habitat for various terrestrial and aquatic biota. However, forest degradation and conversion have destroyed the majority of mangrove habitats. Monoculture restoration of mangroves with local species has been carried out in various areas, including Bagan Serdang village in North Sumatra, to restore the degraded area. However, fewer studies have been conducted to assess the floristic diversity of monoculture restoration areas and their carbon stock storage estimation, especially in North Sumatra. This research aims to analyze vegetation diversity and estimate carbon stocks in a restoration area dominated by Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. species in Bagan Serdang village, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Purposive sampling was employed to identify species and measure tree diameter at breast height by creating plot lines that filled the observation area with 10 x 10 plots. Therefore, the Shannon Wiener diversity index (H') and allometric equations were used to determine mangrove diversity and biomass. The study's findings revealed that A. marina had the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) at all growth stages, including seedlings, saplings, and trees, with values of 89.12, 190.91, and 263.14%, respectively. The seedling stages had the highest diversity, with a value of 1.241. The total amount of CO2 absorbed is 200.67 tons/ha, and the total amount of carbon stored is 54.67MgC H-1.
... Based on the field measurement data, trees were classified into seven DBH classes: (7) 36-40 cm, and tree density, basal area, biomass, and carbon storage distribution under each DBH class were calculated. Above-and belowground biomass were computed using the following allometric equations: Equations (3) and (4) developed by Komiyama et al. (2008) for Southeast Asia from the DBH measured in the field [30]. ...
... Based on the field measurement data, trees were classified into seven DBH classes: (1) 5-10 cm; (2) 11-15 cm; (3) 16-20 cm; (4) 21-25 cm; (5) 26-30 cm; (6) 31-35 cm, and (7) 36-40 cm, and tree density, basal area, biomass, and carbon storage distribution under each DBH class were calculated. Above-and belowground biomass were computed using the following allometric equations: Equations (3) and (4) developed by Komiyama et al. (2008) for Southeast Asia from the DBH measured in the field [30]. where AGB = aboveground biomass in kg per tree, D = DBH in cm, BGB = belowgro biomass in kilograms per tree, and ꝭ = the wood density of the species. ...
... The aboveground (AG) to belowground (BG) biomass ratio of the present study was 1:2.35. Globally, the range of average biomass ratio for mangroves was between 2.0 and 3.0 [49]. Comparing the biomass ratio of the present study with others, the average biomass ratio of the Sundarbans mangrove forest was 1:1.54, which is lower than that of the present study [45]. ...
Mangrove forests provide many ecosystem services to coastal communities and are essential in addressing climate change and coastal erosion. Unfortunately, physical pressures, including timber extraction, firewood, and land conversion to agriculture and aquaculture have threatened this ecosystem. Recognizing the reduction in mangrove coverage, mangrove plantations are widely being utilized in many countries to restore ecosystem services, including capturing and storing atmospheric carbon. However, it is still being determined whether mangrove plantations can sequester carbon as much as natural mangroves. This study investigated the carbon storage potential of the planted mangrove in the Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. Field data: the diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm and the total tree height (H) ≥ 1 m of all standing trees within each plot were measured and recorded according to species and were used to calculate biomass and carbon storage. The findings of the present study described that the overall average above- and belowground carbon storage of the mangrove plantation was 100.34 ± 50.70 Mg C ha−1 and 34.76 ± 16.59 Mg C ha−1, respectively. Biomass and carbon storage were closely related to the stand basal area. Among species, the Avicennia officinalis species contributed the highest total biomass carbon accumulation. The average amount of carbon sequestration by the planted mangroves was 495.85 MgCO2-eq ha−1. According to the findings, mangrove plantations could achieve benefits in terms of carbon storage and sequestration in biomass with suitable species selection and management. This finding can be applied to mangrove plantation management at the regional and global levels.
... Mangroves are known as unique wetland ecosystems in coastal regions of the tropic and subtropic areas [1,2] and play an important role in the functioning of coastal ecosystems [3,4]. Mangroves are important contributors of nutrients to estuarine and inshore productivity through their litterfall [3] and are globally ranked among the most productive natural ecosystems [5,6]. They also play an important role in the livelihoods and human wellbeing by providing a wide range of material services (e.g. ...
... Allometric equations have previously been established for mangrove forests, but local models for African mangrove forests are scarce. In a review by Komiyama et al. [6] on biomass in mangroves, 13 species-specific and two multi-species models were documented for the aboveground part, while nine species-specific models and one multi-species model were identified for the belowground compartment. Other studies have also addressed biomass modeling in mangrove forests outside Africa [41][42][43][44]. ...
Accurate estimation of biomass and carbon stocks in mangrove forests is a prerequisite for a better understanding of their role in climate regulation. Allometric equations remain appropriate tools in this context but are lacking for many mangrove species and sites across Africa. In this study, we destructively sampled 68 individual trees of the two dominant West African mangrove species (Rhizophora racemosa and Avicennia germinans) to (i) determine species-specific height-diameter allometry; (ii) evaluate biomass allocation to stem, branches, leaves and roots components; (iii) establish species-specific aboveground-, belowground- and total biomass allometric equations; and (iv) examine the accuracy of our best biomass model against existing equations for mangroves. Diameter at breast height (Dbh), total height (H), wood density and crown diameter were used as predictors in the models.
Results showed that Dbh explained 53% and 62% of height variation for R. racemosa and A. germinans, respectively. Stems stored the highest biomass fractions (84.30% for R. racemosa and 52.80% for A. germinans), followed by branches, while the belowground compartment contributed to 19%–22% of the total biomass. Among the candidate biomass models, the models incorporating Dbh and height as a compound variable (Dbh2H) were the most suitable for estimating aboveground and total biomass, with 87–92% of explained variance. For the root components, wood density and crown diameter were additionally found to improve model performance for R. racemosa and A. germinans, respectively. Our study revealed that biomass in West African mangrove forests was more accurately predicted using the established equations than with the existing models.
... In-situ sampling plots geo-located using handheld GPS are often established to collect data on the community structure of blue carbon ecosystems. These may include biomass measurements such as Diameter of Breast Height (DBH) and tree height (H), which are required for calculating mangrove AGB using allometric equations (Komiyama et al., 2008). Saltmarsh AGB is clipped within subplots of size 0.5 m × 0.5 m, and fresh biomass is subsequently measured using a digital weighing scale. ...
... A sub-plot with 0.5 × 0.5 m is often used to collect biomass of saltmarsh (Chen et al., 2022)whilst a plastic core with 15 cm in diameter and 40 cm in depth is often used for seagrass (Ha et al., 2021a). A number of biophysical parameters of different mangrove species including the tree height (H), diameter at breast height (DBH), canopy diameter (CD) are measured to estimate mangrove above-ground biomass (AGB) using allometric equations (Komiyama et al., 2008). To develop the carbon retrieval models, the relationship between a limited number of field sampling points and the EO data has been established and often results in the form of multivariate regression. ...
Blue carbon ecosystems (mangroves, seagrasses and saltmarshes) are highly productive coastal habitats, and are considered some of the most carbon-dense ecosystems on the earth. They are an important nature-based solution for both climate change mitigation and adaptation. Quantifying blue carbon stocks and assessing their dynamics at large scales through remote sensing remains challenging due to difficulties of cloud coverage, spectral, spatial and temporal limitations of multispectral sensors and speckle noise of synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Recent advances in airborne and space-borne multispectral and SAR imagery and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data, sensor platforms such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), combined with novel machine learning techniques have offered different users with a wide-range of spectral, spatial, and multi-temporal information for quantifying blue carbon from space. However, a large number of challenges are posed by various traits such as atmospheric correction, water penetration, and water column transparency issues in coastal environments, the multi-dimensionality and size of the multispectral and LiDAR data, the limitation of training samples, and backscattering mechanisms of SAR imagery in the acquisition process. As a result, existing methodologies face major difficulties in accurately estimating blue carbon stocks using these datasets. In this context, emerging and innovative machine learning and artificial intelligence methodologies are often required for robustness and reliability of blue carbon estimates, particularly those using open-source software for signal processing and regression tasks. This review provides an overview of Earth Observation data, machine learning and state-of-the-art deep learning techniques that are currently being used to quantify above-ground carbon, below-ground carbon, and soil carbon stocks of mangroves, seagrasses and saltmarshes ecosystems. Some key limitations and future directions for the potential use of data fusion combined with advanced machine learning, deep learning, and metaheuristic optimisation techniques for quantifying blue carbon stocks are also highlighted. In summary, the quantification of blue carbon using remote sensing and machine learning approaches holds great potential in contributing to global efforts towards mitigating climate change and protecting coastal ecosystems.
... The soil is usually saturated with water, keeping oxygen concentrations very low, leading to continual vertical carbon accretion and a high overtime build-up (Chmura et al. 2003). Therefore the soils in coastal ecosystems can store carbon for long periods (centuries to millennia) than those in terrestrial ecosystems (Chambers et al. 2001) Mangroves have high above-ground and below-ground biomass, productivity, and high carbon sequestration rates despite their small global area (Komiyama et al. 2008;Donato et al. 2011;Mcleod et al. 2011). Approximately 2,000 Mg/ha of carbon is stored in the mangrove ecosystem, one hundredfold more than in high tropical forests. ...
... That result is also consistent with the mean above-ground biomass estimated by Fatoyinbo and Simard (2013) of 97 Mg/ha. These findings, according to Aheto et al. (2011), are indicative of low structural development of mangroves compared with other areas like French Guiana, where Komiyama et al. (2008) estimated the above-ground biomass to be 169.1 Mg/ha for Avicennia sp., and 315.5 Mg/ha for Rhizophora sp. trees respectively. ...
Henry MJ, Gordon C, Pabi O. 2021. Carbon stock of above ground mangroves in the Lower Volta Area, Ghana. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 5: 61-73. The mangroves and other blue carbon systems are under high pressure because of coastal development and population. The degradation of mangrove continuity leads to the loss of the carbon stocks which is stored in the mangrove ecosystem. This study used GIS-based analysis using allometric equations and Landsat images to estimate the mangrove above-ground carbon stock in the Lower Volta area in Ghana. The classified Landsat images were used to obtain the mangrove area coverage. The ASTER GDEM covering the mangrove was calibrated to obtain the above-biomass, mangrove heights, and above ground carbon stock estimated using a global allometric equation. This study identified the socio-economic factors influencing mangrove exploitation and assessed local residents' willingness to use an alternative energy source, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). The carbon stock in 2014 for the study area was estimated at 269,379.5 Mg, and the carbon stock was estimated at 50.102 Mg per hectare. The changes in carbon stock on a time series analysis revealed that the study area lost its carbon stock between 1991 and 2014 at 161,428.65 Mg. The results indicated that significant factors influencing mangroves' exploitation were the commercial supply of fuel wood, increased income, and supply of fuel wood for domestic use. The local residents were less likely to use LPG as an alternative due to price and safety considerations and preferred mangroves as an energy source. All major stakeholders were recommended to contribute towards effectively managing and protecting the mangrove resource.
... Mangroves are the most widespread tree communities of the Gangetic delta, and their physiology is considerably influenced by surface water salinity (Zaman et al. 2014). Therefore, salinity alteration is clearly visualized in the mangrove community by way of differential growth of aboveground biomass (AGB) of sensitive species (Komiyama et al. 2008). ...
