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Techno-economic evaluation of off-grid hybrid photovoltaic–diesel–battery power systems for rural electrification in Saudi Arabia—A way forward for sustainable development
Abstract
The burning of depleting fossil fuels for power generation has detrimental impact on human life and climate. In view of this, renewable solar energy sources are being increasingly exploited to meet the energy needs. Moreover, solar photovoltaic (PV)–diesel hybrid system technology promises lot of opportunities in remote areas which are far from utility grid and are driven by diesel generators. Integration of PV systems with the diesel plants is being disseminated worldwide to reduce diesel fuel consumption and to minimize atmospheric pollution. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A.) being endowed with high intensity of solar radiation, is a prospective candidate for deployment of PV systems. Also, K.S.A. has large number of remote scattered villages. The aim of this study is to analyze solar radiation data of Rafha, K.S.A., to assess the techno-economic feasibility of hybrid PV–diesel–battery power systems to meet the load requirements of a typical remote village Rawdhat Bin Habbas (RBH) with annual electrical energy demand of 15,943 MWh. Rafha is located near RBH. The monthly average daily global solar radiation ranges from 3.04 to 7.3 kWh/m2. NREL's HOMER software has been used to perform the techno-economic evaluation. The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system composed of 2.5 MWp capacity PV system together with 4.5 MW diesel system (three 1.5 MW units) and a battery storage of 1 h of autonomy (equivalent to 1 h of average load), the PV penetration is 27%. The cost of generating energy (COE, US/kWh (assuming diesel fuel price of 0.1$/l). The study exhibits that the operational hours of diesel generators decrease with increase in PV capacity. The investigation also examines the effect of PV/battery penetration on COE, operational hours of diesel gensets. Concurrently, emphasis has been placed on: un-met load, excess electricity generation, percentage fuel savings and reduction in carbon emissions (for different scenarios such as: PV–diesel without storage, PV–diesel with storage, as compared to diesel-only situation), COE of different hybrid systems, etc. The decrease in carbon emissions by using the above hybrid system is about 24% as compared to the diesel-only scenario.
... LF is usually preferred in systems with various renewable energy sources, where fluctuations in renewable energy production can sometimes exceed the immediate load requirements. For this study, the LF strategy will be employed [26,28]. [2,17]. ...
... LF is usually preferred in systems with various renewable energy sources, where fluctuations in renewable energy production can sometimes exceed the immediate load requirements. For this study, the LF strategy will be employed [26,28]. ...
... At the case study location for this evaluation, the average wind speed over the year is 3.05 m/s at a height of 50 m. Throughout the year, wind speeds vary between 2.05 m/s and 25 m/s, indicating a range suitable for harnessing wind energy effectively [28]. The wind speed at the research site varies between 2.660 m/s and 3.340 m/s throughout the year, as determined from data obtained via NASA using HOMER Pro Version 3.14.5 software and detailed in Table 3. ...
The developing environmental consequences of excessive dependence on fossil fuels have pushed many countries to invest in clean and renewable energy sources. Mexico is a country that, due to its geographic and climatic diversity, can take advantage of this potential in renewable energy generation and reduce its dependence on fossil fuels while developing strategies to improve its energy system. This study investigated the feasibility of the autonomous use of two hybrid renewable energy systems and a photovoltaic system to power homes in a remote location. With the help of HOMER Pro Version 3.14.5 software, a model was made to evaluate the operation of three systems for one year, and the demand was predicted according to a given scenario. In addition, the optimal configuration of the components of each system was determined. The results showed that the simultaneous use of solar systems with a converter and a backup system consisting of a diesel generator and batteries would be the most viable and reliable option for generating renewable energy at the selected location, offering electricity with a renewable fraction of more than 80%.
... The characteristics of this product" include a low life cycle, low efficiency, ventilation requirements, and the need for proper disposal of used batteries. [7,14,[16][17][18][19][20]23,34,57,59,60] Battery Li-ion This product stands out for its high efficiency, high energy density, long life cycle, and relatively compact size. In addition, it is in an area where rapid technological advances are taking place. ...
... It is not possible to take into account fluctuations in fuel prices (in case conventional energy sources are included) and uncertainties in the durability of system components such as batteries. [1,6,11,13,14,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]32,34,[50][51][52][53][55][56][57][60][61][62] Cost of energy (COE) Economic ...
... [ [12][13][14]16,17,[19][20][21]23,28,30,[32][33][34][50][51][52][53]55,56,60,62] Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) Economic ...
This paper aims to perform a literature review and statistical analysis based on data extracted from 38 articles published between 2018 and 2023 that address hybrid renewable energy systems. The main objective of this review has been to create a bibliographic database that organizes the content of the articles in different categories, such as system architecture, energy storage systems, auxiliary generation components used, and software employed, in addition to showing the algorithms and economic and reliability criteria for the optimization of these systems. In total, 38 articles have been analyzed, compared, and classified to provide an overview of the current status of simulation and optimization projects for hybrid renewable energy systems, highlighting clearly and appropriately the relevant trends and conclusions. A list of review articles has also been provided, which cover the aspects required for understanding HRESs.
... But there are numerous issues in isolated renewable-energy systems such as the periodic nature of renewable energy sources, high installation and operating costs, poor reliability, low load factor, maintenance and monitoring activities [29]. To solve these issues, techno-economic optimization with the proper design of an energy system will be instrumental [30][31][32]. An isolated hybrid energy system may be a better option to provide a reliable energy system by minimizing issues associated with energy systems [33]. ...
... Apparently, PV+DG is the best economical option for off-grid electrification after grid expansion. This result reiterates the result obtained from HOMER Pro modelling by other researchers [11,30]. Importantly, similar hybrid systems for electrification have been validated to be a more reliable and efficient source of energy access [47,48]. ...
... This was due to the increase in battery-backup cost and the increase in fuel cost for the DG. Similar results were obtained in previous research [30,49]. (2) With a further increase in the electricity supply, the EDL for MHP was found to be more promising as no backup cost was incurred. ...
Remote areas of Nepal suffer from limited or no access to electricity. Providing electricity access in remote areas is one of the foremost challenges of any developing country. The purpose of this study is to develop and propose a reliable and low-cost model for electrification. The study presents an optimized choice between decentralized renewable-energy systems and grid expansion. Opting for an analytical method for the modelling and analysis of electrification options based on life-cycle cost (LCC) and economic distance limit, each energy system for varied load conditions is compared for a better option. A framework for energy-system selection based on available resources is proposed. It compares the grid-expansion option with potential isolated renewable-energy systems to ensure energy access to the area under consideration. Additionally, off-grid configurations that rely on renewable energy sources are also considered for the necessity of backup supply to ensure continuous power to the research area. Techno-economic assessment is carried out for different off-grid and hybrid configurations proposed in this study and their feasibility checks are carefully examined. Commercial efficacy of the proposed hybrid energy systems is assessed by comparing the life cycle and energy cost and by performing different additional sensitivity analyses. The study concludes that reduced generation cost supports the increasing penetration of electrification. The LCC for grid expansion is the most economical under high-load conditions, whereas for the isolated and sparsely settled populations with low-load conditions, photovoltaic power backed up with a diesel generator is the most economical. © 2021 The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy.
... A microgrid (MG) or mini-grid can provide power continuity for critical loads in rural communities and reduce GHG emissions by utilizing renewable sources effectively. Based on some current studies, hybrid power systems incorporating RE sources clearly show to be dependable, reasonably priced, efficient, more sustainable than either grid-connected or stand-alone generators using one fossil fuel-based power source (Shaahid and El-Amin 2009, Shafiullah andCarter 2015). Many nations are presently conducting extensive research to implement microgrid-based, dependable, and energy-efficient power systems for rural areas, including Australia, India, Bangladesh, and South Africa (Shafiullah et al. 2021). ...
... Currently, Bangladesh has a critical energy crisis, with inadequate access to power in rural and isolated areas (Hasan et al. 2022). Three distinct configurations for remote residences have been evaluated, revealing that a hybrid PV-dieselbattery system is more cost-effective in terms of cost of energy (COE) and CO2 emissions compared to the other two models: PV-diesel without storage and diesel-only systems (Shaahid and El-Amin 2009). Conversely, another research has demonstrated that rural villages are economically optimal for PV-diesel power generating systems in the absence of energy storage solutions (Khelif et al. 2012). ...
The government of Bangladesh is unable to provide adequate support for grid extension and the supply of electricity to remote or rural areas as a result of the high investment and maintenance costs. The lack of power causes a crisis in fundamental human living values; education. Here three cases have been analyzed involving a rural location, Chandpur. This research compares a diesel-only system, a hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery system, and a hybrid without battery storage using HOMER Pro software. Technical aspects including Global Horizontal Irradiation and load demand were examined. According to these datasets, the model's peak demand was 405.71kW, which was utilized to create an off-grid model and optimize it using Homer Pro. The established system is capable of producing 885.654 MWh of energy annually. The principal analytical elements encompass the cost of electricity (COE), net present cost (NPC), renewable energy proportion, and carbon emissions. The results underscore the fact that hybrid systems, particularly those with battery storage, provide significant benefits in terms of reducing fuel consumption, lowering costs, and mitigating environmental impact. Therefore, they are the most viable option for future off-grid energy solutions.
