No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Sectoral Systems Of Innovation And Production
Abstract
The concept sectoral system of innovation and production provides a multidimensional, integrated and dynamic view of sectors. It is proposed that a sectoral system is a set of products and the set of agents carrying out market and non-market interactions for the creation, production and sale of those products. A sectoral systems has a specific knowledge base, technologies, inputs and demand. Agents are individuals and organizations at various levels of aggregation. They interact through processes of communication, exchange, co-operation, competition and command, and these interactions are shaped by institutions. A sectoral system undergoes change and transformation through the co-evolution of its various elements.
... Building on these ideas, different bodies of research within the field of innovation studies of economic development have explored macro, meso and micro determinants of structural change and diversification. The studies concerned with macro determinants have focused on how existing economic structures and knowledge distances between sectors affect the possibilities of linkages and diversification (Hausmann, Rodrik, and Velasco 2006), whilst micro and meso-level approaches have highlighted the importance of firm-level investments and sectoral policies and institutions (Malerba 2002;Bell and Pavitt 1993). ...
... More inclusive models are likely to be conducive to more just forms of structural change. The next four dimensions are useful for characterizing differences between mainstream and alternative ventures, in terms of the interaction of firms with their mesolevel contexts (see Table 1): (4) industrial organizational models, (5) markets and user relations, (6) policy and institutional support, and (7) knowledge base (Malerba 2002;Klevorick et al. 1995;Lundvall 1985;Cimoli and Porcile 2011). For example, concentrated market structures can be less conducive to different kinds of change since they require more significant, challenging actions for alternatives to prosper, whilst the involvement of users may favour adaptive, socially useful innovations (Lundvall 1985). ...
A dominant perspective within the field of development economics is that structural change away from the industries that developing countries traditionally specialize in, such as agriculture and mining, is necessary to support a broad process of development. In this paper, we ask whether and how structural change within, as well as away from, such industries might help create more economically successful, socially just and environmentally benign trajectories of progress. Combining insights from innovation studies of economic development with ideas from socio-technical transitions studies, we analyse two cases of alternative, potentially transformative agricultural ventures in Argentina. We explore their practices, relative to mainstream ventures, and reflect on their potential to contribute to more sustainable trajectories of change within and out of the mainstream agricultural sector, and the ways in which they can be supported to do so.
... Instead, it focuses on learning, novelty creation, sophistication and diffusion of knowledge (Marshall, 1920) (Metcalf, 1995) (Nelson, 2005) (McKelvey, 2005). It has provided fundamental foundations for developing science, technology and innovation (STI) and industrial policies in recent decades (UNIDO, 2005) (Malerba, 2002). ...
... National Innovation Systems focus on national capabilities, usually regardless of technology or sectors (Nelson, 1993). Sectoral Innovation Systems focus on industrial sectors, that is, on a set of established or new products for specific uses (Malerba, 2002). There are not geographically restricted and are often international in scope. ...
Despite past failures related to industrial policy, most Latin American countries see the regional perspective as a viable alternative for innovation policy. This paper explores how regional innovation policy is implemented in some regions of Lain America. The case study considers 14 regions located in 4 countries: Argentina, Colombia, Chile and Peru. The study analyzes the perceptions of experts about the policy instruments implemented in each region and the regional capacity to implement their own initiatives. The results show that different types of instruments are implemented; however, the capacity to implement regional policies differs among them, and the policy at national level could affect it. It is concluded that the regional innovation policy needs the political empowerment of local territories and the management of geographical and non-geographical aspects. Likewise, the technological aspect could be key when local territories have low political empowerment.
... Regarding these aspects, Nelson and Winter (2002) state that the study of sectoral processes of Schumpeterian competition, the empirical study of specific innovative sectors, and looking for the intersectoral connections to understand growth, is necessary but not sufficient. Here we find (as the necessary complementary piece) one of the most significant insights of the golden decades, one that had been already explored by Chris Freeman and colleagues, but that becomes very much improved and generalized during this period: we refer to the observed coevolution of institutions, firms, technologies and market mechanisms, interlaced in complex multi-agent dynamic networks, that shape the so-called national (and even sectoral) systems of innovation (Lundvall 1992, Nelson 1993, Malerba 2002. The concept of system of innovation has been playing a central role since the 1990s in evolutionary economics, and it has proved useful to understand: the sources of industrial leadership in high-tech sectors (Mowery and Nelson 1999, Malerba 2002, Murmann 2003, Fatas-Villafranca et al. 2008, Almudi et al. 2012; the global processes of economic development understood as global learning processes (Verspagen 1991, Malerba and Nelson 2013, Almudi and Fatas-Villafranca 2018, 2021; the role of the State in evolutionary economic theory (Dosi 1995, Mazzucato 2013; and the evolutionary foundations of economic geography (Boschma and Martin 2010). ...
... Here we find (as the necessary complementary piece) one of the most significant insights of the golden decades, one that had been already explored by Chris Freeman and colleagues, but that becomes very much improved and generalized during this period: we refer to the observed coevolution of institutions, firms, technologies and market mechanisms, interlaced in complex multi-agent dynamic networks, that shape the so-called national (and even sectoral) systems of innovation (Lundvall 1992, Nelson 1993, Malerba 2002. The concept of system of innovation has been playing a central role since the 1990s in evolutionary economics, and it has proved useful to understand: the sources of industrial leadership in high-tech sectors (Mowery and Nelson 1999, Malerba 2002, Murmann 2003, Fatas-Villafranca et al. 2008, Almudi et al. 2012; the global processes of economic development understood as global learning processes (Verspagen 1991, Malerba and Nelson 2013, Almudi and Fatas-Villafranca 2018, 2021; the role of the State in evolutionary economic theory (Dosi 1995, Mazzucato 2013; and the evolutionary foundations of economic geography (Boschma and Martin 2010). There is nothing in mainstream microeconomics or macroeconomics that may accommodate the analysis of these techno-institutional, corporate and market networks [nothing, from recent developments in Game Theory as in Fudenberg and Tirole (2000), or in advanced GET (Balasko 2016), to the recursive macroeconomic theory with Bellman equations and stochastic dynamic programing in Ljungqvist and Sargent (2018) or Miao (2022)]. ...
... Regarding these aspects, Nelson and Winter (2002) state that the study of sectoral processes of Schumpeterian competition, the empirical study of specific innovative sectors, and looking for the intersectoral connections to understand growth, is necessary but not sufficient. Here we find (as the necessary complementary piece) one of the most significant insights of the golden decades, one that had been already explored by Chris Freeman and colleagues, but that becomes very much improved and generalized during this period: we refer to the observed coevolution of institutions, firms, technologies and market mechanisms, interlaced in complex multi-agent dynamic networks, that shape the so-called national (and even sectoral) systems of innovation (Lundvall 1992, Nelson 1993, Malerba 2002. The concept of system of innovation has been playing a central role since the 1990s in evolutionary economics, and it has proved useful to understand: the sources of industrial leadership in high-tech sectors (Mowery and Nelson 1999, Malerba 2002, Murmann 2003, Fatas-Villafranca et al. 2008, Almudi et al. 2012; the global processes of economic development understood as global learning processes (Verspagen 1991, Malerba and Nelson 2013, Almudi and Fatas-Villafranca 2018, 2021; the role of the State in evolutionary economic theory (Dosi 1995, Mazzucato 2013; and the evolutionary foundations of economic geography (Boschma and Martin 2010). ...
... Here we find (as the necessary complementary piece) one of the most significant insights of the golden decades, one that had been already explored by Chris Freeman and colleagues, but that becomes very much improved and generalized during this period: we refer to the observed coevolution of institutions, firms, technologies and market mechanisms, interlaced in complex multi-agent dynamic networks, that shape the so-called national (and even sectoral) systems of innovation (Lundvall 1992, Nelson 1993, Malerba 2002. The concept of system of innovation has been playing a central role since the 1990s in evolutionary economics, and it has proved useful to understand: the sources of industrial leadership in high-tech sectors (Mowery and Nelson 1999, Malerba 2002, Murmann 2003, Fatas-Villafranca et al. 2008, Almudi et al. 2012; the global processes of economic development understood as global learning processes (Verspagen 1991, Malerba and Nelson 2013, Almudi and Fatas-Villafranca 2018, 2021; the role of the State in evolutionary economic theory (Dosi 1995, Mazzucato 2013; and the evolutionary foundations of economic geography (Boschma and Martin 2010). There is nothing in mainstream microeconomics or macroeconomics that may accommodate the analysis of these techno-institutional, corporate and market networks [nothing, from recent developments in Game Theory as in Fudenberg and Tirole (2000), or in advanced GET (Balasko 2016), to the recursive macroeconomic theory with Bellman equations and stochastic dynamic programing in Ljungqvist and Sargent (2018) or Miao (2022)]. ...