The alterations in the salinity profile are an indirect, but potentially sensitive, indicator for detecting changes in precipitation, evaporation, river runoff , glacier retreat, and ice melt. These changes have a high impact on the growth of coastal plant species, such as mangroves. Here, we present estimates of the variability of salinity and the biomass of a stenoecious mangrove species (Heritiera fomes, commonly referred to as Sundari) in the aquatic subsystem of the lower Gangetic delta based on a dataset from 2004 to 2015. We highlight the impact of salinity alteration on the change in aboveground biomass of this endangered species that, due to different salinity profile in the western and central sectors of the lower Gangetic plain, shows an increase only in the former sector, where the salinity is dropping and low growth in the latter, where the salinity is increasing.
... 398 We trained three separate models for deciduous trees, coniferous trees, and non-forest trees for two primary reasons. 399 First, allometric relationships are commonly known as species or forest-type specific [32,88]. Second, monotonicity does 400 not hold for the forest type as a feature with respect to AGB. ...
Computational visual intelligence has been shown to be able to comprehend the content of images, which has been widely used to foster a digitized society, but is often underutilized in applications related to the green transition and climate change mitigation. Here, we evaluate the capacity of convolutional neural networks (CNN) to interpret spatial semantic patterns in optical RGB images to directly estimate forest biomass, an essential climate parameter previously assessed from structural measures of trees. Trained with forest inventory plots, the CNN model demonstrates its learning via interpreting the composition of biomass at tree level, differing from traditional approaches reliant on conversions of aggregated parameters without explanatory rationale. The CNN approach yields consistently low bias across wide biomass ranges, whereas traditional models show insufficiency without information on tree height. Visually interpretable models link advanced computational tools with the power of data, facilitating the sustainable management of resources for a carbon-neutral society.
... This is a nondestructive method and is thus useful for estimating temporal changes in forest biomass by means of subsequent measurements. However, the site-and species-specific dependencies of allometric equations pose a problem to researchers because tree weight measurement in mangrove forests is laborintensive (Komiyama et al., 2008). ...
We evaluated carbon stock in the above ground biomass (AGB) of dominant mangrove species in the western, central and eastern sectors of Indian Sundarbans during December, 2010. Among the selected species, S. apetala showed maximum above ground carbon storage (26.53 tha-1) followed by A. officinalis (25.80 tha-1), A. alba (24.73 tha-1), A. marina (22.84 tha-1) and E. agallocha (11.90 tha-1) in the western sector. In the central sector, the maximum above ground carbon storage was Ph ton 346 observed in A. officinalis (25.90 tha-1) followed by A. alba (24.96 tha-1), A. marina (22.93 tha-1), S. apetala (21.46 tha-1) and E. agallocha (11.92 tha-1). In the eastern Indian Sundarbans, the above ground carbon storage was maximum in S. apetala (30.26 tha-1) followed by A. officinalis (29.75 tha-1), A. alba (29.09 tha-1), A. marina (26.92 tha-1) and E. agallocha (10.20 tha-1). Among the selected species salinity posed significant adverse impact on the biomass and carbon content of S. apetala. The biomass and above ground stored carbon of E. agallocha exhibited significant positive correlations with salinity (p<0.01), reflecting considerable resilience of the species to sea level rise. Carbon pool of the dominant mangrove species was documented for each station after estimating the mangrove forest area through the technology of Remote Sensing and GIS. The stored carbon in the mangrove forests followed the order eastern sector (6870420.90 tonnes) > western sector (627591.95 tonnes) > central sector (5627493.60 tonnes). Sustainable livelihood development programmes under REDD+ climate change programme is a clear roadmap for enhancing the carbon budget of Indian sundarbans.
... This is a non-destructive method and is thus useful for estimating temporal changes in forest biomass by means of subsequent measurements. However, the site and species-specific dependencies of allometric equations pose a problem to researchers because tree weight measurement in mangrove forests is labor-intensive [9] and often risky due to presence of wild animals (e.g., Sundarban mangrove is inhabited by man eating Royal Bengal tiger.) ...
Biomass and Carbon inter-relationship in Indian Sundarban mangrove
... Kontributor terbesar pemanasan global saat ini adalah karbondioksida dan metana yang dihasilkan dari berbagai aktivitas manusia seperti pembakaran bahan bakar fosil, kendaraan bermotor, dan mesin industri yang menyebabkan gas karbon terakumulasi (IPCC 2001). Sutaryo (2009) Komiyama et al. (2008) yang melaporkan bahwa ekosistem mangrove memiliki peranan yang penting dalam mengurangi efek gas rumah kaca sebagai mitigasi perubahan iklim karena mampu mereduksi CO 2 melalui mekanisme "sekuestrasi", yaitu penyerapan karbon dari atmosfer dan penyimpanannya dalam bentuk biomassa. Tiap hektar ekosistem mangrove dapat menyimpan karbon empat kali lebih banyak dibanding dengan ekosistem lainnya (Daniel et al. 2011 ...
Ekosistem mangrove memiliki kemampuan menyerap CO2 lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan vegetasi tumbuhan lainnya. Namun upaya pengelolaannya sebagai kawasan penyimpan stok karbon masih belum maksimal. Kota Makassar memiliki Sungai Tallo yang sepanjang bantarannya ditumbuhi oleh vegetasi mangrove dan sangat potensial untuk dikelola sebagai ruang terbuka hijau. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa Sungai Tallo terletak tepat di tengah kota Makassar dan sepanjang bantaran sungai didominasi oleh spesies Nypa fruticans dengan jumlah 18.514 pohon dan kerapatan 4.256 pohon/ha, menyimpan karbon sebesar 21,82 ton C/ha, menyerap 80,02 ton CO2/ha. Spesies dominan kedua adalah Rhizophora mucronata dengan jumlah 8.492 pohon dan kerapatan 2.352 pohon/ha, menyimpan karbon sebesar 19,94 ton C/ha, menyerap 73,13 ton CO2/ha. Spesies dominan ketiga yaitu Avicennia alba dengan jumlah 2.421 pohon dan kerapatan 3.228 pohon/ha, menyimpan karbon sebesar 53,96 ton C/ha, menyerap 197,87 ton CO2/ha. Nilai kerapatan dan kemampuan serapan mangrove tersebut sangat sesuai untuk dikelola pada ruang terbuka hijau penyuplai udara segar dan penyerap CO2.Stock Estimation and Carbon Absorption of Mangrove in Tallo River, MakassarAbstractThe mangrove ecosystem has a higher ability of CO2 absorption than other vegetations. However, the effort to establish the mangrove to be a carbon stock area has not been achieved. Makassar has Tallo River, covered with mangrove vegetation along its riverbank, which is potent to be managed as a green open space. The observations indicated that Tallo River was located in the center part of Makassar city and was dominated by Nypa fruticans along the riverbanks in 18,514 trees and a density of 4,256 trees/ha, stored carbon of 21.82 tons C/ha, and absorbs 80.02 tons CO2/ha. Rhizophora mucronata was the second dominant species in 8.492 trees and density of 2,352 trees/ha, stored carbon of 19.94 tons C/ha, and absorbs 73.13 tons CO2/ha. The third dominant species was Avicennia alba in 2,421 trees and density of 3,228 trees/ha, stored carbon of 263.85 tons C/ha, and absorbs 197.89 tons CO2/ha. The density and ability to absorb values of the mangrove is highly suitable to be managed for a green open space to supply fresh air and CO2.
... This problem could be observed for other major species like S. caseolaris, R. mucronata and E. agallocha which contributed major share of biomass stock of the current study area. This problem was also discussed in Komiyama et al. (2008) while reviewing the allometric equations around the globe. Even though the present study is regional stock assessment, the results of the current study project a global uncertainty in using the common allometric equation for large mangrove trees. ...
Even though, the blue carbon ecosystems are gaining keen research interest around the globe, the carbon stock of SouthWest coast of India was poorly reported, and this study is a pioneer attempt and will be an important document for filling the gaps in uncertainties in global carbon stock assessment and also will increase knowledge on biomass variability among mangrove species and mangrove habitats. The study also highlighted the vital role of biomass carbon pool for long-term soil carbon burial. We estimated the above and below-ground biomass carbon stock of 13 mangrove species using two common allometric equations and species-specific equations and reported a very high mean total living biomass carbon stock of Kochi mangroves at 237.19 ± 113.82 Mg C ha−1, 295.78 ± 143.14 Mg C ha−1, and 272.42 ± 132.78 Mg C ha−1 according to Chave’s, Komiyama equation and species-specific equation respectively corresponding to carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) of approximately 4,37,774.51 Mg CO2e. The biomass stock was significantly differed between the stations (p = 0.000) and also within species (p = 0.020). Among the mangrove species, Avicennia officinalis contributed highest and Bruguiera sexangula contributed least. Variation was observed for biomass stock of mangroves with large trunk diameter while comparing different allometric equations and therefore projected the need for the development of site- and species-specific equations for solving the uncertainty in global mangrove carbon stock. The study observed that dominant mangrove vegetation type, salinity and also the geomorphology of mangrove habitat had strong influence on variability in biomass stock within a small regional area. The study also suggests that understanding the structure and biomass carbon storage of each regional mangrove habitats can be wisely used in mangrove restoration and conservation programmes and in turn for nature-based solutions for climate change mitigation efforts.
... This is a nondestructive method and is thus useful for estimating temporal changes in forest biomass by means of subsequent measurements. However, the site-and species-specific dependencies of allometric equations pose a problem to researchers because tree weight measurement in mangrove forests is laborintensive (Komiyama et al., 2008). ...
We evaluated carbon stock in the above ground biomass (AGB) of dominant mangrove species in the western, central and eastern sectors of Indian Sundarbans during December, 2010. Among the selected species, S. apetala showed maximum above ground carbon storage (26.53 tha-1) followed by A. officinalis (25.80 tha-1), A. alba (24.73 tha-1), A. marina (22.84 tha-1) and E. agallocha (11.90 tha-1) in the western sector. In the central sector, the maximum above ground carbon storage was Ph ton 346 observed in A. officinalis (25.90 tha-1) followed by A. alba (24.96 tha-1), A. marina (22.93 tha-1), S. apetala (21.46 tha-1) and E. agallocha (11.92 tha-1). In the eastern Indian Sundarbans, the above ground carbon storage was maximum in S. apetala (30.26 tha-1) followed by A. officinalis (29.75 tha-1), A. alba (29.09 tha-1), A. marina (26.92 tha-1) and E. agallocha (10.20 tha-1). Among the selected species salinity posed significant adverse impact on the biomass and carbon content of S. apetala. The biomass and above ground stored carbon of E. agallocha exhibited significant positive correlations with salinity (p<0.01), reflecting considerable resilience of the species to sea level rise. Carbon pool of the dominant mangrove species was documented for each station after estimating the mangrove forest area through the technology of Remote Sensing and GIS. The stored carbon in the mangrove forests followed the order eastern sector (6870420.90 tonnes) > western sector (627591.95 tonnes) > central sector (5627493.60 tonnes). Sustainable livelihood development programmes under REDD+ climate change programme is a clear roadmap for enhancing the carbon budget of Indian Sundarbans.