... The PR of modern PV systems is around 80-90%. PV technologies are implemented in two types, grid-connected and off-grid systems [29]. Grid-connected systems can be large-scale and in a distributed form and are much economic compared to off-grid systems. ...
... Off-grid systems may supply energy to a single consumer, or a number of consumers through a midi-grid with no connection to major electricity grid lines. Such off-grid systems provide the prospect of supplying power in remote areas while avoiding expensive investments in distribution and transmission systems [29]. ...
Renewable energy is now considered a viable option for increasing energy consumption and to support intense economic development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). To avoid the costs of energy transmission, Geospatial Multi-criteria Analysis is applied to data for the cities of Jeddah and Makkah to estimate their suitability for both photovoltaic solar energy generation and wind energy potential adjacent to large populations. Solar modeling has been used for the estimation of PV potential and multi-criteria spatial analysis has been performed for site selection and estimation of wind energy potential by using a number of vector and raster datasets in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Geospatial Multi-criteria Analysis was also applied to the data. This research reveals that Jeddah is suitable for both, and Makkah for solar installations only as the wind speed in Makkah is less than 3m/s and not suited for wind power generation. This research reveals that KSA has enormous potential for exploiting both solar and wind energy. The GIS model may be very useful as a filter to identify the most suitable sites for solar and wind farms. The KSA can potentially be a leading producer and exporter of solar energy in the form of electricity, if major penetration is achieved for solar-energy conversion.
... Each of the different methods has its associated degree of uncertainty and accuracy. The HOMER tool [Shaahid and El-Amin, 2009], developed by the US National ...
... Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and was employed for all simulations. HOMER performs sensitivity analyses and can handle transient variations down to the resolution of one hour [Shaahid and El-Amin, 2009]. HOMER synthesizes solar radiation values for each of the 8760 h of the year by using the Graham algorithm. ...
Bangladesh has been facing severe energy crises (lack of electricity and gas supply network) during the last three decades, especially in rural areas, covering 75% of the total population. Despite the country's rural electrification programme, kerosene is the predominant source for lighting, and unsustainable and polluting woody biomass is virtually the only option available for cooking. The rural population also struggles with unsafe drinking water in terms of widespread arsenic contamination of well water, which causes detrimental health issues. Access to clean energy and safe drinking water are genuine needs of the rural poor for their welfare. The present work has taken an integrated approach in an attempt to mitigate problems through small-scale polygeneration, a concept linking renewable energy sources (biomass and solar) to these energy needs via novel energy conversion systems.
Anaerobic digesters for biogas production are promising in the rural setting, although currently there exists a substantial gap between both the technical and cost-effective potential and the actual implementation due to lack of technical knowledge, high installation and operation costs, feedstock availability and limited end user applications. Field surveys have identified problems in the construction, maintenance and operation of existing anaerobic digesters, particularly in overall performance of household digesters. Based on these results, a number of operational and technological improvements are suggested for employing digesters in polygeneration units.
This study also examines one approach for small-scale, low cost arsenic removal in groundwater through air gap membrane distillation (AGMD), a thermally-driven water purification technology. Results from an experimental investigation show that the tested AGMD prototype is capable of achieving excellent separation efficiency in terms of arsenic removal. Parametric studies with focus on variation of coolant temperature illustrate the possibility of integrating AGMD in various thermal systems.
Integration of biogas production with power generation and water purification is an innovative concept that lies at the core of feasibility analyses conducted in this work. One of the case studies presents a new concept for integrated biogas based polygeneration and analyzes the techno-economic performance of the scheme for meeting the demand of electricity, cooking energy and safe drinking water of 30 households in a rural village of Bangladesh. The specific technologies chosen for the key energy conversion steps are as follows: plug-flow digester; internal combustion engine; and air gap membrane distillation. Thermodynamic assessment including mass and energy balance of the system, levelized cost of producing electricity, cooking gas and safe drinking water as well as the payback period and internal rate of return (IRR) of such a biogas based polygeneration system were analyzed. The results indicate that this polygeneration system is much more competitive and promising (in terms of levelized cost) than other available technologies when attempting to address the energy and arsenic related problems in Bangladesh. One major concern is local feedstock availability for the digester, since a single feedstock is impractical to serve both cooking, lighting and water purification systems. In this circumstance solar PV could be a potential option for integrated hybrid systems. Technical assessments and optimization have been conducted for electricity with Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software for a polygeneration system employed at Panipara village, Faridpur. Results show that daily electricity demand can be met with such a system while simultaneously providing 0.4 m3 cooking fuel and 2-3 L/person pure drinking water. Cost estimates indicate that this approach is highly favourable to other renewable options (e.g. wind, hydro, biomass-based and geothermal).
Keywords: Anaerobic digester; solar PV; polygeneration; cooking gas; gas engine; electricity; membrane distillation; arsenic safe water
... This study highlighted the importance of optimizing reliability, cost, and customer interruptions (Kanase-Patil et al., 2010). Saudi Arabia examined the potential for PV-diesel hybrid systems, revealing a 27% PV penetration in an optimized hybrid system, with an emphasis on reducing diesel operational hours and achieving fuel savings (Shaahid & El-Amin, 2009). Colombia addressed rural electrification challenges through the evaluation of PV panels, wind turbines, and diesel generators in a stand-alone hybrid system. ...
This chapter explores rural electrification in Ecuador as a crucial driver for comprehensive and equitable development. Drawing inspiration from global experiences, the chapter emphasizes the transformative potential of electrification beyond a technical challenge, addressing socioeconomic disparities. The shift toward renewable energy sources is examined within the context of global challenges such as climate change, focusing on nuanced impacts on the environment, society, and the economy. Navigating the complexities of rural electrification, lessons from World Bank projects implementing solar home systems are analyzed. Examining 16 projects in remote rural areas identifies internal and external factors influencing success, shedding light on financial, technical, and sociopolitical barriers. The chapter then shifts its focus to Ecuador, analyzing the motivation to investigate rural electrification and its potential socioeconomic impact. To address the existing literature gaps on rural electrification in Ecuador, the chapter reviews various international experiences, emphasizing the need for comprehensive analyses and holistic approaches. The subsequent sections delve into the current state of studies related to electrical power generation, contextualize the energy landscape, analyze trends in the energy sector, assess renewable resource availability, and explore the existing and upcoming renewable energy projects in rural areas. Comparative studies with international experiences are presented, highlighting successful cases such as South Africa’s National Electrification Program and Bangladesh’s hybridized energy system. Additional studies from various countries showcase the feasibility and benefits of hybrid systems, emphasizing economic efficiency, environmental benefits, and the importance of considering local contexts. The chapter reviews the existing studies on rural electrification in Ecuador, identifying gaps and shortcomings. The literature highlights challenges faced by electrification programs, the importance of community participation, and the complexity of estimating energy demand. A critical analysis of the existing programs and proposed models aims to contribute insights for more effective and sustainable policies. In summary, this chapter addresses identified literature gaps by conducting an in-depth study on rural electrification in Ecuador. It offers a comprehensive overview, draws parallels with global experiences, and provides valuable insights to shape effective electrification policies and initiatives in the pursuit of sustainable development.
... Diversos estudios han aplicado estas técnicas para resolver problemas de optimización en sistemas de energía, integrando fuentes como solar, eólica, hidroeléctrica y térmica [13]. Por ejemplo, se ha utilizado el algoritmo genético de clasificación no dominada II (NSGA-II) para minimizar costos de generación y emisiones, respetando las restricciones operativas [14]. ...
Los flujos óptimos de potencia se emplean en sistemas eléctricos para optimizar la distribución de energía eléctrica. En términos generales, se busca minimizar los costos asociados a la generación y distribución de energía eléctrica, mientras se cumplen con las restricciones operativas y de seguridad del sistema. Para lograr esto, se utilizan algoritmos matemáticos que permiten resolver el problema de encontrar el flujo de potencia óptimo, obteniéndose como resultado los flujos en cada línea de transmisión del sistema. Estos algoritmos tienen en cuenta diversos datos de entrada factores, como la demanda de energía, la capacidad de generación de las centrales eléctricas, las restricciones operativas de las líneas de transmisión y los costos asociados a la generación y distribución de energía eléctrica, y tienen como objetivo además buscan maximizar la eficiencia del sistema eléctrico, a través de la minimización de los costos y cumpliendo con las restricciones operativas y de seguridad del sistema. De esta manera en el presente trabajo de investigación se realiza una herramienta propia con programación en MATLAB que determina el flujo óptimo de potencia de un SEP y además considerando las restricciones del sistema, se ha tomado como referencia para el análisis el SEP de 14 barras de la IEEE en donde se obtiene su flujo óptimo de potencia y se analizan las restricciones tanto de emisiones como de costos de los combustibles abarcando de esta manera la optimización de potencia y considerando el tema ambiental.
