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Perspective
Mycoinsecticides and Mycoacaricides: A comprehensive list
with worldwide coverage and international classification of
formulation types
q
Marcos R. de Faria
a,b,*
, Stephen P. Wraight
c
a
Cornell University, Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601, USA
b
Embrapa Recursos Gene
´ticos e Biotecnologia, Caixa Postal 02372, Brası
´lia, DF 70849-970, Brazil
c
USDA-ARS, Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14850-2901, USA
Received 2 May 2007; accepted 6 August 2007
Available online 17 August 2007
Abstract
A substantial number of mycoinsecticides and mycoacaricides have been developed worldwide since the 1960s. Here we present an
updated, comprehensive list of these products. At least 12 species or subspecies (varieties) of fungi have been employed as active ingre-
dients of mycoinsecticides and mycoacaricides for inundative and inoculative applications, although some are no longer in use. Products
based on Beauveria bassiana (33.9%), Metarhizium anisopliae (33.9%), Isaria fumosorosea (5.8%), and B. brongniartii (4.1%) are the most
common among the 171 products presented in this paper. Approximately 75% of all listed products are currently registered, undergoing
registration or commercially available (in some cases without registration), whereas 15% are no longer available. We were unable to
determine the status of the remaining 10%. Insects in the orders Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera, and Orthoptera
comprise most of the targets, distributed among at least 48 families. A total of 28 products are claimed to control acarines (mites
and ticks) in at least 4 families, although only three products (all based on Hirsutella thompsonii) were exclusively developed as acaricides.
Eleven different technical grade active ingredients or formulation types have been identified, with technical concentrates (fungus-colo-
nized substrates) (26.3%), wettable powders (20.5%) and oil dispersions (15.2%) being most common. Approximately 43% of all products
were developed by South American companies and institutions. Currently, what may be the largest single microbial control program
using fungi involves the use of M. anisopliae for control of spittlebugs (Cercopidae) in South American sugarcane and pastures.
Ó2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Entomopathogenic fungi; Mycopesticides; Mycoinsecticides; Mycoacaricides; Formulations; Microbial control; Augmentation; IPM
1. Introduction
The first attempt to control a pest with a fungal agent
was carried out in Russia in 1888, when the fungus now
known as Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokın was
mass produced on beer mash and sprayed in the field for
control of the beet weevil Cleonus punctiventris (Germar)
(Lord, 2005). Boverin, a Beauveria bassiana-based mycoin-
secticide for control of the Colorado potato beetle and cod-
ling moth in the former USSR, was developed in 1965
(Kendrick, 2000). Mycar, a mycoacaricide based on Hirsu-
tella thompsonii Fisher, was granted a full registration by
the US Environmental Protection Agency in 1981 for con-
trol of the citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ash-
mead), in the United States (McCoy, 1986). Research and
development efforts have increased markedly in recent
years, and a considerable number of fungus-based biopes-
ticides have been developed for control of insects and
1049-9644/$ - see front matter Ó2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.08.001
q
The USDA (USA), Cornell University (USA) and EMBRAPA (Brazil)
neither guarantees nor warrants the quality and claims of the commercial
products mentioned in this paper, and the use of the name by USDA/
Cornell University/EMBRAPA implies no approval of products.
*
Corresponding author. Address: Cornell University, Department of
Entomology, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601, USA. Fax: +1 607
255 1132.
E-mail address: mrf39@cornell.edu (M.R. de Faria).
www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256
acarines (mites and ticks) in agricultural, urban, forest,
livestock and aquatic environments. In the following dis-
cussion, these mycoinsecticides/mycoacaricides will be
referred to as mycopesticides, a term that also embraces
other fungal biological products not considered in this
paper, such as mycoherbicides and mycofungicides.
There are many recent reviews discussing the efficacy,
contemporary advances, future trends, and regulatory
aspects of mycopesticides (Copping and Menn, 2000;
Neale, 2000; Inglis et al., 2001; Wraight et al., 2001; Cast-
rillo et al., 2005). Although numerous lists of developed
mycopesticides are available (Tengerdy and Szaka
´cs,
1998; Butt et al., 1999; Butt and Copping, 2000; Hajek
et al., 2001; Stewart, 2001; Wraight et al., 2001; Leite
et al., 2003a; Copping, 2004; Hynes and Boyetchko,
2006), many of these are deficient, especially in terms of
worldwide coverage.
This study aimed to assemble a comprehensive list of
mycopesticides developed worldwide over the last four dec-
ades. In addition, we have attempted to review and stan-
dardize the nomenclature of formulation types so far
employed for these biocontrol agents. Use of fungal agents
through conservation and classical biological control strat-
egies is discussed elsewhere (Pell et al., 2001; Hajek et al.,
2003; Shah and Pell, 2003).
2. Products and formulations
A complete list of mycopesticides for insect and acarine
control from different regions of the globe was prepared
from information obtained from a variety of sources. In
addition to scientific publications, an array of technical
publications, personal communications, company bro-
chures, and websites, including those of manufacturers
and governmental agencies, were used. Websites were
accessed during the period between October, 2005 and Sep-
tember, 2006, and personal communications were obtained
through April, 2007.
2.1. Fungal products
For the purpose of this paper, mycopesticides are
defined as products based on living fungal propagules
intended to control pests through inundative or inoculative
applications. Propagule types present in most products are
classified as hyphae (mycelia), blastospores, or conidia.
When the information could be found, conidia were further
characterized as aerial or submerged conidia. When avail-
able information was insufficient to identify conidia versus
blastospores, the propagules were listed simply as asexual
spores. Target pests were identified to order and, when pos-
sible, to family. The diverse insects in the order Hemiptera
were identified also to suborder. The classification of
insects follows Triplehorn and Johnson (2005).
Our work presents a comprehensive list of mycopesti-
cides that are registered, undergoing registration or mar-
keted, in some cases without being registered. A few
preparations developed but never registered or commer-
cialized, such as the ultra-low volume suspension of
Mycotrol-OF, are also considered. Mycopesticides com-
mercialized without registration and, in the other extreme,
registered products that currently are not being commer-
cialized, are included in the list of products as well. Names
of manufacturers are listed according to best available
information. However, due to difficulties in tracking the
ever-changing relationships among companies, the manu-
facturer’s names mentioned may in some cases refer to
licensees or distributors that do not operate manufacturing
facilities.
Products with no trade names (usually products under-
going a registration process or unformulated materials sold
directly to end users) are included when it was possible to
determine that they were commercialized for at least some
period of time. For this reason, some names (or lack
thereof) might be provisional. Products distributed without
charge or sold at subsidized prices to end users by non-
profit organizations, such as grower associations, as well
as mycopesticides derived from on-farm production are
not included. Technical products used solely for formula-
tion of end-products also are not listed, e.g., Troy Boverin,
Technical Laginex, PFR-97 MUP, and others. Finally,
although molecular systematics studies have shown the
proximity of microsporidians to zygomycete fungi (Edlind
et al., 1996; Keeling, 2003), these microorganisms were not
considered in this paper.
2.2. Fungal formulations
We have attempted to identify formulation types based
on the CropLife International two-letter coding system
for technical and formulated pesticides (CropLife Interna-
tional, 2002). The international coding system defines
approximately 100 different formulation types for pesti-
cides in general, and most of the formulation types
described for the mycopesticides listed herein can be classi-
fied within this system. In a few cases, we found it difficult
to match existing mycopesticide formulations with the for-
mulation types defined by the international code. In these
cases we have selected the defined type of formulation that
best fits the mycopesticide and have added brief notations
on specific incongruities. Some of the definitions we present
also incorporate slightly modified definitions used by FAO/
WHO (2002) to describe biopesticides based on entomo-
pathogenic bacteria. Wording taken directly from the
CropLife International (2002) or FAO/WHO (2002) defini-
tions are presented in italics and quotation marks. Defini-
tions are from the CropLife International coding system
unless otherwise indicated.
2.2.1. Technical grade active ingredients (Technical
products)
FAO/WHO (2002) applies the generic term technical
grade active ingredient to both technical material and tech-
nical concentrate.
238 M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256
Technical material (TC). ‘‘An active ingredient isolated
(as far as is practicable) from the starting materials, sol-
vents, etc., used to produce it’’ (FAO/WHO, 2002). For
entomopathogenic fungi, the starting materials are usually
the liquid or solid culture substrates. Technical materials
are usually the basis for all other formulation types,
although in some circumstances they may be used as end-
products. According to the CropLife definition, technical
materials may include ‘‘associated impurities and small
amounts of necessary additives.’’ Purification ‘‘as far as
practicable’’ is generally considered to result in impurity
residues comprising <10% of the product weight (T. S.
Woods, Chair, Specifications Expert Group, CropLife
International, personal communication). In our under-
standing, conidia or other propagule types isolated from
the culture together with associated impurities would fall
into this category, also referred to as technical powder
(Burges and Jones, 1998).