... After almost 29 years of growth, the biomass estimates for the Ra and Rm planted forest blocks (equivalent to 279 and 400 Mg ha -1 respectively) are consistent with 345 Mg ha -1 reported for a mature Rhizophora-dominated forest in Samsukran District of Ranong Province [42] , but higher than the total biomass of 211 Mg ha -1 for Ra in a 28-year-old plantation in Malaysia [43] . The estimated biomass in the Ct forest block (187 Mg ha -1 ) is similar to 180 Mg ha -1 reported for secondary Ct forest in Satun, southern Thailand [44,45] . ...
The ending of mangrove concessions for charcoal production in 1998 gave new impetus to mangrove conservation and rehabilitation in Thailand, including the designation of the Ranong Biosphere Reserve (RBR) to protect Thailand's largest single mangrove ecosystem. Four of the dominant tree species in the RBR were planted as seedlings in single species blocks on a former concession site in 1994: Rhizophora apiculata (Ra) and R. mucronata (Rm); and 1995: Bruguiera cylindrica (Bc) and Ceriops tagal (Ct). Tree growth and natural recruitment of seedlings and saplings were recorded in 100 m 2 sampled quadrats in each species block in 1999, 2008, 2019 and 2023. All four species exceeded 10 m mean height by 2019 (range 12.1 ± 3.8 m to 19.6 ± 2.3 m), while mean DBH was 7.5 ± 3.4 cm to 9.1 ± 6.9 cm. There was evidence of self-thinning mortality by 2023, especially in the Ra and Bc blocks. Some illegal cutting of Bc trees between 2019 and 2023 further impacted the growth performance of this species, which exhibited a compensatory strategy of self-planting many seedlings. The height and DBH of the four planted species in 2023 were still less than in a mature Rhizophora-and Ceriops-dominated conservation forest area (mean tree height 17.4 ± 6.7 m; DBH 15.1 ± 7.3 cm). However, soil organic carbon (SOC) was high and not significantly different between the monoculture species blocks (525 ± 107 Mg C ha-1 to 743 ± 31 Mg C ha-1) and the conservation forest (616 ± 91 Mg C ha-1). SOC accounted for 74%-90% of the total ecosystem C, which was 650 to 829 Mg C ha-1 in the planted species blocks and 828 Mg C ha-1 in the conservation forest. The estimates for plant, soil and ecosystem C are compared with those reported from other natural and planted mangrove sites in Southeast Asia, especially along the Andaman Sea coast. The findings confirm the importance of conserving the few remaining areas of near-primary mangrove forest in this region.
... The ANP was calculated in each season as the sum of the change in biomass, the amount of litterfall production and the mass of grazing effect (Kira & Shidei, 1967). We did not account for the rate of grazing by herbivores because it was assumed to be minor due to the high tannin content in mangrove trees (Komiyama et al., 2008) and our own field observations. The aboveground biomass was estimated by the appropriate allometric equations depending on the mangrove species (Li et al., 2018). ...
Soil carbon burial is the major process enabling mangroves to function as carbon sinks. However, the amount of deposited materials derived from allochthonous or autochthonous inputs in the soil carbon pool of mangroves remains uncertain. Mangrove-derived carbon burial is often laboriously estimated by monitoring the production and decomposition. In this study, ten carbon budgets covering different habitat features were constructed in situ for two mangrove species (Kandelia obovata and Avicennia marina) with distinct root structures. The mangrove-derived carbon burial rate was 0.25–1.55 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 for K. obovata and 0.36–1.00 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 for A. marina. Combined with other studies, there were positive and linear correlations between the carbon burial rate and litterfall production for the two mangroves, which suggests that the carbon burial rate for K. obovata and A. marina can be estimated using 14.8 % and 10.9 % of the litterfall production rate, respectively. The results of dbRDA with DistLM models further showed that wind speed and precipitation were the main factors affecting carbon burial in K. obovata and A. marina mangroves.
... Furthermore, to convert biomass into carbon, it can be done by multiplying it with the conversion factor (C-organic). This study used a conversion factor that consists of (i) the results of carbon concentration from this study (destructive analysis) and (ii) the result from other studies, namely: 47% for aboveground (Kauffman et al., 2011) and 39% for belowground (Komiyama et al., 2008). ...
Mangrove forests are essential in maintaining the balance of coastal ecosystems and climate change mitigation. This study aimed to analyze carbon stocks in 2022 in natural mangrove forests at Pulau Kampai, Pangkalan Susu Sub District, Langkat District, North Sumatra Province, with an area of approximately 1,786.25 ha. Estimating carbon stocks in this study uses destructive and non-destructive methods using allometric equations from various aboveground and belowground studies. The sampling plots used a circle plot with a radius of 5.64 m. The sampling plot was determined by purposive sampling based on NDVI criteria (low, moderate, dense, high dense) with a sampling plot distance of 20 m from the edge of the coast or river. The destructive sample tree was taken from the dominant species which grew in the study area, namely Rhizophora apiculata, with a diameter of 7.1 cm with a total biomass yield of 91 kg consisting of aboveground biomass of 67.55 kg (74.23%) and belowground biomass was 23.45 kg (25.77 %). Meanwhile, the average C-organic content produced 56% aboveground and 56% belowground. The estimated carbon stocks using this study's conversion factor was 62.06 tons C/ha with a total carbon stock of 110,849.28 tons C. Meanwhile, the conversion factor using other studies was 48.20 tons C/ha with a complete carbon stock of 86,095.30 tons C.Keywords: Destructive, Non-destructive, Carbon Stocks, C-organic, and NDVI
... This is a non-destructive method and is thus useful for estimating temporal changes in forest biomass by means of subsequent measurements. However, the site and species-specific dependencies of allometric equations pose a problem to researchers because tree weight measurement in mangrove forests is labor-intensive [9] and often risky due to presence of wild animals (e.g., Sundarban mangrove is inhabited by man eating Royal Bengal tiger.) ...
Time series data of stored carbon in Sundarban mangrove species.pdf
... This is a non-destructive method and is thus useful for estimating temporal changes in forest biomass by means of subsequent measurements. However, the site and species-specific dependencies of allometric equations pose a problem to researchers because tree weight measurement in mangrove forests is labor-intensive [9] and often risky due to presence of wild animals (e.g., Sundarban mangrove is inhabited by man eating Royal Bengal tiger.) ...
Sector - wise biomass and stored carbon in Sundarban Sonneratia.pdf
... Comparées avec les mangroves du delta de la rivière Mangoky (Rakotomavo et Fromard, 2010), les mangroves du site étudié ont une hauteur moyenne élevée (8 m contre 6 m), les densités sont plus élevées (12 000 ind./ha contre 8 500 ind./ha ) et la surface terrière est moins importante (15,7 m 2 /ha contre 18 m 2 /ha ). Cependant par rapport aux mangroves de Thailande (Komiyama, 2008), les mangroves aux environs de la baie de Rigny sont plus basses (15 m contre 8 m), et possèdent de faibles surfaces terrières (15,7 m 2 /ha contre 31 m 2 /ha). ...
... Mangroves are the most widespread tree communities of the Gangetic delta, and their physiology is considerably influenced by surface water salinity (Zaman et al. 2014). Therefore, salinity alteration is clearly visualized in the mangrove community by way of differential growth of aboveground biomass (AGB) of sensitive species (Komiyama et al. 2008). ...
The alterations in the salinity profile are an indirect, but potentially sensitive, indicator for detecting changes in precipitation, evaporation, river runoff , glacier retreat, and ice melt. These changes have a high impact on the growth of coastal plant species, such as mangroves. Here, we present estimates of the variability of salinity and the biomass of a stenoecious mangrove species (Heritiera fomes, commonly referred to as Sundari) in the aquatic subsystem of the lower Gangetic delta based on a dataset from 2004 to 2015. We highlight the impact of salinity alteration on the change in aboveground biomass of this endangered species that, due to different salinity profile in the western and central sectors of the lower Gangetic plain, shows an increase only in the former sector, where the salinity is dropping and low growth in the latter, where the salinity is increasing.
... This is a non-destructive method and is thus useful for estimating temporal changes in forest biomass by means of subsequent measurements. However, the site and species-specific dependencies of allometric equations pose a problem to researchers because tree weight measurement in mangrove forests is labor-intensive [9] and often risky due to presence of wild animals (e.g., Sundarban mangrove is inhabited by man eating Royal Bengal tiger.) ...
The authors estimated the above ground bio-mass (AGB) of Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham in western and central Indian Sundarbans for five successive years (2005-2010) and analysed the change of carbon stock through time. The biomass and carbon content of the species varied significantly with age and site (p \ 0.01). This variation may be attributed to drastically different environmental conditions prevailing in the selected sectors of Indian Sundarbans. The western sector is relatively less saline and favourable for the growth of the mangrove species. The central sector is hypersaline on account of massive siltation that prevents the mixing of fresh water of the river Ganga with the river Matla. The growth and carbon content in the AGB of the species is significantly lower in this environment.
... This is a non-destructive method and is thus useful for estimating temporal changes in forest biomass by means of subsequent measurements. However, the site and species-specific dependencies of allometric equations pose a problem to researchers because tree weight measurement in mangrove forests is labor-intensive [9] and often risky due to presence of wild animals (e.g., Sundarban mangrove is inhabited by man eating Royal Bengal tiger.) ...
The authors estimated the above ground bio-mass (AGB) of Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham in western and central Indian Sundarbans for five successive years (2005-2010) and analysed the change of carbon stock through time. The biomass and carbon content of the species varied significantly with age and site (p <0.01). This variation may be attributed to drastically different environmental conditions prevailing in the selected sectors of Indian Sundarbans. The western sector is relatively less saline and favourable for the growth of the mangrove species. The central sector is hypersaline on account of massive siltation that prevents the mixing of fresh water of the river Ganga with the river Matla. The growth and carbon content in the AGB of the species is significantly lower in this environment.
... Although the below-ground biomass of these ecosystems can become a significant carbon pool, above-ground carbon stocks and height are significantly limited (Komiyama et al., 2008). We further argue that severe stress induced by salinity reduces the niche breadth by excluding less tolerant species and decreases competition for above-ground resources, limiting diversity and H max (Ball, 1998). ...
Aim
Mangrove canopy height is a key metric to assess tidal forests' resilience in the face of climate change. In terrestrial forests, tree height is primarily determined by water availability, plant hydraulic design, and disturbance regime. However, the role of water stress remains elusive in tidal environments, where saturated soils are prevalent, and salinity can substantially affect the soil water potential.
Location
Global.
Time Period
The canopy height dataset provides a global snapshot of the maximum mangrove height geographical distribution for the year 2000. Climate and environmental variables extend over the period 1970–2018.
Major Taxa Studied
Mangroves.
Methods
We use global observations of maximum canopy height, species richness, air temperature, and seawater salinity—a proxy of soil water salt concentration—to explore the causal link between salinity and mangrove stature.
Results
Our findings suggest that salt stress limits mangrove height. High salinity favours more salt‐tolerant species, narrowing the spectrum of viable traits. Highly salt‐tolerant mangroves have evolved to cope with high salt concentrations in the soil, but this adaptation comes at a cost. They typically have lower rates of photosynthesis and growth, resulting in reduced productivity and smaller stature compared to more salt‐sensitive mangrove species. This suggests a causal link between salinity, biodiversity, and tree height, where high salinity selects for more salt‐tolerant species that tend to be less productive and shorter.