... Paula Naukkarinen, 2009 discussed the solar air conditioning and its role in alleviating the energy crisis of the Mediterranean hotels.[8] Al-Salaymeh et al, 2009, the feasibility of utilizing the photovoltaic solar cells in an apartment in Amman city is studied and economic analysis of the system is performed.[9] Shaahid and El-Amin, 2009 analysed solar radiation data of Rafha, K.S.A., to assess the techno-economic feasibility of hybrid PV-diesel-battery power systems to meet the load requirements of a typical remote village Rawdhat Bin Habbas) with annual electrical energy demand of 15,943 MW.[10] Shafiqua Rahman and Al-Hadrami studied a PV-diesel hybrid power system with battery backup for a village being fed with diesel generated electricity to displace part of the diesel by solar.[11] ...
This work aims at studying the potential of utilizing the solar energy togenerate electricity for small house surrounded by palm trees farm lies in the west region of Saudi Arabiawhere this area is not supplied by conventional power sources. Based on the load calculations for the location and using the soft code prepared by Saudi Electricity Company, the PV system has been designed. A detailed study has been carried out toinvestigate the potential of running the air conditioning unit byutilizing the PV, because air conditioning system is almost a must in every building in Saudi Arabia where the outside temperature in summer higher than 45°C. The input powers for the system as well as the coefficient of performance (COP) for the system under west region Climatical conditions were measured along the day. The results of the analysis showed that using PV systems at current electricity tariff is economically feasible for the house and this will become shine and more efficient for the house owners if the electricity tariff increased as it was expected during the coming years. Cost analysis demonstrated that the proposed system is economically viable in compare to traditional system where the initial cost for this system based on Saudi electricity statistical about 618000 SR compared with 124311 SR for PV system in addition to safe and clean energy source.
... Shaniqua Rahman and Al-Had rami, 2009 studied a PV-diesel hybrid power system with battery backup for a village being fed with diesel generated electricity to displace part of the diesel by solar [12]. Shaahid and El-Amin, 2009 analyzed solar radiation data of Rafha, K.S.A., to assess the techno-economic feasibility of hybrid PVdiesel-battery power systems to meet the load requirements of a typical remote village Rawdhat Bin Habbas) with annual electrical energy demand of 15,943Â MWh [13]. Gobind, 2014 presented a comparative assessment of the near term economic benefits of grid-connected residential PV systems. ...
The aim of this work is to study the technological feasibility and economic viability of the electrification of small house lies in a farm 50km far away from Almadinah AlMunawwarah. Nowadays, solar powered air conditioning has witnessed an increased progress because air conditioning system is almost a must in every building in Saudi Arabia where the outside temperature in summer higher than 45 • C. therefore, this paper consists of two parts: one to investigate the design and performance of solar powered air conditioning system as a case study integrated with photovoltaic (PV) system which consists of PV panels, solar charger, inverter and batteries. The second part is to study the feasibility to provide electricity for a farm lies in the remote area far 50 km from Almadinah. The first step in this project is the load calculations for the selected space including lighting, cooling and other necessary appliances. Based on the cooling load calculations for the specified room used as a case study, it was found the estimated cooling load about 1-ton refrigeration (3.52 kW), the photovoltaic (PV) system has been constructed and built with the necessary connections. Data logging system has been used to measure the temperatures at the main components in the cycle. The input powers for the system as well as the coefficient of performance (COP) for the system under Almadinah climatic conditions were measured along the day. The COP varies between 2.16 to 4.22 for the system and are in a good agreement with conventional system performance. Economically, the PV system found to be the optimal solution to provide the required load at an initial cost of 187,267 SR. The present work shows that the PV system has the potential to provide electricity for remote homes far from the grids with additional environmental benefit that otherwise not gained when using conventional fossil fuel
... The hybrid system reduces the operational cost, the amount of fuel for the generator, and the size of the solar system. There are some researches that dealt with the design of systems that use batteries with the PV-diesel hybrid system [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] and others did not use them [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. The use of batteries in solar system is limited by the need for a storage bank that ensures energy recovery when sunset and there is no other power source, which is usually the grid or diesel generator. ...
Iraqi cities suffer from a shortage of electric power due to poor production and deterioration of transmission and distribution lines. There is no prospect currently for improving the grid, despite the government's promises. So it has become necessary to find alternatives, at least at the local level. This research, presented a successful alternative, which applied all over the world, which is the local microgrid. Also, it’s developed a design for this microgrid that suits the conditions of Iraq and supports the integration of clean energy produced by the consumer. The results indicate the success of investing in this microgrid by small investors, foreign companies or local administrations of the cities that want to develop their cities in isolation from the problems of the country's national electrical grid. This solution reduce the pressure on the national grid on one hand and improve the electricity service for the consumer on the other hand, by providing the pivotal key to the solution, which is replacing the blind system of paying wages (for electricity service) currently followed in Iraq with the billing system followed in all developed countries of the world. This solution provides the possibility of deploying the economic solar PV system (without batteries) in Iraqi houses to reduce the bills and also allows personal monitoring of electricity consumption so that the consumer can reduce loads during peak times to reduce bills as well.
... The optimized result is calculated for specific solar irradiation 4.64kWh/m2/d. The hybrid system encompass of 30kW PV array, two 10 kW biogas generator, one diesel generator and 150 storage batteries with 70kW converter is economically more feasible with a total net present cost (NPC) of 24,722,490 taka and minimum cost of energy (COE) [22] of tk.12.014/kWh. Optimized result is represented in Fig. 8. Here, we calculated the result taking the annual capacity shortage 0 to1%. ...
The living standard and prosperity of a nation vary directly with increase in use of power. As technology is advancing, the consumption of power is steadily rising. Sufficient and reliable source of electricity is a major prerequisite for a sustained and successful economic development and poverty reduction. In Bangladesh, the crisis of power is a major problem. Gradually the fissure between demand and production is escalating. Moreover, most of the power plants are gas based which will be phased out in near future. Misuse, system loss and corruption in power sector are the main issue regarding this crisis. Therefore, electricity shortage is an acute crisis in Bangladesh. Most of the rural area is not connected with the national grid. So, agricultural and industrial production is greatly hampering in rural areas. Electrification in rural and isolated area is the crying need of Bangladesh. It is very essential to provide electricity for them. The challenge of energy accessibility needs to be understood in terms of availability as well as affordability for individuals and communities. Bangladesh has good prospects of renewable power generation. Proper utilization of renewable energy is the up most choice for solving the power crisis in Bangladesh because it requires low cost and less risk. There are at most thirty small and isolated islands in Bangladesh. Char Nizam (Latitude: N 22.68, Longitude: E 90.65) is one of the island with 1800 inhabitants in Bhola district of Barisal division in Bangladesh. In this research he have tried to design a feasible system for that area and considered a hybrid system that contains diesel-PV-biogas system. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software is used to find out the final optimization and sensitive analysis of hybrid system. This system satisfies the load demand and reduces CO2 emission which will help to generate green energy.
... But, we considered a 10 kW generator in case of biogas generator failure. Simulated result shows that the minimum Cost of Energy (COE) [13] is tk.14.351/kWh that was tk. 26.54 in [1]. ...
As technology is advancing, the consumption of power is steadily rising. Sufficient and reliable source of electricity is a major prerequisite for a sustained and successful economic development and poverty reduction. The development of a country is dependent on the per person energy consumption rate, which is very low in Bangladesh. Bangladesh installed a capacity of 10416 MW electricity on June 2014 and three fourth of which is considered to be accessible. Near about 45% people has no access to electricity. Therefore, electricity shortage is an acute crisis in Bangladesh. As Saint Martin Island is far away from the main land, it is almost impossible and cost ineffective to supply electricity from the national grid. For connection of nearly 6000 peoples of Saint Martin Island to the main stream of development and to make this island more attractive to the tourists, it is very essential to provide electricity for them. Power generation by combining solar, wind and diesel, known as hybrid system can be the most efficient technique for the electrification of these types of Island. Based on this principle, in this paper a hybrid system is designed for electrification of Saint Martin's Island. In the analysis, realistic data is used for load calculation and optimization analysis for most effective solution. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software is used to find out the final optimization and sensitive analysis of hybrid system. This system satisfies the load demand and reduces carbon emission which will help to generate green energy.
... Remote and rural communities are some of the hardest to decarbonize while maintaining affordability and reliability. One such rural micro-grid in Saudi Arabia could reduce their CO2 emissions by 24 % using a 1-h battery hybrid with their existing PV-diesel installation by reducing 27 % of peak generation from their diesel unit [48]. Similar studies have been done for areas in Algeria using the HOMER tool and found 25 % PV and 2-h storage to be the best configuration for a 100 kW microgrid [49]. ...
... The rapid economic growth, population surge, and urban development fueled by crude oil earnings have led to a heightened demand for electricity. A 2016 report on Saudi Arabia's power market revealed that 40% of electricity was sourced from oil, 50% from natural gas, and the remaining fraction from renewable energy sources [11,12]. ...