Technical concentrate (TK). A material consisting of the
active ingredient together with related byproducts of the
production process and free of any added modifying agents
except for small amounts of stabilizers and free-flow
agents, if necessary. This definition is a slight modification
of the definition presented by FAO/WHO (2002) for bacte-
rial technical concentrates. According to FAO/WHO, a
TK should also be free of ‘‘visible extraneous matter’’,
but the term extraneous matter is not defined, and in our
judgment, the FAO/WHO definition fits fungal biopesti-
cides that include components of the spent culture media,
e.g., fungus-colonized cereal grains or whole-culture
broths. In these cases, there have been no attempts to sep-
arate the active ingredient from the substrate. Included in
this category, fungus-colonized solid substrates may con-
tain variable proportions of sporulating mycelia and
spores, depending on factors such as age of culture and
batch. In some countries they are routinely used as
end-products through direct incorporation into soil. Alter-
natively, the active ingredient may be extracted before
application (e.g., by washing and sieving, often with the
aid of surfactants). In our paper, for all technical concen-
trates based on solid substrates we consider the propagule
type as being conidia + hyphae (C+H), although fre-
quently the vast majority of propagules at the time of sale
may be either spores or hyphae. For products produced in
liquid media, mixtures of submerged conidia, blastospores,
or hyphae may be present.
2.2.2. Formulation types
Wettable powder (WP). ‘‘A powder formulation to be
applied as a suspension after dispersion in water.’’ In our
understanding, WP formulations must be ready-to-use.
Thus, products such as hydrophobic technical materials that
do not include additives that render them miscible in water
(such as surfactants or clays) would not fall in this category.
Granule (GR). ‘‘A free-flowing solid formulation of a
defined granule size range ready for use.’’ Although techni-
cal concentrates comprising microbe-colonized granular
substrates may resemble and function as granular formula-
tions, the term granule generally refers to more elaborated
formulations with particles of controlled and uniform size
and with the active ingredient strongly adhered to or incor-
porated into the granule. Thus, fungus-colonized cereal
grains are not included under this definition.
Bait (ready for use) (RB). ‘‘A formulation designed to
attract and be eaten by the target pests.’’ This definition is
generally applicable to mycopesticides; however, because
most fungal pathogens infect their hosts via direct penetra-
tion of the cuticle, ingestion may be of little consequence,
and baits may therefore be based on attractants other than
food.
Water dispersible granule (WG). ‘‘A formulation
consisting of granules to be applied after disintegration and
dispersion in water.’’
Contact powder (CP). ‘‘Insecticidal formulation in pow-
der form for direct application.’’ Free-flowing powders suit-
able for dusting are termed dustable powders (DP) under
the CropLife International coding system. However, other
than a few early preparations produced by nonprofit orga-
nizations, we did not identify any mycoinsecticides formu-
lated specifically for broadcast application as dusts. Thus,
we have categorized all powders that do not fit any of
the previously mentioned formulation types as contact
powders.
Suspension concentrate (=flowable concentrate) (SC).
‘‘A stable suspension of active ingredient(s) in water,
intended for dilution with water before use.’’
Oil miscible flowable concentrate (=oil miscible suspen-
sion) (OF). ‘‘A stable suspension of active ingredient(s) in
a fluid intended for dilution in an organic liquid before use.’’
Ultra-low volume (ULV) suspension (SU). ‘‘A suspen-
sion ready for use through ULV equipment.’’
Oil dispersion (OD). ‘‘A stable suspension of active ingre-
dient(s) in a water-immiscible fluid, which may contain other
dissolved active ingredient(s), intended for dilution in water
before use.’’ In practice, oil dispersions contain emulsifiers
to render the mixture miscible in water for spraying (T.
S. Woods, personal communication). The word ‘‘stable’’
in this and other of the abovementioned formulations indi-
cates that the active ingredient does not settle out to a non-
resuspendable cake during storage (T. S. Woods, personal
communication). Here, we consider the definition to
include suspensions that tend to settle, but which are
designed to be readily resuspendable by the user via man-
ual agitation. Oil dispersions of entomopathogenic fungi
have been referred to most commonly in the literature as
emulsifiable suspensions or emulsifiable oil suspensions
and identified by the abbreviation ES. However, under
the Croplife International code, the abbreviation ES refers
to emulsions for seed treatments.
3. Overview of mycopesticides
Mycoinsecticides and mycoacaricides are listed alpha-
betically by genus and species in Table 1. To date, at least
M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256 239
12 species or subspecies (varieties) of fungi have been
employed as the active ingredients in these products. This
number will likely increase into the foreseeable future as
molecular studies reveal cryptic species within large genera.
Classifications at the generic level are also undergoing
rapid change. In this work, we have adopted those recent
taxonomic changes that we view as strongly supported in
the published literature. Most notably, insect pathogenic
fungi previously classified as Verticillium spp. have been
placed in a new genus, Lecanicillium (Gams and Zare,
2001; Zare and Gams, 2001), and many insect pathogenic
Paecilomyces species (including P. fumosoroseus) have been
transferred to the genus Isaria (Hodge et al., 2005;
Luangsa-Ard et al., 2005). Some species identified in the
table are in urgent need of additional taxonomic work.
Recent molecular studies, for example, indicate that iso-
lates of fungi identified as Sporothrix insectorum de Hoog
& H.C.Evans, currently used in Brazil for control of the
lace bug Leptopharsa heveae Drake & Poor in rubber tree
plantations, belong to more than one species and are not
true Sporothrix species (K.T. Hodge, Cornell University,
personal communication). In the realm of commerce, an
unfortunate outcome of taxonomic revision is the emer-
gence of disparities between the names of products and
the fungi upon which they are based (as many product
trade names are derived from the scientific names of their
active ingredients). Product developers should consult fun-
gal systematists before naming their products.
For most fungal species/subspecies listed, there is at
least one product that is currently registered (or undergo-
ing registration), or marketed; however, a few species are
apparently no longer commercially available. These include
Aschersonia aleyrodis Webber and Nomuraea rileyi (Farl.)
Samson (the availability of the only listed N. rileyi product
could not be determined). Lagenidium giganteum Couch is
registered but not currently available. With the exception
of one species in the phylum Zygomycota and another in
the kingdom Chromista (=Stramenipila or Straminopila),
all agents comprising this list are anamorphic fungi. B. bas-
siana (Bals.) Vuill., M. anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokın, Isa-
ria fumosorosea Wize, Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch,
and Lecanicillium spp., are the main active ingredients of
listed products. We believe that approximately two-thirds
of all listed products are currently registered, undergoing
registration or marketed.
During the last four decades, over 80 companies world-
wide have developed 171 mycoinsecticides and mycoacari-
cides (Table 2). This contrasts sharply with the situation
less than three decades ago, when only one commercial
mycoinsecticide was available (Ignoffo and Anderson,
Table 1
Fungal species and varieties developed into mycoinsecticides/mycoacaricides and their commercial status
Species/Varieties
a,b
No. Products Commercial status
c
Active Inactive ND
Fungi: Anamorphic Hypocreales
Aschersonia aleyrodis Webber 1 (0.6%) 0 1 0
Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. 58 (33.9%) 45 9 4
Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch 7 (4.1%) 5 0 2
Hirsutella thompsonii F.E.Fisher 3 (1.8%) 1 1 1
Isaria fumosorosea Wize 10 (5.8%) 7 1 2
Isaria sp. 1 (0.6%) 1 0 0
Lecanicillium longisporum (Petch) R.Zare & W.Gams 2 (1.2%) 2 0 0
Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) R.Zare & W.Gams 3 (1.8%) 3 0 0
Lecanicillium sp. 11 (6.4%) 10 0 1
Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokın 58 (33.9%) 44 10 4
Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum Driver & Milner 3 (1.8%) 3 0 0
Nomuraea rileyi (Farl.) Samson 1 (0.6%) 0 0 1
Fungi: Anamorphic species identified as
Sporothrix insectorum de Hoog & H.C.Evans
d
3 (1.8%) 2 1 0
Fungi: Zygomycota: Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales
Conidiobolus thromboides Drechsler 2 (1.2%) 1 1 0
Chromista: Oomycota: Oomycetes: Pythiales
Lagenidium giganteum Couch 1 (0.6%) 1
e
00
Mixes (2 or more species) 7 (4.1%) 4 1 2
TOTAL 171 (100%) 129 (75.4%) 25 (14.6%) 17 (9.9%)
a
Fungal classification based on Kirk et al. (2001).
b
Scientific names according to database Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org/).
c
Availability of product is informed as follows: Active, product currently registered, undergoing registration or available (commercially or upon
request) in the period between October/2005 and May/2006; Inactive, product no longer available in the market (or developed but never submitted to
registration or marketed); ND, current status of product could not be determined.
d
Further identification of commercial isolates required since isolates are not true Sporothrix.
e
Registered but not currently commercialized.
