No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Abstract
The Green Revolution in India has achieved self-sufficiency in food production. However, in the state of Haryana this has resulted in continuous environmental degradation, particularly of soil, vegetation and water resources. Soil organic matter levels are declining and the use of chemical inputs is intensifying. Newly introduced crop varieties have been responsive to inputs but this has necessitated both increased fertiliser application and use of irrigation resulting in water contamination by nitrate and phosphate and changes in the ground water table. With 82% of the geographic area already under cultivation, the scope for increased productivity lies in further intensification which is crucially dependent on more energy-intensive inputs. Declining nutrient-use efficiency, physical and chemical degradation of soil, and inefficient water use have been limiting crop productivity, whilst the use of monocultures, mechanisation and an excessive reliance on chemical plant protection have reduced crop, plant and animal diversity in recent years. About 60% of the geographical area faces soil degradation (waterlogging, salinity and alkalinity) which threatens the region’s food security in the future. Since 1985, the water table has risen more than 1 m annually, and patches of salinity have started to appear at the farm level. The situation is worse in higher rainfall areas where waterlogging follows shortly after the rains. Apart from affecting agricultural crops, a high water table causes floods even following slight rains due to the reduced storage capacity of the soil. Such ecological impacts are motivating farmers to reduce fertiliser and pesticides use. This has led to an increased investment in alternative technology and products including an interest in Integrated Pest Management. The paper discusses major physical, hydrological, chemical and biological constraints relating to soil and water resources for ecosystem sustainability.
... For example, in rice production, modern STI developments are associated with environmental degradation, particularly of soil, biodiverse vegetation and water resources (Singh 2000). Promotion of rice-based diets over many different kinds of millets is linked with protein malnutrition and nutrient deprivation (Shatrugna 2010). ...
... The introduction of modern rice varieties and practices of monoculture has led to reduction in and loss of agricultural biodiversity (Nelson et al. 2019;Cabral et al. 2021). Additional challenges are associated with exacerbating climate disruptions, which intersect and overlap with depleting groundwater tables, water salinity and alkalinity problems, deteriorating soil qualities, and frequent floods leading to complete submergence of rice plants, erratic rainfall and seasonal patterns (Singh 2000;Dar et al 2017;Singh et al 2017). ...
We focus on alternative innovation pathways for addressing agricultural sustainability challenges in Odisha, India. The first pathway that we term as industrial, is focused on breeding new seed varieties in modern laboratories and test fields, ostensibly for climate resilience. It is driven by public scientific institutions and private corporations. The second pathway that we call agroecological, is grounded in saving and sharing of diverse local varieties, largely by Indigenous (Adivasi) smallholders and their allies in civil society. Using the pathways’ descriptions as bases, we present perspectives of different professional groups who appraise how effectively each pathway addresses a range of sustainability issues. While all participants appraise the agroecological pathway to be clearly better performing for addressing agricultural biodiversity and cultural uses of rice, appraisals for issues of the economy, seed accessibility, stress tolerance, and nutrition diverged from each other. An overall picture in support of one pathway did not emerge. Embracing such ambiguities and uncertainties associated with appraisals, we argue for balancing political support between diverse pathways. Greater support for structurally marginalised agroecological pathways may be crucial to meet sustainability goals. This support can include the restitution of lands and other socio-ecological resources for marginalised pathways as well as guaranteeing autonomy of Adivasi (Indigenous) communities among whom the pathways thrive.
... This pattern lasted till the 1960s when the Green Revolution was implemented as a means of increasing agricultural output through the adoption of efficient crop varieties, the building of irrigation systems, and the use of chemical compounds for productivity. Even though the Green Revolution boosted agricultural output and reduced the pressure on forests, it also had unanticipated consequences such as soil degradation, water pollution, and biodiversity loss (John & Babu, 2021;Singh, 2000). Moreover, modern economic development plans and their implementation since the 1960s have significantly impacted LULCC in India, leading to increased industrialization, urbanisation, and infrastructure development. ...
... The Green Revolution in the 1960s brought a lot of development in the agriculture sector of India through the use of high-yield crops and chemical fertilizers. Even though the movement helped to increase agricultural production in the country, it led to the loss of biodiversity, natural ecosystems, and forest areas (John & Babu, 2021;Singh, 2000). Industrialization and quick economic growth have had a substantial impact on LULC in India, leading to growth in built-up areas and a decline in biodiversity throughout the nation. ...
Land use and land cover (LULC) analysis gives important information on how the region has evolved over time. Kerala, a land with an extensive and dynamic history of land-use changes, has, until now, lacked comprehensive investigations into this history. So the current study focuses on Kerala, one of the ecologically diverse states in India with complex topography, through Landsat images taken from 1990 to 2020 using two different machine learning classifications, random forest (RF) and classification and regression trees (CART) on Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. RF and CART are versatile machine learning algorithms frequently employed for classification and regression, offering effective tools for predictive modelling across diverse domains due to their flexibility and data-handling capabilities. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalised Differences Built-up Index (NDBI), Modified Normalised Difference Water Index (MNDWI), and Bare soil index (BSI) are integral indices utilised to enhance the precision of land use and land cover classification in satellite imagery, playing a crucial role by providing valuable insights into specific landscape attributes that may be challenging to identify using individual spectral bands alone. The results showed that the performance of RF is better than that of CART in all the years. Thus, RF algorithm outputs are used to infer the change in the LULC for three decades. The changes in the NDVI values point out the loss of vegetation for the urban area expansion during the study period. The increasing value of NDBI and BSI in the state indicates growth in high-density built-up areas and barren land. The slight reduction in the value of MNDWI indicates the shrinking water bodies in the state. The results of LULC showed the urban expansion (158.2%) and loss of agricultural area (15.52%) in the region during the study period. It was noted the area of the barren class, as well as the water class, decreased steadily from 1990 to 2020. The results of the current study will provide insight into the land-use planners, government, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for the necessary sustainable land-use practices.
... It also brought in other changes alongside. Rice-wheat cropping system promoted through the Green Revolution also caused the shrinkage of coarse cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits, and vegetables in some states of the Indo-Gangetic plains and around Singh 2000), though the magnitude of this change or its impact on diversity has not been well-examined. ...
... The staples were further channelized into social welfare programs like public distribution systems that essentially relied on mostly rice and wheat which made their access easier in various parts of the country. All of these, cumulatively, tend to have an impact on the food and nutritional outcome of a large section of society (Singh 2000;Kataki 2002). ...
The rapid and expansive decline of agrobiodiversity has become a global concern now. With the new research pouring in, the description of the problem, its scale and magnitude has been well documented and analyzed. So are suggested mitigation measures that include ex situ or in situ conservation measures. However, oftentimes the causal processes promoting the decline are equated with the general loss of biodiversity or developmental programs like the Green Revolution. While their negative impacts cannot be ruled out, the question of the decline deserves deeper examination. And, it should embrace the larger political ecological context that has been embedded in the historical development of crop breeding and improvement leading to global agrarian change. Though kick-started later in India, the crop improvement programs instrumental over decades also brought in irreversible decline in agricultural biodiversity. The aim of this chapter is to uncover the general processual developments in crop improvement programs and their effects on agricultural biodiversity.
To do so, I analyze the country-wide situation by citing examples from various crops and taking their improvement history into account. It reveals that the release of improved cultivars and their gross acceptance followed by the dwindling of traditional varieties has led to gradual homogenization. For many crop species, just a few improved cultivars began to hold a significant percentage of acreage. Although it was pioneered by the Green Revolution cereals, rice and wheat, the decline of diversity and wider acceptance of only a few cultivars have been pervasive across crops, cereals and non-cereals alike. Cotton display yet another example of decline that has been rooted in historical processes. The recent invasion of GM cotton and other biofortified crops are the newer avenues of probable decline. Analyses also suggest that the productivity gain or yield increase has been the prime mover behind the improvement programs. I also delineate the implication of the decline for food security. It emphasize the impending threats from disease or pest susceptibility that may endanger global agriculture. It also recognizes the impacts of the general decline in diversity on changes in food and nutrition, loss of cultural diversity of food, and growing corporate power in agriculture. In conclusion, a set of mitigation measures through community mobilizations, and social institutions have been discussed; and a few complementary policy formulations have been recommended.
... Articles from Argentina have predominantly studied the Argentinean Chaco, focusing on the expansion of agriculture and its impacts on deforestation (Gasparri & Grau, 2009) and animal biodiversity (Mastrangelo & Gavin, 2012), as well as the controlling factors of this expansion (Volante et al., 2016). On the other hand, studies on India have addressed the environmental consequences of agriculture during the Green Revolution (Singh, 2000), the environmental impacts produced by human interference in watersheds (Rao & Pant, 2001), the presence of big cats in agricultural areas (Athreya et al., 2013). ...
... However, the environmental impacts of agricultural frontiers in Asia have not been restricted to palm oil alone. In a study in India, Singh (2000) found that intensive agricultural production during the Green Revolution led to soil degradation and alteration, and water pollution, so to help restore degraded areas, it is necessary to increase and diversify biomass productivity, as well as focus on the effectiveness of moisture conservation and water harvesting policies, nutrient management and land use planning, and recharge of groundwater reservoirs. ...