This research paper presents a comprehensive study on the implementation of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems at Al-Abrar Mosque in Saudi Arabia. The primary objective was to explore optimal regional solar power strategies. By synergistically integrating technical evaluations of the PV system with economic analyses, including the payback period and levelized cost of energy (LCOE), alongside an investigation of net metering and net billing scenarios, we delineated a pathway toward achieving net zero billing for the mosque’s energy requirements. This study examined two scenarios: Scenario I involved net metering, while Scenario II explored net billing. Our theoretical and simulation results, derived from detailed analyses conducted using PVsyst software, unequivocally demonstrated the superiority of net metering for this specific application. With net metering, the mosque’s energy needs can be efficiently met using minimal infrastructure—comprising only 34 photovoltaic modules and a single inverter. In contrast, net billing requires significantly higher resource demands, underscoring the economic and spatial advantages of net metering. Additionally, the payback period for Scenario I is 7.9 years, while for Scenario II, it extends to 87 years. Through rigorous simulations, this study reaffirmed the practicality and feasibility of the net metering approach within the context of Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, our research provides actionable insights for implementing sustainable solutions at specific sites, such as the Al-Abrar Mosque, and contributes to advancing renewable energy knowledge in the region.
... Off-grid systems have become a compelling model to implement on islands and other hard-to-reach areas, as centralized grid expansion for these distributed loads is often not cost-effective, where, typically, only diesel DGs are the source of electrical energy for these Solar 2024, 4 233 areas [9,10]. However, previous research has shown that by hybridizing an isolated system by introducing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and batteries (BAT), total costs and CO 2 emissions can be reduced [11]. ...
In this study, the sizing problem of hybrid diesel–photovoltaic–battery systems was determined using a particle swarm optimization approach. The goal was to optimize the number of solar panels and batteries that could be installed to reduce the overall cost of an isolated grid system, originally powered by diesel generators, located on Isabela Island in the Galapagos, Ecuador. In this study, real solar radiation and temperature profiles were used, as well as the load demand and electrical distribution system relative to this island. The results reveal that the total cost for the proposed approach is lower as it reaches the global optimal solution. It also highlights the advantage of a hybrid diesel–photovoltaic–battery (DG-PV-BAT) system compared to conventional systems operated exclusively by diesel generators (DGs) and systems made up of DGs and PV panels; compared to them, a reduction in diesel consumption and total cost (71% and 56%, respectively) is achieved. The DG-PV-BAT system also considerably improves environmental factors and the quality of the power line. This study demonstrates the advantages of hybridizing systems isolated from the network through the proposed approach.
... The first version of HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources) was released by the National Renewable Energy Agency (USA) in 1992 [233]. Its main functions are system optimization and sensitivity analysis [234,235]. It has been used in many off-grid energy system analyses. ...
With the rapid development of electric vehicle charging stations, effective management of them has become challenging due to the high uncertainty of electric vehicles, the pricing mechanisms of charging stations, and their coupling with distribution networks. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a two-stage framework for energy management at charging stations. In the first stage, a resource allocation model considering the profits of distribution systems, charging stations, and electric vehicle users is established based on the aggregate feasible power regions of charging stations. The aggregate feasible region is obtained based on the combination of Minkowski summation and the data-driven method, which can preserve the privacy of electric vehicle data and reduce the computational burden. In the second stage, a novel hierarchical pricing mechanism is developed, which encompasses both the clearing price between charging stations and distribution networks and the retail electricity price between charging stations and electric vehicle users. Notably, charging stations participate in the power clearing of distributed networks based on the aggregate feasible power region, while a two-stage robust pricing strategy is established between electric vehicle users and charging stations. The model is finally optimized through a distributed coordination mechanism with a clear physical interpretation. The simulation results show that the proposed aggregation method enables charging stations to achieve a total economic profit at least 1.76 % higher than three competitive methods. The hierarchical pricing mechanism allows charging stations to achieve total economic profits 18.60 % and 2.94 % higher than those in the centralized dispatch and price-taker modes, respectively, while simultaneously reducing operating costs for the distributed network by 25.96 % and 27.99 %.
... This infrastructure must be sustainable. It will involve not only long-term operation and maintenance [18,30], but also the replacement and upgrading of existing assets to provide low-cost, efficient, adequate, and modern quality of service for both grid expansion [31][32][33] and off-grid electrification with mini-grids, solar kits, and other stand-alone systems [34][35][36]. It must also enable productive and community services and be compatible with reaching upper levels of clean electric or gas heating and cooking [37,38], allowing the transition from one technology of supply to the next [39] as demand grows or changes, requiring an ambitious "think big" approach that is comprehensive and integrated from multiple perspectives [26,40,41]. ...
Achieving universal access to energy by 2030 (Sustainable Development Goal 7.1) hinges on significantly scaling up and accelerating electrification efforts in developing countries. Governing the ecosystem of government agencies, energy utilities, practitioners, development and finance institutions, banks, NGOs, academia, and, most importantly, beneficiary communities to accelerate the pace of electrification requires the interweaving of technological innovation, disruptive business models, improved institutional frameworks, and inclusive multi-stakeholder decision-making, to ensure that no one is left behind. The foundation of this article is based on extensive insider research, including 14 national electrification plans, numerous visits, field studies, and semi-structured interviews with these actors conducted over ten years in 25 countries. This article presents a novel comprehensive conceptual approach that integrates both macro (national and global) and micro (local and individual) level mechanisms and the role of cultural factors and shared values within the ecosystem in driving and accelerating action within a harmonized regulatory, policy, and planning framework. It outlines the essential mechanisms for effectively engaging and empowering governments, utilities, donors, and local actors to accelerate the path to universal electrification through the most cost-effective articulation of diverse technologies and business models.
... Integrating cow dung biogas, solar thermal energy, and kinetic energy harvesting into a hybrid system involves specific technical integration challenges. One of the challenges is the synchronization and optimization of energy generation from different sources [78] . Each technology has energy conversion processes and requirements, and coordinating their operation to maximize energy production can be complex [79] . ...
The growing global demand for clean and sustainable energy sources has sparked interest in hybrid energy systems that combine multiple renewable energy technologies. This review paper explores the integration of cow dungarees, solar thermal, and kinetic energy for power production. The synergistic utilization of these energy sources holds significant potential for addressing the energy challenges faced by various communities. This paper provides an overview of each technology, discusses the benefits and challenges of integration, and highlights successful case studies. Furthermore, it discusses this hybrid energy generation system’s potential future developments and implications.
... The hybrid system reduces the operational cost, the amount of fuel for the generator, and the size of the solar system. There are some researches that dealt with the design of systems that use batteries with the PV-diesel hybrid system (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) and others did not use them (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22) . The use of batteries in solar system is limited by the need for a storage bank that ensures energy recovery when sunset and there is no other power source, which is usually the grid or diesel generator. ...
Iraqi cities suffer from a shortage of electric power due to poor production and deterioration of transmission and distribution lines. There is no prospect currently for improving the grid, despite the government's promises. So it has become necessary to find alternatives, at least at the local level. In this research, we presented a successful alternative, which applied all over the world, which is the local microgrid. We have developed a design for this microgrid that suits the conditions of Iraq and supports the integration of clean energy produced by the consumer. The results indicate the success of investing in this microgrid by small investors, foreign companies or local administrations of the cities that want to develop their cities in isolation from the problems of the country's national electrical grid.
... Several indices have been proposed to evaluate the costs and to conduct economic appraisals of hybrid energy systems in buildings. Cost of energy (COE) is a mature metric to present the costs while generating energy by a given system [24,25]. It can be obtained in total or levelized forms. ...
Hybrid energy systems physically or conceptually combine various energy generation, storage, and/or conversion technologies to reduce costs and improve capability, value, efficiency, or environmental performance in comparison with independent alternatives. Hybridization is an interesting energy sector solution for plants to expand their flexibility, optimize revenues, and/or develop other useful products. Integrated hybrid energy systems’ improved flexibility can hasten the integration of more renewable energy into the grid and help become closer to the target of zero-carbon energy grids. This paper aims to provide an updated literature review of design and applications of hybrid energy systems in buildings, focusing on economic, environmental, and technical viewpoints. This current study will analyze current and future trends toward hybrid energy systems for buildings and their functions in electrical energy networks as potential research study topics for the future. This study aims to enhance sustainable building techniques and the creation of effective electrical energy networks by offering insights into the design and applications of hybrid energy systems. The methodology used in this study entails assessing present and potential trends, as well as looking at hybrid energy system uses and designs in buildings. The higher flexibility of integrated hybrid systems, which enables enhanced grid integration of renewables, is one of the key discoveries. The discussion of potential research study themes and conceivable applications resulting from this research forms the paper’s conclusion.
... In addition, solar energy could be a strong alternative to fossil fuel power generators in KSA when indirect costs are taken into account [40]. Meanwhile, the use of hybrid PV to help bring electricity to rural areas in KSA has been studied and it was found that hybrid PV could help bring electricity to rural areas [41]. The maximum potential rooftop solar deployment across 13 cities in the KSA has been evaluated and it was found that these cities have the capacity to generate 51 TWh of electricity annually, which is comparable to 30% of the Kingdom's annual domestic power demand [29]. ...
This paper explores the potential of rooftop solar PV to meet the electricity demand in the urban areas of Abha city, Saudi Arabia (KSA), minimising imports from the grid. A localised energy system for Abha is proposed that considers two types of loads: (i) residential loads with a monthly aggregated energy consumption of 172,440 MWh and an electric demand of 239.5 MW, and (ii) commercial loads with a monthly aggregated energy consumption of 179,280 MWh and an electric demand of 249 MW. The grid currently supplies this load. This paper proposes a PV development planning tool for residential and commercial areas to calculate the total PV production for each type of load to achieve a balanced energy area, considering (i) the number of buildings, (ii) the type of load, (iii) the peak load, and (iv) the total PV array area in m² per building. The results of the modelling study using real data demonstrate that the anticipated total PV production in residential and commercial areas is sufficient to meet local peak demand, and there is an excess of power that can either be stored locally or exported to the grid.