240 M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256
Table 2
Fungi developed for control of insects and acarines. List organized by fungal species and within each species by region (Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania,
North America, Central America, and South America). Within each regin, countries are listed in alphabetical order
Country(ies)
where
undergoing
registration,
registered or
marketed
Trade name
a
Propagule(s)/
Formulation
b
Claimed Target(s)
(Orders and Families)
Manufacturer Source(s)
c
Aschersonia aleyrodis
Former USSR Aseronia
**
C/TC Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae) Gosagroprom, Former USSR Ignoffo and Anderson (1979),
M. Shternshis (personal
communication)
Beauveria bassiana
Czech Republic Boverol
**
(=Boverol-
Spofa)
C/WP Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae) Fytovita, Czech Republic Kreutz et al. (2004),Wraight
et al. (2001), Z. Adame
´k
(personal communication)
Czech Republic Boverosil
**
C/WP (alone
or combined
with chemical
pesticides)
Coleoptera (Curculionidae) +
other stored-product pests (not
specified)
NI Feng et al. (1994), Hluchy
´and
Sams
ˇin
ˇa
´kova
´(1989), Z. Adame
´k
(personal communication)
France Ostrinil
**
C+H/TK Lepidoptera (Crambidae) Natural Plant Protection (NPP),
France
Wraight et al. (2001), Shah and
Goettel (1999)
Spain Trichobass-L
*
C/OD Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Lepidoptera
(Castniidae, Pieridae),
Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae) +
Acari (Tetranychidae)
Trichodex S.A., Spain Website
1
Spain Trichobass-P
*
C/WP Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Hemiptera
(Aleyrodidae) + Acari
(Tetranychidae)
Trichodex S.A., Spain Website
1
South Africa Bb Plus
*
A/WP Hemiptera (Aphididae) +
Acari (Tetranychidae)
Biological Control Products SA
(Pty) Ltd, South Africa
Website
2
South Africa Bb Weevil
*
A/CP Coleoptera (Curculionidae) Biological Control Products SA
(Pty) Ltd, South Africa
Website
2
India BioGuard
Rich
*
A/NI Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Hemiptera
(Aleyrodidae, Aphididae),
Lepidoptera (Crambidae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae)
Plantrich Chemicals &
Biofertilizers Ltd, India
Website
3
India Bio-Power
*
A/WP Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Hemiptera:
Auchenorrhyncha
(Cicadellidae, Delphacidae),
Lepidoptera (Plutellidae)
T.Stanes & Company Limited,
India
Copping (2004), Website
4
India Racer
*
A/WP Lepidoptera (Noctuidae) +
others (not specified)
Agri Life, India Copping (2004), Website
5
Japan Biolisa-
Madara
*
C+H/TK
(fiber band)
Coleptera (Cerambycidae) Nitto Denko, Japan M. Shimazu (personal
communication)
Russia Boverin
*
B/WP Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae) +
Acari (Tetranychidae)
Biodron, Russia Shternshis (2004), M. Shternshis
(personal communication)
Russia Boverin
*
B/NI (liquid
suspension)
Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae) +
Acari (Tetranychidae)
Biodron, Russia Shternshis (2004), M. Shternshis
(personal communication)
Former USSR Boverin
**
C or S+B/WP
(alone or
combined with
chemical
insecticides)
Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae),
Lepidoptera (Tortricidae)
Glavmikrobioprom, Former
USSR
Feng et al. (1994), Ferron (1981),
Ignoffo and Anderson (1979)
Mexico Bea-Sin
*
C/WP Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Hemiptera
(Aleyrodidae)
Agrobiologicos del Noroeste
S.A. de C.V. (Agrobionsa),
Mexico
Wraight et al. (2001), A. Paez
(personal communication),
Company brochure
(continued on next page)
M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256 241
Table 2 (continued)
Country(ies)
where
undergoing
registration,
registered or
marketed
Trade name
a
Propagule(s)/
Formulation
b
Claimed Target(s)
(Orders and Families)
Manufacturer Source(s)
c
Mexico Bea-Sin
*
C/OD Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Hemiptera
(Aleyrodidae)
Agrobiologicos del Noroeste
S.A. de C.V. (Agrobionsa),
Mexico
A. Paez (personal
communication), Company
brochure
Mexico Bio-Fung
*
A/NI Orthoptera Centro de Sanidad Vegetal de
Guanajuato (CESAVEG),
Mexico
Guerra et al. (2001), P. Guerra
(personal communication)
USA Baits Motel Stay
Awhile-Rest
Forever
*
(previously: Healthy
Indoors Brand, Ant
and Cockroach Bait
Station)
C/RB Hymenoptera (Formicidae) GlycoGenesys, Inc., USA
(previously: SafeScience, Inc.,
USA)
Website
6
, R. Pereira (personal
communication)
USA Balence
*
C/OD Diptera (Muscidae) Jabb of the Carolinas Inc.,
USA
Kaufman et al. (2005), Website
6
,
L. Castrillo (personal
communication)
USA,
Mexico,
Denmark,
Italy, Spain,
Sweden,
Japan
BotaniGard ES
*
C/ OD Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Hemiptera
(Miridae, Aleyrodidae,
Aphididae, Pseudococcidae,
Psyllidae), Thysanoptera
(Thripidae)
Laverlam International
Corporation, USA (previously:
Emerald BioAgriculture Corp.,
USA; Mycotech Corp., USA)
Kabaluk and Gazdik (2005),
Wraight et al. (2001), Website
7
USA,
Mexico,
Denmark,
Italy, Spain,
Sweden,
Japan
BotaniGard 22 WP
*
C/WP Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Hemiptera
(Miridae, Cicadellidae,
Fulgoridae, Aleyrodidae,
Aphididae, Pseudococcidae,
Psyllidae), Thysanoptera
(Thripidae)
Laverlam International
Corporation, USA (previously:
Emerald BioAgriculture Corp.,
USA; Mycotech Corp., USA)
Kabaluk and Gazdik (2005),
Wraight et al. (2001), Website
7
,
Company brochure
USA CornGard
**
C/GR Lepidoptera (Crambidae) Mycotech Corp., USA Hajek et al. (2001), Shah and
Goettel (1999)
USA,
Mexico,
Denmark,
Italy,
Sweden
Mycotrol ES
*
C/OD Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae,
Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae),
Hemiptera (Miridae,
Cicadellidae, Fulgoridae,
Aleyrodidae, Aphididae,
Pseudococcidae, Psyllidae),
Lepidoptera (Crambidae),
Orthoptera (Acrididae,
Tettigoniidae), Thysanoptera
(Thripidae)
Laverlam International
Corporation, USA (previously:
Emerald BioAgriculture Corp.,
USA; Mycotech Corp., USA)
Kabaluk and Gazdik (2005),
Wraight et al. (2001), Website
7
USA,
Mexico,
Denmark,
Italy,
Sweden
Mycotrol-O
*
C/OD Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae,
Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae),
Hemiptera (Miridae,
Cicadellidae, Fulgoridae,
Aleyrodidae, Aphididae,
Pseudococcidae, Psyllidae),
Lepidoptera (Crambidae,
Noctuidae, Pieridae, Plutellidae),
Orthoptera (Acrididae,
Tettigoniidae), Thysanoptera
(Thripidae)
Laverlam International
Corporation, USA (previously:
Emerald BioAgriculture Corp.,
USA; Mycotech Corp., USA)
Website
7
, Company brochure
USA Mycotrol OF
**
C/SU Orthoptera (Acrididae,
Tettigoniidae)
Mycotech Corp., USA S. Jaronski (personal
communication)
USA Mycotrol OF
**
C/OD (also
for ULV
applications)
Orthoptera (Acrididae,
Tettigoniidae)
Mycotech Corp., USA S. Jaronski (personal
communication)
242 M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256
Table 2 (continued)
Country(ies)
where
undergoing
registration,
registered or
marketed
Trade name
a
Propagule(s)/
Formulation
b
Claimed Target(s)
(Orders and Families)
Manufacturer Source(s)
c
USA, Mexico,
Denmark, Italy,
Sweden
Mycotrol WP
*
C/WP Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae,
Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae),
Hemiptera (Miridae,
Cicadellidae, Fulgoridae,
Aleyrodidae, Aphididae,
Pseudococcidae, Psyllidae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae),
Lepidoptera (Crambidae),
Orthoptera (Acrididae,
Tettigoniidae)
Emerald BioAgriculture Corp.,
USA (previously: Mycotech
Corp., USA)
Kabaluk and Gazdik (2005),
Wraight et al. (2001), Website
6
USA, Mexico,
Greece, Italy,
Spain,
Switzerland
Naturalis L
*
(=Fermone
Naturalis L-225)
C/OD Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae,
Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae),
Diptera (Ephydridae,
Mycetophilidae, Sciaridae,
Tipulidae), Hemiptera
(Lygaeidae, Miridae, Cercopidae,
Cicadellidae, Aleyrodidae,
Aphididae, Pseudococcidae,
Psyllidae), Hymenoptera
(Formicidae), Lepidoptera
(Crambidae, Gelechiidae,
Geometridae, Noctuidae,
Tortricidae), Orthoptera
(Acrididae, Gryllotalpidae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae) +
Acari (Eriophyidae,
Tetranychidae) + Crustacea +
Diplopoda
Troy Biosciences Inc., USA Kabaluk and Gazdik (2005),
Website
6,8
, K. Moran (personal
communication), Company
brochure
USA Naturalis L—
Home &
Garden
*