Despite having the largest land and water reserves for agriculture on the planet, intensive agricultural production in emerging countries has stimulated research around the world, especially due to the numerous environmental impacts caused by the expansion of agricultural frontiers. Motivated to analyze the literature on the transformations brought about by the development of intensive agriculture since the middle of the twentieth century, this study analyzes the main studies on the interference of agricultural frontiers on the environment in emerging countries over the last 30 years (1993–2022). To do so, the Systematic Literature Review methodology was used, with the CIMO planning approach and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) reporting guideline. The analysis initially included 14,366 scientific articles from a wide range of subjects in the social and natural sciences, available on the Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics), ScienceDirect (Elsevier), and Google Scholar databases. One of the most significant findings of this study is that there is no specific framework to analyze the relationship between the agricultural frontier and the environment in developing countries; however, literature has mainly been concerned with measuring the impact of intensive agriculture on natural resources, as well as verifying how local socio-economic factors and/or public policies affect populations’ behavior regarding this relationship between the environment and agricultural production. The data also revealed that Brazil is the “country of origin” of the literature on agricultural frontiers and the environment, especially due to studies on the Amazon rainforest, followed somewhat distantly by studies on South America in general and the island regions of Indonesia and Malaysia. There is also a lack of studies on European economies in transition, emerging African countries and Russia, or on the agri-environmental impact of the demand for food in populous countries such as India and China. Finally, in addition to country-specific suggestions, this systematic literature review suggests directions and implications for future research.
... The promotion and adoption of green agricultural production technologies (GAPTs) are directly linked to the achievement of several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including Goals 1,2,3,5,8,13, and 15. The high-input, high-pollution model of traditional agriculture has exerted tremendous pressure on the environment and resources [1,2]. GAPTs help achieve ecological balance by reducing the use of fertilizers and pesticides, mitigating soil degradation, and decreasing water pollution [3][4][5]. ...
As global environmental challenges intensify, promoting green agricultural production technologies (GAPTs) that balance ecological and economic benefits at the farmer level has become a crucial pathway to achieving sustainable agricultural development. To achieve this goal, this study uses an Ordered Probit model, which empirically tests the impact and mechanisms of digital supply and marketing (DSM) participation on farmers’ adoption of GAPTs, based on a micro-survey of 1272 farmers from Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province, and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China. The findings reveal the following: (1) Participation in DSM effectively encourages farmers to adopt GAPTs. (2) Such participation enhances household per capita income, strengthens risk management, lowers entry barriers to high-value markets, and improves farmers’ access to information, thereby promoting the adoption of GAPTs. (3) Compared to low-capital, high-labor, and low-risk technologies, participation in DSM has a stronger incentivizing effect on the adoption of high-capital, low-labor, and high-risk technologies. This study offers novel empirical insights into the impact and mechanisms of DSM on farmers’ adoption of GAPTs. It provides micro-level evidence supporting the application of digital technologies in agriculture and safeguarding agricultural ecological sustainability.
... Although the use of chemicals to increase soil fertility or manage pests and diseases may produce an immediate result, it is not a climate-resilient practice. Studies indicated that the increasing use of chemicals by farmers impacted the situation in two major ways: a decline in soil fertility (Singh 2000) and an increase in production costs over time (Singh and Narayanan 2015). In this context, judicious use of agricultural inputs based on soil testing should be one of the primary adaptation strategies (Sarkar et al. 2010;Singh et al. 2019;Reddy et al. 2022). ...
The coastal region of India stands out as one of the most climate-vulnerable areas globally. This vulnerability arises from the frequent occurrence of high-intensity cyclones, floods, and a rapid increase in salinity intrusion. The region’s primary livelihood largely relies on agriculture and related sectors, with a predominant presence of smallholder farming communities. Climate change and its associated consequences have emerged as a grave concern for the agricultural sector in coastal India. Despite efforts by farmers to adopt various strategies as a means of adapting to climate change, there exists a notable gap in scientific literatures in comprehensively identifying and exploring these strategies. Therefore, this study has intended to identify and explore the rationale and utility of these adaptation strategies from existing literatures by systematically reviewing them. The study integrates multiple research designs and adheres to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework. Initial data retrieval was conducted through two prominent databases, namely Scopus and Web of Science. Following PRISMA protocol, a total of 27 articles were finally considered for the analysis of the study. The study was categorised into five major themes i.e., (1) Sustainable agricultural practices, (2) Soil and water management practices, (3) Improved livestock management practices, (4) Improved fisheries management practices, (5) Technological interventions. This study highlights that adaptation strategies belonged to both the category of farmers-led and advocated and majority of them were spontaneously implemented by the farmers. Indigenous knowledge played a crucial role in shaping these adaptive responses. Adaptation strategies were found to be interconnected, much like the interrelationships between the impacts of climate stressors, especially for smallholder farmers in coastal India who rely on diverse livelihood sectors. This underscores the need for stakeholders to design strategies that consider these cross-sectoral linkages. Consequently, this study provides invaluable insights into the evolution and prospective trajectory of climate adaptation strategies within the agricultural landscape of coastal India.
... Crop production is facing a multitude of challenges in the developing countries. Loss of biodiversity and soil fertility, water pollution, and rising health risks associated with chemicals have become huge challenges to the farming community (Pimentel 1996;Badgley et al., 2007;Singh, 2000;Schrama et al., 2018), particularly in Asia. Dependency on chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) for increasing crop productivity has resulted in a decline in crop productivity over time in South Asia where small farms dominate. ...
Rice, a staple and cash crop in South Asia, is vital for small-scale farmers, but concerns about the profitability of organic farming challenge its adoption despite its environmental benefits. The present study was conducted in the Rice-Wheat zone of three South Asian countries to make a comparison of profit efficiency in rice production under organic and conventional farming systems and to examine factors affecting profit efficiency. A multistage sampling technique was employed to collect cross-sectional data. Profit efficiency was determined by employing Cobb Douglas's functional form of stochastic profit frontier. Results show that the mean profit efficiency of organic rice growers is 0.89 less than conventional rice growers (0.910) in Pakistan. The mean profit efficiencies of organic growers are higher than conventional growers in Nepal and Bangladesh. Education and the role of the extension department are important factors in increasing the efficiency of organic and conventional farming while access to credit and experience in rice farming are significant in reducing inefficiencies in conventional rice farming. The study concludes that the education of farmers, the role of extension services, and easy credit access are key policy variables to improve profit efficiency.
... The Green Revolution brought about a substantial increase in crop productivity by implementing various measures. These measures included expanding the cultivated land area, adopting double-cropping practices to grow two crops annually, utilizing high-yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds, substantial increases in the utilization of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, the improvement of irrigation systems, and adopting enhanced farm machinery and crop protection techniques (Singh, 2000;Brainerd & Menon, 2014). Considerable resources were allocated to crop research, the development of infrastructure, the expansion of markets, and the implementation of appropriate policy support measures (Pingali, 2012). ...
The Green Revolution marks a significant era of agricultural advancement in the mid-20th century, playing a vital role in addressing global food security challenges. While the contributions of crop breeding, mechanization, and agrochemical use to this movement are well-recognized, insects' complex and varied impact remains less explored. This paper highlights insects' diverse roles during this transformative period. Drawing on a range of scientific research, scholarly publications, and online scientific databases, this review examines insects' beneficial and detrimental influences on the Green Revolution. Pollinators like bees and butterflies supported crop fertilization, boosting yields and preserving genetic diversity. At the same time, pest insects pose serious threats to crop productivity, often resulting in considerable losses if uncontrolled. Developing and applying insecticides were pivotal in mitigating these risks and safeguarding crops against destructive pests. Insects also shaped the ecological balance within agricultural systems; predatory insects, like ladybugs and lacewings, naturally controlled pest populations, reducing dependency on synthetic insecticides. Decomposers, such as dung beetles, contributed to nutrient recycling and soil health, indirectly supporting crop growth. However, the Green Revolution’s reliance on high-yielding crop varieties and intensive farming practices unintendedly affected insect populations and biodiversity. The widespread adoption of monocultures and heavy pesticide use led to habitat loss and a decline in insect diversity, which may disrupt ecosystem services and affect long-term sustainability. Understanding the multifaceted role of insects in the Green Revolution is essential for guiding sustainable agricultural practices in the future.
... The Indian government has aimed to achieve a minimum of 4 per cent of the net cultivated area under organic farming by March 2026. Evidences from many studies document the advantages of organic agriculture, ranging from conserving soil and water resources, enhancing diversity, improving soil and water quality, producing quality products, sustaining yield and natural pest control with less environmental pollution (Singh, 2000;Altieri, 2002;Rasul & Thapa, 2004;Bengtsson et al., 2005). However, organic farming promotion is constrained due to limitations in terms of yield, availability of inputs for nutrient, weed, insect and disease management, labour intensiveness, constant attention and skills needs, a heavy requirement of natural input material, and yield reductions in transition periods of usually 2-3 years (Pimentel et al., 1993;Ramesh et al., 2005;Prasad, 2005;Tanrivermiş, 2008;Binta & Barbier, 2015;Krause & Machek, 2018;Haneef et al., 2019;Aslam et al., 2020). ...
The study compared the costs and returns of barley grown in organic and conventional farming in the Jaipur district of Rajasthan. One hundred twenty farmers were split evenly between the two farming methods and sampled in 2019-20. Analysis using CACP cost concepts showed that barley cultivation costs 50474.05 and 59657.34 per ha for conventional and organic farms, respectively. Seed and vermicompost costs were the significant differentials in either system. Production cost per quintal was 1489.78 and 2711.69 for conventional and organic barley, respectively. Yields were 33.88 and 22 q/ha for conventional and organic farms, respectively. Organic farming had higher gross and net returns and farm and family income per ha. Returns per rupee were 1.48 and 1.42 for conventional and organic barley. Despite lower yields, organic barley farming resulted in higher net returns, emphasizing the potential economic viability of organic practices. The results suggested a need to incentivize and promote the adoption of organic farming practices among barley growers.