... Therefore, this study focuses on PV-DG setup, which can represent both urban and rural areas. It is also because data on PV readiness to comply with DG are more wellfounded [58] [59]. Even though the PV-DG microgrid has been used in previous research [60][61] [62], the previous more focused on component optimization but did not thoroughly analyze the deterioration factor. ...
Degradation of components and system failure within the microgrid system is deteriorating the performance of electrification. The aim of this study is to discuss the relationship and connections between issues resulting from degradation and deterioration in the microgrid system, in addition to introducing the prominent impacts which may eventually lead to the premature termination of the microgrid system. This study explored the microgrid degradation and deterioration issues within four microgrid sections: generation section, storage section, transmission section, and distribution section. Subsequently, this study analyzes, derives, and classifies all emerging issues into four types of prominent impacts. The degradation and deterioration invoked many component performance issues into four main damaging outcomes, namely (i) deteriorated transmission line yielded issues regarding expected energy not achieved; (ii) energy deficit and unpredicted blackout come after the depth of discharge (DOD) reduction and invoke a loss of power supply; (iii) a shorter battery life cycle, shorter transformer lifespan, and decreased DG lifetime concluded as a shorter microgrid life expectancy; and (iv) rapid microgrid
broke down and the crash of the key component inadvertently fastened the time to failure and gave rise to the early failure of a microgrid system. It is envisaged that the discussion in this study can provide useful mapped information for the researcher, stakeholder, operator, and other parties for thoroughly addressing various degradation and deterioration issues and anticipating the early termination of the microgrid system.
... Fig. 2 horizontal surface of 5.6 to 6.6 kWh m − 2 [33][34][35]. In this context, the effective utilization of this high solar energy potential will lead to satisfy the country energy needs [36] which is one of the goals of KSA Vision 2030 [37,38]. In this paper, Dammam City, in the eastern province is considered (latitude: 26• 23 ′ N and longitude: 49• 59 ′ E) (Fig. 1). ...
This study aims to investigate the influence of load coordination with solar energy availability on the size and cost of standalone PV renewable energy systems. To maximize the solar energy harvesting and minimize both storage requirements and cost, the proposed load coordination technique suggest shifting the load requirements fully or partially to the time of high solar radiation availability. The optimal size of the considered system is investigated with various types of load requirements that have different load coordination percentages, namely: street-lighting (fully non-coordinated), residential (partially coordinated), industrial (partially coordinated), and irrigation (fully coordinated). A MATLAB computer code is developed for system optimization while incorporating hourly weather conditions of Dammam City, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The findings show that fully coordinated load (irrigation) resulted in a 24% reduction in the levelized cost of energy, while the storage system size was reduced by 39 %, comparing to the reference case with same load that was not coordinated. However, in the partially coordinated loads for residential (partially coordinated with 50%) and industrial (partially coordinated with 65%), cost reductions of 11 and 16 % are achieved and the storage system sizes are reduced by 17 and 26 %, respectively.
... A study about PV-Diesel hybrid system and the main aim of this study was to research solar radiation for choosing place and techno economic feasibility of this type hybrid system.The aim was to reduce the CO 2 emission and it was decreased 24% [28]. Another study was about the PV-Diesel hybrid systems behavior without storage element. ...
... Use of a probabilistic model to minimise production loss in a hybrid PV/wind system. However, estimated data may not be accurate (Sinha, Chandel, and Malik 2021) x Analytical method An experimental study with low capacity (6 kWp) which may not be applied in sites with high demand (Shaahid and El-Amin 2009) x (Without diesel) ...
This study presents a techno-economic analysis of a mini-grid solar photovoltaic system for five typical rural communities in Chad while promoting renewable energy systems adaptation and rural electrification. The assessment techniques include the establishment of the socio-economic state of the rural communities through a field survey. The costs of system development, electricity tariff and sizing of energy production are realised via the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) technique. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the parameters that affect the evolution of the LCOE during the life cycle of the project. The results have shown that the annual energy production at all sites varies between 233 MWh/year and 3585 MWh/year. The highest amount of energy production is estimated at Guelendeng at a rate of 3218 MWh/year and a capacity of 2041 kW, while the lowest is predicted at Mombou at a rate of 211 MWh/year and a capacity of 134 kW. The standard LCOE for the system during the 25-year lifespan in the five villages is estimated at 0.30 €/kWh except at Mailo which was 0.31 €/kWh. This cost per kilowatt-hour is more attractive and competitive compared with the current rate charged by the national electricity company.
... Two other researchers [24] covered the deployment of hybrid energy system of PV-DG-BB system while a PV-DG-WD-BB system was evaluated by [25] for some remote locations in Nigeria. Others researchers used the HOMER software to analyze the techno-economic viability of using hybrid PV-DG-BB systems to meet the load requirement of a typical commercial building in Nigeria [26]. Energy optimization project was investigated for two data centers in Nigeria. ...
Sufficient energy is pivotal to the socioeconomic development of any country. Rural communities in Nigeria lack energy access owing to long distance, difficult terrain and cost of grid extension.The alternative solution to the use of fossilized power generation to solving the energy crises in these rural communities and guaranteeing sustainable energy access is the use of green energy technology-renewable energy resources. Fortunately, renewable energy resources abound in Nigeria and are harnessable using appropriate green energy technology. This work considered the evaluation of an off-grid small hydro power (SHP)-solar photovoltaic (PV)-diesel generator (DG)-battery bank (BB) hybrid power system as a pathway to attaining energy sufficiency and sustainability for Nigeria's rural communities using Itoikin, a rural community in Lagos state, as case study. Aye river in Itoikin and the solar resource of this community were used for the study. The peak load of the area was obtained from the Nigeria's National Control Center (NCC), Oshogbo, while the daily load profile was projected through questionnaire. The hydro data of the area were obtained from Ogun-Oshun River Basin Development Authority, Abeoukuta, Ogun state, while the solar data were obtained from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s global satellite database. The capital costs of all the system components were from different component manufacturers and suppliers in Nigeria and Oversea. These parameters were the input for the hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) software used the for simulation. The optimal energy systems were selected using the criteria of less levelised cost of energy (LCOE), less net present cost (NPC), less excess electricity, minimum annual capacity shortage etc. The resultant hybrid architecture was also compared with an autonomous diesel generator for the same community in terms of emission and economic consideration to appreciate the ecological advantage of green energy technology. The results showed that PV-BB-SHP is the optimal configuration for Itoikin area. The NPC is 0.276/kWh and renewable fraction (RF) 100%. The result shows environmentally benign hybrid power system that can guarantee sustained and sufficient energy access to Itoikin community at minimum cost to improve the community's quality of live and socioeconomic activities. The work will can also provide the impetus to researchers, investors, government and policy makers for green energy technology exploitation in Nigerian rural communities lacking energy access.
The demand for renewable energy technologies has surged due to the global energy transition and the push for decarbonization. This study explores the development of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) combining solar and wind energy, focusing on selecting an optimal location in Malaysia based on available resources and analyzing its power generation and efficiency. A site study using anemometers and pyranometers was conducted from 8 am to 5 pm over five days, and SMath Studio was employed for mathematical modeling to determine average wind speed at varying heights, wind energy density, peak sun hours, and the optimal photovoltaic (PV) panel angle. The HRES, consisting of a Savonius turbine blade and a thin-film PV panel, was installed atop the Fakulti Kejuruteraan Alam Bina academic building. The wind turbine achieved an average power output of 0.2129 W, producing 5.11 Wh/day, while the PV panel generated 6.9083 W, yielding 43.45 Wh/day. Combined, the HRES produced 48.56 Wh/day with an efficiency of 7.02%. The findings demonstrate the suitability of the Savonius turbine for low wind speeds and the effectiveness of solar panels under high irradiance conditions. Although the system's overall efficiency was low, it successfully stabilized power output, determined optimal resource utilization, and provided valuable insights into hybrid energy generation. This study offers practical guidelines for developing dual renewable energy systems and advancing sustainable energy solutions.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is targeting 50 % of its energy generation from renewable energy sources (RES) by 2030. However, a comprehensive approach is needed to prioritize the available RES in the kingdom. This study employs a survey-based approach which gathered insights from several academic and industrial experts and then utilizes analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods to determine the optimal RES. In this case, hybrid RES (solar-wind, solar-geothermal, solar-biomass) is evaluated against single-source alternatives based on different criteria including cost-effectiveness, land conservation, low intermittency, resource potential, design simplicity, and social acceptance. The results showed that cost-effectiveness emerged as the predominant criterion with importance of 31 % followed by low intermittency and resource potential contributing with 24 % and 22 % in importance, respectively. Based on these findings, solar energy is recognized as the best RES, with a priority level of 23 % followed by the hybrid solar-wind and hybrid solar-geothermal, which attained priority levels of 20 and 16 %, respectively. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess the impact of varying criteria weights. The findings offer the decision maker useful insights into the priority of different RES in KSA.