C/OD Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae,
Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae),
Hymenoptera (Formicidae),
Diptera (Tipulidae), Hemiptera
(Lygaeidae, Cercopidae,
Cicadellidae, Aleyrodidae,
Aphididae, Pseudococcidae,
Psyllidae), Lepidoptera
(Crambidae, Geometridae,
Noctuidae), Orthoptera
(Acrididae, Gryllotalpidae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae) +
Acari (Tarsonemidae,
Tetranychidae) + Crustacea +
Diplopoda
Troy Biosciences Inc., USA Website
8
, K. Moran (personal
communication), Company
brochure
USA Naturalis-O
**
C/OD Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae,
Curculionidae), Hemiptera
(Miridae, Cicadellidae,
Aleyrodidae, Aphididae,
Psyllidae), Lepidoptera,
Thysanoptera (Thripidae)
Troy Biosciences Inc., USA Company brochure
USA Organigard
Emulsifiable
Suspension
Mycoinsecticide
*
C/OD Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae,
Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae),
Hemiptera (Miridae,
Cicadellidae, Aleyrodidae,
Aphididae, Pseudococcidae,
Psyllidae), Thysanoptera
(Thripidae), Orthoptera
(Acrididae, Tettigoniidae),
Lepidoptera (Crambidae)
Emerald BioAgriculture Corp.,
USA (previously: Mycotech
Corp., USA)
Hajek et al. (2001), Website
6
(continued on next page)
M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256 243
Table 2 (continued)
Country(ies) where
undergoing
registration,
registered or
marketed
Trade name
a
Propagule(s)/
Formulation
b
Claimed Target(s)
(Orders and Families)
Manufacturer Source(s)
c
Costa Rica,
Panama
Beauvedieca
*
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Curculionidae) Liga Agricola Industrial de La
Can
˜a de Azucar (LAICA), Costa
Rica
Website
9
Costa Rica,
Panama
Beauvedieca
*
C/NI Coleoptera (Curculionidae) Liga Agricola Industrial de La
Can
˜a de Azucar (LAICA), Costa
Rica
Website
9
Costa Rica Nativo 2 SC
*
A/NI Coleoptera (Curculionidae) Bayer Cropscience S.A.,
Colombia
W. Solano (personal
communication), Website
10
Guatemala Bichoxe
***
A/NI Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae) Produtos Ecolo
´gicos, Guatemala Alves et al. (2003)
Honduras, El
Salvador,
Guatemala,
Jamaica,
Nicaragua
Bazam
*
CWP Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae,
Curculionidae), Hemiptera
(Aleyrodidae, Aphididae),
Lepidoptera (Noctuidae,
Plutellidae) + Acari
(Tetranychidae)
Escuela Agrı
´cola Panamericana,
Honduras
Website
9
, R. Trabanino
(personal communication)
Nicaragua Mirabiol
*
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Curculionidae) Union de Cooperativas
Agropecuarias (UCA),
Nicaragua
Website
9
Argentina Bb
Vinchuca
*
C/OD Hemiptera (Reduviidae) Laboratorios Biagro S.A.,
Argentina
R. Lecuona (personal
communication)
Argentina Bb Moscas
*
C/OD Diptera (Muscidae) Laboratorios Biagro S.A.,
Argentina
R. Lecuona (personal
communication)
Argentina Bb Moscas
*
C/RB Diptera (Muscidae) Laboratorios Biagro S.A.,
Argentina
R. Lecuona (personal
communication)
Brazil Bovenat
*
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Curculionidae),
Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae)
Natural Rural, Brazil Website
11
Brazil Boveril WP
ESALQ447
*
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Curculionidae) Itaforte Industrial de
BioProdutos Agro-Florestais
Ltda., Brazil
R. Lopes (personal
communication)
Brazil Boveril WP
PL63
*
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Curculionidae) +
Acari (Tetranychidae)
Itaforte Industrial de
BioProdutos Agro-Florestais
Ltda., Brazil
A. Ballarotti (personal
communication), R. Lopes
(personal communication)
Brazil Boveriol
*
C+H/TK Isoptera (Rhinotermitidae,
Termitidae)
Tecnicontrol Ind. e Com. de
Produtos Biolo
´gicos Ltda., Brazil
Leite et al. (2003b), J. Almeida
(personal communication)
Brazil No trade
name
*
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Curculionidae) Empresa Pernambucana de
Pesquisa Agropecua
´ria (IPA),
Brazil
E. Marques (personal
communication)
Brazil No trade
name
**
C+H/TK Hymenoptera (Formicidae),
Siphonaptera (Pulicidae)
Instituto de Biotecnologia
Rangel Ltda. (Inbioter), Brazil
D. Rangel (personal
communication)
Brazil No trade
name
*
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Curculionidae) Toyobo do Brasil Ltda., Brazil J. Almeida (personal
communication)
Brazil Bovemax
*
C/OD Coleoptera (Cerambycidae) Turfal Ind. Com. Prod. Biol.,
Brazil
M.S. Leite (personal
communication)
Colombia Ago
Biocontrol
Bassiana
50
***
C/NI Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera,
Lepidoptera
Ago Biocontrol, Colombia Shah and Goettel (1999)
Colombia Agronova
*
A/NI Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Lepidoptera
(Noctuidae, Nymphalidae,
Sphingidae)
Live Systems Technology S.A.,
Colombia
Website
12
Colombia Baubassil
*
C/NI Coleoptera, Hemiptera,
Lepidoptera
Productos Biolo
´gicos Perkins
Ltda, Colombia
Website
13
Colombia,
Dominican
Republic
Bauveril
*
A/WP Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Lepidoptera
(Castniidae)
Laverlam S.A., Colombia Alves et al. (2003), Website
14
Colombia BioExpert
*
A/NI Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae)
Live Systems Technology S.A.,
Colombia
Website
12
244 M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256
Table 2 (continued)
Country(ies)
where undergoing
registration,
registered or
marketed
Trade name
a
Propagule(s)/
Formulation
b
Claimed Target(s)
(Orders and Families)
Manufacturer Source(s)
c
Colombia, Peru,
Costa Rica,
Dominican
Republic,
Honduras
Brocaril 50
WP
*
A/WP Coleoptera (Curculionidae) Laverlam S.A., Colombia Alves et al. (2003), Website
9,14,15
Colombia Brocavec
*
NI NI Empresa Colombiana de
Productos Veterniarios Vecol
S.A., Colombia
Website
16
Colombia Cebiopest
*
NI NI Fundacion Centro de
Biotecnologia Mariano Ospina
Perez, Colombia
Website
16
Colombia Conidia
***
C/WG Coleoptera (Curculionidae) Hoechst Schering AgrEvo,
Colombia
Stetter and Lieb (2000), Wraight
and Carruthers (1999)
Venezuela Proecol
***
C/NI Lepidoptera (Noctuidae) Probioagro S.A., Venezuela Hajek et al. (2001), Wraight et al.
(2001)
Beauveria brongniartii
Austria, Italy Melocont-
Pilzgerste
*
(=Beauveria
brong)
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae) Kwizda Agro GmbH, Austria/
Agrifutur s.r.l., Italy
Henke et al. (2002), Wraight
et al. (2001), H. Strasser
(personal communication)
Switzerland Beauveria
brongniartii
Myzel
*
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae) LBBZ Arenenberg, Switzerland S. Keller (personal
communication)
Switzerland Beauveria
Schweizer
*
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae) Eric Schweizer Samen AG,
Switzerland
Shah and Pell (2003), Butt and
Copping (2000)
Switzerland Engerlingspilz
*
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae) Andermatt Biocontrol AG,
Switzerland
Hajek et al. (2001),M.
Andermatt (personal
communication)
Reunion Island Betel
*
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae) Betel Reunion S.A., Reunion
Island (subsidiary of Natural
Plant Protection, France)
Hajek et al. (2001), Stetter and
Lieb (2000), A. Bonhomme
(personal communication)
Japan Biolisa-
Kamikiri
*
C+H/TK
(fiber band)
Coleptera (Cerambycidae) Nitto Denko, Japan Hajek et al. (2001, 2006),
Wraight et al. (2001),M.
Shimazu (personal
communication)
Colombia Ago
Biocontrol
Beauveria
50
***
A/NI Coleoptera, Hemiptera,
Lepidoptera, Diptera
Ago Biocontrol, Colombia Shah and Goettel (1999)
Conidiobolus thromboides
South Africa No trade
name
**
C/NI (liquid
suspension)
Hemiptera (Aphididae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae)
Mycolab, South Africa J. Hatting (personal
communication)
Colombia, Costa
Rica, Honduras
Vektor 25 SL
*
C/NI (liquid
suspension)
Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae,
Ortheziidae)
Laverlam S.A., Colombia Website
9,14
Hirsutella thompsonii
India MeteHit
***
NI Acari Plantrich Chemicals &
Biofertilizers Ltd, India
Santra (2004)
India Mycohit
*
NI/WP
(dusting
during wet
conditions is
possible)
Acari (Eriophyidae) Hindutan Antibiotics Ltd, India Copping (2004), Kumar and
Singh (2001)
USA Mycar
**
C/WP Acari (Eriophyidae) Abbott Laboratories, USA McCoy (1978, 1996)
Isaria fumosorosea (formerly Paecilomyces fumosoroseus)
Europe (many),
Japan
PreFeRal
*
(=Preferred)
B/WG Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae) Biobest n.v., Belgium (under
license from Certis, Inc., USA)
Saito (2005), Wraight et al.