... Moreover, associated agricultural management practices, e.g., pesticide use and crop burning have posed significant concerns for human health and the environment in India (Chakrabarti et al. 2019). On the other hand, the uneven distribution of resources and access to technology among farmers has had negative impacts on the lives of small farmers resulting in many reported suicides and others abandoned farming (Eliazer Nelson et al. 2019;Sebby 2010). ...
The Green Revolution rapidly increased India’s food production since the 1960s, but excessive synthetic fertilizer use caused severe environmental problems. Our spatially explicit analysis for 1970–2020 indicates an uneven distribution of the dramatic increase of surpluses of India’s soil N (4.3 to 21.6 Tg N/year) and P budget (0.4 to 3.3 Tg P/year): with high surpluses in e.g., Green Revolution (GR) and South-West (SW) regions, lower surpluses in e.g., North-West (NW) and even local deficits within some other states Nutrient surpluses were growing primarily through increased use of synthetic fertilizers, which resulted in declining nutrient use efficiency, high N and P losses and soil P accumulation, with large regional heterogeneity. Total N loss is determined by the surplus, through “holes in the pipe”, whereby the holes (loss pathways) differ in diameter, as determined by climate, crop, soil, terrain and management. Ammonia volatilization ranged from 16% of the N surplus (NC) to 45% (GR states), and denitrification losses from 50% (NC and SW) to 38% (GR) and 28% (NE). N loss via leaching ranged from 46% (NE), to 22–26% (GR and NC), and 16% (SW), and surface runoff losses between 2% (GR) and 9% (NC). In the period 1970-2020, our estimated soil P accumulation across India amounts to 290 kg P/ha, highest in SW followed by NE and GR states and lowest in NC. The SW region also has the highest surface runoff P loss (40% of its regional budget), followed by NC (53%), NE (34%), and GR (26%). Addressing these regional differences can help developing effective, targeted and region-specific nutrient management strategies while meeting India’s rising food demand.
... This lack of longsightedness during decision-making in the Indian agriculture system has resulted in severe negative impacts on groundwater aquifers in Haryana: the problem of accumulation of excessive chemical fertilizer in the region of Punjab causing various health problems and making the water unfit for consumption and destruction of local food culture of these states like jowar, bajra, maize, til, cotton pulses like arhar, urad, guar, etc. In Haryana, the cultivation area of paddy crop (water-intensive) has increased dramatically from 8.5 lakh hectares in 1996 to 13.87 lakh hectares in 2018, before declining to1.2 million hectares in 2020-2021 (Singh 2000). Numerous studies have illustrated that the rotation of wheat and rice crops in the Indo-Gangetic region is not a long-term sustainable approach (Ramesh et al. 1997;Chand et al. 1998;Bathla 1999;Banjara et al. 2021). ...
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 17 emphasizes strengthening the means of implementing global partnerships through multisectoral and multinational approaches. SDG 17 aims to attain global partnership elements in financial capital, technology advancement, capacity building and skill development, trade and systemic issues at different constituencies (global, regional, national and local levels). The global partnership improves the sustainability of all types of development cooperation for the collective welfare of people, planet, prosperity and peace. Implementing and framing strong national and international policies, programs, schemes and action plans via collaboration of stakeholders, innovators, entrepreneurs and institutes is essential in promoting sustainability and achieving SDGs by 2030. The UN has defined 19 targets and 24 indicators for measuring progress toward SDG 17. The progress of all other 16 SDGs is dependent on and linked with goal 17th. Seventh goal will promote universal social, economic and environmental development through equitable trade, coordinating investment across borders, collaborative actions and improving and supporting coordination and collaboration among nation-states. To achieve 17th goal targets, it requires huge funding in infrastructure to empower different sectors like energy, agriculture, transportation systems and IT to ensure fair and equitable distribution of resources among the world’s community. The agriculture sector accounts for 4% of global GDP, and in developing countries like India, it provides employment to over 50% of the nation’s workforce and contributes 17–18% to the India’s GDP. The world states must take concrete actions for the agriculture sector to achieve Goal 17 of the SDGs by 2030. Strengthening and promoting five elements—capital, technology, skill-building, bilateral and multilateral trade policy and systemic issues such as storage facilities, climate change, stubble burning, irrigation facilities, etc.—is crucial to achieving global partnership. Today, progress has been made in several areas, but globally, action to achieve the sustainability in agriculture sector is not progressing at the required momentum or magnitude. This decade must bring concrete efforts in the agriculture sector to achieve global goal 17 by 2030. This work aims to understand the multiple risks associated with Indian agriculture and how global partnership in terms of finance, technology, trade, capacity building and skill can help handle the Indian agriculture risks and attain sustainability in the whole agriculture network.
... Intensive use of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides may have had a negative impact on the earthworm population. Singh (2000), Crittenden et al (2014) also analyzed that excessive and continuous use of these products has a severe impact on land productivity, yield, earthworm diversity, and distribution. Doube et al (1994), described that land under tillage practice and reduced crop yield may be linked with a reduction in earthworm. ...
Haryana is primarily an agrarian state. The existing studies of earthworm diversity in Haryana are restricted mostly to the trans-Gangetic plains of eastern Haryana. To explore the diversity in central Haryana, the present study was conducted at six different sites of Tehsil Gohana of District Sonipat in Haryana, India. A total of eight species belonging to three different families were recorded from six different sites. Metaphire posthuma, Metaphire planta, Lampito mauritii and Perionyx excavatus belong to the family Megascolecidae. Three species viz., Eutyphoeus orientalis, Eutyphoeus incommodus, and Octochaetona beatrix, belong to the family Octochaetidae and Pontoscolex corethrurus belongs to the family Glossoscolecidae. Pontoscolex corethrurus, Perionynx excavitus and Eutyphoeus orientalis are the first record. Present findings reveal the first record of three species, namely, Pontoscolex corethrurus, Perionynx excavitus and Eutyphoeus orientalis, belonging to the family Glossoscolecidae, Megascolecidae and Octochaetidae, respectively.
... The timely distribution and adequate quantity of rainfall are crucial factors that directly influence crop yields and the livelihoods of millions of farmers [3]. Inconsistent rainfall can lead to droughts, crop failures, and economic distress in rural areas [4,5]. Fluctuations in rainfall are becoming increasingly common due to current environmental changes influenced by factors such as climate change, land use alterations, urbanization, and natural variability [6,7]. ...
Rainfall serves as a lifeline for crop cultivation in many agriculture-dependent countries including India. Being spatio-temporal data, the forecasting of rainfall becomes a more complex and tedious process. Application of conventional time series models and machine learning techniques will not be a suitable choice as they may not adequately account for the complex spatial and temporal dependencies integrated within the data. This demands some data-driven techniques that can handle the intrinsic patterns such as non-linearity, non-stationarity, and non-normality. Space–Time Autoregressive Moving Average (STARMA) models were highly known for its ability to capture both spatial and temporal dependencies, offering a comprehensive framework for analyzing complex datasets. Spatial Weight Matrix (SWM) developed by the STARMA model helps in integrating the spatial effects of the neighboring sites. The study employed a novel dataset consisting of annual rainfall measurements spanning over 50 (1970–2019) years from 119 different locations (grid of 0.25 × 0.25 degree resolution) of West Bengal, a state of India. These extensive datasets were split into testing and training groups that enable the better understanding of the rainfall patterns at a granular level. The study findings demonstrated a notable improvement in forecasting accuracy by the STARMA model that can exhibit promising implications for agricultural management and planning, particularly in regions vulnerable to climate variability.
... Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) are the fundamental soil nutrients and important indicators of soil fertility [9,10], supporting the basic growth of crops and also affecting agricultural production efficiency [11][12][13][14]. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of SOC, TN, TP, and TK can guide a search for nutrient deficit areas and inform the rational spatial allocation of cropping systems and management measures accordingly [15], especially in mountainous regions with elevation differences. ...
Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) are important indicators for evaluating soil fertility. Exploring the content and spatial distribution of these indicators is of great significance for optimizing cropland management measures and developing sustainable agriculture. Yunnan Province is one of the most important agricultural regions in southwestern China, characterized by large variations in the topography and an uneven distribution of soil fertility. In this study, the data of 8571 topsoil (0–20 cm) samples selected from Yunnan Province and a portion of related spatial data were used to carry out electronic mapping of the spatial distribution of soil sand content, clay content, silt content, SOC, TN, TP, TK content, and C:N ratio at 1 km resolution using the Random Forest (RF) model. The results indicated that the average measured contents of SOC, TN, TP, TK, and C:N ratio in the topsoil of Yunnan Province were 18.78 ± 0.09 g/kg, 1.78 ± 0.01 g/kg, 0.98 ± 0.01 g/kg, 13.89 ± 0.08 g/kg, and 10.56 ± 0.02, respectively. The spatial analysis showed that higher SOC was mainly distributed in northern and eastern Yunnan, and the spatial distribution pattern of TN and TP was similar to that of SOC. While higher TK was mainly distributed in southwestern Yunnan Province. There was a significant positive correlation between SOC and TN and TP contents with correlation coefficients of 0.889 and 0.463, however, there was a significant negative correlation between SOC and TK content with correlation coefficients of −0.060. It was also indicated that elevation, temperature, precipitation, clay content, sand content, and silt content were the most important factors affecting SOC, TN, TP, and TK content. The present study provided an understanding of soil nutrients characteristics and their affecting factors, which is helpful to optimize agricultural management practices and develop sustainable agriculture according to soil fertility.