Middle East has significant potential for independent solar and wind power generation due to its vast land area and dispersed settlements. Enhancing the standard of living in remote areas and meeting the increasing demand for healthcare services worldwide are crucial objectives. Finding the most reliable and affordable method of supplying energy and clean water to rural healthcare institutions is the main goal of the research. The aim of this research is to evaluate the financial and environmental impacts of employing a hybrid energy system to supply power to a clinic in Rijal Almaa, Saudi Arabia. Utilizing the HOMER software, the investigation determined that the most efficient hybrid configuration includes 360 batteries, a 25 kW DG, a 2 kW wind turbine, 33.3 kW of solar panels, and an 18.4 kW converter. The NPC (Net Present Cost) associated with this optimized system amounts to /kWh. It was found that this efficient system necessitates an initial capital outlay of 2361. The renewable fraction (RF) of 84.7%, excess electricity generation of 8.81%, and fuel consumption of 4135 L/yr are notable features of the system. The system also exhibits the lowest annual CO2 emissions at 10825 kg/yr, indicating a positive environmental impact. The findings can be applied globally, particularly in hot, arid regions. The analysis suggests that reducing the costs of hybrid solar panels, DG, wind turbine, and battery systems could significantly reduce overall costs, making them a feasible solution for developing nations.
This study examines the potential use of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (consisting of photovoltaic, wind, bio, and diesel sources) both with and without the inclusion of battery storage in the eastern region of India. An evaluation is conducted to determine the economic viability of several system configurations, and the most efficient system is selected using HOMER software. The investigation focused on six distinct scenarios to meet the energy needs of a village community. The goal was to satisfy a daily load need of 1093.7 kWh, with a peak demand of 153.63 kW. The study examined many factors, such as system efficiency, financial viability, and ecological consequences. The primary aim of the research was to compare the power costs associated with different designs of HRES. Detailed techno-commercial assessments were carried out to examine the energy production, consumption, and financial impacts of each scenario. This research provides valuable insights for individuals and organizations seeking reliable and long-lasting energy solutions by analyzing the potential benefits and drawbacks of implementing HRES in rural areas. An evaluation is conducted to determine the energy contribution of each element within an RES, as well as the influence of HRES on energy expenses and net present value. The findings of this study reveal that the optimized hybrid system comprises 133 kW photovoltaic arrays, a 130-kW wind turbine, a 0.2 kW biogas generator, a 100-kW diesel generator, a 540-kWh battery bank with nominal capacity, and a 58-kW converter. This system has a minimum COE of 0.3471.71M. The research offers useful insights for designers, scholars, and policymakers on the existing design constraints and policies of biomass-based hybrid systems.
In this research, a renewable energy hybrid system (PV-Wind) is modeled to compare different design options based on their economic and technical features. The energy requirements of a Reversible Osmosis desalination plant located on the island of Tenerife with a water production capacity of up to 20,000 m³/day was considered. The system is connected to the electricity grid. The HOMER software, version 2.75 was used to produce optimum strategies for renewable energy. The assumptions input into the model were: the technical specifications of the devices, electricity demand of the desalination plant, as well as the solar radiation and the wind speed potentials. Numerous arrangements were considered by the software, version 2.75. The optimal results were obtained based on the use of renewable energy. The data used in the study were recorded in Tenerife in the Canary Islands. The experience of this research could be transferred to other Atlantic islands with similar renewable energy sources (specifically the wind) and water scarce conditions.
To avert climate change, there has been a rise in the usage of green energy sources that are also beneficial to the environment. To generate sustainable energy in a financially and technically efficient manner, our research attempts to close the gaps. The potential of green sources like photovoltaic (PV) and biomass for a rural community southwest of Sohag Al Gadida City, Sohag, Egypt, is examined in this research considering its techno-economic (TE) and eco-friendly feasibility. The HOMER Pro v3.14 package is used as a scaling and optimization instrument, to calculate the price of the PV/biomass setup and the size and characteristics of its parts. This is to estimate the corresponding electrical production and reduce the total annual cost for the customer. The suggested system structure is validated through the presentation of simulation outcomes and evaluations utilizing MATLAB/SIMULINK R2022a. In addition, a TE-environmental investigation of the optimized PV/biomass structure is performed. The optimum structure is carefully chosen from the best four configurations using the demand predilection by analogy to the perfect technique based on the generation cost, operation cost, energy production, and renewable fraction. The results also indicate that using hybrid PV/biomass is an attractive choice with the initial capital cost (ICC: USD 8.144), net present cost (NPC: USD 11,026), a low cost of energy (LCOE: 0.184 USD/kWh), and the high renewable fraction (RF: 99.9%) of the system. The annual CO2 emission performance of a PV/biomass system is much better than that of the grid alone and PV/diesel. This method might be applied in rural areas in other developing countries.
The decrease in oil production, the rise in environmental pollution, and the impending need to power areas in Colombia that do not currently have access to electricity have given the nation the task of finding new, decentralized, sustainable energy generation methods. Due to its favorable geographic location, renewable energy sources are a very appealing and affordable option in Colombia. This document presents a systematic literature review (SLR) developed to assess the recent techno-economic models and financial strategies in rural electrification using renewable energy systems. As a result, 19 documents were obtained, where the most informed funding sources included governmental, private and mixed shares. According to the information, the financial models were limited to estimate economic variables as levelized cost of electricity and net present cost. Finally, an emphasis on the need of governmental support to promote this kind of projects were reported.
Off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are a vital solution to electrification in remote or rural areas where the grid connection is not feasible due to geographical constraints and high deployment costs. Despite the intermittency of power generation through sunlight, energy storage systems such as batteries enhance the stability and reliability of a standalone system, improving access to electricity. The PV systems’ lack of moving parts and low maintenance compared to alternative generation sources such as diesel generators (DGs) or wind turbines are an added benefit to areas lacking access. With the global move towards utilizing cleaner and more sustainable energy sources, there is a solid motivation to deploy off-grid PV systems to replace traditional DGs. With the levelized cost of electricity as the primary key performance indicator, this paper compares different energy sources and configurations. This comparative case study first investigates the crucial elements, such as capital, operation, and maintenance expenditures. These factors can affect the cost competitiveness of off-grid PV systems in various settings. Further analysis points out key aspects that affect the PV systems’ economic viability in different parts of the world.
Irrigation systems to supply water to agricultural land are essential in remote and isolated areas. However, these areas often face challenges and obstacles in obtaining energy for use in irrigation since many depend on diesel generators (DGs) to produce electricity. A farm located in a remote area in Al-Jafr, Jordan, uses a 100 kW DG to supply its need for electric energy for irrigation purposes. Its energy consumption is 500 kWh/day at 0.107/kWh, and carbon dioxide emissions are reduced to 27,378 kg/yr from 184,917 kg/yr for the DG-only system. In addition, simulations and comparisons for an alternative HRES with a 60 kW DG were conducted. Based on the simulation results, the energy price was 0.19, and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions were 15,847 kg/yr instead of 115,090 kg/yr. It was concluded that using hybrid renewable energy systems to power the irrigation of remote areas successfully reduced the energy cost, fuel consumption, emissions, and overall cost. The HOMER program makes an accurate comparison over extended periods between the four strategies (load following, cycle charging, combined dispatch, and predictive dispatch) and selects the optimal system based on the cost, emissions, fuel consumption, and percentage of renewable energy from the system.
Introduction: This paper is the product of the investigation “Identification of relevant variables in the development of photovoltaic solar projects in Colombia” developed at the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (UDFJC) between 2020 and 2021. Due to the increase in the number of photovoltaic energy projects in Colombia, it is necessary to quantify the level of relevance related with the factors involved in order to optimize the planning and execution processes. Methods: In this research, the Delphi methodology is applied to evaluate a set of variables selected from literature, putting them to an evaluation by a group of experts with the purpose of quantifying the relationship, under a subjective judgment, between those variables and parameters immersed in low power photovoltaic solar projects in Colombia. Together with the Delphi method, the Torgerson Model was used to quantify what experts said, in order to determine which variables are the most relevant ones to the experts. Subsequently, the validation of these answers is carried out with the application of a second evaluative stage throughout the application of structured instruments. Resultados: Luego de obtener el consenso general, se analizan los resultados con el ideal de identificar las variables que obtuvieron un mayor nivel de relevancia, en las cuales se identificaron seis variables relevantes. Conclusiones: Este trabajo muestra cómo los resultados de los procesos de investigación obtienen las variables más relevantes, siendo 6 variables en total, y se analiza su impacto. Originalidad: Aplicando el método Delphi, es posible encontrar las variables más relevantes en el desarrollo de proyectos solares fotovoltaicos de baja potencia en Colombia, haciendo de este trabajo un elemento importante en el avance de las energías renovables. Limitación: No se logró una muestra masiva de resultados por la dificultad de contactar a los profesionales adecuados en el área analizada.