(2001), Website
17
India Priority
*
A/WP Acari
(Eriophyidae,Tetranychidae)
T.Stanes & Company Limited,
India
Copping (2004), Website
2
(continued on next page)
M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256 245
Table 2 (continued)
Country(ies)
where
undergoing
registration,
registered or
marketed
Trade name
a
Propagule(s)/
Formulation
b
Claimed Target(s)
(Orders and Families)
Manufacturer Source(s)
c
Mexico Pae-Sin
*
C/WP Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae) Agrobiologicos del Noroeste
S.A. de C.V. (Agrobionsa),
Mexico
Wraight et al. (2001), A. Paez
(personal communication),
Company brochure
Mexico Pae-Sin
*
C/OD Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae) Agrobiologicos del Noroeste
S.A. de C.V. (Agrobionsa),
Mexico
A. Paez (personal
communication), Company
brochure
Mexico P. fumosoroseus
**
A/NI Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae) Centro de Sanidad Vegetal de
Guanajuato (CESAVEG),
Mexico
Guerra et al. (2001), P. Guerra
(personal communication)
USA,
Mexico
PFR-97 20% WDG
*
B/WG Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae,
Aphididae), Thysanoptera
(Thripidae) + Acari
(Tetranychidae)
Certis, Inc., USA (previous
owner: Thermo Trilogy Corp.,
USA)
Wraight et al. (2001), Website
6
Colombia Ago Biocontrol
Paecilomyces 50
***
A/NI Coleoptera + Nematoda Ago Biocontrol, Colombia Shah and Goettel (1999)
Colombia Fumosil
*
A/NI Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae,
Aphididae, Pseudococcidae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae)
Productos Biolo
´gicos Perkins
Ltda, Colombia
Website
13
Colombia Successor
*
A/NI Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae,
Aphididae), Thysanoptera
(Thripidae) + Acari
(Tetranychidae)
Live Systems Technology S.A.,
Colombia
Website
12
Venezuela Bemisin
***
C/NI Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae) Probioagro, Venezuela Hajek et al. (2001),
Wraight et al. (2001)
Isaria sp. (formerly Paecilomyces sp.)
India PaciHit Rich
*
NI (liquid
suspension)
Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae) +
Nematoda
Plantrich Chemicals &
Biofertilizers Ltd, India
Website
1
Lagenidium giganteum
USA Laginex AS
*
H/SC Diptera (Culicidae) AgraQuest, Inc., USA Scholte et al. (2004), Website
6
,
R. Riggs (personal communication)
Lecanicillium longisporum (formerly Verticillium lecanii)
Finland,
Switzerland,
UK, Japan
Vertalec
*
B/WP Hemiptera (Aphididae) Koppert Biological Systems,
Netherlands (previously: Tate
and Lyle, UK)
Website
18
, W. Ravensberg
(personal communication)
Brazil Vertirril WP 1300
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae,
Ortheziidae)
Itaforte Industrial de
BioProdutos Agro-Florestais
Ltda., Brazil
A. Ballarotti (personal
communication), R. Lopes
(personal communication)
Lecanicillium muscarium (formerly V. lecanii)
Netherlands,
Denmark,
Finland,
France,
Italy,
Switzerland,
UK,
Turkey,
Japan,
Mycotal
*
C/WP Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae)
Koppert Biological Systems,
Netherlands (previously: Tate
and Lyle, UK)
Website
18
, W. Ravensberg
(personal communication)
Russia Verticillin
*
B/WP Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae,
Aphididae) + Acari
(Tetranychidae)
Biodron, Russia Shternshis (2004), M. Shternshis
(personal communication)
Russia Verticillin
*
B/NI (liquid
suspension)
Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae,
Aphididae) + Acari
(Tetranychidae)
Biodron, Russia Shternshis (2004), M. Shternshis
(personal communication)
Lecanicillium sp.(formerly V. lecanii)
Spain Trichovert
*
A/NI Not informed Trichodex S.A., Spain Website
1
Switzerland MicroGermin Plus
*
H/WP Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae,
Aphididae), Thysanoptera
(Thripidae) + Acari
(Tetranychidae)
Omya (Schweiz) AG,
Switzerland
S. Keller (personal
communication)
246 M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256
Table 2 (continued)
Country(ies)
where
undergoing
registration,
registered or
marketed
Trade name
a
Propagule(s)/
Formulation
b
Claimed Target(s)
(Orders and Families)
Manufacturer Source(s)
c
India Bio-Catch
*
A/WP Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae,
Aphididae,
Pseudococcidae)
T.Stanes & Company Limited,
India
Copping (2004), Website
2
India Biovert
Rich
*
A/NI (powder) ‘‘Insects’’ + Nematoda Plantrich Chemicals &
Biofertilizers Ltd, India
Website
1
India Mealikil
*
A/WP Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha
(‘‘scales’’) + others (not specified)
Agri Life, India Copping (2004), Website
3
Mexico Verti-Sin
*
C/OD Hemiptera (Aphididae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae)
Agrobiologicos del Noroeste
S.A. de C.V. (Agrobionsa),
Mexico
A. Paez (personal
communication), Company
brochure
Honduras, El
Salvador,
Guatemala,
Jamaica,
Nicaragua
Verzam
*
C/NI Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae,
Aphididae), Thysanoptera
(Thripidae) + Acari
(Tetranychidae)
Escuela Agrı
´cola Panamericana,
Honduras
Website
9
, R. Trabanino
(personal communication)
Brazil No trade
name
*
C/OD Hemiptera (Aphididae) Turfal Ind. Com. Prod. Biol.,
Brazil
M.S. Leite (personal
communication)
Brazil Vertinat
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae,
Ortheziidae)
Natural Rural, Brazil Website
11
Colombia Ago
Biocontrol
Verticillium
50
***
A/NI Hemiptera, Diptera Ago Biocontrol, Colombia Shah and Goettel (1999)
Colombia,
Peru, Costa
Rica, Honduras
Vertisol 50
WP
*
A/WP Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae) Laverlam S.A., Colombia Website
9,14,15
Metarhizium anisopliae
Austria, Italy Granmet-P
*
C+H/TK Coleoptera
(Scarabaeidae, Curculionidae,
Nitidulidae)
Kwizda Agro GmbH, Austria/
Agrifutur s.r.l., Italy
H. Strasser (personal
communication)
Germany,
Switzerland
BIO 1020
**
H/GR (more
specifically, a
Fine Granule-
FG)
Coleoptera
(Curculionidae)
Bayer AG, Germany Hajek et al. (2001), Feng et al.
(1994), D. Roberts (personal
communication)
Spain Trichomet
*
C/NI Not informed Trichodex S.A., Spain Website
1
Switzerland BIO 1020
*
H/GR Coleoptera (Curculionidae) Intrachem Bio SA, Italy S. Keller (personal
communication)
Switzerland Metarhizium
Andermatt
**
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae) Andermatt Biocontrol AG,
Switzerland
Hajek et al. (2001),
M. Andermatt (personal
communication)
Switzerland Metarhizium
Schweizer
*
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae) Eric Schweizer Samen AG,
Switzerland
Hajek et al. (2001),
Wraight et al. (2001),
S. Keller (personal
communication)
India Bio-Magic
*
A/WP (also
applied undiluted
into soil for
control of grubs
and weevils)
Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Hemiptera
(Cercopidae) + others (‘‘plant
hoppers’’)
T.Stanes & Company Limited,
India
Website
2
India Biomet
Rich
*
A/NI (liquid
suspension)
Coleoptera, Isoptera Plantrich Chemicals &
Biofertilizers Ltd, India
Website
1
India Pacer
*
A/WP Isoptera Agri Life, India Copping (2004), Website
3
Australia BioCane
Granules
Biological
Insecticide
*
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae) Becker Underwood Inc., USA—
Australian division (previously:
Bio-Care Technology Pty Ltd)
Samson et al. (2005), Milner et al.