... Agricultural production activities are influenced by environmental conditions, and variations in pollution levels across regions can affect agricultural green TFP [34][35][36]. To examine environmental heterogeneity, this study classifies regions based on the levels of agricultural non-point source pollution recorded in 2016. ...
Green agriculture is a new sustainable agricultural development model that coordinates agricultural development with the environment which has been vigorously promoted in China in recent years. With the support of national policies, China has set up 130 pilot zones for green agricultural development. Taking these pilot zones as quasi-natural experimental areas, the difference-in-differences (DID) method and agricultural green total factor productivity are used to evaluate the effect of the policy in the pilot zones. The findings indicate that the pilot zones notably diminish non-point source agricultural pollution without affecting agricultural added value and improve agricultural green total factor productivity by improving technical efficiency. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the effectiveness of this policy varies regionally. The eastern region of China, the main agricultural producing areas, and the regions with higher initial environmental pollution levels and abundant educational resources experience more pronounced benefits. Based on the regional characteristics of different regions, this study considers the factors such as agricultural resource endowment and development basis and explores how the policy effects of agricultural green development in different regions, which has certain guiding significance for the continuous improvement in China’s agricultural green development policies.
... Thus, it has created class distinction among the farmers and poor peasant-proprietors/tenants and landless labourers in the villages, and generated social and political tensions. Moreover, it has sharpened regional imbalances in levels of agricultural performance in Haryana (Singh et al., 1977;Singh, 2000). ...
... Despite the areas under production, the productivity of several food crops has been declining alongside the increased population for the past few decades due to the urbanization of cropping areas [1]. To increase crop productivity, several synthetic agrochemicals such as pesticides, fertilizers [2], hybrid seed varieties, and high-yielding varieties (HYV) are being used, which have been in practice since the 1960s-the beginning of the green revolution [3]. This technology has drastically increased crop production to meet food requirements. ...
The utilization of various agrochemicals in crop production technology leads to soil health and fertility depletion. Multiple measures have been taken to revitalize the health of polluted soil. In this context, organic agriculture has increased over the past few years to overcome the detrimental effects of extensive modern agricultural practices. Several traditional organic formulations, such as panchagavya, jeevamurtha, beejamurtha, bokashi, etc., are vital in converting polluted farmlands into organic. Various countries have their own organic formulations to improve crop growth and yield. These formulations are rich sources of many macro and micronutrients, growth-promoting phytohormones, and provide resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. Apart from these benefits, these formulations consist of several groups of beneficial microorganisms that belong to the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroides, and Actinobacteria, while some of the novel groups of microorganisms were also reported from the ingredients used in the preparation of these organic formulations. These microorganisms can solubilize nutrients such as phosphorous and zinc, oxidize sulfur, reduce nitrate, and are also involved in the production of indole acetic acid, ethylene reduction enzyme (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase), and organic acids that promote plant growth and induce resistance in the plant system. Hence, the utilization of traditional organic formulations helps in the reclamation of environmental health without compromising crop yields. This review describes the importance of organic farming, the preparation and application of different types of traditional organic formulations in different countries, and the microbial composition and mechanism of growth promotion of different traditional organic formulations.
... As a result, their populations have declined significantly in the region. The overharvesting of these medicinal plant species is putting immense pressure on their growth and causing environmental degradation (Cuttelod et al. 2009, Singh 2000. This underscores the importance of conservation efforts to protect these species from further depletion. ...
Using medicinal plants for healthcare practices in indigenous communities presents a chance to discover natural remedies. This study aims to provide a detailed account of the ethnoveterinary knowledge of medicinal plants utilized for therapeutic purposes. From December 2020 to December 2021, a field investigation was carried out within the Oulad Heriz tribes. Two hundred local farmers were interviewed using open-ended, semi-structured discussions, free listing and focus groups. A total of one hundred medicinal plants belonging to 87 genera and 33 families were discovered to be employed for ethnoveterinary purposes. Rosmarinus officinalis L. was the most frequently utilized ethnoveterinary plant species in the study area (70 citations). Leaves are shown to be the most commonly employed plant parts (55%). However, digestive disorders were the most often mentioned ailment (33 medicinal plants, 599 citations), and most herbal medicines were made by infusion (46.2%). According to the current investigation findings, local farmers in Oulad Heriz have continuous knowledge of ethnoveterinary plants. This ethnoveterinary medicinal heritage needs to be incorporated with contemporary medicine to use plants and their products as potentially viable medications for various cattle illnesses.
... Agricultural lands covering a significant portion of the study area are also at considerable risk of soil degradation. Intensive agricultural practices, including monoculture, excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, and improper soil management, can lead to soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and a decline in soil quality (Singh 2000;Nair and Nair 2019). ...
Land degradation is a complex and widespread environmental issue with significant implications for global sustainability. It encompasses various processes that negatively impact soil health and support productive ecosystems and human livelihoods. This chapter focused on mapping land use/land cover (LULC) and identifying land degradation features using Sentinel-2 imagery and the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) approach. The primary objective was to gain insight into the spatial distribution of land degradation within the study area. The step-by-step supervised classification process involved data preparation, training data collection, feature selection, SAM classification, and post-classification processing. An accuracy assessment was conducted to validate the results and ensure the reliability of the land cover map. As a result of the different LULC classifications in the research area, the arboriculture class represented 18% of the study area. In contrast, the agriculture class showed coverage of 27%, followed by the forest class occupying 22% of the catchment area, and the bare soil class representing 33% of the total study area. The combination of substantial proportions of bare soil (33%) and agriculture (27%) suggested that a large portion of the landscape may be susceptible to land degradation if appropriate measures are not implemented. The derived LULC map is a valuable resource for environmental monitoring, ecosystem conservation, and land use planning. Policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders can use this information to make informed decisions for sustainable land management, protect natural resources, and mitigate the impact of land degradation.
... 31,34 The heartland of the green revolution, Punjab and Haryana met the same fate of environmental crisis. 27,35,36 Apart from concerns originating from man-made interference, agriculture is drastically affected by climate and extreme phenomena such as rising global temperatures, droughts, heatwaves, and locust assaults. 37 With the current food production facing multifaceted constraints and rapidly changing climate change, it is not able to meet the 2030 deadline of SDG2. ...
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were formulated to accomplish highly required overall human development without depleting the environment for future generations. Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG2) aims for "Zero Hunger" with eight associated targets. These associated targets set in motion the overall development of agriculture that provides healthy food and raises the living standard of smallholder farmers while maintaining the natural base. SDG2 and other SDGs are intertwined, and achieving SDG2 targets will help accomplish other goals that have been weakening due to climate change, carbon emission, excessive use of chemicals, droughts, locust attacks, and pandemics. The essence of achieving SDG2 is directly linked to food production and access. The current food production based on conventional farming harms the environment and is unsustainable in the long run. Thus, the need for an alternative food production system that ensures sustainable development is emphasized. Organic farming is a food production system based on agroecological principles and promotes sustainable development. We reviewed the role of the present organic farming as a food production system to achieve SDG2. We analyzed the four targets of SDG2 and assessed whether organic farming can achieve the sub-targets of SDG2. Besides food security, organic farming ensures economic viability for small farmers, provides nutritious food and promotes biodiversity. Innovative research, practices, stakeholder partnerships, and a comprehensive framework are recommended. CONTACT Avinash
... This lack of longsightedness during decision-making in the Indian agriculture system has resulted in severe negative impacts on groundwater aquifers in Haryana: the problem of accumulation of excessive chemical fertilizer in the region of Punjab causing various health problems and making the water unfit for consumption and destruction of local food culture of these states like jowar, bajra, maize, til, cotton pulses like arhar, urad, guar, etc. In Haryana, the cultivation area of paddy crop (water-intensive) has increased dramatically from 8.5 lakh hectares in 1996 to 13.87 lakh hectares in 2018, before declining to1.2 million hectares in 2020-2021 (Singh 2000). Numerous studies have illustrated that the rotation of wheat and rice crops in the Indo-Gangetic region is not a long-term sustainable approach (Ramesh et al. 1997;Chand et al. 1998;Bathla 1999;Banjara et al. 2021). ...
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 17 emphasizes strengthening the means of implementing global partnerships through
multisectoral and multinational approaches. SDG 17 aims to attain global partnership elements in financial capital, technology
advancement, capacity building and skill development, trade and systemic issues at different constituencies (global, regional,
national and local levels). The global partnership improves the sustainability of all types of development cooperation for the
collective welfare of people, planet, prosperity and peace. Implementing and framing strong national and international policies,
programs, schemes and action plans via collaboration of stakeholders, innovators, entrepreneurs and institutes is essential in
promoting sustainability and achieving SDGs by 2030. The UN has defined 19 targets and 24 indicators for measuring progress
toward SDG 17. The progress of all other 16 SDGs is dependent on and linked with goal 17th. Seventh goal will promote universal
social, economic and environmental development through equitable trade, coordinating investment across borders, collaborative
actions and improving and supporting coordination and collaboration among nation-states. To achieve 17th goal targets, it requires
huge funding in infrastructure to empower different sectors like energy, agriculture, transportation systems and IT to ensure fair and
equitable distribution of resources among the world’s community. The agriculture sector accounts for 4% of global GDP, and in
developing countries like India, it provides employment to over 50% of the nation’s workforce and contributes 17–18% to the India’s
GDP. The world states must take concrete actions for the agriculture sector to achieve Goal 17 of the SDGs by 2030. Strengthening
and promoting five elements—capital, technology, skill-building, bilateral and multilateral trade policy and systemic issues such as
storage facilities, climate change, stubble burning, irrigation facilities, etc.—is crucial to achieving global partnership. Today, progress
has been made in several areas, but globally, action to achieve the sustainability in agriculture sector is not progressing at the
required momentum or magnitude. This decade must bring concrete efforts in the agriculture sector to achieve global goal 17 by
2030. This work aims to understand the multiple risks associated with Indian agriculture and how global partnership in terms of
finance, technology, trade, capacity building and skill can help handle the Indian agriculture risks and attain sustainability in the
whole agriculture network.