The millions of users in developing countries often live far off the electric grid (rural areas) which seems not very cost effective extending the national grid to these rural areas as per respective governments. Africa’s total primary energy supply has seen an increasing annual rate of about 3%, seeming to be the highest among all other continents. The African continent as a whole is endowed with large renewable energy potential, varying in type across diverse geographic locations. These resources, and the settings in which they exist, can point to country or regional specific renewable energy solutions to fit each nation’s strengths and needs. In Sub-Saharan Africa, reliable access to electric power must be consider a basic precondition to improve people’s lives as it further promote education, health care and economic growth via the creation of sustainable and clean energy jobs. Until recently, renewable energy technologies (RETs) have been confronted with a huge up-front cost and technologies in development but massive and global deployment of renewable energy systems has led to significant cost reductions and performance improvements and the hope is to see increasing uptake of RETs by African countries. Cameroon a Central African country is heavily reliant on hydropower, which contributes an estimated 60% to the country’s total installed 1,400MW capacity in 2015. In addition, there is constants power failure due to the non-reliability of the electric grid and load shedding to meet increasing demand. However, climate change poses additional huge risk (large reservoirs and dams drying up) and to meet the increasing demand, Cameroon is being forced to seek alternative power sources. This paper proposes the need for a sustainable hybrid energy system design and the development of an effective design, simulation and analysis approach of stand-alone off-grid in Cameroon as a potential optimal solution to help power community electrical loads. Finding an optimized mix of renewable energy technologies for Bandjoun and Muyuka were the goals of this paper.
The cost of electricity produced by thermal power plants in Republic of Djibouti is relatively high at about 337, 1,025/year, respectively. When compared with the average cost of grid-only connection of $0.32/kWh, the optimal hybrid renewable energy system is more economical and will save 51 % of the cost that the customer must pay when using only the electricity from the grid.
The power structure incorporating of sustainable power source, customary fuel source, and fuel supply is a great choice for giving power to far-off areas where admittance to regional grid isn’t achievable or prudent. Dependability and cost-viability are the two most significant targets for planning a hybrid power system (HPS). The expense execution and dependability of power supply are broken down for a miniature coordinated micro-integrated HPS (MIHPS) made out of sun-powered photovoltaic (PV), diesel generator (DG), and batteries (BAT) in different framework designs. The size and limit of power sources are figured for system reliability based on loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The impact of fluctuating PV, DG sizes, and BAT limits on reliability of power supply (as LPSP) and cost of energy (CoE) are altogether surveyed in different structures. The MIHPS of various designs and sizes are considered for the least CoE at worthy LPSP. The satisfactory LPSP is kept invariant at < 0.001 (likeness 99.9% power supply reliability) for the investigations. The precise methodology of estimating the power sources through execution of guaranteeing adequate power supply dependability is the purpose of the current investigation.KeywordsHybrid power systemPhotovoltaicDiesel generatorBatteriesReliabilityCost of energy
Many universities have plans to reduce campus energy consumption with developed energy efficiency strategies, supply the energy needs of the university campus with renewable energy and create a green campus. In order to serve this purpose, this study focuses on the simulation of the installation of an on-grid photovoltaic (PV) power system at the Vocational Colleges Campus, Hitit University. On the other hand, the integration of the simulated PV system with a gas fired-trigeneration system is discussed. Moreover, the
study explores opportunities for solar hydrogen generation without energy storage on
campus. For the PV system simulation, three different scenarios were created by using
web-based PV system design software (HelioScope). Installed powers in the simulation
were found as 94.2 kWe, 123.9 kWe, and 157.5 kWe for the low scenario (on the rooftop),
high scenario (on the rooftop), and the high þ PV canopy arrays scenario (on the rooftop
and an outdoor parking area), respectively. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) values
were 0.061 /kWh, and 0.063 /kWhH2 (1.78 /kWhH2 (3.4 $/kgH2). Consequently, with proper planning and design, a grid-connected PV-trigeneration-hydrogen generation hybrid system on a university campus may operate successfully.
We compare the impact on greenhouse-gas emissions, environmental degradation, and human health and safety of solar energy systems with the nuclear and fossil-energy options. When all direct and indirect aspects of the different energy production and delivery systems are properly accounted for, we find the following: 1.(i) given current technologies, on a standardized energy unit basis, solar energy systems may initially cause more greenhouse-gas emissions and environmental degradation than do conventional nuclear and fossil-energy systems.2.(ii) An ambitious program to utilize solar energy systems in place of nuclear and fossil-fuel systems could, for the next 4 or 5 decades, actually increase environmental degradation. In addition, the production of materials for these technologies involves hazardous substances that must be handled cautiously to avoid environmental damage.3.(iii) In comparing solar energy systems with the conventional alternatives, it is important to recognize the substantial costs, hazardous wastes, and land-use issues associated with solar technologies.4.(iv) Based upon risk perceptions and current technologies, the health and safety risks of solar energy systems may be substantially larger than those associated with some fossil- and nuclear-energy resource options.
For small villages, hybrid options have advantages over traditional diesel systems because they reduce fuel consumption and O and M costs while improving the quality of service. Our cost analysis refers to a 20-year period at present market prices.
The impact of photovoltaic power generation on an electric
utility's load shape under supply-side peak load management conditions
is explored. Results show that some utilities utilizing battery storage
for peak load shaving might benefit from use of photovoltaic (PV) power,
the extent of its usefulness being dependent on the specific load shapes
as well as the photovoltaic array orientations. Typical utility load
shapes both in the eastern (at Rayleigh, NC) and in the western (at
Hesperia, CA) parts of the USA are examined for this purpose. It is
concluded that while photovoltaic power generation seems to present a
bigger impact on the load of the western utility, both utilities will
experience considerable savings on the size of the battery system
required to shave the peak loads as well as in the night-time base
capacity required to charge the battery
Hourly mean wind-speed data for the period 1986–1997 [except the years 1989 (some data is missing) and 1991 (Gulf War)] recorded at the solar radiation and meteorological monitoring station, Dhahran (26°C 32′ N, 50° 13′ E), Saudi Arabia, have been analyzed to investigate the optimum size of battery storage capacity for hybrid (wind+diesel) energy conversion systems at Dhahran. The monthly average wind speeds for Dhahran range from 4.12 to 6.42 m/s. As a case study, the hybrid system considered in the present analysis consists of two 10 kW Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS), together with a battery storage system and a diesel back-up. The yearly and monthly average energy generated from the above hybrid system have been presented. More importantly, the study explores the impact of variation of battery storage capacity on hybrid power generation. The results exhibit a trade-off between size of the storage capacity and diesel power to be generated to cope with specific annual load distribution [41,500], and for given energy generation from WECS. The energy to be generated from the back-up diesel generator and the number of operational hours of the diesel system to meet a specific annual electrical energy demand have also been presented. The diesel back-up system is operated at times when the power generated from WECS fails to satisfy the load and when the battery storage is depleted. The present study shows that for economic considerations, for optimum use of battery storage and for optimum operation of diesel system, storage capacity equivalent to one to three days of maximum monthly average daily demand needs to be used. It has been found that the diesel energy to be generated without any storage is considerably high; however, use of one day of battery storage reduces diesel energy generation by about 35%; also the number of hours of operation of the diesel system are reduced by about 52%.
Hourly mean wind-speed and solar radiation data for the period 1986–1993 [except the years 1989 (some data is missing) and 1991 (Gulf War)] recorded at the solar radiation and meteorological monitoring station, Dhahran (26° 32′ N, 50° 13′ E), Saudi Arabia, have been analyzed to report the monthly variation of wind speed and solar radiation, probability distribution of wind speed and to investigate the feasibility of using hybrid (wind+solar) energy conversion systems at Dhahran. The monthly average wind speeds for Dhahran range from 4.21 to 6.97 m/s. The monthly average daily values of solar radiation for Dhahran range from 3.61 kwh/sq.m to 7.96 kwh/sq.m. The hybrid system considered in the present analysis consists of two 10 kW Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS), 120 sq.m of Photovoltaic (PV) panels together with a battery storage system and a diesel back-up. The monthly average daily energy generated from the above hybrid system has been presented. The energy generated from the back-up diesel generator and the no. of operational hours of the diesel system to meet a specific annual electrical energy demand of 41531 kWh have also been presented.
In this article a simplified technique is reported for predicting photovoltaic (PV) array and system performance. A load/solar/weather database for seven different locations in Egypt is also provided to aid in the necessary calculations. The insolation data has been collected by the help of homemade, resistance-loaded standard solar cells so that their responses are linear with insolation level. Mean temperature and wind speed have been collected or measured on an hourly basis and averaged to give daily values. The fraction of the load that is met by the solar photovoltaic system is calculated for each of the seven locations. This fraction has been taken as a figure of merit to help in promoting photovoltaic applications in Egypt. In this study the Egyptian load profiles are classified according to a collected statistical real data. Array manufacturer's specification sheets and data on the locally fabricated solar cells have been used in the present calculations.