Conclusions
We hypothesize that the salinity‐induced limit to mangrove canopy height is the direct result of a reduction of primary productivity, an increment in the risk of xylem cavitation, and an indirect consequence of the decrease in biodiversity. As sea‐level rise enhances coastal salinisation, failure to account for these effects can lead to incorrect estimates of future carbon stocks in Tropical coastal ecosystems and endanger preservation efforts.
... This is a non-destructive method and is thus useful for estimating temporal changes in forest biomass by means of subsequent measurements. However, the site and species-specific dependencies of allometric equations pose a problem to researchers because tree weight measurement in mangrove forests is labor-intensive [9] and often risky due to presence of wild animals (e.g., Sundarban mangrove is inhabited by man eating Royal Bengal tiger.) ...
Biomass and carbon in low saline preferring Sundarban mangrove, Sonneratia apetala
... Allometric equations are widely used in field research with indicators such as tree height and diameter. Many scholars have constructed general equations and specific equations applicable to different species and regions (Komiyama et al. 2008). Kusmana et al. (2018) harvested 30 trees to construct an allometric equation for Sonneratia spp. to estimate its total biomass with stem diameter, and a general allometric equation was developed by Sitoe et al. (2014). ...
Understanding carbon cycling in blue carbon ecosystems is key to sequestrating more carbon in these ecosystems to mitigate climate change. However, limited information is available on the basic characteristics of publications, research hotspots, research frontiers, and the evolution of topics related to carbon cycling in different blue carbon ecosystems. Here, we conducted bibliometric analysis on carbon cycling in salt marsh, mangrove, and seagrass ecosystems. The results showed that interest in this field has dramatically increased with time, particularly for mangroves. The USA has substantially contributed to the research on all ecosystems. Research hotspots for salt marshes were sedimentation process, carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, lateral carbon exchange, litter decomposition, plant carbon fixation, and carbon sources. In addition, biomass estimation by allometric equations was a hotspot for mangroves, and carbonate cycling and ocean acidification were hotspots for seagrasses. Topics involving energy flow, such as productivity, food webs, and decomposition, were the predominant areas a decade ago. Current research frontiers mainly concentrated on climate change and carbon sequestration for all ecosystems, while methane emission was a common frontier for mangroves and salt marshes. Ecosystem-specific research frontiers included mangrove encroachment for salt marshes, ocean acidification for seagrasses, and aboveground biomass estimation and restoration for mangroves. Future research should expand estimates of lateral carbon exchange and carbonate burial and strengthen the exploration of the impacts of climate change and restoration on blue carbon. Overall, this study provides the research status of carbon cycling in vegetated blue carbon ecosystems, which favors knowledge exchanges for future research.
... Forests around the world sequester about 45% of the world's active carbon (Houghton et al., 2013). Coastal forest ecosystems, commonly referred to as "blue carbon", including mangroves, are important biological carbon sinks capable of sequestering large amounts of carbon per area unit, more so than terrestrial forests (Komiyama et al., 2008;Mcleod et al., 2011;Jachowski et al., 2013). Mangroves inhabit 24% of tropical coastlines and are present in 123 countries (Spalding et al., 2010). ...
The global carbon is determined by forests at 45%. Mangroves sequester more carbon per area unit than the dry land forest. The carbon sequestration capacities of mangroves in the Ogooue Delta are still unknown. Thus, this study aims to set up a carbon estimation equation for the species Rhizophora racemosa and Avicennia germinans of the Ogooué Delta mangroves in Gabon. Data was collected in 25 m * 25 m square plots in four sites. The dendrometry parameters collected were mainly diameter at breast height (DBH) with a forest meter and height from the laser rangefinder. The individual basal area and volume of each tree was determined using the Husch et al. (2003) method. This resulted in a fractal-shaped equation of the type: y=αxβ, i.e., AGC = 0.000112*DBH2.466 with a determination rate of 96%, a relative bias of 0.007 and an RMSE of 1.2. This model was developed with a dataset of 47 individuals and validated with 41 individuals, i.e., 53% versus 47%. This study also allowed us to understand that the DBH structure of Ozouri and Olendé mangroves is stable without external disturbance
... The belowground biomass or carbon is regarded as an important component of mangroves as it comprises a relatively high proportion of the mangrove ecosystem than the terrestrial forest ecosystems (Komiyama et al. 2008). It appears that in the present study, 18-29% of the total mangrove carbon stocks are accounted for by the root carbon stocks, which is comparable to the previous study by Harishma et al. ...
Mangrove forest ecosystems are known to sequester large quantities of carbon in biomass. This paper presents a quantification of carbon stocks in aboveground (standing trees, palm, shrub, standing dead trees, downed wood, and litter), belowground (root), and total carbon stocks, and further compared between forest types (fringe and riverine) and zones (landward, middleward, and seaward/along water) of mangrove forests along the Carigara Bay in Leyte, Philippines. The aboveground carbon stocks for the standing trees were found to be higher in riverine (297.94 ± 58.39) compared to fringe mangrove forests (188.92 ± 18.51), with an overall average of 243.43 ± 31.09 Mg ha − 1 . Shrub mangroves were found to be the second most contributor to aboveground carbon stocks which was significantly higher in middleward zone (14.88 ± 6.11 Mg ha − 1 ), though no variation was found between mangrove forest types. Whereas, all other aboveground components were the least contributors (< 1% combined), with a total average of 0.31 ± 0.10, 0.32 ± 0.10, 1.57 ± 0.27, and 0.19 ± 0.02 Mg ha − 1 for palm ( Nypa fruticans ), standing dead tree, downed wood and litter, respectively. Meanwhile, no significant variations were detected for belowground (roots) carbon stock, with an average of 65.23 ± 6.84 Mg ha − 1 . Total carbon stocks were higher in the riverine (380.83 ± 70.91), with an average of 317.19 ± 37.88 Mg ha − 1 . Overall, the results of the study highlight the significant amount of carbon stored in the biomass of the studied mangrove forests, which indicates their potential role in climate change mitigation.
... Page | 28 seem more practical and user friendly in the field than those with other independent variables like total height (Hossain, 2016), since their data requirements are quicker, easier and cheaper to collect from the field. In fact, Dbh has been adopted by several studies as the only independent variable for predicting the aboveground biomass of mangroves (Fromard et al., 1998;Ong et al., 2004;Soares et al., 2005) because of its wider acceptability and the relative ease with which it can be measured accurately in the field ( (Komiyama et al. 2008;Segura and Kanninen, 2005) compared to height, which is difficult to measure accurately, especially in mangrove ecosystems (Kauffman and Donato, 2012;Lupembe, 2014), where the working environment poses additional challenges. ...
An allometric biomass equation was developed for stems of three Rhizophora species in the mangrove forest of Cross River State, Nigeria. A sample of 51 standing trees of these species was purposively selected and measured. On each candidate tree, bole height, total height and diameters at the base, at breast height, in the middle and at crown point, were measured. Wood samples were obtained for wood density determination and stem biomass was calculated for each candidate tree. The dataset was divided into two for model calibration and validation. Eight different functions were fitted and evaluated. Three of them were valid, but the equation with the least AIC (28.816), FI (31.823) and RMSE (0.328) values and the highest R 2 (97%) and F-Val (1179.4) values was recommended for estimating total stems biomass of the Rhizophora species for carbon stock accounting and monitoring in the area.
... Mangrove ecosystems form a complex structure (e.g., less accessible Rhizophora's complex bifurcated and looping root structures), and the technical skills required and cost associated with taking forest samples make extensive in-situ sampling difficult. Thus, remote sensing techniques provide a convenient tool to map, assess and monitor the mangroves over large areas and can be used to detect change over time [23][24][25]. In the Philippines, the utilisation of remotely-sensed satellite data (e.g., [18]) has been incorporated into policy formulation and enforcement. ...
How to cite Cayetano CB, Creencia LA, Sullivan E, Clewely D, Miller PI. Multi-spatiotemporal analysis of changes in mangrove forests in Palawan, Philippines: predicting future trends using a support vector machine algorithm and the Markov chain model. UCL Open: Environment. 2023;(5):04. Available from: https://doi.10.14324/111.444/ucloe.000057
... Due to these morphological differences, methodological refinements are required to adequately characterize the structure, function, and abundance of mangroves near poleward range limits. For example, the allometric equations needed for calculating the biomass of near-range limit mangrove shrubs (Woodroffe 1985;Osland et al. 2014) are different from the equations needed for tropical trees (Smith III and Whelan 2006;Komiyama et al. 2008). Beyond differences in biomass, the sparse occurrences of individual mangrove plants or seedlings are important to define the leading edge near the range limit. ...
Climate change is altering species’ range limits and transforming ecosystems. For example, warming temperatures are leading to the range expansion of tropical, cold-sensitive species at the expense of their cold-tolerant counterparts. In some temperate and subtropical coastal wetlands, warming winters are enabling mangrove forest encroachment into salt marsh, which is a major regime shift that has significant ecological and societal ramifications. Here, we synthesized existing data and expert knowledge to assess the distribution of mangroves near rapidly changing range limits in the southeastern USA. We used expert elicitation to identify data limitations and highlight knowledge gaps for advancing understanding of past, current, and future range dynamics. Mangroves near poleward range limits are often shorter, wider, and more shrublike compared to their tropical counterparts that grow as tall forests in freeze-free, resource-rich environments. The northern range limits of mangroves in the southeastern USA are particularly dynamic and climate sensitive due to abundance of suitable coastal wetland habitat and the exposure of mangroves to winter temperature extremes that are much colder than comparable range limits on other continents. Thus, there is need for methodological refinements and improved spatiotemporal data regarding changes in mangrove structure and abundance near northern range limits in the southeastern USA. Advancing understanding of rapidly changing range limits is critical for foundation plant species such as mangroves, as it provides a basis for anticipating and preparing for the cascading effects of climate-induced species redistribution on ecosystems and the human communities that depend on their ecosystem services.
... There are also limitations to the accuracy of this method. Each species will have a different relationship between biomass and dbh (Komiyama et al. 2008). To avoid this destructive process, we used the common allometric equations of Komiyama et al. (2005) to estimate the stand and species wise biomass (AGB and BGB) of mangroves in BNP (equations shown below). ...
The mangrove forests are among the most carbon-rich ecosystems on earth and vital to climate change mitigation. Understanding the relationship of forest structural attributes with carbon stock is essential to achieve sustainable conservation of forest ecosystems and their carbon storage. However, little is known about their inter-relationship in the mangrove forest ecosystems. This study was aimed to quantify primary structural attributes such as density, abundance, frequency, basal area, height, and dbh (diameter at breast height); derived structural attributes such as Importance Value Index (IVI), complexity index (Ic), niche width, and diversity indices (i.e., species richness, β- diversity, Simpson’s index, Shannon-Weiner index, Pielou evenness index); and vegetation biomass, i.e., above ground biomass (AGB) and below ground biomass (BGB) using the allometric equations for mangroves of Bhitarkanika National Park (BNP), India. To achieve the result, twenty-five sample plots (20 m × 20 m) were laid down in BNP which were distributed in six conserve forest sites. The study recorded 27 species, with the highest IVI of 112.19 for Excoecaria agallocha. The Ic value ranged between 12.18 to 283.87 across sites. The diversity indices showed BNP as a mangrove rich ecosystem. The mean stand biomass was 436.89 ± 59.75 t ha−1 (AGB = 318.79 ± 44.42 and BGB = 118.10 ± 15.39). The total forest biomass, biomass carbon stock, and its CO2 equivalents of whole BNP were 6.3 Mt, 2.96 Mt, and 10.87 Mt, respectively. A positive correlation for biomass with the basal area (r = 0.96), stand density (r = 0.81), IVI (r = 0.80) and Ic (r = 0.91) were observed, whereas it showed a negative correlation with species richness (r = − 0.59) and Shannon-Weiner index (r = − 0.08). This study recommends necessity of site specific conservation approach to increase the structural complexity of degraded forest sites and the carbon storage potential of BNP as a large variation in forest attributes and stand biomass exists across sites.