... Therefore, this article assesses the level of digital economy in rural areas and explores its impact on agricultural green development. Moreover, the process of agricultural development may lead to specific environmental implications [18]. Extensive research has been conducted on sustainable agricultural practices, which have gained increasing attention. ...
Agricultural green development represents an environmentally friendly and resource-efficient agricultural model, and it is a key way to achieve sustainable agricultural development. With the rapid rise of the digital economy, its influence is gradually spreading from urban to rural areas, and it has played a significant and far-reaching role in promoting the green transformation of agriculture. This paper employs the entropy weight method to measure the level of digital economy and agricultural green development in rural areas in 30 provincial administrative regions in China from 2012 to 2021 and analyzes the relationship between the two and the mechanisms behind it. The research results show that (1) the rural digital economy significantly promotes agricultural green development. (2) With the enhancement of agricultural green development, the impact of the rural digital economy on it initially increases and then declines. (3) The rural digital economy fosters agricultural green development by advancing agricultural technology, easing credit constraints, and promoting agricultural industry agglomeration. (4) Environmental regulation intensifies the positive influence of the rural digital economy on agricultural green development. This research significantly enhances our understanding of the mechanism by which the rural digital economy facilitates agricultural green development. It offers empirical evidence and recommendations for the government to formulate and implement effective policies to advance agricultural green transformation in the context of digital economy trends.
... the necessity to enhance crop productivity and satisfy market demands has resulted in cultivating contaminated soil and water for irrigation and using excess chemical fertilizers and pesticides in crop fields (edwards, 1989;Singh, 2000). the accumulation of pollutants poses a substantial contamination risk to vegetable plants cultivated in urban areas exposed to municipal pollutants and industrial wastes for extended periods. ...
Industrial expansion and inadequate environmental safety measures are major contributors to environmental contamination, with heavy metals (HMs) and pharmaceutical waste playing crucial roles. Their negative effects are most noticeable in aquatic species and vegetation, where they accumulate in tissues and cause harmful results. Interactions between HMs and pharmaceutical molecules result in the production of metal-drug complexes (MDCs), which have the potential to disturb diverse ecosystems and their interdependence. However, present studies frequently focus on individual pollutants and their effects on specific environmental parameters, leaving out the cumulative effects of pollutants and their processes across several environmental domains. To address this gap, this review emphasizes the environmental sources of HMs, elucidates their emission pathways during anthropogenic activities, investigates the interactions between HMs and pharmaceutical substances, and defines the mechanisms underlying the formation of MDCs across various ecosystems. Furthermore, this review underscores the simultaneous occurrence of HMs and pharmaceutical waste across diverse ecosystems, including the atmosphere, soil, and water resources, and their incorporation into biotic organisms across trophic levels. It is important to note that these complex compounds represent a higher risk than individual contaminants.
... The main focus of the green revolution had been to enhance the production of selected food crops like paddy, wheat, sugarcane, and mustard through the input of highyielding variety seeds, mineral fertilizers, and machineryaided farm operations. These intensive farming practices have disrupted natural nutrient and water cycling (Singh 2000;Singh and Benbi 2016;Srivastava et al. 2020). Further, the limited turn-around time between harvest of crops like paddy and sowing of the next crop poses a critical challenge for farmers to sustainably handle the surplus residues, especially in the northern states of India. ...
Changing climate and shifts in weather patterns have significantly affected food production systems, which is evident in the form of crop damage, reduced yield, and market instability. Water- and chemical-intensive agriculture practices have made the sector a major contributor of carbon emissions, affecting the global climate, nutrient cycling, food security, etc. The adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices can develop agricultural systems that effectively balance agricultural productivity and food security, and contribute to climate change mitigation. The present study is a synthesis of datasets from 116 published articles to assess the changes in soil and its carbon stocks while transitioning from conventional to climate-smart agricultural practices (CSA) in India. The effects of these practices in different edaphic and environmental conditions across the country have also been studied. The meta-analysis of the data was performed using OpenMEE and Jamovi software. Further, a review of existing literature on the impact of CSA practices on crop yield has also been presented. Conservational tillage, integrated nutrient management, and agroforestry-based systems increased the SOC buildup rate by 17.1%, 25.9%, and 39.2%, respectively, compared to the conventional agriculture practices. Climatic factors (temperature and precipitation); edaphic factors (soil pH, depth, and texture); and experiment duration significantly influence the sequestration potential of agroecosystems. Based on the results, the present study concludes that CSA practices curb CO2 emissions and improve soil quality and crop yield along with sequestering carbon. These practices, therefore, offer a win-win strategy for socio-economic development and achieving the target of net-zero emissions by 2070.
... After the implementation of the green revolution, there was seen a steep increase in the use of synthetic chemicals and pesticides for the production of food grains (Singh, 2000;Pimentel et al., 2005;Sebby, 2010). This heavy reliance of farmers on chemicals and fertilisers for raising production on unfertile land has increased the social, healthcare, and environmental cost for society (Pimentel, 2005) around the globe. ...
The shifting from conventional farming to organic farming creates a lot of hurdles and economic constraints for farmers. Therefore, the current study endeavours to examine the perspective and barriers perceived by the farmers in conversion to organic farming in Haryana by employing exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for developing a comprehensive instrumental scale. The proposed instrument is validated with 45 experts selected using snowball random sampling. Finally, the study has collected a random sample of 276 farmers using stratified random sampling. The result of EFA affirms five major barrier factors perceived by farmers in conversion to organic farming explaining 65.166% of the total variance. Moreover, the results of CFA confirm the five factors and proposed instrument. This study will surely assist the government and policymakers in formulating policies on organic farming in making it more viable in India.
... It is used in several negative health and environmental consequences [5]. In recent years, there has been serious concern about long-term adverse effects of continuous and indiscriminate use of inorganic fertilizers on deterioration of soil structure, soil health and environmental pollution [6,7,8,9]. ...
To evaluate the effect of different levels of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of SinThuKha rice variety, the experiment was conducted with randomized complete block (RCB) design by three replications. The experiments were carried out in Water Utilization Research section, Department of Agricultural Research (DAR) at Yezin, Naypyitaw, Myanmar during dry and wet seasons, 2023.The organic sources used were poultry manure and cow dung manure. The treatments were T1 (Control), T2 (100% RFF) (Recommended Rate of Fertilizer), T3 (6 t ha-1 Cow dung manure) (CM), T4 (6 t ha-1 Poultry Manure) (PM), T5 (25% RRF + 4.5 t ha-1 CM), T6 (25% RRF + 4.5 t ha-1 PM), T7 (50% RRF+ 3 t ha-1 CM), T8 (50% RRF + 3 t ha-1 PM), T9 (75% RRF+1.5 t ha-1 CM), T10 (75% RRF+1.5 t ha-1 PM). It was observed that the grain yields as well as the yield attributing parameters like number of tillers hill-1 , panicle length, number of panicles hill-1 , number of spikelets panicle-1 , filled grain percent were significantly different among different treatments except Original Research Article Maw et al.; Asian Soil Res. 10 1000 grain weight. The maximum grain yield was resulted (796.10 g m 2) in dry season and (666.35 g m 2) in wet season at T8 treatment (50% RRF + 3 t ha-1 PM). Among the treatments the higher yield of T8 and T10 were observed in both seasons followed by T2, T7 and T9.
... The Pradhan Mantri Poshan scheme has received a budget of Rs 10,234 crores in 2022-2023. Despite these initiatives, the problem of hunger is persisting and by looking at the Global Hunger Index the situation has deteriorated [27]. We have already discussed the issue of food sufficiency in India, but when it comes to tackling malnourishment, it is not so much about the availability of food as it is about the commitment of the system. ...
This paper critically examines the trajectory of agricultural development in the BRICS countries post-1947, particularly focusing on the epochal impact of the Green Revolution and its associated disruptions. By delving into the transformation of the agriculture of the BRICS countries, this study explores the ramifications of food sufficiency, sustainable agricultural practices, and the persistent issue of hunger within the countries. The analysis encompasses an evaluation of the Green Revolution's multifaceted effects on agricultural productivity, socioeconomic dynamics, and environmental sustainability. In recent years, the international status of agriculture in the BRICS countries has been constantly improving. In 2022, the gross agricultural production of the BRICS countries accounted for more than 50% of the global volume. Further strengthening of the developing cooperation among the BRICS countries is of great importance for ensuring global food security. The researchers examined the agricultural sector of the BRICS countries and also identified the main problems characteristic of the agricultural sector of these countries. The solution to the complex of agricultural problems of the BRICS countries became possible thanks to the Green Revolution, which, however, had a negative impact on the environmental situation. It is hypothesized that sustainable agriculture and food sufficiency can reduce the negative impact on the environment but are not able to solve the problem of hunger shortly. The ranking of some BRICS countries in the Global Hunger Index is worrying, and cross-integration and national programs will only work if there is integration between sustainable agriculture, food sufficiency, and distribution.