This is an analysis of the wide theoretical context and consequential work of Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter. We assume as a norm for this chapter that we must do an embryological analysis of their texts, and those of contemporary thinkers. We begin by disentangling the avalanche of new ideas in the early individual works of Nelson and Winter. This flow of frames and concepts evolving, and the torrent of new questions that they pose, become interlaced and crystalize during their joint contributions in the 1970s and 1980s. In these decades we can distill the essence and critical development of Nelson and Winter in dialectic opposition with 20 th Century standard economics. The advances achieved during the 1990s and 2000s, with new protagonists coming to the front, lead us to the frontier of evolutionary economics. Then, the sudden irruption of the recession in 2008, and the sequence of shocks that have transmuted the global economy during the last decade, have unchained crucial innovations in evolutionary economics that expand the field far beyond the consolidated "beachhead".
... The sectoral innovation system concepts are applied in different sectors as it can help to understand and explain differential innovation dynamics across sectors in terms of the knowledge base, the actors involved in innovation, the links and relationships among actors, and the relevant institutions that shape interaction (Malerba, 2002). In the case of the rice sector in Thailand, the study by Thitinunsomboon et al. (2008) also applies the sectoral innovation system concept to the rice sector in Thailand to understand the emergence of innovative technologies on rice, exploring interactions and activities within the rice sector that support the technologies. ...
... A sectoral system of innovation concept of Malerba (2002) is defined as a set of new and established products for specific uses and the set of agents carrying out market and non-market interactions for the creation, production and sale of those products. ...
... All of the indicators used to perform our statistical analysis are listed in Table 1, which provides further details of each of the variables employed. By adopting these variables, we were able to capture the degree of innovativeness, structural preconditions (industrial structure) and multi-scalar knowledge flows (collaboration with regional, national and international partners), as suggested by EEG (Martin and Sunley 2006;Boschma and Iammarino 2009;Neffke, Henning, and Boschma 2011), RIS (Asheim and Coenen 2005;Nilsen and Karlstad 2016;Schulze-Krogh and Calignano 2020) and SIS (Malerba 2002;Nilsen and Njøs 2022), when studying regional development. Similarly, critical elements, such as institutional support, human capital, geographical centrality and urbanization were taken into account in order to provide a comprehensive, detailed and multifaceted taxonomy of the Norwegian situation. ...
... The regions that are dominated by highly innovative firms and sectors seem also to be characterized by dense networks, and this is an aspect that is consistent with the SIS approach (Malerba 2002(Malerba , 2005Nilsen and Njøs 2022). The industrial structure in the regions, their technology paths, and how the knowledge flows are structured within sectors have been of less interest to the conventional explanations from the EEG and RIS approaches, according to which territorial characteristics (e.g. ...
Increasing attention is being paid towards the influence of regional contexts on innovation activities within regional development studies. Some of the literature in economic geography tends to consider the various peripheral areas as being homogenous and partly characterized by their remote location, weak innovation inputs and lack of knowledge exchange. This paper questions this approach by examining the role of innovation activities in peripheral regions. We offer a detailed and multifaceted taxonomy of the Norwegian economic regions. From an empirical viewpoint, the adoption of cluster analysis and a broad set of innovation, economic and territorial indicators allowed us to provide a nuanced picture of the current fabric of Norwegian innovation and economic-production. With the benefit of insights from relevant strands of literature (e.g. regional development, innovation systems and multi-scalar innovation networks), the case of Norway presented in our paper contributes to the scholarly debate on the role of structural preconditions for the innovation of firms in diverse peripheral areas.
... Given the complexity of ICI implementation and the multifaceted nature of the resulting published studies, a guiding conceptual framework is needed to systematically categorize and analyze the studies that have examined the determinants of ICI. We have adopted Malerba's (2002) sectoral system of innovation perspective. The vision of the sectoral system of innovation is inspired by the basic concepts of the evolutionary theory and the innovation system approach, and assumes that innovation is based on knowledge, technology, inputs, and also demand-all of which are specific to each sector. ...
... The first theoretical contribution of our paper concerns the application of the theoretical framework of the Sectoral system of innovation perspective of Malerba (2002) to the creative sector, providing a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on ICI, which contributes to a holistic understanding of the drivers and barriers to ICI. This perspective highlights ICI and its factors that are specific to the cultural sector. ...
The creative industries have attracted the attention of both decision-makers and researchers since the end of the 1990s due to their economic, cultural, and societal potential. The literature on these industries showed the prominent role of innovation within them. Given its importance, innovation in the creative industries (ICI) has been therefore the subject of numerous articles because of its specificities and the complexity of its implementation. Relying on a systematic review of empirical studies published between 1998 and 2021, this article firstly analyzes how innovation is defined in the creative industries. Secondly, it proposes a framework that brings together a large spectrum of factors driving or hampering innovation in these industries. The analysis of the 137 selected articles reveal that ICI is best defined by adopting a holistic view, considering its sources, the industries in which it takes place, and its outcomes. Furthermore, the results show that seven groups of factors were recurrently associated with ICI, namely: financial-related factors, market-related factors, organizational-related factors, individual-related factors, technological-related factors, institutional-related factors, and natural factors. Moreover, ICI is described as the result of a combination of factors, among which artistic creativity is the fundamental element, and its presence is a prerequisite. Therefore, we consider this innovation approach as a creativity innovation mode. These results would help managers and policymakers to better foster innovation in the creative industries. Finally, the theoretical implications and research avenues identified in this study will help researchers to better channel their efforts in studying this phenomenon.
... The role a firm's sector plays in innovation is also the subject of debate in a number of articles. Some suggest that firms in the same sector have similar patterns of innovation activities (Malerba, 2002;Malerba, 2005a;Malerba, 2005b;Pavitt, 1984). However, other empirical studies have shown considerable variation within sectors. ...
Gaining more insights on how R&D&i subsidies are allocated is highly relevant for companies and policymakers. This article provides new evidence of the identification of some key drivers for companies participating in R&D&i project selection processes. It extends the existing literature by providing insight based on sophisticated, accurate methodology. A metaheuristic optimization algorithm is employed to select the most useful variables. Their importance is then ranked using a machine learning process, namely a random forest. A sample of 1252 cases of R&D&i subsidies is used for more than 800 companies based in Spain between 2014 and 2018. The study contributes by providing useful knowledge into how the value of received subsidies are associated with some firm characteristics. The findings allow the implementation of transparent public innovation policies and the reduction of the gap between the aspects that are considered important and those that actually determine the destination of these subsidies.
... Assim, o ponto de partida para a presente análise assenta no reconhecimento de que os sectores se caracterizam pela existência de especificidades na sua base de conhecimentos, tecnologias e processos produtivos, procura, oferta tecnológica, quadro institucional e regulador, que são fortemente moldadas pelo contexto de cada local/região (Malerba 2002). ...
A inovação tecnológica constitui um factor determinante para a competitividade, identificando-se como um fenómeno complexo, interactivo e dinâmico, assente num processo que abrange uma grande diversidade de actores e é fortemente influenciado pelas especificidades sectoriais. Tem sido concedida pouca atenção à inovação tecnológica no contexto particular do sector da construção civil, não obstante a sua conhecida importância na economia. Em resultado de um conjunto de entrevistas a responsáveis por empresas com sede na região do Algarve, identificaram-se os principais factores que do ponto de vista da empresa influenciam a actividade inovadora, tendo sido prestada particular atenção aos padrões de interacção entre empresas, fornecedores, clientes, à identificação das estratégias, ao papel das entidades produtoras de investigação, à influência da formação e à relevância do sistema financeiro e do quadro regulador.
... The study of innovation system developed through the scale of national, regional and sectoral. National approach refers to the results of research Freeman (1995), Lundvall (1992) and Nelson (1993), Jang (2005); Clusters/Sectoral approach was developed by scholars such as Breschi and Malerba (1997), Malerba (2002), Geel (2004), Malerba (2004) and Sub-National/Regional approach popularized by Cooke (1998) ...
... O reconhecimento do papel das instituições na criação e difusão de conhecimento é um dos pilares do conceito de sistemas de inovação, cujos pressupostos são que a inovação é o motor da mudança no capitalismo e, portanto, os processos de aprendizado e as interações que geram inovações devem ser o foco da análise (LA ROVERE et al., 2020). Os autores evolucionários propuseram primeiramente o conceito de sistema nacional de inovação (FREEMAN, 1987;LUNDVALL, 1985) e, posteriormente, os conceitos de sistemas regionais de inovação (COOKE; GOMEZ URANGA; ETXEBARRIA, 1997), sistemas locais de inovação (CASSIOLATO; LASTRES, 2000) e sistemas setoriais de inovação (MALERBA, 2002). ...
Os estudos sobre a geração e a difusão de conhecimento nas firmas vêm ganhando importância à medida que a inovação se tornou estratégica para a competividade das firmas. Duas vertentes teóricas, ligadas a diferentes campos de conhecimento, se destacam nesta discussão: a economia evolucionária e a geografia econômica evolucionária. Esta última, porém, é um campo emergente de pesquisa no Brasil. O objetivo deste artigo é, em primeiro lugar, discutir as complementaridades entre a economia evolucionária e a geografia econômica evolucionária, a partir de suas contribuições para os estudos sobre conhecimento. A partir desta discussão, será apresentada uma agenda de pesquisa para os estudos brasileiros sobre a geração e difusão de conhecimento nas firmas sob uma perspectiva evolucionária que leve em consideração os elementos do território.