(2002), Website
19
(continued on next page)
M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256 247
Table 2 (continued)
Country(ies)
where undergoing
registration,
registered or
marketed
Trade name
a
Propagule(s)/
Formulation
b
Claimed Target(s)
(Orders and Families)
Manufacturer Source(s)
c
Australia Chafer Guard
Granules
*
(= Biogreen)
C+H/TK Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae) Becker Underwood Inc., USA—
Australian division (under licence
from Dept. Primary Industry and
Adelaide Research and
Innovation Pty Limited,
Australia)
Website
19
Mexico Fitosan-M
*
A/NI Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae),
Orthoptera
Centro de Sanidad Vegetal de
Guanajuato (CESAVEG),
Mexico
Guerra et al. (2001), P. Guerra
(personal communication)
Mexico Meta-Sin
*
C/WP Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Hemiptera
(Cercopidae), Orthoptera
Agrobiologicos del Noroeste
S.A. de C.V. (Agrobionsa),
Mexico
Hajek et al. (2001), A. Paez
(personal communication),
Company brochure
Mexico Meta-Sin
*
C/OD Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Hemiptera
(Cercopidae), Orthoptera
Agrobiologicos del Noroeste
S.A. de C.V. (Agrobionsa),
Mexico
A. Paez (personal
communication), Company
brochure
USA, Mexico Bio-Blast
Biological
Termiticide
*
C/TC Isoptera (Kalotermitidae,
Rhinotermitidae, Termopsidae)
EcoScience Corporation, USA Wraight and Carruthers (1999),
Rath (1995), Website
6
, Company
brochure
USA Bio-Path
Cockroach
Control
Chamber
**
C/RB Blattodea (Blattellidae, Blattidae) EcoScience Corporation, USA Evans (2003), Hajek et al. (2001),
Gunner et al. (1995), J. Lord
(personal communication)
USA Taenure
Granular
Bioinsecticide
*
C/GR Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Diptera
(Ephydridae, Mycetophilidae,
Sciaridae, Tipulidae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae)
Novozymes Biologicals Inc.,
USA (previously: Earth
BioSciences; (Taensa Co., USA)
Website
6
, Company brochure
USA Taerain
**
C/OD Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae),
Thysanoptera (Thripidae) +
Acari (Tetranychidae)
Earth BioSciences Inc., USA Company brochure
USA Tick-EX EC
*
C/OD Acari (Ixodidae) + Coleoptera
(Scarabaeidae)
Novozymes Biologicals Inc.,
USA (previously: Earth
BioSciences; Taensa Co., USA)
Website
6
, Company brochure
USA Tick-EX G
*
C/GR Acari + Coleoptera
(Scarabaeidae)
Novozymes Biologicals Inc.,
USA (previously: Earth
BioSciences; Taensa Co., USA)
Website
6
Costa Rica,
Panama
Metadieca
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Liga Agricola Industrial de La
Can
˜a de Azucar (LAICA), Costa
Rica
Website
9
Costa Rica,
Panama
Metadieca
*
C/TC Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Liga Agricola Industrial de La
Can
˜a de Azucar (LAICA), Costa
Rica
Website
9
Costa Rica Technogreen
Metarhizium
35 SL
*
A/NI (liquid
suspension)
Not informed Biolaboratorios de
Centroamerica S.A. (Biolab),
Costa Rica
Website
10
Guatemala Salivase
***
A/NI Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Produtos Ecolo
´gicos, Guatemala Alves et al. (2003)
Honduras, El
Salvador,
Guatemala,
Jamaica,
Nicaragua
Metazam
*
C/WP Hemiptera (Cercopidae),
Lepidoptera (Crambidae) +
Acari (Ixodidae)
Escuela Agrı
´cola Panamericana,
Honduras
R. Trabanino (personal
communication)
Nicaragua Metarhisa
WP
*
C/WP Coleoptera (Curculionidae),
Hemiptera (Cercopidae),
Lepidoptera (Crambidae)
Nicaragua Sugar Estates
Limited, Nicaragua
Website
9
Brazil BioCerto para
Cigarrinhas
*
C/OD Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Biocerto Ind. Com. Prod. Agrop.
Ltda, Brazil
J. Falca
˜o (personal
communication)
Brazil BioCerto PM
*
C/TC Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Biocerto Ind. Com. Prod. Agrop.
Ltda, Brazil
J. Falca
˜o (personal
communication)
248 M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256
Table 2 (continued)
Country(ies) where
undergoing
registration,
registered or
marketed
Trade name
a
Propagule(s)/
Formulation
b
Claimed Target(s)
(Orders and Families)
Manufacturer Source(s)
c
Brazil Biocontrol
**
C/NI Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Agroceres, Brazil Leite et al. (2003b), S. Alves
(personal communication)
Brazil Biomax
**
C/WP Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Labormax Produtos Quı
´micos
Ind. e Com. Ltda., Brazil
R. Pereira (personal
communication)
Brazil, Panama Biotech
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Biotech, Brazil Leite et al. (2003b), E. Marques
(personal communication)
Brazil Conbio
**
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Equilı
´brio Controle Biolo
´gico
Ltda, Brazil
A. Batista Filho (personal
communication)
Brazil Metabiol
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Tecnicontrol Ind. e Com. de
Produtos Biolo
´gicos Ltda., Brazil
Leite et al. (2003b)
Brazil Metanat
*
C/OD Hemiptera (Cercopidae,
Aphididae)
Natural Rural, Brazil Website
11
Brazil Metanat
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae,
Aphididae)
Natural Rural, Brazil Website
11
Brazil Metaquino
**
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Com. Exec. Def. Fit. Lav. Can.
PE (CODECAP), Brazil
Aquino et al. (1975)
Brazil Metarril WP
E9
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Itaforte Industrial de
BioProdutos Agro-Florestais
Ltda., Brazil
R. Lopes (personal
communication)
Brazil Metarril SC
1037
*
C/OD Hemiptera (Cercopidae) + Acari
(Ixodidae)
Itaforte Industrial de
BioProdutos Agro-Florestais
Ltda., Brazil
R. Lopes (personal
communication)
Brazil Metarriz
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Biocontrol Sistemas de Controle
Biolo
´gico, Brazil
J. Almeida (personal
communication)
Brazil Methamax
*
C/OD Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Turfal Ind. Com. Prod. Biol.,
Brazil
M.S. Leite (personal
communication)
Brazil Methavida
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Methavida Controle Biolo
´gico
Agrı
´cola, Brazil
J. Almeida (personal
communication)
Brazil No trade
name
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Bioagro Controle Biolo
´gico,
Brazil
E. Marques (personal
communication)
Brazil No trade
name
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Biocana Braz e Costa Ind. e
Com. de Produtos Biolo
´gicos,
Brazil
J. Almeida (personal
communication)
Brazil No trade
name
**
C/NI Hemiptera (Cercopidae) BTA, Brazil Leite et al. (2003b)
Brazil No trade
name
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Empresa Mato-Grossense de
Pesquisa, Assiste
ˆncia e Extensa
˜o
Rural S/A (EMPAER), Brazil
M. Santaella (personal
communication)
Brazil No trade
name
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Empresa Pernambucana de
Pesquisa Agropecua
´ria (IPA),
Brazil
E. Marques (personal
communication)
Brazil No trade
name
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Empresa de Pesquisa
Agropecua
´ria do Estado do Rio
de Janeiro (PESAGRO), Brazil
S. Alves (personal
communication)
Brazil No trade
name
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Fitossan Assiste
ˆncia
Fitossanita
´ria e Controle
Biolo
´gico Ltda., Brazil
J. Santos (personal
communication)
Brazil No trade
name
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Fundac¸a
˜o Agro-ambiental da
Amazo
ˆnia (FUNAM), Brazil
V. Rocha (personal
communication)
Brazil No trade
name
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Instituto Biolo
´gico, Brazil J. Almeida (personal
communication)
Brazil No trade
name
**
C+H/TK Hymenoptera (Formicidae),
Siphonaptera (Pulicidae)
Instituto de Biotecnologia
Rangel Ltda. (Inbioter), Brazil
D. Rangel (personal
communication)
Brazil No trade
name
*
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Toyobo do Brasil Ltda., Brazil J. Almeida (personal
communication)
Colombia Ago
Biocontrol
Metarhizium
50
***
A/NI Coleoptera, Hemiptera,
Lepidoptera, Orthoptera
Ago Biocontrol, Colombia Shah and Goettel (1999)
(continued on next page)
M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256 249
Table 2 (continued)
Country(ies)
where
undergoing
registration,
registered or
marketed
Trade
name
a
Propagule(s)/
Formulation
b
Claimed Target(s)
(Orders and Families)
Manufacturer Source(s)
c
Colombia DeepGreen
*
A/NI Coleoptera
(Scarabaeidae),
Hemiptera
(Miridae, Cicadellidae)
Live Systems Technology S.A.,
Colombia
Website
12
Colombia,
Costa Rica,
Honduras,
Nicaragua
Destruxin
*
(=Dextruxin
50 WP)
A/WP Coleoptera (Curculionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Hemiptera
(Miridae, Cercopidae,
Delphacidae), Lepidoptera
(Noctuidae)
Laverlam S.A., Colombia Website
9,14
Colombia Metaril
*
C/NI Coleoptera (Curculiionidae,
Scarabaeidae), Hemiptera
(Miridae, Pentatomidae,
Cercopidae, Delphacidae),
Lepidoptera (Noctuidae)
Productos Biolo
´gicos Perkins
Ltda, Colombia
Website
13
Venezuela Cobican
***
C/NI Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae),
Hemiptera (Cercopidae,
Aphididae)
Probioagro S.A., Venezuela Alves et al. (2003),
Wraight et al. (2001)
Venezuela Metabiol
***
A/NI Hemiptera (Cercopidae) Empresa Prave Agrobiote
´nica
S.A., Venezuela
Website
20
Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum
Mozambique,
Namibia,
Tanzania,
South Africa,
Sudan,
Zambia
Green
Muscle OF
*
C/OF Orthoptera (Acrididae,
Pyrgomorphidae)
Biological Control Products SA
(Pty) Ltd, South Africa (under
license from CABI, UK)
Pettit and Jenkins (2005),
Bateman (1997), Website
2
Australia Green
Guard
ULV
*
C/OF Orthoptera (Acrididae) Becker Underwood Inc., USA—
Australian division (under licence
from CSIRO, Australia)
Milner and Hunter (2001),
Website
19
, P. Melville (personal
communication)
Australia Green
Guard SC
*
C/TC (dry spores,
surfactant solution
and emulsifiable oil
are sold together,
but not mixed)
Orthoptera (Acrididae) Becker Underwood Inc., USA—
Australian division (under licence
from CSIRO, Australia)
Website
19
Nomuraea rileyi
Colombia Ago
Biocontrol
Nomuraea
50
***
A/NI Lepidoptera Ago Biocontrol, Colombia Shah and Goettel (1999)
‘‘Sporothrix insectorum’’
Brazil No trade
name
**
C+H/TK Hemiptera (Tingidae) Estac¸a
˜o de Aviso Fitossanita
´rio
de Sa
˜o Jose
´do Rio Claro, Brazil
M.A. Leite (personal
communication)
Brazil No trade
name
*
S+B+H/TK
(liquid substrate)
Hemiptera (Tingidae) Instituto Biolo
´gico, Brazil Leite et al. (2003a),
J. Almeida (personal
communication)
Brazil Sporothrix
ES
*
C/OD Hemiptera (Tingidae) Biocerto Ind. Com. Prod. Agrop.