... Protective irrigation requirements increased annually in Haryana and so the dependency on groundwater irrigation by pumping has also increased (Singh, 2000). As groundwater extraction increased through the pump set and tubewell, the level of groundwater depth is also increased, and lap of the earth has been drying (Bhalla, 2007). ...
... The spatial areas of saline soils have increased significantly by 41.2% from 1997 to 2017, apparently due to the increase (51.35%) of irrigated areas in Haryana between 1966-1967-2014(Narjary et al., 2022. A steady rise in water table depth annually by 1 m also cautioned the sustainability of the rice-wheat cropping system (Bhatt et al., 2016;Narjary, et al., 2019;Singh, 2000;Gupta & Misra, 2018;Kiran & Singh, 2021;GOH, 2022). As a result, the slightly (16.8%), moderately (22.6%), and strongly (2.2%) saline soils areas have been increased notably. ...
Dynamics of soil salinity and sodicity is a common feature driven by anthropogenic causes such as soil reclamation, the effect of extreme climate events, disturbed salt, and water balance in irrigated areas that are devoid of any good quality groundwater source and adequate natural surface drainage condition in a semiarid climatic region. Periodic soil salinity assessment is therefore vital to know the current soil salinity status, plan reclamation, and/or management strategies for sustained agricultural growth and livelihood security. Temporal studies using Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) LISS III data, at pre- (1997) and post-reclamation (2017) stages have indicated spatial changes as reclaimed areas (~ 35%) and dynamics of soil salinity as increased areas (~ 61%) under irrigation across the Gangetic plain of Haryana State. The prominent areas of reclaimed sodic soil soils were located in the old alluvial plain which covered Panipat (12.32%), Karnal (6.01%), and Jind (5.9%) districts. Based on pH, ECe, and ESP values, these were classified as slight (Sso1, 8.75%), moderate (Sso2, 24.73%), and strong (Sso3, 18.20%) sodic soils, respectively. Significant salinity-inflictions (emerging areas) were identified at low-lying, poorly drained, irrigated soils in south and central Haryana that cover Jhajjar (13.99%), Sirsa (11.06%), Hisar (10.15%), Rohtak (8.73%), Bhiwani (6.43%), Palwal (4.31%), and Rewari (3.01%) districts. Slight (Ssa1, 16.82%), and moderate (Ssa2, 22.13%), categories are dominant soils, respectively. Among the landforms, significant areas (28.24%) were identified in the old alluvial plain with sand dunes (OAPSD), aeo-fluvial plain (AFP, 8.6%), and fluvio-aeolian plain (FAP, 6.0%), respectively. Dominant areas of reclaimed soils (14.4%) were identified in OAPSD. The soil analysis data indicated that these soil are moderate to strongly sodic (pH 8.7–11.0) and saline (ECe 4–26 dS m⁻¹). The reclaimed sodic soils showed prominent improvement in soil pH and sodicity levels (pH 8.3–9.2) at 0–15 cm depth and are commonly located in the Ghaggar and Yamuna river plains. Poor quality groundwater with high Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) was dominant at selected locations under the arid and semiarid climate. The database can also be used as a reference database for further monitoring of soil salinity status particularly in the irrigated regions. Currently, it is also used as a primary database for harmonization, monitoring, and reconciling of similar soils of the world under the Global Soil Partnership projects.
... Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, an eminent geneticist, oversaw the "green revolution" in India (Somvanshi et al. 2020). The Green Revolution made it possible to enhance production per unit area of land through the use of highyielding varieties of seed (HYV), double-cropping, the application of inorganic fertilisers and synthetic pesticides, abundant irrigation facilities, better crop protection measures, and modernised farm equipment (Singh 2000;Brainerd and Menon 2014). Agricultural intensification, one of the remarkable happenings of the twenty and twenty-first century, is the outcome of the successful Green Revolution (Ray 2022). ...
Agriculture has played an important role in human life, both for sustaining life and livelihood. The population explosion has necessitated huge agricultural production. Consequently, there has been modernisation of agriculture not only in farming practices, but also in introducing improved agricultural implements, irrigation, chemical fertilisers, synthetic pesticides, and high-yielding seeds. Agricultural intensification and monoculture make it possible to increase crop production, to a large extent gaining food security, but paying no or little attention to environmental well-being. Intensive tillage leads to soil erosion, nutrient loss, and soil organic carbon loss, which affects the soil biota. Extraction of underground water for irrigation causes groundwater levels to drop and hinders aquifer recharge. Monoculture and the cultivation of high-yielding crops lead to the loss of many indigenous crop varieties and the prevalence of pests and pathogens. Extensive chemical fertiliser application can cause soil acidification, eutrophication, and nitrate contamination in groundwater through leaching. Indiscriminate use of pesticides is a potential threat for non-target organisms, including humans. The agriculture sector contributes a considerable portion of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Therefore, the only way to protect our mother earth and create a healthy environment is through sustainable agriculture to ensure food safety and security
... The use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides has increased considerably along with intensive cultivation of land and practice of mono-cropping system. The negative externalities associated with the technology can be observed in the form of, among others, rising soil salinity and alkalinity, water logging, declining water table, and pest virulence (Singh 2000;Pingali 2012). Crop diversification from cereals-based cropping system to high-value commodities is considered as a key strategy to overcome some of these sustainability issues confronting the India's agricultural sector. ...
This paper focuses on trend in India’s agricultural growth estimated based on structural breaks in agricultural GDP from 1981–82 to 2019–20, using Bai–Perron multiple breakpoint method. The paper also examines the relationship between agricultural growth and crop diversification. At the national level, five structural breaks in agricultural GDP were identified: 1987–88, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2003–04, and 2011–12. At the state level, structural break points occurred at different time periods indicating the effect of state-specific policy changes or occurrence of extreme climatic events. The southern, western, and central regions have highly diversified cropping pattern, whereas eastern and northern regions follow a specialised cropping pattern. Panel instrumental variable regression results show that crop diversification has a positive and statistically significant effect on agricultural output controlling for effects of other variables such as gross terms of trade, irrigation, cropping intensity, public capital expenditure, fertiliser use and labour. The study results have policy implications for promoting crop diversification that holds the key to sustain agricultural growth in the long run.
... Moreover, conventional farms were using high dose of chemical pesticides for the crop protection. Excessive application of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides create a risk of soil degradation and cause environmental pollution [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19]. Due to more supply of inputs especially chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides, CF has higher average productivity of carrot, maize and cucurbits. ...
A study in Chitwan, Nepal, aimed to compare economic and environmental factors between organic and conventional farming. Fifty-three farms (20 organic, 33 conventional) in Fulbari and Jagatpur villages of Chitwan district were surveyed for collecting data and analysis. Detailed data from 16 farms (eight from each organic and conventional farms) were used for modeling, focusing on input/output factors using linear programming. The average farm size of one hectare with sandy loam soil was selected for this analysis. An empirical analysis and a linear programming model were conducted to compare both organic and conventional farms. The model revealed that a cropping cycle involving carrots and other vegetables was key for achieving higher gross margins in both farming systems. Interestingly, a cropping cycle with 30% land allocated to legume crops showed higher variable costs and gross margins compared to one with 50% land dedicated to legume crops. Organic farming with a specific cropping cycle involving rice-broad bean-maize demonstrated superior environmental outcomes compared to the same cycle in conventional farming, particularly in terms of nitrogen and phosphorus surplus. Despite both types of farming being labor-intensive, the observed differences in labor use between organic and conventional farming were not significant for particular crops. However, when the model selected the optimal production plan, it showed that labor use was lower in organic farming than in conventional farming. The study concluded that while conventional farms exhibited higher economic performance, organic farming showcased better environmental outcomes, especially concerning nitrogen and phosphorus surplus. The continuation of organic farming is seen as crucial in supporting superior environmental performance at the farm level, rather than solely prioritizing increased production through conventional methods. To bridge the economic and environmental gap between organic and conventional farming for an optimal farm plan, further in-depth studies are essential, considering local factors such as labor availability, timely access to markets for organic products, and the specific cropping plans for optimal farm performance.
... While these extensive monoculture systems may have been advantageous in enhancing food production efficiency, they exert an adverse influence on the environment. But nowadays crop productivity has been limited by declining nutrient-use efficiency, physical and chemical soil degradation, and inefficient water use, while monocultures, mechanisation, and an over-reliance on chemical plant protection have reduced crop, plant, and animal diversity in recent years [6]. ...
The pressure on agricultural food production to produce high-quality and sustainable food has increased dramatically as a result of global urbanization, population growth and climate change. Food shortage and population expansion are two of the world's major challenges to long-term sustainable development. So, in recent years technological development such as smart farming has resulted substantial changes in the agricultural production allowing for 3rd green revolution and progression in farming methods. Smart farming (SF) is a method of agricultural production that integrates information and communication technologies to maximise resource efficiency. Smart farming technologies such as automated tractors, artificial agricultural intelligence (AAI), automated irrigation and weather forecasting, Internet of Things (IoT), kisan drones and remote sensing (GIS Review Article Debangshi et al.; Int. 3690 and GPS) can provide realistic solutions to the world's challenges. The accurate application of this technology in conjunction with the Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to be a beneficial for the farmers to improve their living standards through increased production and profit which is a good indicator for sustainable food security. However, due to lack of internet access, high costs and lack of application knowledge there are still barriers to the adaptation and conversion of smart farming. As a result, more research is needed in this area.