... Innovation intermediaries focus on organizations that are generally ignored by traditional studies of national (Lundvall, 1992;Nelson, 1993), regional (Cooke et al., 2004), or sectorbased (Malerba, 2002) innovation systems and statistical institutes (Godin, 2005;Siegel, 2003). The study of innovation intermediaries can help develop useful theory given the lack of research on innovation intermediaries, which partly explains the fragmented nature of the scientific literature (Howells, 2006;Phan, Siegel & Wright, 2005). ...
Countries adopt different policies and strategies to boost regional growth and competitiveness. R&D is one of the most important drivers of national competitiveness because of its ability to generate knowledge and convert that knowledge into useful information to improve people’s lives and maintain economic prosperity. Innovation emerges within innovation systems. Such systems encourage collaboration among institutional and economic agents. One of the main groups of agents that foster such collaboration consists of innovation intermediaries. Technology centers (TCs) are a prime example of such intermediaries, which exert a positive impact on the business sector. Given the numerous factors influencing TC efficiency, this paper studies the key variables associated with this efficiency, providing a ranking of these variables based on the views of innovation system experts. To evaluate these variables, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used. Of the six areas identified as essential for TC activity, the impact of TCs and the types of actions they undertake are the most important aspects for improving TC and business efficiency, as well as regional competitiveness. This study highlights the role of TCs in helping companies respond to challenges with innovative solutions that foster a strong, competitive, and innovative regional business sector.
... The rationale behind this concept is that, for innovation and technological progress to happen, firms must interact with other firms and with organizations including universities, research centres, government bureaus, and financial institutions, among others. Innovation is not an isolated activity but a collective process, a system of innovation (Malerba, 2002;Lundvall, 2016). ...
Wages and productivity represent two of the most relevant v ariables to consider in economic development. Given the low productivity lev els that emerging countries rev eal, the accumulation of productive capabilities and a narrower dispersion across sectors would enable emerging countries to overcome the middle-income trap. Y et, this positiv e trend in productivity should translate into higher wages. Thus, we pose the following questions applied to a middle-income trapped country: is there a link between labour productivity and wages in the Argentine manufacturing sector? Does it differ across techno-productive classes or wage lev els? Which factors affect this nex us, considering premature deindustrialisation? Using a firm-lev el dataset from 201 0 to 201 6, we perform quantile regression estimates to ev aluate the link between productivity and wages across the conditional wage distribution among manufacturing firms. Based on a structural analysis, we identify the differences in these elasticities at 2-ISIC code levels and across Pavitt taxonomies. Our results confirm a positive , but ex tremely low, pass-through between productivity and wages in the Argentinian manufacturing firms, different across sectors according to their techno-productive capabilities, robust under different empirical strategies. JEL Codes: J31 , D24, L6, O1 4, C21 .
... Понатаму, според мислењето на група автори, предводени од Фриман и Малерба, секоја држава има национален иновациски систем, но некои се ефикасни, а други се помалку ефикасни, што во прв ред е детерминирано од степенот на нивната развиеност (Freeman 1987;Malerba 2000). ...
Книгата со наслов Национален иновациски систем на Република
Северна Македонија (Посебен осврт на иновативноста на македонскиот
бизнис-сектор) има цел да овозможи преку опсежна и научно заснована
анализа утврдување на состојбите во македонскиот национален иновациски
систем, идентификување на клучните детерминанти и предизвици со кои
се соочува националниот иновациски систем, утврдување на достигнатиот
степен на иновативност на македонските претпријатија, практиката на
конципирање и спроведување на политиките за подигање на иновативноста
на македонскиот бизнис-сектор и, врз таа основа, креирање препораки и
мерки за зајакнување на националниот иновациски систем и поттикнување
на иновативноста на националната економија.
Книгата, која претставува актуализирана и проширена верзија на док�торската дисертација на авторката, на тема Креирање политики за унапре�дување на иновациската способност на македонскиот бизнис-сектор, концептуално е структурирана во седум глави, обработени според следниов
редослед:
Глава 1. Третман на иновациите, претприемништвото и национал�ните иновациски системи во современата економска мисла;
Глава 2. Методолошка рамка на истражувањето;
Глава 3. Анализа на одделните сегменти на македонскиот нацио�нален иновациски систем;
Глава 4. Иновациската активност на македонскиот бизнис-сектор;
Глава 5. Актуелни политики за поттикнување на иновативноста
на македонскиот бизнис-сектор – слаби и силни страни;
Глава 6. Детерминанти на македонскиот национален иновациски
систем и
Глава 7. Кризата предизвикана од пандемијата на ковид-19 и улогата
на националните иновациски системи за излез од новонастанатата
состојба.
... (Hekkert et al, 2007) . منطقه نوآوری نظام بعدها، ای (Cooke et al, 1997) بخشی نوآوری نظام ، (Malerba, 2002) ، فناورانه نوآوری نظام (Bergek et al, 2008a) (Carlsson & Stankiewicz, 1991) . (Hekkert et al, 2007) . ...
It is necessary to adopt appropriate policies for the development of renewable energy sources, including concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies to achieve the desired goals. The technological innovation system (TIS) approach is one of the most widely used approaches to technology development analysis, and it provides policymakers with appropriate tools for future planning. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to identify barriers of the CSP TIS system in Iran; This article is practical in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of method. The statistical population is experts with experience in the field of solar energy. The sample includes 16 experts who have been selected by the snowball technique. The data collection tools are semi-structured interviews and secondary data. The data analysis method is through deductive content analysis and coding according to the framework of the TIS. The temporal territory of research is from 2000 to 2021. According to the findings, there are 22 barriers corresponding to the functions of TIS in the field of CSP, which require policy interventions. These barriers include insufficient financial support, R&D incentives, and infrastructure for CSP development. The findings of this study can help policy-makers and scholars formulate and implement more appropriate policies by recognizing the barriers of CSP TIS in Iran. At the end of the article, policy recommendations are provided for each barrier.
... Our study also documented that the role of some factors may change over time. Thus, it is advised that the responsible managers and heads of R&D units are aware of this, and when making strategic decisions, they should update the most recent available data related to their market and business (Malerba, 2002;Hernández-Espallardo and Delgado-Ballester, 2009;Neirotti and Pesce, 2019;Rahmnia and Molavi, 2021). ...
This paper studies the determinants of innovation activities in Central European economies at the firm, sectoral, country and international levels. It focuses on innovation activities in four countries, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, and Slovakia. Our dataset includes data from the three waves (2010, 2012, 2014) of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS), in a total of 58,880 observations, which we combined with 2-digit NACE rev. 2 sectoral variables (Herfindahl index, average values of age, profits, intangible assets, shares of large and medium-sized enterprises). These variables were calculated from 910,731 observations originating from the Amadeus database. We used the Heckman and Bivariate Probit estimation procedures to observe the dynamics of new-to-the-market product and process innovation over time and at different levels of the innovation ecosystem. We focused on sectoral variables and found that determinants of innovation activity differed substantially. Our analysis documented the fluctuation of sectoral variables over time, which aligns with evolutionary theories. At the international level, the results suggest a disequilibrium effect of some sectoral variables over time. National innovation systems differ, and individual coefficients are hardly comparable without an innovation input-output context. We provided several recommendations for future research, such as the issue of non-linearity in some identified determinants (e.g., Herfindahl index).
... In this line, the 'technological innovation systems' is an attempt to marry innovation systems with the MLP (Markard and Truffer, 2008). This group of generic systems approaches are distinct from other technical change and technology diffusion systems approaches, such as the 'sectoral systems of innovation' (Malerba, 2002), which focus on economic variables and are more suitable for the study of homogeneous technologies and systems with well-defined boundaries, e.g. the water industry (Abritta Moro et al., 2018). ...
This study aims to show how activity theory in the socio-technical systems paradigm can assist in understanding and managing system innovation. We conceptualize socio-technical systems to address societal needs as activity systems and system innovations as transformations of such systems. Transformations result from resolving contradictions that develop due to technical and social change within and between the activities carried out by various agencies to fulfill societal needs. Along this line, the explanation of system innovations focuses on identifying emerging contradictions, resolution initiatives, and their outcomes, whereas the governance of system innovations can be carried out by interactively developing policies through successive interventions to resolve contradictions. We demonstrate the employment of activity theory to understand the transformation of the recorded music socio-technical system towards streaming, as well as to facilitate the management of the transition of the olive oil-producing sector at the regional level towards a circular economy through the adoption of innovative waste-processing technology.