Ltda, Brazil
J. Falca
˜o (personal
communication)
Mix: B. bassiana,M. anisopliae,I. fumosorosea
Mexico Tri-Sin
*
C/WP Hemiptera (Psyllidae) Agrobiologicos del Noroeste
S.A. de C.V. (Agrobionsa),
Mexico
A. Paez (personal
communication), Company
brochure
Mexico Tri-Sin
*
C/OD Hemiptera (Psyllidae) Agrobiologicos del Noroeste
S.A. de C.V. (Agrobionsa),
Mexico
A. Paez (personal
communication), Company
brochure
Mix: B. bassiana,M. anisopliae +Paecilomyces lilacinus
Colombia Fungio WP
*
NI NI Orius Biotecnologı
´a, Colombia Website
21
250 M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256
1979). Although most products are based on specific types
of propagules (Section 2.1), the end product may contain
small or even substantial amounts of other propagule
types. Products based on aerial conidia may contain
hyphae, and vice-versa, and mycoinsecticides produced
through liquid fermentation may present a mix of
submerged conidia, blastospores and hyphae (Leite et al.,
2003a). The exact propagule composition of biopesticide
products is rarely stated by manufacturers, and, in some
cases, the specific propagule comprising the active ingredi-
ent is not indicated. For many of these products, the active
ingredient is quantified in terms of colony forming units.
Thus, in this listing we report only what we were able to
identify from product claims and descriptions as the pre-
dominant propagule type. For six products, no identifica-
tion of propagule type was possible. Based on the
available information, we determined that a significant
proportion of products (25.7%, most of these classified as
technical concentrates) contain both asexual spores and
hyphae. However, 67.5% of all products are described as
Table 2 (continued)
Country(ies)
where
undergoing
registration,
registered or
marketed
Trade name
a
Propagule(s)/
Formulation
b
Claimed Target(s)
(Orders and Families)
Manufacturer Source(s)
c
Colombia,
Ecuador, Chile,
Peru, Panama
Micosplag
*
C/WP Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae,
Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae),
Hemiptera (Lygaeidae, Miridae,
Pentatomidae, Tingidae,
Cercopidae, Delphacidae),
Lepidoptera (Noctuidae,
Nymphalidae, Crambidae) +
Nematoda
Orius Biotecnologı
´a, Colombia Website
15,21
, M. Higuera
(personal communication)
Mix: B. bassiana,M. anisopliae,N. rileyi,I. fumosorosea +Bacillus thuringiensis
Colombia Micobiol
Completo
***
A/NI Coleoptera, Hemiptera,
Lepidoptera, Diptera + Acari
NI Alves et al. (2003)
Mix: B. bassiana,H. thompsonii,Lecanicillium sp.,M. anisopliae,N. rileyi,I. fumosorosea +P.lilacinus
Colombia Micobiol
HE
***
A/NI Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera,
Lepidoptera + Acari +
Nematoda
NI Alves et al. (2003)
Mix (?): Lecanicillium spp. (formerly V. lecanii)
Scandinavia MicroGermin
**
A/WP Hemiptera (Aleyrodidae,
Aphididae)
Christian Hansen BioSystems,
Denmark
Butt et al. (1999), Helyer et al.
(1992), W. Ravensberg (personal
communication)
a
Availability of product is informed as follows:
*
active,
**
inactive, and
***
current status could not be determined (see Table 1 for additional
information).
b
Categories adopted for propagule types of developed products: H, hyphae (mycelia); A, asexual spores (type not informed); C, aerial conidia; S,
submerged conidia; B, blastospores (= hyphal bodies); NI, not informed by consulted sources.
c
Websites consulted:
1
AMC Chemical and Trichodex (http://www.amcchemical.com/).
2
Biological Control Products SA (Pty) Ltd (http://www.biocontrol.co.za).
3
Plantrich Chemicals & Biofertilizers Ltd. (http://www.indiamart.com/biofertilizers/).
4
T.Stanes & Company Limited (http://www.tstanes.com).
5
Agri Life (http://www.somphyto.com).
6
EPA—Environmental Protection Agency (http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/).
7
Laverlam International Corporation (http://www.laverlamintl.com/).
8
Troy Biosciences, Inc. (http://www.troybiosciences.com/).
9
Bioplaguicidas.Org (http://www.bioplaguicidas.org/) (in Spanish).
10
Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado—Costa Rica, Potecnet (http://www.protecnet.go.cr/InsumoSys/Principal.htm) (in Spanish).
11
Natural Rural (http://www.naturalrural.com.br/) (in Portuguese).
12
Live Systems Technology S.A. (http://lstsa.com/).
13
Productos Biolo
´gicos Perkins Ltda (http://www.perkinsltda.com.co/) (in Spanish).
14
Laverlam S.A. (www.laverlam.com.co/espanol/portada.htm) (in Spanish).
15
Servicio Nacional de Sanidade Agraria (http://www.senasa.gob.pe) (in Spanish).
16
Rede de Informacio
´n y Comunicacio
´n Estrate
´gica del Sector Agropecuario—AGRONET (http://www.agronet.gov.cl) (in Spanish).
17
Biobest n.v. (http://www.biobest.be/).
18
Koppert Biological Systems (www.koppert.nl/).
19
Becker Underwood Pty Ltd (http://www.beckerunderwood.com/australia/).
20
http://www.plagas-agricolas.info.ve/ (in Spanish).
21
Orius Biotecnologı
´a(http://www.Oriusbiotecnologia.com/site/) (in Spanish).
M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256 251
being based exclusively on asexual spores, with aerial con-
idia being the most common among all products (41.2%).
Only 4.1% of listed products are claimed to contain only
blastospores, whereas this kind of propagule is also present
in two other products, one including submerged conidia
and one including submerged conidia and hyphae. No
products have been reported as containing only submerged
conidia, and those based exclusively on hyphae account for
only 2.3% of all products. The type of asexual spore could
not be determined for 22.2% of products.
Formulation types could not be determined for 25.7% of
all listed products, and despite conflicting data and lack of
standardization among different sources, two technical
products (TC and TK) and nine different formulation types
were identified. The most common types were technical
concentrates in the form of fungus-colonized substrates
(26.3%), wettable powders (20.5%), and oil dispersions
(15.2%). The remaining types include granules (2.9%),
technical materials (2.9%), baits (1.8%), water dispersible
granules (1.8%), oil miscible flowable concentrates (1.2%),
ULV suspensions (0.6%), suspension concentrates (0.6%),
and contact powders (0.6%).
As indicated previously, assigning a formulation type to
a product is not a straightforward step. Formulation defi-
nitions developed for chemical pesticides often are not pre-
cisely applicable to biopesticides. Revisions in the
international code to accommodate current microbial for-
mulation designations are needed. Also, there is a great
deal of overlap among formulation definitions, and a single
product may fall into more than one category. There is,
therefore, a certain amount of subjectivity associated with
selection of the proper code, and there are many circum-
stances in which designations adopted in this paper do
not match those used in previous publications or by
manufacturers.
Among listed products, at least 160 (93.6%) are claimed
to have activity against insects, and 28 (16.4%) against aca-
rines. Nematodes (2.9%), crustaceans (1.2%), and centi-
pedes (1.2%) also are among the claimed target hosts,
while targets for 4.7% of products could not be determined.
The sum of the above percentages is substantially greater
than 100% due to the fact that most products are indicated
as controlling pests in more than one order and usually
multiple species within an order (data not shown). Targets
are distributed among 10 insect orders: Hemiptera (59.6%),
Coleoptera (40.9%), Lepidoptera (17.5%), Thysanoptera
(14.6%), Orthoptera (9.4%), Diptera (7.0%), Hymenoptera
(2.9%), Isoptera (2.3%), Siphonaptera (1.2%), and Blatto-
dea (0.6%). The listed products are claimed to control tar-
gets in at least 48 insect families, with insects in the families
Aleyrodidae, Curculionidae (including Scolytinae), Cer-
copidae, Scarabaeidae, Aphididae, and Thripidae being
among the most common targets (Table 3). Among myco-
acaricides, only three products, all based on H. thompsonii,
were developed specifically for control of acarines. Target
acarines are from at least four families, but predominantly
focused on Tetranychidae.
Out of 129 products currently in the ‘‘active’’ category
(registered, undergoing registration or available), over
90% were developed for inundation microbial control,
while less than 10% were developed exclusively for inocula-
tion control strategies (as defined by Eilenberg et al., 2001).
The latter strategy is based on mycoinsecticides with high
mycelial concentration, for example formulated products
based solely on hyphae, or fungus-colonized substrates
for control of soil-inhabiting beetles.