... Sunflower cultivation is becoming popular because of its special characteristics like short duration, photo thermoinsensitivity, suitability to year round cultivation and excellent quality edible oil. Modern management practices relies on chemical fertilizers and pesticides that has led to decline in soil organic matter, increased soil erosion and pollution of surface and ground water (Singh, 2000 andRelyea, 2005). The low productivity and risk are the other problems in the arable cropping system. ...
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) practices on growth, yield parameters and yield of sunflower grown under neem (Azadirachta indica) and melia (Melia azadirach) trees during kharif 2009 at Student's Farm, College of Agriculture, Hyderabad. Dry matter production, crop growth rate, leaf area index, yield components and yield of sunflower was higher in sole cropping of sunflower compared to sunflower grown under neem or melia trees. Higher sunflower yield was recorded under sole cropping (560 kg /ha) compared to sunflower grown under neem and melia trees with yields of 461 and 317 kg /ha respectively. Application of subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) green leaf manure at 5 t / ha + 30 kg N/ha produced more growth, yield parameters, and yield of sunflower compared to other nutrient management practices. The studies suggested that sunflower was compatible with neem trees. However, melia trees had severe impact on growth, yield and yield parameters. Application of green leaf manure with half of recommended dose of nitrogen recorded better yield than recommended dose of nitrogen alone.
... Due to water and land resource constraints, some countries in North Africa have developed intensive agriculture, such as the entire Nile and Maghreb coastal areas in Egypt. And this type of agriculture has been criticized for its extensive use of chemical inputs (fertilizers, plant protection, energy, and seeds) [62,63]. Agriculture is an important means of securing the right to food in North Africa. ...
Africa is becoming one of the most sensitive and vulnerable regions of the global ecosystem due to its variable climate, complex topography, and diversity of natural ecosystems. In the context of global warming, climate change not only alters the spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation in North Africa, but also affects the spatial distribution of vegetation as well as the structure and function of ecosystems, causing changes in the North African ecosystem and inducing a series of food security problems. In this regard, this paper analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution of climate change, climate production potential (CPP), and influencing factors in Africa based on meteorological data for 1901–2019, using the Thornthwaite Memorial model, Mann–Kendall mutation test, and Pearson correlation model. The results indicated that from 1901 to 2019, the CPP in North Africa decreased by 4.9%, while the region’s precipitation experienced a decline of 5.2%. The phased trend in CPP was consistent with the change in precipitation. Temperature and precipitation were the main limiting factors for CPP in North Africa, with precipitation being more limiting. In general, North Africa’s CPP was more sensitive to precipitation, and a continued ‘warm and dry’ climate in the future could lead to an increasing downward trend.
Regenerative Agriculture is a sustainable way of cultivating land by practicing principles such as—using soil cover or mulching, enabling multi-cropping instead of mono-cropping, integrating cattle, no tilling of land, and maintaining living roots. These principles are coupled with agricultural practices like water harvesting, non-usage of synthetic chemicals, and crop rotation. This results in taking care of soil health and improving groundwater quality. Due to regenerative agriculture’s ecological and health benefits, many food producers are committing to this methodology. However, the regenerative agriculture compliance assessment, which requires in-person farm visits to conduct stringent observations and audits, is costly. This increased input cost for farmers leads to an increase in the market price of regenerative agriculture-certified products. To identify potential solutions for this challenge, we first review research studies that demonstrate the applicability of AI-based remote sensing technologies in agricultural applications. We then map these studies to the problem of regenerative agriculture assessment. A technical framework is proposed to build a system for regenerative agriculture assessment using remote sensing and AI-based models. Specifically, this framework covers techniques to assess the five principles of regenerative agriculture and water conservation practice. The approaches presented here can help compliance agencies carry out assessments with reduced overhead, resulting in an overall increase in the adoption of regenerative agriculture. This will result in improving biodiversity, reducing soil erosion, improving water quality, conserving water, and reducing pest attacks.
This chapter explores the rich tapestry of sustainability practices, tracing their origins and evolution through historical contexts. It begins by exploring ancient practices of sustainable living, where communities across the globe, from the terraced farming of the Incas to the water conservation techniques of ancient Middle Eastern civilizations, inherently understood the importance of living in harmony with nature. As the narrative progresses, this chapter examines the Industrial Revolution’s profound impact on sustainability, highlighting how rapid industrialization and urbanization posed new challenges to environmental preservation and social equity. The discussion then transitions to the pivotal moments of the twentieth century, including the publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring and the first Earth Day, which marked a growing awareness and activism around environmental issues. This sets the stage for examining the contemporary framework of sustainability that emerged in response, focusing on integrating ecological, economic, and social dimensions to achieve a balanced and sustainable future. Through this exploration, this chapter underscores the importance of learning from historical practices and mistakes to inform current sustainability efforts. It concludes by reflecting on the role of technological advancements, policymaking, and community engagement in shaping the future of sustainability practices. This historical perspective enriches our understanding of how sustainability practices have evolved. It highlights the importance of integrating these practices into our daily lives and policies to ensure a resilient and sustainable world for future generations.
Bu çalışma küreselleşme sürecinde güvenliğin değişmesi ve derinleşmesiyle birlikte ulusal güvenlik açısından önem arz eden tarım gıda güvencesi ve güvenliği konusunu gıda rejimleri teorisi ışığında insan kaynaklı riskler ve biyo politik bir araç olarak tarım-gıda olmak üzere iki ayrı boyutta ortaya koymaktadır. 1980’lerden sonra küreselleşmeyle birlikte tarımsal alanda yaşanan dönüşüm tarım gıda arz güvencesi ve güvenliği konusunda riskler oluşturmuştur. Bunlardan bir tanesi kendi kendine yeterli olan ülkelerin bu süreç içerisinde tarım ve gıda konusunda dışa bağımlı hale gelmeleridir. İkincisi ise çok uluslu şirketlerin tekelinde üretilen ve pazara sunulan tarım ve gıda ürünleri güvenli gıda açısından riskler barındırmasıdır. Bu çalışmada her iki boyut tarihsel ve sosyolojik açıdan gıda rejimleri teorisi ışığında incelenmektedir.
Climate change is impacting global rainfall patterns, subsequently affecting food security worldwide. This study aims to analyse long-term rainfall trends at finer spatial resolutions to understand the effects of changing rainfall patterns on agriculture and other socioeconomic activities. Point rain-gauge data presents limitations, such as non-uniform geographic coverage, issues of data continuity and availability, and lack of data in remote regions. These challenges make high-resolution spatial trend analysis using point gauge observations difficult. To overcome these limitations, the study utilizes the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) data, which merges remote sensing data (radar and satellite observations) calibrated with rain-gauge datasets. The CHIRPS dataset, available at three temporal scales with a 5-km spatial resolution, is used for trend analysis and drought monitoring. The research evaluates rainfall trends over Haryana and its 77 tehsils (talukas) at seasonal and annual scales from 1981 to 2020. Trend analysis was conducted using the Mann–Kendall Test, Spearman’s coefficient test, and the magnitude of the trends was assessed using Sen’s slope estimate and linear regression. The findings reveal an increasing trend in both annual and monsoonal rainfall across Haryana and its 77 tehsils, except for Naraingarh tehsil in northern Haryana. The western part of Haryana shows a statistically significant increase in annual and monsoon rainfall. Conversely, winter and post-monsoon seasons exhibit a decreasing trend across almost all tehsils, while pre-monsoon rainfall shows a significant rising trend in the southern and southeastern tehsils. The annual and monsoon rainfall patterns have shifted, increasing by 6.26% and 6.68% respectively from the 1981–2010 WMO standard period to 1991–2020. These changing patterns suggest potential impacts on agricultural and economic activity management.
Organic farming emerges as a pivotal strategy for sustainable agriculture, offering an integrative approach that harmonizes agricultural production with ecological preservation. This chapter delves into the principles, approaches, and strategies of organic farming as a sustainable agricultural practice. It highlights the necessity of shifting from conventional to organic farming methods to mitigate adverse environmental impacts, enhance biodiversity, and ensure food security and nutrition. The discussion begins with an exploration of organic farming’s foundational principles, including the prohibition of synthetic inputs, the emphasis on soil health, and the integration of biodiversity. It further examines various organic farming strategies such as crop rotation, green manure, composting, and integrated pest management (IPM), underscoring their roles in building resilient farming systems. Drawing on recent studies and examples from around the globe, the paper analyzes the challenges and opportunities associated with the adoption of organic farming. These include the economic aspects of market demand and premium pricing, the environmental benefits of reduced chemical use, and the social implications of enhancing farmer livelihoods and community health. Furthermore, the chapter discusses policy recommendations and institutional support mechanisms necessary to foster the growth of organic agriculture. It calls for enhanced research and development, farmer training programs, supportive policy frameworks, and market incentives to encourage the transition to organic practices. Concluding, the chapter posits organic farming as a viable and necessary approach for achieving sustainable agriculture. It emphasizes the need for collective efforts from governments, the private sector, civil society, and farmers to fully realize the potential of organic farming in addressing the multifaceted challenges of contemporary agriculture.