... Pulau Kelagian dibagi menjadi dua yaitu pulau Kelagian Besar dan pulau Kelagian Kecil yang merupakan target lokasi pariwisata di Provinsi Lampung salah satunya yaitu ekosistem mangrove. Mangrove sendiri memiliki beragam manfaat seperti tempat berkembangbiaknya ikan, sarang bagi burung, dan juga sebagai pelindung pantai dari ombak (Kathiresan and Bingham, 2001;Alongi, 2002;FAO, 2007;Komiyama et al., 2008;Cohen et al., 2013;Ayub et al., 2021). ...
Mangrove ecosystem is one of the potential biological wealth resources that could be a tourist attraction as well as a resource of coastal natural conservation area. This study aimed at mapping the tourism potential of Kelagian Kecil Island using remote sensing technology and marine GIS as an effort to support databases and information for potential local, domestic, and international tourists. The data used were primary and secondary data. In separating land, sea, and vegetation objects, the NDVI process was carried out by utilizing band 8, namely Near-InfraRed (NIR) and band 4, namely Red, in Sentinel 2A imagery. Observations in the field were carried out at 30 points using purposive sampling method, namely taking sample points representing research studies. The results showed that Kelagian Kecil Island had tourism potential, namely mangroves as evidenced by remote sensing technology and geographic information systems as well as documentation of existing facilities.
... This is a non-destructive method and is thus useful for estimating temporal changes in forest biomass by means of subsequent measurements. However, the site and species-specific dependencies of allometric equations pose a problem to researchers because tree weight measurement in mangrove forests is labor-intensive [9] and often risky due to presence of wild animals (e.g., Sundarban mangrove is inhabited by man eating Royal Bengal tiger.) ...
Biomass and carbon of Sundarban S. apetala species.pdf
... This is a non-destructive method and is thus useful for estimating temporal changes in forest biomass by means of subsequent measurements. However, the site and species-specific dependencies of allometric equations pose a problem to researchers because tree weight measurement in mangrove forests is labor-intensive [9] and often risky due to presence of wild animals (e.g., Sundarban mangrove is inhabited by man eating Royal Bengal tiger.) ...
Biomass and carbon of Sundarban S. apetala species.pdf
... Mangrove ecosystems form a complex structure (e.g., less accessible Rhizophora's complex bifurcated and looping root structures), and the technical skills required and cost associated with taking forest samples make extensive in-situ sampling difficult. Thus, remote sensing techniques provide a convenient tool to map, assess and monitor the mangroves over large areas and can be used to detect change over time [23][24][25]. In the Philippines, the utilisation of remotely-sensed satellite data (e.g., [18]) has been incorporated into policy formulation and enforcement. ...
Multi-temporal remote sensing imagery can be used to explore how mangrove assemblages are changing over time and facilitate critical interventions for ecological sustainability and effective management. This study aims to explore the spatial dynamics of mangrove extents in Palawan, Philippines, specifically in Puerto Princesa City, Taytay and Aborlan, and facilitate future predictions for Palawan using the Markov Chain model. The multi-date Landsat imageries during the period 1988–2020 were used for this research. The support vector machine algorithm was sufficiently effective for mangrove feature extraction to generate satisfactory accuracy results (>70% kappa coefficient values; 91% average overall accuracies). In Palawan, a 5.2% (2693 ha) decrease was recorded during 1988–1998 and an 8.6% increase in 2013–2020 to 4371 ha. In Puerto Princesa City, a 95.9% (2758 ha) increase was observed during 1988–1998 and 2.0% (136 ha) decrease during 2013–2020. The mangroves in Taytay and Aborlan both gained an additional 2138 ha (55.3%) and 228 ha (16.8%) during 1988–1998 but also decreased from 2013 to 2020 by 3.4% (247 ha) and 0.2% (3 ha), respectively. However, projected results suggest that the mangrove areas in Palawan will likely increase in 2030 (to 64,946 ha) and 2050 (to 66,972 ha). This study demonstrated the capability of the Markov chain model in the context of ecological sustainability involving policy intervention. However, as this research did not capture the environmental factors that may have influenced the changes in mangrove patterns, it is suggested adding cellular automata in future Markovian mangrove modelling.
... Tree biomass was calculated using the allometric equation, divided into aboveground and below-ground biomass. The above-ground allometric equation based on tree species is shown in Table 2. Below-ground biomass is calculated by the following equation (1) [5]: ...
... This is a non-destructive method and is thus useful for estimating temporal changes in forest biomass by means of subsequent measurements. However, the site and species-specific dependencies of allometric equations pose a problem to researchers because tree weight measurement in mangrove forests is labor-intensive [9] and often risky due to presence of wild animals (e.g., Sundarban mangrove is inhabited by man eating Royal Bengal tiger.) ...
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS AND CARBON IN A SUNDARBAN MANGROVE SPECIES.pdf
... However, only species belonging to the genera Avicennia, Lumnitzera, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia, Rhizophora and Sonneratia, and the species Nypa fruticans and Laguncularia racemosa are considered as "true mangroves" and are the main components of mangrove forests worldwide (Tomlinson 2016 cited in Quadros andZimmer 2017). This implies that they are woody plants, facultative or obligate halophytes inhabiting the intertidal region and are not found in terrestrial communities (Komiyama et al. 2008;Quadros and Zimmer 2017). Mangrove trees are usually associated with other organisms such as lichens, microbes, other plants, and animals (Kathiresan and Bingham 2001), and mangrove forests are composed of both autochthonous (local) and allochthonous (external) organic carbon, as evidenced by the analysis of sediment cores (Suello et al. 2022). ...
Kaullysing D, Jogee SY, Mundil SP, Soondur M, Gopeechund A, Ricot M, Jeetun S, Chinta T, Chockalingum J, Mungur D, Kowal B, Kristnama L, Gunness V, Balgobin A, Fakun ZR, Munbodhe V, Nohur MB, Ramdhun D, Ramsurrun LK, Rase S, Seetohul TK, Mattan-Moorgawa S, Ramah S, Bhagooli R. 2023. Variations in photo-physiological responses of shaded and non-shaded mangrove, Rhizophora mucronata tree parts from Mauritius Island, western Indian Ocean. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 7: 71-78. This study assessed and compared the photo-physiological responses of the tree parts of juvenile and adult mangrove, Rhizophora mucronata, under shaded and non-shaded conditions in the northern coast of Mauritius Island. Chlorophyll a fluorescence of mature (dark) leaves, young and mature propagules, lichen, buds, and sepal of adult R. mucronata trees, and of mature and young (pale) leaves of juveniles under natural shaded and non-shaded conditions was measured using a field-portable Diving Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (D-PAM) fluorometer. Commonly used chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as Fv/Fm, rETRmax, NPQmax were calculated. The tree parts of adult and juvenile R. mucronata showed considerable variations in their photosynthetic responses. Fv/Fm of adult tree leaves was 30% higher in shaded condition as compared to non-shaded condition. The combined effect of mangrove tree parts and conditions (shaded; non-shaded) resulted in significant differences in mean values of Fv/Fm (three-way ANOVA, p<0.001). Leaves of adult trees had 52% higher rETRmax in shaded condition. While a significant difference (p<0.001) was noted in the mean rETRmax values of various tree parts, the shaded and non-shaded conditions did not have any significant effect on rETRmax (p>0.05). Non-shaded parts of R. mucronata, including the leaves, exhibited higher NPQmax values as compared to shaded conditions. Mean NPQmax varied significantly among mangrove parts (p<0.001), between tree stage (p<0.001) and between conditions (p<0.05). These findings revealed differences in the photosynthetic activities of various mangrove parts of juvenile and adult trees under shaded and non-shaded conditions, a first attempt for the tropical island of Mauritius.
... Mangroves are the most widespread tree communities of the Gangetic delta, and their physiology is considerably influenced by surface water salinity (Zaman et al. 2014). Therefore, salinity alteration is clearly visualized in the mangrove community by way of differential growth of aboveground biomass (AGB) of sensitive species (Komiyama et al. 2008). ...
The alterations in the salinity profile are an indirect, but potentially sensitive, indicator for detecting changes in precipitation, evaporation, river runoff , glacier retreat, and ice melt. These changes have a high impact on the growth of coastal plant species, such as mangroves. Here, we present estimates of the variability of salinity and the biomass of a stenoecious mangrove species (Heritiera fomes, commonly referred to as Sundari) in the aquatic subsystem of the lower Gangetic delta based on a dataset from 2004 to 2015. We highlight the impact of salinity alteration on the change in aboveground biomass of this endangered species that, due to different salinity profile in the western and central sectors of the lower Gangetic plain, shows an increase only in the former sector, where the salinity is dropping and low growth in the latter, where the salinity is increasing.
The Sundarban is the world’s largest contiguous mangrove forest and stores around 26.62 Tg of blue carbon. The present study reviewed the factors causing a decline in its blue carbon content and poses a challenge in enhancing the carbon stock of this region. This review emphasized that recurrent tropical cyclones, soil erosion, freshwater scarcity, reduced sediment load into the delta, nutrient deficiency, salt-stress-induced changes in species composition, mangrove clearing, and anthropogenic pollution are the fundamental drivers which can potentially reduce the total blue carbon stock of this region. The southern end of the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta that shelters this forest has stopped its natural progradation due to inadequate sediment flow from the upper reaches. Growing population pressure from the north of the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve and severe erosion in the southern end accentuated by regional sea-level rise has left minimal options to enhance the blue carbon stock by extending the forest premises. This study collated the scholarly observations of the past decades from this region, indicating a carbon sequestration potential deterioration. By collecting the existing knowledge base, this review indicated the aspects that require immediate attention to stop this ecosystem’s draining of the valuable carbon sequestered and, at the same time, enhance the carbon stock, if possible. This review provided some key recommendations that can help sustain the blue carbon stock of the Indian Sundarban. This review stressed that characterizing the spatial variability of blue carbon with more sampling points, catering to the damaged trees after tropical cyclones, estuarine rejuvenation in the upper reaches, maintaining species diversity through afforestation programs, arresting coastal erosion through increasing sediment flow, and combating marine pollution have become urgent needs of the hour. The observations synthesized in this study can be helpful for academics, policy managers, and decision makers willing to uphold the sustainability of the blue carbon stock of this crucial ecosystem.