The combined utilization of renewables such as solar and wind energy is becoming increasingly attractive and is being widely used for substitution of oil-produced energy, and eventually to reduce air pollution. In the present investigation, hourly wind-speed and solar radiation measurements made at the solar radiation and meteorological monitoring station, Dhahran (26°32′N, 50°13′E), Saudi Arabia, have been analyzed to study the impact of key parameters such as photovoltaic (PV) array area, number of wind machines, and battery storage capacity on the operation of hybrid (wind + solar + diesel) energy conversion systems, while satisfying a specific annual load of 41,500 kWh. The monthly average wind speeds for Dhahran range from 4.1 to 6.4 m/s. The monthly average daily values of solar radiation for Dhahran range from 3.6 to 7.96 kWh/m2. Parametric analysis indicates that with two 10 kW wind machines together with three days of battery storage and photovoltaic deployment of 30 m2, the diesel back-up system has to provide about 23% of the load demand. However, with elimination of battery storage, about 48% of the load needs to be provided by diesel system.
Developing countries seeking relevance in the international community have to adopt programmes in order to achieve cost-effective economic growth. Telecommunications is one area where emphasis must be laid because of its impact on development. Since the power supply forms an essential part of any communication system it is important to chose the power supply option that has the lowest life-cycle cost. The life-cycle costs of several power supply alternatives to some telecommunication systems in Nigeria have been evaluated. A hybrid (Solar/Gen. Set) power supply option is shown to be cost-effective when compared with diesel generating systems powering telecommunication equipment and airconditioning loads. The cost of PV power supply option used for a celluphone system is about 10% of the cost of the alternative of daily battery replacement and haulage. The low teledensity in the country creates a need for bold initiatives to incorporate solar power in telecommunications network, particularly in the remote rural communities where conventional electricity is not only unavailable, but is unreliable and very costly to maintain.
An important element of hybrid photo-voltaic(PV) + diesel sytem is battery storage. Size of battery storage plays a role in optimum operation of the hybrid system. Emphasis needs to be placed on this issue. In this perspective, hourly solar radiation data, for the period 1986–93 recorded at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, have been analyzed to investigate the optimum size of battery storage capacity for hybrid (PV + diesel) power systems. Various sizing configurations have been simulated. The monthly average daily values of solar global radiation range from 3.61 to 7.96 kWh/m 2 . As a case study, hybrid systems considered in the present analysis consist of 225 m 2 PV array area (panels/modules) supplemented with battery storage unit and diesel backup generators (to meet the load requirements of a typical residential building with annual electrical energy demand of 35,200 kWh). The monthly average energy generated from the aforementioned hybrid system for different scenarios has been presented. More importantly, the study explores the influence of variation of battery storage capacity on hybrid power generation. The results exhibit a trade-off between size of the storage capacity and diesel power to be generated to cope with annual load distribution. Concurrently, the energy to be generated from the diesel generator and the number of operational hours of the diesel system to meet the load demand have been also addressed. The study shows that for optimum operation of diesel system, storage capacity equivalent to 12–18 h of maximum monthly average hourly demand need to be used. It has been found that in the absence of battery bank, ∼58% of the load needs to be provided by the diesel system. However, use of 12 h of battery storage (autonomy) reduces diesel energy generation by ∼49% and the number of hours of operation of the diesel system get reduced by about ∼82%. The findings of this study can be employed as a tool for sizing of battery storage for PV/diesel systems for other regions having climates similar to the location considered in the study.
In most of the remote areas of Australia and in many other parts of the world, diesel generators are used to provide electrical power. Such systems are often characterised by either poor efficiency and high maintenance costs because of prolonged operation at low load levels, or intermittent power because the unit is only run during period of significant load. The addition of a battery bank and a power conditioner to produce a diesel-battery-inverter hybrid system has been identified as produccing a number of benefits. Such systems can be broadly classified according to their configuration as series, switched, or parallel hybrid systems. A new parallel hybrid energy system developed in Western Australia is described in this article. The heart of the system is a high quality sinewave inverter which can also be operated in reverse as a battery charger. The system can cope with loads ranging from zero (inverter only operation) to approximately three times the generator capacity (inverter and diesel operating in parallel) with excellent efficiency. The system is fully automatic, provides continuous power, and can readily incorporate input from wind or photovoltaic systems. This article also includes a description of a 5 kW wind generator charging a battery bank as part of the hybrid system, and an economic analysis indicates a favourable result for this hybrid system with payback period estimated to be the order of three years.
The hybrid system using regenerative sources on the island of Fehmarn was constructed by Telefunken systemtechnik with financial support by the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology, the Government of Schleswig-Holstein, the community of Burg on Fehmarn, Daimler Benz and Telefunken Systemtechnik.The energy plant consists of a photovoltaic generator of 140 kW, a wind energy converter of 250 kW by the Husum Shipyard and a biogas system of 30 kW by Daimler-Benz. This sewage treatment plant receives the total amount of sewage from the town of Burg and the holiday centre Burg-Tiefe.
The present R&D approach to new renewable energy sources includes a drawback which could negate their environmental significance. New renewable energies are affected by a technical limitation because of the random intermittent nature of their power generation which hinders them from fully expanding into the electricity market. As a consequence, the contribution which renewable electric energy sources make is just significant in terms of world electricity generation and only marginal in terms of total energy consumption. Thus, in spite of expectations, the practical achievable amount of environmental benefits arising from new renewable energy would not be enough to counteract the environmental crisis. It is known that the intermittence of energy supply can be removed by implementing grid-tied power systems, adding a further stage aimed to chemically store the intermittent solar energy by producing clean synthetic fuels. Until now this chance was considered of little importance, on the contrary, it should become a compulsory solution so that renewable energy can acquire an actual and environmentally consistent significance.
This paper describes the development of a simplified technique for sizing stand-alone photovoltaic/storage systems. The sizing criterion is the long-term loss-of-load probability which is the fraction of the total energy demand that the photovoltaic system will not be able satisfy over a 23-year period. The technique was derived using 23 years of hourly insolation data from 20 U.S. weather stations. These data were used to develop correlations between the variability in insolation and average monthly horizontal insolation. The correlations were then used to generate sizing nomograms that give the array size as a function of average horizontal insolation and the storage capacity as a function of the long-term loss-of-load probability. The technique is valid for systems with a fixed tilt array, product or energy storage, and any hourly or daily demand profile provided that thee average monthly demand does not vary by more than ±10% from month to month.
In India growth of oil-based decentralized (backup and non-backup) power-generating systems is an outcome of the increasing demand for power with security in supply from consumers. Given the projections on demand for and supply of power through the centralized grid, growth of these systems is bound to be on the rise. The present study, based on primary data collected from a field survey, builds up a database for this decentralized power-generating sector to assess its role in the context of the Indian economy. Cost calculations and on-the-spot measurements of sound pollution and a standard estimate of air pollution from conventional oil-based power generators bring out clearly the problems of the existing systems. It has been shown that if pollution abatement costs and the scarcity value of diesel are included in cost calculation for widely used conventional diesel-based decentralized systems, along with standard accounting costs, then solar photovoltaic (SPV) technologies may be an ideal alternative to conventional oil-based systems in the decentralized power-generating sector. However, to encourage existing private entrepreneurs to go for this new technology, government intervention is necessary in a number of ways.
This article examines photovoltaic power system applications, including remote standalone, dispersed grid-connected, and large generation centers. Photovoltaic system options for both current and future applications are described and costs for each of these options are developed. The results of this examination show that future applications will utilize the system technology available today and sub-system technology advances can be accommodated through minor system changes.
The demand for electricity is expected to double from 1990 to 2020. This will require 4000 GW of new capacity to be constructed worldwide, both as additions and replacements. Technical progress has made new conventional power plants more efficient and environment friendly than existing ones, and they can be built quicker and cheaper. Fossil fuels already form the basis for two thirds of all electricity and their importance will continue to grow, both as gasfired combined cycle and as coal-fired steam cycle. The technical choice depends on a wide array of considerations, including financial engineering. In liberalised electricity markets with global sourcing the emphasis is on minimum costs and cash-flow. Independent project developers currently fund 30% of all new generating capacity investments and the share is growing. The expanding role of fossil fuels runs counter to policies to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. To reverse the trend would require strong support for renewables and acceptance of nuclear power.
This paper describes the simulation of a combined wind-solar-hydro system for electric power generation, with energy storage facilities. A simple multivariable weather model, including the wind speed, the solar radiation and the rainfall, was developed. This model is used with the Monte Carlo simulation method to evaluate the reliability of the mixed generating system. Different percentages of wind and solar generation capacities were tried as well as the tilt of the solar arrays. On the basis of the simulation performed, the optimum share of wind power in the system is discussed looking at the corresponding probability of loss of load. In an existing generating system with a strong penetration of hydro power providing a significative storage capacity, like the Portuguese system, the introduction of wind and solar power appears attractive from the reliability point of view. The small reserve margins required also decrease the high investment associated with the conversion of these two sources of energy. Copyright © 1983 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
As an alternative to the use of diesel motors for pumping water
from remote desert wells, the author illustrates the design and testing
of water pumping systems powered by photovoltaic (PV) generators.
Regarding reliability and economic feasibility, the comparison results
of these two pumping methods, replacing diesel motors with PV systems
are very encouraging. Up to a hydraulic energy equivalent of 6000
m4/day (i.e. 100 m head×60 m3/day), the cost
of water pumped by PV is less than that for diesel
Village electrification: hybrid systems
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Global progress in renewable energy In: Proceedings of abstracts, 7th Arab international solar energy conference
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Ali S. Global progress in renewable energy. In: Proceedings of abstracts,
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