Historically, countries in Asia, Latin America, and East-
ern Europe have accounted for the greatest use of fungal
pathogens. As reviewed by Feng et al. (1994), in the
1980s approximately 0.8–1.3 million hectares of forests in
China were treated annually with B. bassiana for control
of numerous pests; however, this use was largely govern-
ment supported (noncommercial) and has declined mark-
edly in recent years (Feng, 2003). Commercial production
of mycopesticides is only beginning in China; launches by
private companies of formulated products for management
of grasshoppers and tea leafhoppers is anticipated (M.-G.
Feng, Zhejiang University, China, personal communica-
tion). There also have been high levels of noncommercial
production of mycoinsecticides by grower cooperatives in
Brazil during the 1970s and 1980s (Alves, 1998), by govern-
ment laboratories in several Eastern European countries
(especially Russia, Poland and Czechoslovakia) during
the same time period (Lipa, 1985; Feng et al., 1994), and
by government laboratories in Cuba since the 1990s (Ros-
set, 1997; Vega, 2005).
Products developed by South American companies and
institutions represent 42.7% of all listed (commercial) prod-
ucts, followed by North America (20.5%), Europe and Asia
(12.3% each), Central America (7.0%), Africa (2.9%), and
Oceania (2.3%). The data suggest that the largest current
program using entomopathogenic fungi is based on M. ani-
sopliae application for control of spittlebugs in sugarcane
fields and pastures of South and Central America. Among
the 58 listed products based on M. anisopliae, 37 (63.8%)
are claimed to be active against cercopids, and over 90%
of these are currently available in South and Central Amer-
ica. In Brazil, M. anisopliae is used to control a complex
of spittlebugs, including Mahanarva fimbriolata (Sta
˚l)
and Mahanarva posticata (Sta
˚l) in sugarcane fields, and
M. fimbriolata,Deois flavopicta (Sta
˚l) and Notozulia entre-
riana (Berg) in pastures (Alves, 1998; Faria and Magalha
˜es,
2001). In a single sugarcane operation, this fungus is annu-
ally applied on over 60,000 hectares for control of M. fimb-
riolata (J.E.M. de Almeida, Instituto Biolo
´gico, Brazil,
personal communication). Other impressive numbers relate
to the worldwide use of M. anisopliae for scarab control,
and B. bassiana for control of weevils, whiteflies, scarabs,
thrips, and aphids, each with at least 10 products currently
in the ‘‘active’’ category.
In the literature there is a great deal of incomplete,
inconsistent and even conflicting information regarding
developed mycopesticides. Other difficulties in assembling
an accurate list of products are related to incomplete infor-
252 M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256
Table 3
Number of mycopesticides and mycoacaricides per target orders and families
Orders and families Fungal agents
a
Aa Bb Bbr Ct Ht If Isp Lg Ll Lm Lsp Ma Mac Nr Si Mix Total %
b
Blattodea 1 1 0.6
Blattellidae 1 1 0.6
Blattidae 1 1 0.6
Coleoptera 37 7 1 22 3 70 40.9
Cerambycidae 2 1 3 1.8
Chrysomelidae 10 1 11 6.4
Curculionidae 31 10 1 42 24.6
Scarabaeidae 15 5 16 1 37 21.6
Nitidulidae 1 1 0.6
Family—Not informed 1 1 2 2 6 3.5
Diptera 6 1 1 1 1 2 12 7.0
Culicidae 1 1 0.6
Ephydridae 1 1 2 1.2
Muscidae 3 3 1.8
Mycetophilidae 1 1 2 1.2
Sciaridae 1 1 2 1.2
Tipulidae 2 1 3 1.8
Family—Not informed 1 1 1 2 5 2.9
Hemiptera 1 25 1 2 8 1 2 3 10 40 3 6 102 59.6
Heteroptera: Lygaeidae 2 1 3 1.8
Heteroptera: Miridae 8 3 1 12 7.0
Heteroptera: Pentatomidae 1 1 2 1.2
Heteroptera: Reduviidae 1 1 0.6
Heteroptera: Tingidae 3 1 4 2.3
Auchenorrhyncha: Cercopidae 2 37 1 40 23.4
Auchenorrhyncha:: Cicadellidae 9 1 10 5.8
Auchenorrhyncha: Delphacidae 1 2 1 4 2.3
Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoridae 5 5 2.9
Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae 1 20 1 8 1 1 3 5 1 1 42 24.6
Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae 12 1 3 1 2 5 3 1 28 16.4
Sternorrhyncha: Ortheziidae 1 1 1 3 1.8
Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae 8 1 1 10 5.8
Sternorrhyncha: Psyllidae 9 2 11 6.4
Family—Not informed 2 1 2 1 2 8 4.7
Hymenoptera 4 1 5 2.9
Formicidae 4 1 5 2.9
Isoptera 1 3 4 2.3
Kalotermitidae 1 1 0.6
Rhinotermitidae 1 1 2 1.2
Termitidae 1 1 0.6
Termopsidae 1 1 0.6
Family—Not informed 2 2 1.2
Lepidoptera 20 1 5 1 3 30 17.5
Castniidae 2 2 1.2
Crambidae 9 2 1 12 7.0
Gelechiidae 1 1 0.6
Geometridae 2 2 1.2
Noctuidae 7 2 1 10 5.8
Nymphalidae 1 1 2 1.2
Pieridae 2 2 1.2
Plutellidae 3 3 1.8
Sphingidae 1 1 0.6
Tortricidae 2 2 1.2
Family—Not informed 4 1 1 1 2 9 5.3
Orthoptera 9 4 3 16 9.4
Acrididae 8 3 11 6.4
Gryllotalpidae 2 2 1.2
Pyrgomorphidae 1 1 0.6
(continued on next page)
M.R. de Faria, S.P. Wraight / Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256 253
mation presented on product labels or in product descrip-
tions (when available), lack of up-to-date information
(especially following corporate mergers), information in
only one language, etc. Despite its imperfections, the list
of products presented in this work represents a database
that could be updated periodically, providing the scientific
community with a valuable source of state-of-the-art infor-
mation on fungus-based insecticides and acaricides.
Acknowledgments
We are thankful to the following people for partial
information on one or more products: Antoine Bonhomme
(Natural Plant Protection, France), Martin Andermatt
(Andermatt Biocontrol AG, Switzerland), Willem Ravens-
berg (Koppert Biological Systems, Netherlands), Hermann
Strasser (University of Innsbruck, Austria), Marilena A. de
Muro (CABI, UK), Roy Bateman (IPARC,UK), Siegfried
Keller (Federal Research Station Agroscope Reckenholz-
Ta
¨nikon ART, Switzerland), Zdene
ˇk Ada
´mek (Academy
of Sciences, Czech Republic), Justin Hatting (ARC-Small
Grain Institute, South Africa), Margarita Shternshis
(Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Russia), Mitsuaki
Shimazu (Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute,
Japan), Ming-Guang Feng (Zhejiang University, China),
Kevin Moran (Troy Biosciences Inc., USA), Peter Melville
(Becker Underwood Inc., USA), Ralph Riggs (AgraQuest
Inc., USA), Theresa Bruette (Certis, USA), Brian Steinw-
and (EPA, USA), Donald Roberts (Utah State University,
USA), Drauzio Rangel (Utah State University, USA),
Louela Castrillo (USDA Plant, Soil, & Nutrition Labora-
tory, USA), Richard Humber (USDA Plant, Soil, & Nutri-
tion Laboratory, USA), Roberto Pereira (USDA-ARS,
CMAVE, USA), Stefan Jaronski (USDA-ARS, NPARL,
USA), Ana Paez (Sinaloa, Mexico), Patricia Guerra
(Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Mexico), Rogelio
Trabanino (Escuela Agrı
´cola Panamericana, Honduras),
Walter Solano (Protecnet, Costa Rica), Mario Delgado
Higuera (Orius Biotecnologı
´a, Colombia), Roberto Lecu-
ona (INTA Castelar, Argentina), Ariclenis Ballarotti (Ita-
forte Ind. BioProdutos Agro-Florestais Ltda., Brazil),
Jales Falca
˜o (BioCerto Ind. Com. Prod. Agropec. Ltda.,
Brazil), Jose
´de S. Santos (Fitossan Assiste
ˆncia Fitossanita
´-
ria e Controle Biolo
´gico Ltda., Brazil), Marcı
´lio B. Santa-
ella (EMPAER, Brazil), Marco A. Leite (Estac¸a
˜o de Aviso
Fitossanita
´rio, Brazil), and Maria S. Leite (Turfal Ind.
Com. Prod. Biol., Brazil). We are also thankful to the fol-
lowing people from Rede Entomofungo (Brazilian network
for entomopathogenic fungi): Anto
ˆnio Batista Filho (Insti-
tuto Biolo
´gico), Edmilson Marques (Univ. Federal Rural
de Pernambuco), Jose
´Almeida (Instituto Biolo
´gico), Luis
Alves (Unioeste), Luis Leite (Instituto Biolo
´gico), Roberto
Alves (EMBRAPA), Roge
´rio Lopes (Itaforte Ind. Bio-
Produtos Agro-Florestais Ltda.), and Se
´rgio Alves
(ESALQ). We extend our special thanks to Kathie Hodge
(Cornell University, Ithaca, USA) for information on fun-
gal classification and Thomas Woods (Specifications Ex-
pert Group–CropLife International) for exciting
discussions regarding some formulation types. Finally, we
are grateful to Ann Hajek (Cornell University, Ithaca,
USA) for reviewing the manuscript.
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