Ước tính sinh khối trên mặt đất (AGB) từ dữ liệu viễn thám quang học và Radar khẩu độ tổng hợp (SAR) là một cách tiếp cận thiết thực để theo dõi chất lượng rừng tại khu dự trữ sinh quyển dài hạn. Sinh khối của rừng có ý nghĩa quan trọng thể hiện khả năng lưu trữ Carbon lớn và góp phần làm giảm biến đổi khí hậu toàn cầu. Nghiên cứu này trình bày phương pháp tích hợp dựa trên dữ liệu viễn thám đa nguồn và thuật toán học máy định lượng AGB và sự phân bố không gian của các kiểu rừng trong Khu dự trữ sinh quyển miền Tây Nghệ An, Việt Nam. Dữ liệu khảo sát thực địa năm 2022 được sử dụng với 169 ô mẫu được thu thập, trong đó 118 ô tham gia mô hình học máy để ước tính AGB và 51 ô còn lại được sử dụng để xác nhận kết quả. Hệ số xác định (R2), sai số bình phương trung bình (RMSE) và sai số trung bình tuyệt đối (MAE) được sử dụng để đánh giá và xác nhận hiệu suất của mô hình. Kết quả cho thấy cả 3 chỉ tiêu của mô hình đều tốt với RMSE và MAE có mức sai số dưới 30 Mg/ha và R2 khoảng 0,81 cho ước tính AGB. Nghiên cứu này cung cấp cái nhìn sâu sắc mới về mô hình ước tính AGB dựa trên công nghệ viễn thám đa nguồn cho rừng nhiệt đới tại Khu dự trữ sinh quyển thế giới thông qua phân tích toàn diện về dữ liệu viễn thám và mô hình học máy.
Carbon storage processes in mangrove ecosystems are summarized and future research directions are discussed based on findings from our long-term monitoring studies on Pohnpei Island in the Federated States of Micronesia. On Pohnpei, where coral reef-type mangrove forests dominate, Rhizophora communities maintain their habitat by accumulating mangrove peat at over 5 mm year-1 in response to rapid sea-level rise, but surface erosion is progressing in communities where the tree density of Rhizophora spp. has declined through succession. However, high-resolution aerial photographs taken by drones have identified trees with reduced vigor even in Rhizophora forests, and if sea-level rise occurs at a rate close to the IPCC's maximum prediction, then Rhizophora forests, which are valuable carbon storage sites due to mangrove peat accumulation, are likely to disappear. The impact of relative sea-level rise is determined by the sum of the rate of ground-level change by the external sediment budget and the rate of ground-level rise with mangrove peat accumulation. In the future, each region will need to conduct its own quantitative evaluation.
UPDATED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON SUNDARBAN MANGROVES - FOR NEW GENERATION RESEARCHERS.pdf
Buku ini memuat tentang berbagai metode dan analisis data terkait studi ekosistem mangrove. Cocok menjadi buku pedoman bagi para peneliti dan pemerhati ekosistem mangrove.
Nipa palm (Nypafruticans Wurmb) is one of the most dominant species of the mangrove forest in Cross River State and is contributing significantly to the mangrove carbon stock in the area. Destructive sampling was used for the study, where a sample of 30 fronds was purposively selected as candidates for model development and validation. Each candidate was measured for dbh before it was cut down from the base. The dbh ranged from 5to 14.1cm. After felling, the frond was measured for length, cut into sections, weighed and aliquots collected from the base, middle and top portions as specimens and weighed fresh in the field. The aliquots were oven-dried to constant dry weights in the laboratory and used to convert the candidates' wet weights to dry weights. About 75% (21 observations) of the data were used for model calibration and the remaining part (9 observations) for model validation. The calibration dataset was fitted with eight different equation formats. The fitted equations were evaluated for goodness-of-fit using both graphical and quantitative analysis procedures. The validation results of paired sample t-test, and test for bias showed that threeof the equations were valid for predicting the biomass of individual fronds of Nipa palm in the area. However, a logarithmic transformed equation was 2 selected, having the least AIC-9.107), FI (0.970) and RMSE (0.1775) values and the highest R (90%) and F-Val (177.91) values.It was corrected for bias with a correction factor of 1.015878and transformed back to its original form The equation is recommended for estimating the biomass of individual fronds of Nipa palm in the mangrove forest in Cross River State, Nigeria. (B = 0.094681 × D 1.834). Cross River State needs to quantify and monitor the carbon stocks of all forest ecosystems in the State for active participation in carbon mitigation programmes, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, and Enhancing Forest Carbon Stocks in Developing Countries (REDD+), and other financial incentives tied to conservation of standing forests (Kauffman and Donato, 2012). This requires accurate estimation of biomass.Biomass determination using direct method, by cutting and weighing all the plants in sample areas (Fu and Wu, 2011)is the most accurate method of quantifying aboveground biomass Shrestha Climate change is currently the major global environmental problem threatening the survival and development of mankind. It is caused by anthropogenic activities that are releasing large amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. Carbondioxide (CO) is the major GHG produced by humans, which is having the 2 single greatest effect on climate change, being responsible for over 60% of the enhanced greenhouse effect (Amakiri, 2010). Forest ecosystems store carbon. They play vital roles in regulating global carbon balance, and mitigating global climate change (Tomppoetal., 2010). Concerns about the impact of CO emissions from forest 2 destruction on the global climate has led to increased emphasis on estimating the world's forests current carbon stocks and their changes for forest carbon stocks quantification and monitoring in the fight against global warming. Quantification and monitoring of forest carbon stocks are important for international trade in carbon credits. The amount of carbon sequestered by a plant can be estimated from its biomass, since approximately 50% of plant biomass is carbon (Losietal., 2003; Montagu etal., 2005). Therefore, to determine the carbon pools of the forest, it is necessary to first determine the biomass of each component of the forest (e.g. large trees, small trees, palms, and downed wood) (Kauffman and Donato, 2012).
The present paper is an attempt to review available data on sediment biogeochemistry of the Ao Nam Bor mangrove forest on the east coast of Phuket Island, Thailand. Aspects of sedimentary carbon, sulfur and nitrogen cycling are evaluated and compared in 3 intertidal zones: 1) the low-intertidal, non-vegetated mudflat outside the forest; 2) the mid-intertidal forest zone with dense growth of Rhizophora apiculata; and 3) the high-intertidal sparsely vegetated zone with high abundance of crab burrows. By compiling data on organic carbon and nitrogen input to (e.g. litterfall, benthic primary production) and output from (e.g. crab ingestion, microbial mineralization, plant assimilation) the sediment, preliminary budgets for the 3 intertidal zones at Ao Nam Bor can be established. However, the presented budgets have serious limitations caused by a general lack of data. In those cases where no data are available from Phuket, results are either extrapolated from other mangrove forests, estimated based on assumptions or simply ignored. Furthermore, as most data on benthic carbon and nitrogen cycling used in the budgets are obtained only during the dry season, the carbon budgets most certainly do not represent annual averages, but should rather be considered dry season averages.
Above ground tree biomass was estimated in Bruguiera parviflora, B. sexangula, and Rhizophora apiculata communities of a mangrove forest in Talidendang Besar, East Sumatra, Indonesia. The research was carried out from December 1990 to January 1991, and allometric relation method was used to estimate the above ground biomass of tree species having a diameter of 10 cm and over. The above ground biomass in this forest ranged from 42.94 to 89.68 t d.wt/ha in a B. parviflora community; 75.99 to 279.03 t d.wt/ha in a B. sexangula community; and 40.70 t d.wt/ha in a R. apiculata community.
Mangrove forests are an integral part of tropical coastal ecosystems, particularly in northern Australia. In the Northern Territory, studies have determined the extent and species diversity of these associations but little is known of biomass or productivity. We sampled the above- and below-ground biomass of the four most abundant species, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera exaristata, Ceriops australis and Rhizophora stylosa, developed allometric relationships and examined partitioning. Unlike many other studies, we sampled below-ground biomass, which constituted a substantial proportion (0.29-0.57) of the total dry weight. Our results should be valuable in modelling potential changes in carbon allocation resulting from small- and large-scale ecosystem changes.
The biomass of Rhizophora apiculata Bl. was measured within a 25 m2 sample plot in a mangrove at Phuket Island on the west coast of Thailand. The total biomass above the ground of this 15 years-old stand was estimated to be 159 t dry matter ha−1. The annual increment in the form of trunks, branches and prop roots was estimated to be 20 t ha−1yr−1 during the last year of growth. By means of a simple marking technique, leaf turn-over rate was found to be 0.7 yr−1 and leaf production was 6.7 t ha−1yr−1. Buds, flowers and propagules contributed very little to annual production. Total net production was estimated to be 27 t dry matter ha−1yr−1 or 6.9 g ash free dry matter m−2day−1.The biomass of prop roots, trunks, branches and leaves as well as leaf areas were determined for 1 m horizontal levels. Prop roots formed 39% of total biomass above the ground.
Diurnal and seasonal variations in carbon dioxide and methane fluxes between Sundarban biosphere and atmosphere were measured using micrometeorological method during 1998–2000. Study of the diurnal variation of micrometeorological conditions in the atmosphere was found to be necessary to determine the duration of neutral stability when flux estimation was reliable. Neutral stability of the atmosphere occurred in the limited micrometeorological conditions, when friction velocity ranged between 0.360 and View the MathML source. The value of drag coefficient (1.62–20.6)×103 obtained at variable wind speed could be deemed specific for this particular surface. 58.2% drop of carbon dioxide and 63.4% drop of methane in the atmosphere at View the MathML source height were observed during day time, between dawn and early evening. Diurnal variations in methane and carbon dioxide mixing ratios showed a positive correlation with Richardson's number (Ri). This environment acted as a net source for carbon dioxide and methane. The mixing ratios of methane were found to vary between 1.42 and View the MathML source, and that of carbon dioxide, between 324.3 and View the MathML source during the study period. The biosphere–atmosphere flux of carbon dioxide ranged between −3.29 and View the MathML source, and that of methane, between −4.53 and View the MathML source. The overall annual estimate of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from this ecosystem to atmosphere were estimated to be View the MathML source and View the MathML source, respectively. Considerable variations in mixing ratios of carbon dioxide and methane at the NE coast of Bay of Bengal were observed due to the seasonal variations of their fluxes from the biosphere to the atmosphere. The composition was inferred by fitting model prediction to measurements
Total above-ground production isusually estimated by a combination of allometry andlitter collection. However, in coastal sites that aretidally influenced, or in juvenile or dwarf forestswhere the crown bases of dominant individuals maybegin within a few decimeters of ground level,estimates of community leaf production that depend onlitter collection may not be feasible. Thus, in thispaper, we present 1) allometric equations that allowaccurate estimation of total above-ground biomass ofthree mangrove species (Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa, and Avicennia germinans)in very small to medium size classes, and 2) analternative method of estimating total above-groundproduction that overcomes the limitations of littercollection. The method we employ to estimate mangroveproductivity is an adaptation for woody plantcommunities of a procedure introduced by Dai andWeigert (1996) for grasslands. It incorporates adetailed census of all individuals within fixedsampling plots, along with periodic observations ofmarked leaf cohorts. The method allows the comparisonof biomass allocation patterns among forests thatdiffer widely in physiognomy and physiographicsetting.The method was applied to a South Florida fringemangrove forest in the early stages of recovery fromHurricane Andrew (August 1992), and an adjacent dwarfforest which was not substantially damaged by thestorm. Total above-ground production in the fringeforest from July 1996 through June 1997 was about 3times higher than dwarf forest production,26.1 Mgha-1yr-1 vs.8.1 Mgha-1yr-1, respectively. Furthermore, when compared to the dwarf forest, fringeproduction rates were approximately eight, six, six,and two times as high as dwarf forest rates forproproots, branches, stems, and leaves, respectively. Calculations of leaf production were based on mean redmangrove leaf longevities that ranged from about 189days to 281 days, depending on cohort and site.Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated thatleaf life spans did not differ significantly betweendwarf and fringe forests, but did differ among leafcohorts.Based on reported values for similar mangrove forests,the method provided reasonable estimates ofabove-ground biomass and production, while furnishingrelevant auxiliary information on spatial and temporalvariation in leaf demographic patterns. Furthermore,the partitioning of annual production between woodytissues and leaves followed the reported trend in mostforest ecosystems.