... La innovación en medicina es un fenómeno colectivo y puede ser vista como un proceso emergente y no determinista generado a partir de interacciones complejas a través de bases de conocimiento heterogéneas (Nelson 2003;Metcalfe et al. 2005;Consoli & Mina, 2008;Cassiolato y Soares, 2015;Consoli et al., 2015;Gelijns y Rosenberg, 1994;OMS, 2012). Estas características nos llevan a adoptar un enfoque sistémico que toma como base a los enfoques de Sistemas de Innovación en Salud (Gelijns y Rosenberg, 1994;Consoli & Mina, 2008;Cassiolato y Soares, 2015) y de Sistemas Sectoriales de Innovación (SSI) (Malerba, 2002). En particular, este último es complementario al concepto de Régimen Tecnológico (RT) (Malerba y Orsenigo, 1997;Breschi y Malerba, 1997), desde el que se considera a la Base de Conocimiento (BC) como un elemento fundamental a tener en cuenta para la caracterización de un sector en términos cognitivos, innovativos, estructurales y competitivos. ...
Este libro constituye una contribución insoslayable para sumergirse
en algunos de los debates actuales del campo de los estudios urbanos
y regionales. Nacido de la realización de las Primeras Jornadas
del Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales (CEUR-CONICET) que
se realizaron en conmemoración de su 60 Aniversario, compila un
conjunto de contribuciones que permiten no solo reflexionar sobre
el campo y su agenda de trabajo en tanto un objeto de reflexión en
sí mismo, sino también introducir a los interrogantes que históricamente
lo conformaron. Estructuradas a partir de distintos ejes
de trabajo, las contribuciones recopiladas analizan tanto diferentes
procesos de urbanización contemporáneos como distintos procesos
de cambio tecno-productivo a partir de sus implicancias en los
territorios en los que tienen lugar. Asimismo, en todas ellas está
presente el rol que ocupan el Estado y el mercado en los procesos
de construcción de la espacialidad en América Latina. ¿Cuál es el
modo en que los paradigmas tecno-económicos dominantes determinan
nuevas configuraciones territoriales en América Latina? ¿De
qué manera dichas configuraciones se ven transformadas a partir
de las diversas formas en que la acción estatal o del mercado se
hacen presentes? Éstas son algunas de las preguntas que pueden
encontrarse a lo largo de la lectura de este libro. Se trata de un conjunto
de reflexiones sobre procesos de estructuración del espacio
en las que ineludiblemente están presentes las tensiones entre los
diversos actores en conflicto.
... The search was conducted in the CAPES Periodical Database between April 8, September 25, 2021. For the interpretation of the material collected, the approach of sectoral innovation system was adopted, which can be defined as a network of agents that interact in a specific technological fieldin this case, the health sectorhas a particular institutional infrastructure with the objective of generating, disseminating, and using technology (MALERBA, 2002). Specifically in health, there is a great proximity between the agents who produce science and technology. ...
The current context of medical activity demands from obstetricians a broad understanding of the scientific and technological advances. The objective of this article is to reveal the historical evolution of medical practices and technology in a particular field of health, namely the health of the fetus and the medical practices of its follow-up, in the face of the enormous technological advances that have occurred in the supply of cross-cutting technologies with potential use in this particular field. The methodology used was a non-systematic bibliographic review carried out in scientific journals in the medical field, and for the interpretation of the material collected, the approach of sectoral innovation system was adopted, which can be defined as a network of agents that interact in a specific technological field. The main results of the research show that over the centuries, with the advancement of technology, new equipment has been proposed to eliminate the limitations of interobserver interpretation, thus allowing new multicenter randomized studies. Furthermore, it has become clear that the health crisis caused by the Coronavirus limited, broke, and disrupted face-to-face care in all medical fields and served as a springboard for accelerating the use of electronic systems and artificial intelligence in medical care. And finally, it can be observed that the process of technological diffusion encounters several tensions between those who defend remote prenatal care and those who have aversion or distrust towards modernization, excessive medical conservatism, lack of regulation on the subject, and ethical issues that limit its advances.
... A number of studies have shown marked, similar and persistent differences among sectors in the sources and directions of technological change (Pavitt, 1984;Malerba, 2002). They can be summarised as follows: ...
Incremental innovation has become the norm as the influence of business and management disciplines and functions have come to dominate research and practice—for example, standard processes for product development, design-thinking to improve existing user practices and superficial business model variations. Such incremental approaches to managing innovation have merit, and can result in significant cumulative changes over time. However, the way in which such incremental innovation is resourced, organised and managed is fundamentally different to that for radical innovation, which is critical to address more significant commercial and social challenges. The cases of new product development (NPD) and business model innovation (BMI) are examined to identify the challenges researchers and managers face. We argue that to acquire a deeper understanding of how radical innovation works, more ambitious cross-disciplinary research is needed, rather than the current direction of travel in the literature towards single discipline studies and standard processes that apply primarily to incremental commercial innovations.
... However, our knowledge of the multiscalarity of restructuring is still limited (Trippl et al. 2020). For instance, while the effects of multiscalar phenomena on the RIS have been studied, there has not been a lot of emphasis on how the sectoral system of innovation (SSI) (Malerba 2002) is affected, and how it in turn affects agency. ...
Bioclusters' promise of helping achieving sustainable bioeconomies has invoked great interest among policymakers and academia. However, bioclusters are not intrinsically sustainable. If they are to fulfil their promise, bioclusters must undergo green-restructuring. While cluster-research has elaborated on green regional development, we need more clarity on how clusters transition to normatively desired states; we need more evidence of how green-restructuring unfolds. In this study, we conduct a longitudinal analysis to demonstrate how a biocluster green-restructures through the interactions of agency, regional and industrial structures, and phenomena at (supra-)national levels. To execute this analysis, we created a novel cluster-evolution framework that treats clusters, and the regional innovation system and sectoral systems of innovation that contain the cluster, as complex adaptive systems. We applied this framework to study the greening of the Basque pulp-and paper-biocluster, over four phases between 1986 and 2019. Our analysis helped us discover patterns of agency, structural dynamics, and of agency-structure interactions and how supra-regional phenomena shaped structures and agency over the four phases. Based on our findings, we recommend policymakers encourage not only green-tech entrepreneurs, but also institutional-entrepreneurs and place-leaders who can help shape both (supra-)regional and industrial structures.
... The institutionalisation of new advisory practices at farm level could lead to gradual and invisible changes in the structure and functioning of AKIS at meso-and macro-levels. This is also consistent with research in other sectors, that emphasise the need to zoom in at the micro scale to understand the dynamics of innovation system (Malerba 2002). Hence, there is a need for innovative research methodologies (e.g. ...
... It is usual for companies with production capability to offer products and services with relatively higher quality to their competitors at a higher price and thus have a good place in the market share (Andreoni, 2013). A company that acts with the logic of effective production system and low-cost resource transition achieves the success of making standard products at relatively lower costs than its competitors (Malerba, 2002). With this variable, it is measured by its capability to offer lower prices than its competitors, to produce products at a lower cost than its competitors and to increase capacity. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of production capabilities, competition intensity and marketing and sales capabilities on the export and production performances of textile companies engaged in export-oriented production return to normal life from the pandemic.
Design/methodology/approach
Within the scope of the research, a sample of 683 white-collar expert participants was taken and a scale consisting of 29 statements in total was presented to them. The structural equation modeling (SEM) model was analyzed with the study SmartPLS. At the first stage, the relations between the scale expressions and the variables were given with factor loads and weights, validity/reliability analyzes were made for the model, and finally, the research model was tested.
Findings
As a result of the analysis in the research, it can be explained that the production capabilities and marketing and sales capabilities are important for the performance of the companies, at the same time the intensity of competition keeps the companies in a dynamic structure and the intensity of competition is also important for the companies to develop themselves.
Research limitations/implications
Considering the limitations of the research, data were collected from white-collar employees working in export-oriented textile companies in Istanbul. Because in order to answer the questions about the variables representing the research model, expert and authorized employees were required.
Practical implications
It can be explained that the performance of companies in the production sector is positively affected if they discover opportunities in risky environments so that they can gain an advantageous position over their competitors in an intense competitive environment. Because it can be assumed as a result of the analysis that textile companies want to evaluate the opportunities in the competitive environment by using their production, marketing and sales abilities during the pandemic process.
Originality/value
The research is unique in that it sets an example for future studies by examining the effects of production capabilities, competitive intensity and marketing and sales capabilities, which are likely to affect the performance of textile companies in the return of normal life from pandemic conditions.