Agriculture is the lifeblood of the Indian economy. Agriculture production in India has increased dramatically, albeit with certain adverse effects. Land for agriculture is limited but the population is increasing rapidly, necessitating more food. In order to feed the world's rising population, agricultural intensification must be increased as cropping intensity is an important indication of agricultural production and sustainability, and variations in cropping intensity can have large economic, social and environmental consequences. This study examines the Spatio-temporal patterns of cropping intensity over the last decade and identifies the mechanisms causing these changes using data from government records, Statistical Abstract and field observations. Cropping intensity has grown in some areas of Haryana while dropping in others, according to the findings. The research also demonstrates the impact of factors such as irrigation access and government regulations on cropping intensity. The study has significant significance for Haryana's agricultural development and policy, and also for other regions facing similar challenges.
Agriculture, urbanization, and industrial growth have significantly increased water demand, leading to water pollution, necessitating to protect rivers, wetlands, and ecosystem. Hence, a strategy is needed that aligned with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which includes ensuring safe and affordable drinking water (SDG 6.1), implementing integrated water resources management (SDG 6.5), and protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems (SDG 6.6). This review article introduces the concept of water neutrality (WN), a planning approach for new urban developments aimed at minimizing impacts on water security. The peer-reviewed articles and governmental reports published between 2014 and 2024 provides an overview of the current water situation. It also explores the potential benefits of WN, evaluates existing policies and case studies, and offers actionable recommendations. The study reveals that implementing water-related policies often face challenges, such as political commitment, insufficient funding, and weak monitoring systems, particularly in developing countries. In India, water policies primarily focus on irrigation, drinking water supply, and pollution control. However, these policies struggle due to weak enforcement and conflicting stakeholder interests. The study recommends significant policy reforms and the adoption of new approaches to achieve WN, which promote integrated water resource management, strengthen governance, pricing mechanisms, advanced pollution control technologies, climate-resilient infrastructure, and public awareness, all while aligning with SDG 6. Innovative solutions, such as smart irrigation systems and water recycling programs, offer promising paths to address water scarcity. Additionally, international collaborations can further support these goals. Integrating WN into SDG 6 has the potential to significantly enhance global water security and sustainability.
Sustainable and resilient systems within the food industry play a key role in global growth and development. In recent years, negative effects such as drought caused by climate change, destructive natural disasters, and destruction of biodiversity and natural resource erosion, agricultural migration, aging agricultural population, and global epidemics have deepened the environmental concerns. Apart from the negative effects on the food supply, pressure on the demand side is created by the growing population, which makes it necessary to create a new agrarian policy. Technological development has affected agriculture and agricultural production systems. One of the most prominent approaches is the integration of a new generation of digital technologies into the agricultural system, ensuring maximum benefit from information and data. Digitalization and the use of digital data have fundamentally transformed the agro-food system. The aim of this paper is present in a systematic view the agricultural digital transformation in the Agriculture 4.0, in the framework of sustainable development of agriculture. The aforementioned imposes sustainable agriculture by adequate agricultural policy instruments.
Summary
Agriculture is essential for food security and sustaining the livelihood of the masses. To feed ever-growing population on a sustainable basis, strategic and long-term planning is required. Such planning needs integrated efforts at all levels, which was evident during past agricultural revolutions. Among agricultural revolutions in human history, the most influential one was the Green Revolution of the 1960s. The second prominent agricultural revolution was the White Revolution. It was initiated in India during the 1970s transforming India from a milk importing country to the largest milk producer and one of the top milk exporting nations. The role of milk cooperatives through the use of modern technology and good management skills made India's Operation Flood a great success. Likewise, Brazil also transformed from a net importer of milk products to a net exporter. Pakistani dairy industry has huge potential. Nevertheless, dairy industry needs modernization and integration. Although several public and private initiatives in Pakistan have been started since 2000s to modernize and develop its dairy sector, Pakistan needs to learn from the experience of India and Brazil and accelerate its efforts to bring the White Revolution to full pace. Smallholder farmers should be grouped to form corporates to get market benefits. Vertical integration of activities and processors should be ensured to encourage milk producers to provide the bulk of milk for processing. The government of Pakistan should invest in research and development to promote good packaging of dairy products and their development and marketing. It should also focus on improved and sustainable breed programs. The White Revolution being the second important revolution of agriculture in history can bring development in less developed countries in a true sense by keeping in pace the beauty of environment.
There is a substantial and growing recognition of the hazards of treating the interests of women as being homogenous. A variety of sources focus on diversity in the interests of a woman, ranging from bargaining with patriarchy where she is forced to carry out diverse tasks within the household, to the extension of these negotiations elsewhere in her socio-economic reality. These challenges are accentuated at times of wider social transformation. Responses of women to these challenges are also influenced by their position within the household. This article seeks to gain insights into the complex negotiations between women, households and society in times of socio-economic transformation by exploring the relationship between women’s interests, strategic gender interests and practical gender interests within households that are headed by women. It does so through an empirical examination of the linkages between these interests of women across four different patterns of transformation in 21st-century rural India.
Land use is a synthesis of physical, chemical, and biological systems and processes on the one hand and human/societal processes and behaviour on the other. The monitoring of such systems includes the diagnosis and prognosis of land use changes in a holistic manner at various levels. Land use change may be examined by considering conversion of forest to crop and rangeland; losses of productive land through various factors; conversion of wetlands to agriculture and urban use: and conversion of other types of land to various human uses. The per capita availability of land in India decreased from 0.9 ha in 1951 to 0.5 ha in 1980-81. The situation of cultivated land is even more critical. The per capita availability of such land has declined from 0.48 ha in 1951 to 0.20 ha in 1981. This is likely to decrease further to 0.15 ha by 2000 AD. About 85 million ha of agricultural land and 37 million ha of forest lands are degraded to varying degrees out of the total land of 143 million ha and 67 million ha respectively (NLUCB, 1988). In recent years, various sustainable land use initiatives are being taken at national and global level under the Tropical Forestry Action Plan, World Food Programme, and UNCED-initiated a Forest Principles and Agenda 21. The Government of India initiated an agroforestry programme as ah integrated sustainable land use management system. On 2 June 1992, it announced the National Conservation Plan in order to tackle such multidimensional problems facing the nation today. Agriculture has undergone drastic changes from the mid-1960s through the introduction and application of various newly developed techniques in agrosciences such as crop and water management practices. Emphasis has been given to the integrated systems approach in crop production. It is essential to plan and implement rational policies to minimize the regional imbalances of agricultural production. The present growth in crop production has to be sustained considering ecological and economic factors. The existing as well as emerging frontiers must be examined to enhance agricultural growth on a sustainable basis. The understanding of agroclimatic relationship through crop-weather conditions, soil fertility, water use efficiency, rain water management, and appropriate cropping patterns based on regional resource potential must be emphasized. Moreover, agroforestry, integrated crop management, biotechnology, and use of renewable energy must be emphasized for use in environmentally harmonious agriculture. Training of farmers has to be adapted to the changing technological environment.
Soils of India and Their Management. The Fertiliser Association of India
- T M Alexander
Alexander, T.M., 1985. Soils of India and Their Management. The Fertiliser Association of India, New Delhi.
Land use, conservation, management and development of land resources of Punjab
- J S Gill
Gill, J.S., 1992. Land use, conservation, management and deve-lopment of land resources of Punjab. In: Report of Department of Soil Conservation and Engineering, Chandigarh, Punjab.
A Handbook on the Manage-ment of Agroforestry Research. Winrock Institute, New Delhi. Government of Punjab Report of Department of Soil Conservation and Engineering
- J C Gordon
- W R Bentley
Gordon, J.C., Bentley, W.R., 1990. A Handbook on the Manage-ment of Agroforestry Research. Winrock Institute, New Delhi. Government of Punjab, 1992. Report of Department of Soil Conservation and Engineering, Chandigarh, Punjab,. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 1998. Decline in Crop Productivity in Haryana and Punjab: Myth or Reality, New Delhi.
Land use and land cover changes in the Indus plains of Punjab in the post Green Revolution period 1965-1995
- R Kumar
- N S Pasricha
Kumar, R., Pasricha, N.S., 1999. Land use and land cover changes in the Indus plains of Punjab in the post Green Revolution period 1965–1995.
Concerns about sustainability of Punjab agriculture on land use, conservation and development of land resources in Punjab
- N S Randhawa
Randhawa, N.S., 1992. Concerns about sustainability of Punjab agriculture on land use, conservation and development of land resources in Punjab. In: Report of Department of Soil Conservation and Engineering, Punjab, Chandigarh. Sharma, B.D., Mukhopadhyay, S.S., 1999. Land cover and land use: Punjab perspectives. In: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Historical Perspectives of Land-use Land-cover Change in South Asia for the Study of Global Change, April 11–13, 1999. NPL, New Delhi.
Impact of agriculture and land use/cover change on soil and water resources and ecosystem sustainability: a case study of Punjab
- R B Singh
Singh, R.B., 1997. Impact of agriculture and land use/cover change on soil and water resources and ecosystem sustainability: a case study of Punjab. In: Epps, R. (Ed.), Sustainability of Rural System in the Context of Global Change. University of New England, Armidale.
Understanding high mountain land use towards sustainable environmental management in Jammu and Kashmir
- R B Singh
Singh, R.B., 1998. Understanding high mountain land use towards sustainable environmental management in Jammu and Kashmir.
A Handbook on the Management of Agroforestry Research
- J C Gordon
- W R Bentley
Land cover and land use: Punjab perspectives
- B D Sharma
- S S Mukhopadhyay