The objective of this study was to quantify spatial patterns in above- and belowground biomass, primary productivity, and growth efficiency along a tidal gradient in a 4700-ha mangrove forest in the Dominican Republic. We tested the hypothesis that spatial patterns of forest structure and growth following 50 years of development were associated with variations in the soil environment across the tidal gradient. Twenty-three plots were monitored from 1994 to 1998. Aboveground biomass and biomass accumulation were estimated by applying allometric regression equations derived from dimension analysis of trees harvested at our study site. Soil porewater salinity ranged from 5 to 38 g·kg-1 across the tidal gradient, and most measurements of forest biomass and productivity were inversely related to salinity. Mean standing biomass (233 ± 16.0 Mg·ha-1; range, 123.5-383.5), biomass increment (9.7 ± 1.0 Mg·ha-1 y-1; range, 3.7-18.1), annual litterfall rates (11.4 Mg·ha-1 yr-1; range, 10.2-12.8), leaf area index (LAI) (4.4 m2·m-2; range, 2.9-5.6), aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) (19.7 Mg·ha-1 y-1; range, 15.6-25.0), and growth efficiency (1.6 ± 0.2 kg·ha -1 y-1; range, 1.0-3.6) all showed an inverse linear relationship with salinity. Fine-root biomass (≤ 2 mm) (9.7 ± 1.2 Mg·ha-1; range, 2.7-13.8) showed a weak tendency to increase with salinity, and the ratio of root to aboveground biomass increased strongly with salinity. Our results suggest that physiological stresses associated with salinity, or with some combination of salinity and other covarying soil factors, control forest structure and growth along the tidal gradient. The higher allocation of carbon to belowground resources in more saline sites apparently contributed to reductions in ANPP along the tidal gradient.
The article presents new results on the structure and the above-ground biomass of the various population types of mangroves
in French Guiana. Nine mangrove stands were studied, each composed of three to ten adjoining plots with areas that varied
depending on the density of the populations. Structural parameters and indices were calculated. Individuals representative
of the three groups of taxa present were felled:Avicennia germinans (L) Stearn, Rhizophora spp., and Laguncularia racemosa (L) Gaertn. The trunks, branches and leaves were sorted and weighed separately. The biomass was obtained by determining the
allometric relationships, the general equation selected being of the type y = a
o
x
a1, where the diameter (x) is the predictive variable. The total above-ground biomass varied from 31 t ha−1 for the pioneer stages to 315 t ha−1 for mature coastal mangroves, but with large variations depending on the structural characteristics at each site. The results
place the Guianese mangroves among those with high biomass, although lower than those reported for Asia. Based on the relationships
between structural parameters and standing biomass, in particular with the use of the “self-thinning rule”, population dynamics
models are proposed.
Because the world's forests play a major role in regulating nutrient and carbon cycles, there is much interest in estimating
their biomass. Estimates of aboveground biomass based on well-established methods are relatively abundant; estimates of root
biomass based on standard methods are much less common. The goal of this work was to determine if a reliable method to estimate
root biomass density for forests could be developed based on existing data from the literature. The forestry literature containing
root biomass measurements was reviewed and summarized and relationships between both root biomass density (Mg ha−1) and root:shoot ratios (R/S) as dependent variables and various edaphic and climatic independent variables, singly and in
combination, were statistically tested. None of the tested independent variables of aboveground biomass density, latitude,
temperature, precipitation, temperature:precipitation ratios, tree type, soil texture, and age had important explanatory value
for R/S. However, linear regression analysis showed that aboveground biomass density, age, and latitudinal category were the
most important predictors of root biomass density, and together explained 84% of the variation. A comparison of root biomass
density estimates based on our equations with those based on use of generalized R/S ratios for forests in the United States
indicated that our method tended to produce estimates that were about 20% higher.
Mathematical relations that use easily measured variables to predict difficult-to-measure variables are important to resource
managers. In this paper we develop allometric relations to predict total aboveground biomass and individual components of
biomass (e.g., leaves, stems, branches) for three species of mangroves for Everglades National Park, Florida, USA. The Greater
Everglades Ecosystem is currently the subject of a 7.8-billion-dollar restoration program sponsored by federal, state, and
local agencies. Biomass and production of mangroves are being used as a measure of restoration success. A technique for rapid
determination of biomass over large areas is required. We felled 32 mangrove trees and separated each plant into leaves, stems,
branches, and for Rhizophora mangle L., prop roots. Wet weights were measured in the field and subsamples returned to the laboratory for determination of wet-to-dry
weight conversion factors. The diameter at breast height (DBH) and stem height were also measured. Allometric equations were
developed for each species for total biomass and components of biomass. We compared our equations with those from the same,
or similar, species from elsewhere in the world. Our equations explained ≥93% of the variance in total dry weight using DBH.
DBH is a better predictor of dry weight than is stem height and DBH is much easier to measure. Furthermore, our results indicate
that there are biogeographic differences in allometric relations between regions. For a given DBH, stems of all three species
have less mass in Florida than stems from elsewhere in the world.
Growth of selected Rhizophora apiculata (Rhizophoraceae) trees was monitored from 1920 through 1981 in a 0.16 ha plot of protected forest in the Matang Mangroves. Starting in 1950, the sample was increased to include monitoring the growth of all the trees more than 10 cm dbh (diameter at 1.3 m or above prop roots). All seedlings were censused by species and removed in 1920 and recensused in 1926, 1927, and 1981. Total above-ground dry weight (biomass) of the forest was estimated using stand tables and a regression equation of biomass on dbh calculated for destructively sampled R. apiculata trees from elsewhere in the Matang Mangroves. Net primary productivity (1950–1981) was calculated from estimated biomass increments and published litter-fall rates.Rhizophora apiculata has maintained its dominance of the plot since 1920 but Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Rhizophoraceae) and several other more shade-tolerant species have steadily increased in abundance. Between the 1920's and 1981, R. apiculata declined in relative abundance in the seedling layer while B. parviflora and B. cylindrica increased.Mean mortality rate (1950–1981) for trees more than 10 cm dbh was 3.0% per year with a range of 1.3–5.4% per year. When trees fell over and hit other trees, the damaged trees usually died within 10 years. A major cause of mortality appeared to be sapwood-eating termites.Net primary productivity averaged 17.7 t/ha/year over the 1950–1981 observation period. Biomass ranged from 270 to 460 t/ha with a mean of 409 t/ha. It is suggested that Rhizophora spp. trees greater than 50 cm dbh and mangrove forests with total above-ground biomass exceeding 300 t/ha would develop in other areas outside of the region affected by hurricanes if the forest was protected from human disturbance.
To test the applicability of the pipe model theory to actual tree form, the frequency distribution of the thickness of woody organs in a tree was examined in 10 different species. The frequency f(D) of a certain diameter class D proved to have a definite pattern of distribution in the root, branch and trunk respectively, with only a little difference between the species. The obtained f(D)〜D curves showed that a root system could well be approximated by the assemblage of many pipes of unit thickness, a trunk by a few cones piled up one upon another, and a branch system by a geometric model intermediate between the two. The results were well consistent with the pipe model theory of tree form. As an application of the theory in forest ecology, a new method for estimating the amounts of leaves or branches of trees and stands was also proposed, based on the direct proportionality found between those amounts and the cross-sectional area of the trunk at the height just below the lowest living branch.
OOHATA Sei-ichi (Kyoto Univ. For. Agr., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto) & SHINOZAKI Kichiro (Sci. Educ. Inst. Sakai City, Sakai). 1979. A statical model of plant form-Further analysis of the Pipe Model Theory. Jap. J. Ecol., 29 : 323-335. In the present study, the structure of stems in plant communities was analyzed as an extension of the Pipe Model Theory proposed by SHINOZAKI et al. (1964). A close correlation was found between the amount of non-photosynthetic tissue [C (z)] at the stratum z and the cumulative amount of plant weight [T (z)] from the top to that stratum. The relation between T (z) and C (z) is always linear, at least in the leafless range (trunk) in plant communities. A characteristic constant of this linear relation is herein referred to as the Specific Stress Length (SSL). This linear relation implies that the amount of nonphotosynthetic tissue increases exponentially downward. This trunk form may be physically interpreted in terms of a compressive stress distribution that is constant regardless of elevation. Statically, this form may be ideally suited for the purpose of supporting the plant body. Among the plant communities investigated, the values of SSL were always proportional to the community height. This statical model of woody tissue may be construed as a consequence of the pattern of accumulation of disused pipes that was proposed by SHINOZAKI et al. (1964).
The consumption of mangrove leaves by herbivores before leaf fall was studied. Up to 20 percent of the leaf blade enters the food web in this manner. The influence of several environmental factors on the amount of foliage eaten before leaf fall was investigated. The quantity of leaf material eaten could not be correlated with any of the following parameters: species diversity (as species number), the distance of the plant from the upper tidal limit, plant density, season, energy value of the leaves, the presence of "protective" ants, the chloride content of leaves, or, in contrast to a previous report, pollution (high nitrogen levels). Recently leaved Xylocarpus were the only plants with no leaf damage. In all cases damage from leaf to leaf was extremely variable and obscured between-plant and, in most instances, between-species differences.
Presents some of the results of a long-term study near Kuala Sepetang, Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve, Malaysia (started in the mid-1970s) on the carbon and nutrient budget of a mangrove ecosystem. The tree density of the 20 m × 40 m plot in the 20-yr-old stand was equivalent to 2425 stems ha⁻¹ (1975 live trees ha⁻¹). Size (girth at breast height) of Rhizophora apiculata trees ranged from 9-75.5 cm (mean 39 cm). The smallest live tree weighed 10 kg and the biggest weighed 510 kg with a mean biomass of 122 kg. About 70% of the trees were <100 kg but 30% of the bigger trees contributed to slightly more than half of the total biomass of the plot. The canopy had an average height of 21 m. The total standing biomass was 114 t C ha⁻¹; 74% of the biomass was in the trunk, 15% in the roots (10% in stilts and 5% below-ground) and 10.6% in the canopy (only 2.6% in leaves). Using allometry, net productivity was estimated at 17±5 t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. If greater accuracy (than ±30%) is needed, direct measurements of root turnover and leaching from roots would be needed. Using the gas exchange method and using the mean value for a whole day's net photosynthesis measurements (averaged at 6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), 1.5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for leaf respiration, a leaf area index of 4, and assuming respiration of the non-leaf tissues to be the same as for leaves, we estimated net productivty to be 11.35 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, almost at the lower limit of the allometric estimate. -from Authors
Differences in biogeochemical characteristics between three Rhizophorastylosa and three Avicenniamarina forests were examined in different coastal settings of arid Western Australia. Decomposition rates of sediment organic matter correlated with temperature, but did not differ significantly between Rhizophora (range: 46.5–52.9 mmol C m−2 per day) and Avicennia (range: 28.5–48.3 mmol C m−2 per day) forests. There were, however, clear differences in the dominance of specific carbon oxidation pathways between forest types. Rates of sulfate reduction were significantly greater in the Rhizophora (range: 12.9–28.2 mmol S m−2 per day) than in the Avicennia (range: 2.1–8.5 mmol S m−2 per day) forests, accounting for 54–100 and 20–55% of total mineralization rates in both forest types, respectively. Sulfate reduction rates correlated significantly with live root biomass, above-ground biomass and forest net primary production. Rates of oxic respiration were, on average, greater in the Avicennia forests (range: 12.7–37.4 mmol m−2 per day). Oxic respiration appeared to be a minor decomposition pathway in two of the three Rhizophora forests (range: 0.0–23.1 mmol m−2 per day). It was estimated that, on average, 50% (Avicennia) to 87% (Rhizophora) of total oxygen uptake was consumed in oxidation of reduced metabolites. Methanogenesis was not detected in any of the forests, and Mn and Fe reduction were minor carbon oxidation pathways. Rates of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus regeneration across the sediment–water interface were slow when measurable. The percentage ratios of total sediment respiration to forest net primary production (TCOX/NPP) were low, ranging among forests between 3 and 7%. Although there may be some carbon loss via tidal export, the low TCOX/NPP ratios suggest slow rates of organic matter decomposition in relation to tree productivity. A large, slowly decomposing, pool of wood and other plant detritus may be an adaptive response, as in other tropical forests, to enhance ecosystem stability and conserve essential nutrients.