... This initial concept evolved to give form to the National Innovation Systems, which aggregated actors responsible for innovation, their activities, and interactions from a national perspective, favorable to the dissemination of localized knowledge and to the promotion of relationships based on the geographical and cultural proximity between the institutions (Lundvall, 1988(Lundvall, , 1992Nelson, 1993). However, given the inability of capturing the full interactions among such actors, other innovation systems with different degrees of aggregation have been introduced, such as: -Regional innovation systems (Asheim and Gertler, 2006;Braczyk et al., 1998;Cooke et al., 1997), in which the regional dimension comprises a more homogenous socioeconomic, cultural, institutional and relational identity that better promotes innovation, especially in medium and large countries (Estevan, 2011); -Sectoral innovation systems (Breschi and Malerba, 1997;Malerba, 2002), in which an analysis bound to the institutions of a sectoral activity is fostered, regardless of their location and type of technology used (Estevan, 2011); -Technological innovation systems (Carlsson and Stankiewicz, 1991), which are focused on actors developing relationships based on a certain technology or set of technologies (Ranga and Etzkowitz, 2013). As presented, these systems are appropriate to analyze phenomena with welldefined boundaries; however, another perspective is required if discontinuous innovation phenomena are under analysis. ...
Since the emergence of the Triple Helix, expansions to Quadruple, Quintuple, N-tuple helices, and models decomposing higher-order helices into multiple interrelated triple helices, or two-layer triple helices have been proposed. Albeit presenting alternative conceptual frameworks these different Helix models seem unsuited to address internal boundaries to the institutional spheres of the university, industry, and government. Addressing this circumstance, the present article pursues the research purpose of conceptualizing a perspective that opens the possibility of analysis to occur between but also within the boundaries of the institutional spheres. To that effect it advocates the application of different reference frames (scopes) to capture the dynamics that empirically emerge from the system under research. The novelty of this study is that it expands the existing theory by proposing that adding “scopes” (instead of introducing new helices) can increase the analytical potential of the Triple Helix.
... Therefore, to address shortcomings of linear evaluation approaches, a better understanding of the systemic impacts of digitalisation can help to strengthen the transformational nature of technological development towards sustainable development (Herrero et al., 2020;Macpherson et al., 2022;Smith et al., 2021). Different frameworks already exist to design system-oriented approaches to assess digital agricultural innovations (Malerba, 2002(Malerba, , 2004Schnebelin et al., 2021). For instance, Kernecker et al. (2021) frame the trajectory of smart farming as a dynamic, circular process determined by the interactions among actors, their roles, constellations, and activities. ...
CONTEXT
It is still an open question how to assess the contribution of digitalisation in agriculture to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, and how digitalisation then can be done in a responsible way. A socio-cyber-physical system (SCPS) concept can help this analysis, but little experience exists with its operationalisation and application, and its integration with the Responsible Research and Innovation approach.
OBJECTIVE
To address this gap, this paper has a twofold purpose: a) operationalise the SCPS concept within an integrated assessment framework adaptable to multiple levels of analysis, contexts, and purposes (e.g. ex-ante, ongoing, ex post evaluation) to shed light on impacts of digitalisation in relation to SCPS entities, relationships, and activities; b) apply the designed framework in 21 multi-stakeholder platforms (Living Labs), which were established to explore needs and expectations in specific subjects relevant for European agriculture, forestry and rural areas.
METHODS
Impacts were assessed through interviews (158 respondents), focus groups (378 participants), online surveys (273 respondents), and other secondary data.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The findings indicate that the SCPS framework enables elucidating relationships between digital and broader sustainable development goals and needs, and can sharpen earlier assessments, going beyond a pessimistic or optimistic dichotomy associated to digitalisation by specifying effects and trade-offs in terms of enabling, disenabling, boosting and depleting impacts of digital agriculture. However, the framework being comprehensive and open to emerging socio-cyber-physical interactions, makes that Livings Labs doing participatory impact assessments struggled with the complexity and multiple dimensions of the topic.
SIGNIFICANCE
The paper provides both conceptual and operational knowledge to set up impact evaluations of responsible digitalisation in agriculture and outline concepts that can help anticipating the consequences and trade-offs.
... Other forms of innovation systems perspectives were introduced to overcome the limitations of the national innovation systems perspective. The regional innovation systems perspective by Cooke [20] expanded the discussions on industry clusters in geography studies, while the sectoral innovation systems perspective by Malerba [21] influenced the economics of the industry life cycle. However, the national innovation systems perspective stands still and is positioned as the basis of the innovation systems perspective. ...
This paper raises the question of whether global innovation systems (GIS), the expanded networks of actors beyond national boundaries, could be a new sibling of innovation systems perspectives. We argue that in today’s globalized world, it is idoneous to analyze innovation activities in a global context rather than a national or regional one. To confirm this argument, first, previous research is reviewed to understand how the GIS perspective has emerged and what different aspects have enabled these discussions. Distinct gaps from a body of literature are identified, such as the lack of a united definition, leading causes, and empirical evidence of GIS. With this understanding of the GIS perspective’s background, this research aims to overcome the challenge of filling out these gaps using two-stage approaches. The first approach suggests three building blocks of the GIS perspective (global institutions, global actors and networks, and a global knowledge-base). Using the open innovation concept, the second approach measures the openness of national innovation systems (NIS) of the OECD DAC (Development Assistance Committee) member countries to represent the tangibility of the GIS perspective. The paper concludes that the GIS approach would provide us with a valuable viewpoint for analyzing current innovation activities in today’s globalized economy as the form of GIS perspective is observed when measured.
This study maps the scientific production on the performance of regional innovation systems from 1989 to 2017. Qualitative and quantitative procedures are employed to reveal key characteristics of the research field to complement previous systematic reviews. The evolution in the absolute number of articles has been non-monotone. Complementarity between the literature of national innovation systems and regional innovation systems is not always verified given that a negative elasticity is observed in the period [2004, 2006]. Leading contributors are open to collaborative research with follower researchers thereby suggesting consistency between the theory disseminated by the field and professional conduct of main contributors. Results indicate high level of receptivity by international journals and gradual relevance of empirical analysis over time. Empirical studies are classified based on three distinct analytical approaches—case studies, benchmarking and scoring—resulting from co-occurrence analysis of text data. Main methods and indicators to measure regional performance are identified. A trend to adopt composite indicators is observed. Scoring articles use more indicators and cover higher number of dimensions relative to benchmarking articles, but efforts are currently developed to reduce the gap. This review confirms that the research field is characterised by a dichotomy between theoretical and empirical contributions since the survey of most used indicators suggests that empirical studies mainly adopt those capable of capturing the impact of top-down processes on regional innovation, while theoretical contributions disclose the need to use indicators that capture the impact of bottom-up processes. Overcoming difficulties related to performance measurement is also mandatory.
Improved African pharmaceutical manufacturing has been on global and local agendas since the 1970s, yet the industry has been locked-in into low technologies for decades. What caused the technological and industrial stagnation for such a critical sector for local and global health security? What are the political economy roots of such long-running industrial underdevelopment lock-in? What do colonial extractive economic and political institutions and their setup and mixes have to do with the sector? This study considers how extractive economic and political institutions' architectures and infrastructures shaped the African pharmaceutical industry's underdevelopment. We argue that extractive economic and political institutions shaped contemporary institutions in former colonial countries, and these institutions persist for a long time. The pivotal argument of innovation systems is that technological change-driven innovation is important for building superior economic performance and competitiveness, and institutions are a vital component of the system. However, institutions are not value-neutral; they carry the political and economic objectives and aspirations of the agents who design them. Innovation systems theory needs to incorporate the analysis of extractive economic and political institutions and the role they played in locking-in the African pharmaceutical industries into underdevelopment.
Since the reform and opening up policy was proposed, China has made remarkable achievements in her urbanization and rural revitalization.
Agri-insurance, a loss-stabilizing measure among farmers, is a complex process in a diverse democracy like India with varied sociocultural norms and weather anomalies. The advent of emerging civilian unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) innovations in agri-insurance has simplified crop damage assessment, crop cutting experiment, and claim settlement. The deployment and governance of the civilian UAVs involve diverse actors and stakeholders. The responsible innovation (RI) approach, which takes care of emerging technology, governance, and sustainability issues, explores the challenges of civilian UAV innovations amidst varied culture-specific values in Indian society. An extensive literature survey is conducted by deploying a literature survey questionnaire. Gathered literature is analyzed to fulfill the objectives of sustainability in agri-insurance innovations. The findings highlight that the evolving regulations and laws make UAV governance intricate. However, the dimensions of RI, anticipation, deliberation, reflexivity, participation, and responsiveness help in responsible collaboration among actors and stakeholders of UAV innovations in agri-insurance applications. The different features of civilian UAVs promote safety, privacy, autonomy, transparency, trust, and accountability, further juxtaposing social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Training to pilots, adhering to prescribed regulations, and involving local farmers and stakeholders promote the responsible deployment of civilian UAVs.