Inventory data on tree weights of 104 individual trees representing 10 mangrove species were collected from mangrove forests in South-East Asia to establish common allometric equations for the trunk, leaf, above-ground and root weight. We used the measurable tree dimensions, such as dbh (trunk diameter at breast height), DR0.3 (trunk diameter at 30 cm above the highest prop root of Rhizophora species), DB (trunk diameter at lowest living branch), and H (tree height) for the independent variable of equations. Among the mangrove species studied, the trunk shape was statistically identical regardless of site and species. However, of each species, when DB2 or dbh2 or DR0.32 was selected as the independent variable. For the root weight, the common equation was derived from the allometric relationship between root weight and above-ground weight, since these two partial weights significantly correlated with each other. Based on these physical and biological parameters, we have proposed four common allometric equations for estimating the mangrove tree weight of trunk, leaf, above-ground part and root.
Allometric relationships are described for estimating leaf biomass, branch biomass, stem biomass and total above-ground biomass from measurements of stem diameter (DBH) in the mangrove species Rhizophora apiculata, R. stylosa, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. parviflora, Ceriops tagal var. australis and Xylocarpus granatum. A linear relationship was found when the biomass of each above-ground component was plotted against DBH on a log-log scale. The two Rhizophora species were found to have the greatest stem and total above-ground biomass for a given DBH, followed by B. parviflora, B. gymnorrhiza, C. tagal var. australis, and X. granatum, the last having a significantly lower biomass for a given DBH than the other five species. However, there was much less variation in stem volume for a given DBH amongst the six species, owing to differences in the specific gravity of their stems.
A quantitative analysis was done for the root system of Xylocarpus granatum with reference to the Pipe model theory of tree form proposed by Shinozaki et al. (1964a, b). For this objective, six root systems of X. granatum were excavated using a water-pump, and the roots were weighed for respective diameter categories. A significant allometric relationship between the squared stem-base diameter and the individual root weight was seen. The coefficient of this relationship was statistically regarded to be 1.0, meaning that the individual root weight is proportional to the squared value of stem-base diameter. We also analyzed the relationship between diameter and number of roots for the six sample trees. The number of roots with a given diameter and length was calculated from the weight and the specific gravity of roots. Significant linear relationships were recognized in this relationship for the six sample trees. For all sample trees, the coefficients of relationships were statistically regarded to be - 2.0. From these analyses based on population and individual level, we conclude that the root system of X. granatum obeys the pipe model. Application of this model is helpful in the estimation of root biomass, since individual root weight can be estimated from a proportional constant and the stem-base diameter of a mangrove tree.
Biomass and (leaf) litter production of stands of Rhizophora mucronata and Ceriops tagal were assessed in an East African mangrove forest. Inundation frequency of the R. mucronata stand was twice a day (on average 575 min day(-1)), whereas the C. tagal stand was inundated only during spring tides (on average 116 min day(-1)). The highest above-ground biomass (24.9 +/- 4.0 kg dry weight m(-2)) was present in the R. mucronata stand, in which leaf litter production was 2.51 +/- 1.15 g DW m(-2) day(-1). Above-ground biomass and leaf litterfall in the C. tagal stand were 4.01 +/- 0.34 kg DW m(-2) and 1.05 +/- 0.49 g DW m(-2) day(-1), respectively. There was a distinct seasonal pattern in litterfall in both stands, with lower litterfall values in the wet season. Chloride concentrations were relatively high in senescent leaves, compared with those in green leaves. The decreased litterfall during the wet periods may be related to a reduced accumulation of chloride in the leaves. The difference in inundation frequency between the R. mucronata and C. tagal stands is expected to cause a more substantial tidal export of fallen leaves from the R. mucronata stand. As nitrogen resorption before defoliation was similar for C. tagal (50.9%) and R. mucronata (50.1%), tidal flushing may cause larger nitrogen losses from the R. mucronata stand. [KEYWORDS: Australia; coast; crabs; turnover; ecology; growth; fish]
Above- and below-ground biomass of A. marina were estimated on three plots with different vegetation
characteristics in a subtropical mangrove woodland at Boggy Creek near Brisbane. Total photosynthetic
and non-photosynthetic above-ground biomasses of mangroves in the plots were 16.2, 34.1 and 11.0 kg m-2,
below-ground plus pneumatophore biomasses were 10.9, 12.1 and 12.6 kg m-2. Although the study site
is in an industrialized, moderately polluted estuary, the biomass of Avicennia here is similar to that of
Avicennia communities elsewhere.
This allometric data set gives total biomass in kg (logtotalbiomass=2.523logGBH−1.943); total above-ground biomass (logabove-groundbiomass=2.420logGBH−1.832); total below-ground biomass (logbelow-groundbiomass=2.611logGBH−3.454) as well as stilts (logstiltbiomass=2.546logGBH−2.945); trunk (logtrunkbiomass=2.477logGBH−2.050) and leaf biomass (logleafbiomass=0.133logGBH−0.728), from girth at breast height (GBH, in cm) of the mangrove Rhizophora apiculata Blume. A comparison is made with three other previous studies. The below-ground data set is unique: there is only one other study on root biomass but the stilts were not separated from the below-ground roots. This is the second reported data set for total biomass and the two allometric regression equations are almost identical. Based on the few direct comparisons available, it is suggested that allometric equations for R. apiculata may not be very site specific but further studies would be needed to confirm this. Partitioning of biomass is very variable for the smaller trees (GBH
Benthic mineralization rates and pathways were measured in two extensive shrimp ponds of the Mekong delta, Vietnam. Sediments of both ponds were unconsolidated, oxic to suboxic silt-clays of neutral pH (6.8–7.3). Free sulfides and methane were not detected in the porewater, which was dominated by NH4+ (up to 400 μM); other interstitial solutes were very variable among replicate cores, ponds, and sediment depths. Particulate C and N concentrations ranged from 2–8% and 0.15–0.36% by sediment dry weight (DW) with few depth differences between ponds. Pyrite was abundant (0.3–5.6% of sediment DW) in both ponds. Total carbon oxidation rates were not significantly different between the pond located separate from mangroves (separate pond) and the pond located within a mangrove forest (mixed pond). Fluxes of O2 and CO2 (=total carbon oxidation, TCOX) were highly variable, with slow rates of CO2 release (range: 7.7–30.5 mmol m−2 day−1) but higher rates of O2 consumption (range: 9.8–135.9 mmol m−2 day−1), especially in the separate pond. A budget of the contribution of the various diagenetic pathways to total carbon oxidation indicates that aerobic respiration accounted for 41–60% of TCOX, with active manganese and iron reduction in the mixed and separate ponds, respectively. No denitrification or methane flux was detected from sediments of either pond. Rates of sulfate reduction were slow (range: 0.94–2.73 mmol S m−2 day−1) and highly variable, accounting for 13–26% of TCOX. Rates of solute flux across the sediment–water interface were dominated by DOC, NO2−+NO3−, and Mn. There was no measurable NH4+ flux. Most light–dark bottle O2 fluxes indicated no net benthic primary productivity. The slow rates of benthic decomposition and the dominance of oxic and suboxic pathways reflect the slow rates of organic matter input, and phytoplankton and shrimp production in these extensive ponds.
This review is intended to introduce an outline of the results of community metabolism studies on various forest ecosystems of the Western Pacific area made by Japanese investigators in these past ten years. In 1955,SATOO opened this line of research by publishing his first report(65)on the productivity of artificial plantations in this country. A few years later, in 1957 and 1958,four groups of ecologists and forest scientists including ourselves began almost simultaneously to follow him, and the fields of study were expanded to include various types of natural and artificial vegetation ranging from subarctic conifer forests of Hokkaido to the tropical jungle of Southeast Asia. Since that time, more than one hundred stands belonging to some forty different forest types have been investigated, of course mostly within Japan Proper, but also in the Ryukyus(40), Thailand(21,22,24,42,44-47,93,100)and Cambodia(23). Steady progress has been made in the methodology for analysing the metabolism of forest community. These studies were, therefore, not always based on one and the same method, making it difficult to compare the results obtained by different authors. Thus the contents of this review are more or less tentative ; yet we hope, this may well be a useful starting point for more advanced studies to be made under the framework of the International Biological Programme.
A procedure is described for obtaining allometric relationships between stem
diameter and above-ground biomass for multi-stemmed trees of the mangroves
Rhizophora stylosa and
Avicennia marina. The procedure treats each stem as
discrete tree that shares a proportion of the butt and other elements common
to all stems. Linear log–log relationships were obtained between stem
diameter and the dry weights of each above-ground component. Allometric
relationships between stem diameter and total above-ground biomass were
similar to those for single-stemmed trees in north-eastern Australia, but
multi-stemmed trees on the west coast had much greater proportion of their
biomass in the form of prop roots than single-stemmed trees of comparable stem
diameter on the north-eastern coast. This is attributed to the arid
environment on the north-western coast of Australia.
In a mangrove forest in southern Thailand, the root biomass was estimated for the Sonneratia zone, the Sonneratia-Bruguiera ecotone, the Bruguiera zone and the Rhizophora zone. A 0.2 m (width) × 15.5 m (length) × 1.0 m (depth) trench was dug between two trees of Rhizophora apiculata and the roots in the trench harvested, rinsed, sorted by diameter and weighed. The dry weight of roots collected from the trench was 135.6 kg, equivalent to a total root biomass of 437.5 t ha ⁻¹ including 220.5 t ha ⁻¹ of fine roots.
The root density distribution of a single tree was assumed to be predictable exponentially. Two variables of the equation were determined by iteration using the data from a trench excavation and tree distribution study. This equation was applied to 1.3 ha and the root biomass distribution was analysed. The root biomass in each of the above four zones was estimated at 171.8, 84.8, 242.6 and 509.5 t ha ⁻¹ , respectively. The proportion of fine roots (<2 mm) ranged from 46.4% to 66.4%.