The article presents the theoretical implications of creating a network of scientific and research units in the framework of innovation policy. Multidimensional approaches are presented for the classification of scientific and research networks. The present solution was analyzed in comparison to similar institutions in selected European Union countries, i.e. Germany, Netherlands, France and Finland. In this context, the assumptions of the first Polish scientific and research network (“Łukasiewicz”) are presented. The creation of this network has been described in relation to structural conditions on both the supply and demand sides. The main purpose of the article is to indicate the demand and supply conditions that may condition the operation of the first Polish network of scientific and research institutes. The supply conditions include: the method of selecting network institutes, their research specializations, and previous results related to knowledge and technology transfer. The demand factors include: the innovative activity of Polish enterprises, companies’ expenditures on purchasing knowledge from external sources, and the number of companies that have implemented innovations and indicators related to social capital, including those related to trust in business. The research methods used to operationalize the research goals were the medium-range system method, the institutional and legal method, and historical neo-institutionalism. The research thesis assumes that the effectiveness and efficiency of scientific and research networks as an instrument of the state’s innovation policy is conditioned by institutional and social factors, which require a longer time perspective and suitable legal and institutional instruments for the occurrence of positive effects. The conclusions and recommendations regarding the Polish network were formulated based on Polish conditions and foreign experience. The presented analysis shows that the decision to establish a network of research institutes in Poland and the defined goals of its operation are correct. The indicated demand and supply conditions are not as optimistic; therefore, such activities as internationalization, restructuring of institutes, effective mechanisms of networking and exchange of resources, enforcement of commercialization results and the active role of the state, at least in the initial period, will be important for the effectiveness of this institution.
This study shows how one of the fundamental methods of designing and implementing the Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3), the Entrepreneurial Discovery Process (EDP), was applied in the period of 2014–2020 and how, taking accrued experience into account, it has been adjusted in the new planning cycle in Hungarian practice. Based on Hungarian strategies and other policy documents, international and Hungarian literature, the study shows that although the involvement of relevant actors in strategic planning and prioritising was achieved in both cycles, the nature of the actors’ participation differed fundamentally in the two periods. We found that learning from the experience of planning the S3 for 2014–2020, the design of the 2021–2027 strategy required improving the focus of priorities, validating priorities and creating an institutional system capable of making EDP continuous during the cycle 2021–2027, in line with the European Commission’s expectations. We concluded that a well-functioning EDP methodology is an essential part of the substantive realisation of an S3 that can be dynamically shaped according to the challenges.
Despite its strategic benefits, there is persistent heterogeneity across firms to what extent they engage in distant search activities. According to the default prediction of behavioral theory of the firm (BTF), poor past performance will increase a firm's propensity for distant search, whereas good performance will lead to a decrease. However, a contrasting view is taken within the emerging capability cue perspective, which predicts the opposite. To understand these conflicting views, we emphasize the key role of context that is formed by a firm's sectoral innovation pattern and shapes the dominant cognition of firms' managers. Building on this sectoral innovation perspective and Pavitt's seminal work (1984; 1995) we distinguish between a science-based innovation pattern (here, we focus on the semiconductor industry) and a specialized-supplier innovation pattern (we focus on the machinery industry). The key claim we make is that different sectoral innovation patterns shape other dominant managerial cognitions, leading to a different interpretation of past performance that influences the decision to increase or decrease distant search. Our paper contributes to an understanding of how the competing ideas on different ways in which firms respond to feedback, in view of distant search, can be reconciled. We also contribute to the literature on technological innovation by considering the role of managerial cognition and how differences therein can be associated with different firm choices on their distant search activities.
The objective of this chapter is the analysis of Mexico's STI policy in ICT and the challenge to meet Sustainable Development Goal 9. Innovation, infrastructure, and industry. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are tools that have contributed to boosting different sectors worldwide, contributing to the economic growth and social development of countries. However, the creation of innovation, infrastructure, and industry performance is not close to being consolidated as activities that allow reducing the technological gap, improving competitiveness, and reducing inequality in Mexico. On the contrary, in recent years, STI policy has reduced the budget and eliminated innovation and technological development programs, affecting not only the fulfillment of SDG 9, but also the development of science in the country. This research carried out an in-depth literature review; besides it conducted a workshop and interviews with specialists who contributed with recommendations to design a policy focused on one of the most cutting-edge technologies with the greatest impact in various economic, social, and industrial fields, the 5G. The research concludes that Mexico's STI policy has been underperforming for a long time, which has had an impact on the fulfillment of SDG 9 and, likewise, will limit the deployment of 5G technology.
The objective of the article is to analyze the relation between the innovative capac‑
ity and the deindustrialization process. We use data from 80 countries from 1995 to
2016. In addition, we use a new dependent variable to measure the deindustrialization
process, related to the quality of exports and industrial competitiveness. The results
suggest that there is a direct relationship between the innovative capacity and the
share of industry in GDP, the relative share of industrial employment, and the quality
of industrial exports. In the estimates considering the income level, we found that the
impact of the innovative process on the dependent variables decreases as the income
level rises. Although the efects of innovative capacity on industrial muscle remain
positive. The results suggest that low innovative capacity may afect the deindustri‑
alization process of a given country. The estimated result for the dependent variable
related to the quality of exports presented the same behavior as the variables reported
in the literature. As a public policy implication, the results suggest that policymakers
should adopt incentive policies to build innovative capacity according to their income
level, so that industrial development can provide special and favorable conditions for
sustained growth.
Hitherto marginalized in the extant innovation studies is the role of intermediaries in innovation ecosystems, which require greater coordination and orchestration between manifold organizations. We conduct qualitative research on the Precision Engineering Centre of Innovation to understand how this government-affiliated intermediary in Singapore takes the initiative in shaping an innovation ecosystem through which local/foreign precision engineering firms, government agencies, and multinational corporations harmoniously co-develop advanced manufacturing capabilities. By analyzing the qualitative data through the theoretical lenses of innovation ecosystem and intermediary, our findings reveal that intermediaries nurture ecosystems in four major steps: (1) developing the ecosystem vision, (2) forming the ecosystem community, (3) orchestrating the ecosystem resources, and (4) materializing the new value proposition. Based on this process model, the implications for innovation intermediary research, innovation ecosystem studies, and innovation policy are discussed.
The establishment of effective national agricultural knowledge and innovation systems (AKIS) became a Euro-pean policy imperative in the 2010s, lodged in a political ideology which emphasised the importance of innovation to economic growth. We argue that the recent deployment of the AKIS concept in EU policy presents important opportunities for the agricultural sector and associated academic research but has significant weaknesses in terms of the scale of analysis (over emphasis on national levels) and disconnection from academic thinking on innovation processes. In this paper we progress the AKIS approach by utilising assemblage theory. We argue that assemblage concepts-in line with other 'more-than-human' approaches-offer mechanisms for recognising and integrating the role of non-human actants in innovation processes. Inclusion of these actants highlight the co-constructed nature of farm knowledge and associated transition processes. Assemblage concepts of historicity and rupture demonstrate how the path dependencies of farming are embedded in the material conditions of production, and the learning processes which occur when path dependencies are interrupted. We illustrate these contentions with empirical case studies of the 'microAKIS'-self-assembled farmer knowledge networks and associated processes-characterising four innovations across Europe: the introduction of a new commodity (avocado) in Greece, mainstreaming of robotic milking in Norway, retro-innovation of direct marketing in Latvia, and outsourcing of (dehumanised) farm labour in France.
This review article aims to analyze some of the main contributions regarding evolutionary economics and innovation made by Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter. We reviewed, in particular, the main issues covered in the books published in 1982, such as search, routine, and selection, and 2018, such as the new and important elements of the debate that are still poorly addressed by evolutionary theory. We also focus on the discretionary firm differences and the mechanisms of appropriability, which are themes related to sector and company levels, and investigate the relationship between science, innovation, and economic development, which are themes at macro level.
The article considers methodical approaches to the development and implementation of innovation policy in Russia. It introduces an analysis of the current state of domestic sectoral innovation policy, its regulatory and legal framework, levels, institutions, criteria, and performance indicators. The author believes that the low innovation activity of economic agents in Russia is caused by the poor theory and methodology of innovation policy, which also affects the innovative potential of the domestic economy. The current sectoral mechanisms of support and implementation of innovative solutions is also ineffective. The author reviewed available publications on innovation policy and various strategic documents, as well as analyzed the foreign experience of sectoral innovation policy. The paper also contains a diachronic analysis of the innovation policy in Russia. The author developed a matrix approach to innovation policy mechanisms in terms of levels, strategic perspectives, and implementation. This simple and visual three-vector matrix provides an efficient analysis of mechanisms of sectoral innovation policy.
Regulatory processes can directly impair or enhance telecommunications innovation, according to Dr. Garcia-Murillo. Using the telecommunications sector in Argentina as a case study, and based on extensive interviews and analysis, her paper demonstrates the relationship between regulation, resources, and innovation. Regulatory independence, transparency, and accountability enhance innovation, but investment in telecommunications innovation also requires timely and predictable policy decisions, and Dr. Garcia-Murillo concludes that these must be fairly enforced.
Over the past three decades, China has experienced rapid economic growth and a fascinating transformation of its industry. However, much of this success is the result of industrial imitation and China's continuing success now relies heavily on its ability to strengthen its indigenous innovation capability. In this book, Xiaolan Fu investigates how China can develop a strategy of compressed development to emerge as a leading innovative nation. The book draws on quantitative and qualitative research that includes cross-country, cross-province and cross-firm analysis. Large multi-level panel datasets, unique survey databases, and in-depth industry case studies are explored. Different theoretical approaches are also used to examine the motivations, obstacles and consequences of China's innovation with a wider discussion around what other countries can learn from China's experience. This book will appeal to scholars and policy-makers working in fields such as innovation policy, technology management, development and international economics and China studies.
Pandemi COVID-19 yang melanda dunia turut membawa pola perubahan kebiasaan baru masyarakat, salah satunya dalam menjalankan wirausaha dari rumah. Kondisi ini mengakibatkan perlunya kajian yang dapat mendukung kegiatan para pelaku wirausaha yang bekerja menggunakan internet khususnya di era pandemi COVID-19 ini seiring juga dengan hadirnya internet sebagai salah perangkat digital yang mampu memudahkan dan mengefisienkan pekerjaan mereka. Tujuan dari kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik wirausaha yang bekerja menggunakan internet di Indonesia selama pandemi COVID-19 sehingga pemerintah dapat menghasilkan strategi yang mampu mendukung kegiatan mereka. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam kajian ini yaitu statistika deskriptif serta wawancara mendalam dengan berbagai unsur baik dari kalangan pemerintah, maupun non pemerintah yang terkait dengan wirausaha, juga termasuk para pelaku wirausaha itu sendiri yang telah memanfaatkan internet untuk menjalankan usahanya. Dari hasil temuan kajian diperoleh bahwa terjadi peningkatan jumlah wirausaha yang bekerja menggunakan internet selama pandemi COVID-19. Situasi ini semakin menyadarkan kita akan pentingnya transformasi digital sebagai upaya wirausaha untuk menghadapi pandemi COVID-19 ini utamanya. Selebihnya, pemerintah perlu melakukan berbagai upaya salah satunya dengan memberikan pelatihan dan pendampingan untuk menjalankan usahanya dengan memanfaatkan perkembangan teknologi seperti internet kepada para pelaku wirausaha, sehingga mereka bisa mengefisienkan biaya yang perlu dikeluarkan serta tetap bisa menjalankan usahanya meski dalam kondisi pandemi. Adapun pelatihan ini perlu dilakukan secara terpisah bagi mereka yang baru akan menjalankan wirausaha menggunakan internet dengan mereka yang sebelumnya sudah berpengalaman, agar memudahkan peserta dalam memahami materi pelatihan.
How emerging-market firms can catch up with forerunners from advanced economies is a key issue in the economic and technology literature. Research has suggested that acquisitions are a viable tool for firms in emerging markets to reduce the productivity gap with global leaders, but the empirical evidence on this matter is still far from conclusive. Contributing to this debate, this paper examines the impact of cross-border vs. domestic acquisitions on the labor productivity of firms across different sectoral environments. Studying the acquisitions pursued by Chinese listed firms over one decade, we find that cross-border acquisitions are positively associated with firms' labor productivity and that this effect is particularly strong in high-tech sectors and among leading firms. We also find that domestic acquisitions are positively associated with firms’ labor productivity and that this effect is particularly strong in low-tech sectors and among laggards. We further investigate the mechanisms underlying the acquisition–productivity link and contend that “technological innovation” is the primary mechanism by which acquisitions enhance firm productivity in high-tech sectors, whereas “enhancing operating efficiency” is the primary mechanism by which acquisitions enhance firm productivity in low-tech sectors.
"Nowhere does history indulge in repetitions so often or so uniformly as in Wall Street," observed legendary speculator Jesse Livermore. History tells us that periods of major technological innovation are typically accompanied by speculative bubbles as economic agents overreact to genuine advancements in productivity. Excessive run-ups in asset prices can have important consequences for the economy as firms and investors respond to the price signals, resulting in capital misallocation. On the one hand, speculation can magnify the volatility of economic and financial variables, thus harming the welfare of those who are averse to uncertainty and fluctuations. But on the other hand, speculation can increase investment in risky ventures, thus yielding benefits to a society that suffers from an underinvestment problem.
The profitability and growth of business firms is increasingly dependent upon the development and astute deployment of intangible (knowledge) assets. Wealth creation in an open world economy depends critically on technological innovation, and this in turn involves developing, owning, and astutely orchestrating knowledge assets and intellectual property. This is what is meant by dynamic capabilities. The value‐enhancing skills required in management are gravitating away from the administrative towards the entrepreneurial. The determinants of a firm's innovative capacity are rooted in organizational design, incentives, human resources, internal culture, and external linkages. Profiting from innovation is always a challenge, requiring the right business model, integration strategy, and organizational form. Licensing is one of many ways to capture value from innovation, but is generally not the most profitable, except when intellectual property rights are secure. Imitators are prolific and the survival and prosperity of the innovator requires the astute orchestration of intellectual property rights, and complementary assets. Managers designing market entry strategies must also be mindful of the evolution of standards. This book develops the principles involved in firm management and illustrates the interplay of these ideas.
An expanded paradigm is needed to explain how competitive advantage is gained and held. Firms resorting to 'resource-based strategy' attempt to accumulate valuable technology assets and employ an aggressive intellectual property stance. However, winners in the global marketplace have been firms demonstrating timely responsiveness and rapid and flexible product innovation, along with the management capability to effectively coordinate and redeploy internal and external competences. This source of competitive advantage, 'dynamic capabilities', emphasizes two aspects. First, it refers to the shifting character of the environment; second, it emphasizes the key role of strategic management in appropriately adapting, integrating, and re-configuring internal and external organizational skills, resources, and functional competences toward changing environment. 5 Only recently have researchers begun to focus on the specifics of developing firm-specific capabilities and the manner in which competences are renewed to respond to shifts in the business environment. The dynamic capabilities approach provides a coherent framework to integrate existing conceptual and empirical knowledge, and facilitate prescription. This paper argues that the competitive advan is tage of firms stems from dynamic capabilities rooted in high performance routines operating inside the firm, embedded in the firm's processes, and conditioned by its history. It offers dynamic capabilities as an emerging paradigm of the modern business firm that draws on multiple disciplines and advances, with the help of industry studies in the USA and elsewhere.
This paper focuses on patterns of technological change and on the impact of technological breakthroughs on environmental conditions. Using data from the minicomputer, cement, and airline industries from their births through 1980, we demonstrate that technology evolves through periods of incremental change punctuated by technological break-throughs that either enhance or destroy the competence of firms in an industry. These breakthroughs, or technological discontinuities, significantly increase both environmental uncertainty and munificence. The study shows that while competence-destroying discontinuities are initiated by new firms and are associated with increased environmental turbulence, competence-enhancing discontinuities are initiated by existing firms and are associated with decreased environmental turbulence. These effects decrease over successive discontinuities. Those firms that initiate major technological changes grow more rapidly than other firms.
Perspectives on Technology consists of papers written by Nathan Rosenberg over a ten-year period, from the early 1960s to the early 1970s. Their origin was in Professor Rosenberg's interest in long-term economic growth processes and, especially, in the behaviour of industrializing societies. The form and direction which this book has taken reflect two basic influences: (1) a growing awareness of the centrality of technological phenomena in generating economic growth, and (2) a growing sense that, in spite of the basic and genuine insights into technological phenomena provided by the neo-classical economics, a deeper and richer understanding of the phenomena can only be achieved by a willingness to step outside the limited intellectual boundaries of this mode of reasoning.
This book describes and analyzes how seven major high-tech industries evolved in the USA, Japan, and Western Europe. The industries covered are machine tools, organic chemical products, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, computers, semiconductors, and software. In each of these industries, firms located in one or a very few countries became the clear technological and commercial leaders. In a number of cases, the locus of leadership changed, sometimes more than once, over the course of the histories studied. The focus of the book is on the key factors that supported the emergence of national leadership in each industry, and the reasons behind the shifts when they occurred. Special attention is given to the national policies which helped to create, or sustain, industrial leadership.
Economists have long treated technological phenomena as events transpiring inside a black box and, on the whole, have adhered rather strictly to a self-imposed ordinance not to inquire too seriously into what transpires inside that box. The purpose of Professor Rosenberg's work is to break open and examine the contents of the black box. In so doing, a number of important economic problems be powerfully illuminated. The author clearly shows how specific features of individual technologies have shaped a number of variables of great concern to economists: the rate of productivity improvement, the nature of learning processes underlying technological change itself, the speed of technology transfer, and the effectiveness of government policies that are intended to influence technologies in particular ways. The separate chapters of this book reflect a primary concern with some of the distinctive aspects of industrial technologies in the twentieth century, such as the increasing reliance upon science, but also the considerable subtlety and complexity of the dialectic between science and technology. Other concerns include the rapid growth in the development of costs associated with new technologies as well as the difficulty of predicting the eventual performance characteristics of newly emerging technologies.
This book examines the role of competence, organization and strategies of firms in industrial dynamics linking economic, management and historical perspectives. In the first part of the book, a series of economic and managerial contributions discuss the concepts, dimensions and effects of routines, competence, adaptation, learning, organizational structure and strategies in the evolution of industrial enterprises at the theoretical and empirical levels. In the second part of the book, a series of historical papers examine these issues in a longterm perspective for the United States, Japan and several European countries.
Provides a systematic presentation of the economic field of industrial organization, which is concerned with how productive activities are brought into harmony with the demand for goods and services through an organizing mechanism, such as a free market, and how variations and imperfections in the organizing mechanism affect the successful satisfying of an economy's wants. Of the three market mechanisms (tradition, central planning, and free markets), the field of industrial organization deals primarily with the market system approach. This book primarily emphasizes the manufacturing and mineral extraction sectors of industrialized economies, with less discussion of wholesale and retail distribution, services, transportation, and public utilities. Beginning with a discussion of the welfare economics of competition and monopoly, the structure of industries in the U.S. and abroad and their determinants are described, including motives for mergers and their effects. Extended analysis of pricing, product policy, and technological innovation then follows. Antitrust, price fixing, related restraints, structural monopolies, regulation, and price discrimination are examined, as are the complex policies governing pricing relationships between vertically linked firms. The role of advertising in product differentiation and the roles of market structure and product variety are identified. Innovation, patents, and their relation to market structure are explored. Overall, this analysis seeks to identify attributes or variables that influence economic performance and to build theories about the links between these attributes and end performance. (TNM)
This paper attempts a greater precision and clarity of understanding concerning the nature and economic significance of knowledge and its variegated forms by presenting 'the skeptical economist's guide to 'tacit knowledge''. It critically reconsiders the ways in which the concepts of tacitness and codification have come to be employed by economists and develops a more coherent re-conceptualization of these aspects of knowledge production and distribution activities. It seeks also to show that a proposed alternative framework for the study of knowledge codification activities offers a more useful guide for further research directed to informing public policies for science, technological innovation and long-run economic growth.
With the publication of his best-selling books "Competitive Strategy (1980) and "Competitive Advantage (1985), Michael E. Porter of the Harvard Business School established himself as the world's leading authority on competitive advantage. Now, at a time when economic performance rather than military might will be the index of national strength, Porter builds on the seminal ideas of his earlier works to explore what makes a nation's firms and industries competitive in global markets and propels a whole nation's economy. In so doing, he presents a brilliant new paradigm which, in addition to its practical applications, may well supplant the 200-year-old concept of "comparative advantage" in economic analysis of international competitiveness. To write this important new work, Porter and his associates conducted in-country research in ten leading nations, closely studying the patterns of industry success as well as the company strategies and national policies that achieved it. The nations are Britain, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. The three leading industrial powers are included, as well as other nations intentionally varied in size, government policy toward industry, social philosophy, and geography. Porter's research identifies the fundamental determinants of national competitive advantage in an industry, and how they work together as a system. He explains the important phenomenon of "clustering," in which related groups of successful firms and industries emerge in one nation to gain leading positions in the world market. Among the over 100 industries examined are the German chemical and printing industries, Swisstextile equipment and pharmaceuticals, Swedish mining equipment and truck manufacturing, Italian fabric and home appliances, and American computer software and movies. Building on his theory of national advantage in industries and clusters, Porter identifies the stages of competitive development through which entire national economies advance and decline. Porter's finding are rich in implications for both firms and governments. He describes how a company can tap and extend its nation's advantages in international competition. He provides a blueprint for government policy to enhance national competitive advantage and also outlines the agendas in the years ahead for the nations studied. This is a work which will become the standard for all further discussions of global competition and the sources of the new wealth of nations.
In 1987 the Swedish National Board for Technical Development (STU, later becoming the Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development, NUTEK) initiated a study of Sweden's Technological Systems and Future Development Potential. A comprehensive, interdisciplinary study was envisioned, yielding not only useful insight but also a permanent competence base for future analyses of technological systems and technology policy in Sweden. Three leading Swedish research institutes were invited to participate: the Industrial Institute for Economic and Social Research in Stockholm, the Department ofIndustrial Management and Economics at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, and the Research Policy Institute at the University of Lund. I was invited to direct the project. The project group decided to focus initially on a particular technological system, namely factory automation, to be followed by similar studies of other systems. Numerous publications have resulted from the project thus far. The current volume represents a summary of our work on factory automation. It consists of several original essays and of some previously published papers which have been edited, in some cases substantially, in order to form a comprehensive and coherent picture of a technological system. To our knowledge, this is the first in-depth analysis of a technological system designed as a component of a systematic study of technological systems more generally. At the time of this writing, three further studies on electronics and computers, pharmaceuticals, and powder technology are under way, to be published in a later volume.
Examines the historical record of the ascendancy of science-related technology in modern economies, and presents an economic theory of innovation based on that record and it implications for policy-makers. Part One reviews the growth of the chemical, synthetic materials, and electronics industries with particular emphasis on costs, patent rates, firm sizes, marketing efforts, timing decisions. These data support a general theory presented in Part Two concerning the importance of professionalized research and development (R&D) capabilities and market awareness. Empirical data and analysis, including the results of Project SAPPHO, are used to provide further support for the theory. Characteristics of successful innovating firms include R&D strength, marketing abilities, understanding of user needs, and management strength. Implications for optimal firm size and the consequences of and reactions to uncertainty are treated in the remainder of Part Two. Uncertainty is responsible for a continuum of six strategies that firms take to meet the need to innovate, and leads to private under-investment in R&D. Part Three takes up the role of government and national science and technology policies and considers the social effects of technological innovation in terms of business cycles and unemployment figures, using a framework based on Schumpeter and Kondratiev. (CAR)
There is a large intellectual discrepancy between most formal growth models described by economists and descriptions of growth in economic history. This paper draws on an evolutionary theory of economic growth that brings together appreciative theorizing regarding growth and formal theorizing. It aims to piece together a relatively coherent appreciative theoretical account of economic development at a sectoral level by laying out a story of the growth, and development, of a manufacturing sector, from birth to maturity, and perhaps until death, that seems to fit many cases and which can serve as a target for formalization. The paper first describes and tries to link two broad bodies of appreciative evolutionary theoretic writing. The first proposes that a new technology develops along a relatively standard track from the time it is born, to its maturity, and that firm and industry structure 'coevolve' with the technology. The other is concerned with the development of institutions in response to changing economic conditions, incentives, and pressures. The paper then considers 'punctuated equilibrium' before concluding with a consideration of two economic developmental implications that appear to flow from the analysis. One concerns the pattern of change of productivity, of capital intensity, and relative variables associated with economic growth, as a technology and industry structure develop. The other is concerned with implicitly cross-country comparisons, and is focused on how 'comparative advantage' develops in a new industry.
The world's largest, technologically active firms are more diversified in their technological competencies than in their product range, and this diversity is increasing over time. These firms invest beyond their distinctive core technological competencies in order to manage and co-ordinate technical change with their suppliers of components, equipment, and materials as well as to explore and assess the major new opportunities emerging from the knowledge base. A firm's technological competencies are "distributed" among technological fields, among different parts of the corporation, and among different corporate objectives. As a consequence, corporate policies that apply to products do not apply to technological competencies. Corporate performance can be significantly improved with increasing technological diversity.
We investigate the impact of two kinds of integration-internal and external-on dynamic capability. We use product development activities as a lens with which to focus on the capability-building process in a firm. We first develop a conceptual model of the capability-building process that relates specific problem-solving activities to the generation of organizational capabilities. We derive a measure, 'ynamic performance', that estimates the level of dynamic capability in an organization based on the consistency of its performance. Furthermore, we use the model to motivate a series of hypotheses which link specific processes to the achievement of high dynamic performance. We conjecture that the capacity to integrate diverse knowledge bases through problem solving is the basic foundation of knowledge building in an organization, and is therefore a critical driver of dynamic performance. The hypotheses are tested by drawing on extensive cross-sectional empirical studies of product development in the automobile and mainframe computer industries. The work follows by providing detailed longitudinal cases describing the impact of integration on competence-building processes at Nissan and NEC.
The investigation 1 An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Workshop on New Issues in Industrial Economics at Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio, June 7–10, 1987. View all notes is arranged in three sections: The first explains to what kind of analytical framework the ‘development block’ concept belongs. This concept is then defined, differentiated and related to others within the same framework. The definitions and differentiations have been derived from studies of industry and trade with the aim of striking a balance between, on the one side, economic history research with only little, mostly implicit, theory and, on the other side, very explicit theory with empirical data being used mainly to test more or less sophisticated models. There will be no attempt to outline a “general theory” which could possibly be tested empirically, i.e. by econometrics, but instead we shall seek to provide a sort of tool-box with analytical instruments, including the development block concept, which have proved useful in historical analyses. In a second section examples are given of Swedish industrial developments which have been analyzed and interpreted with the aid of such a tool-box. In the final section it is demonstrated how the results may be helpful in perceiving possible effects of various economic policies. It is argued that the macrotheoretical basis of economic policy measures has a drawback in its lack of microunderpinning worthy of the name industrial economics and even less that of industrial dynamics.