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Effects of Stocking Density and Feeding Rate on Vermicomposting of Biosolids
Abstract
The double-pronged problem of quantity, and disposal of waste streams from a myriad of industries, is becoming increasingly acute, the world over. The use of earthworms as a waste treatment technique for such wastes is gaining popularity. This method is commonly known as vermicomposting. Compared to conventional microbial composting, vermicomposting produces a product that is more or less homogenous, with desirable aesthetics, with reduced levels of contaminants and tends to hold more nutrients over a longer period, without impacting the environment. Like in other related waste treatment techniques, certain parameters need to be established for the design of efficient and economical vermicomposting systems. Specifically, the focus of this study was to investigate and establish an optimal stocking density and an optimal feeding rate for the vermicomposting of biosolids, with paper mulch provided as bedding. A stocking density of 1.60 kg-worms/m2 (0.33 lb-worms/ft2) and a feeding rate of 1.25 kg-feed/kg-worm/day resulted in the highest bioconversion of the substrate into earthworm biomass. The best vermicompost was obtained at the same stocking density and a feeding rate of 0.75 kg-feed/kg-worm/day.
... The moisture level of 70 to 75 % was maintained throughout the study period by periodic sprinkling. The Clitellate earth worm stock Eudrilus eugeniae were introduced into the treatment groups and each test bin had an earthworm live biomass of one kg worms, corresponding to a stocking density of 1.6 kg worm/m 2 [14]. Each bin was filled with 50 kg of feed stock at the rate of feeding of 0.75 kg/day/kg of worm. ...
... In treatments PLCP30, PLCP35, PLCPFM30, PLCPFM35 and FM, vermicomposting was more successful, with the highest feed-tovermicast conversion rate (FVCR) recorded in the FM-alone group (Fig. 5), where no PL was included in the feed substrate. 14 The current results indicated that the PL alone or PL at a C/N ratio of 25, even when combined with CP or FM, could not support earthworm activity. This is consistent with the findings of Mashur et al. [24], who studied the survivability and biomass gain of E. fetida using various organic materials in equal combination with PL. ...
The potential benefits of bioconversion of commercial broiler poultry litter (PL) to vermicompost (with Eudrilus eugeniae) were studied by optimizing the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) using coconut (Cocos nucifera) coir pith (CP) and farm yard manure (FM) as co-substrate. In this experiment, after optimizing the C/N at the levels of 25, 30, and 35, the pre-composting of the PL followed by vermicomposting was done, and the PL and FM alone were used as the control group. After pre-composting, the earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae) were introduced, and the vermicomposting process was continued for 90 days and the vermicompost samples were analyzed on the 45th and 90th days. The study revealed a significantly (P
... Microbial decomposition of flower waste (Organic matter) during vermicomposting shifts the pH to neutral (Garg and Kaushik, 2004;Nath et al., 2009;Das et al., 2012). Ndegwa et al. (2000) accredited pH shift as to nitrogen and phosphorous mineralization and bioconversion of ORM. ...
... Mousavi et al. (2019) also found significant increase in phosphorous content in the vermicompost. Few studies revealed phosphorous raw material consumption by earthworm and processing time (Hartenstein and Hartenstein, 1981;Ndegwa et al., 2000). Satchell and Martein (1984) found an increase of 25% in phosphorus content in paper waste vermicompost, which is in accordance with the present study. ...
... This was shaken at 230 rpm for 30 min and allowed to settle for one hour before measuring pH and EC. A pocket pH/conductivity meter, model HI98129 (HANNA Instruments ® ), was used as described in [19]. Total nitrogen (TN) was measured by the standard digestion and distillation method with Kjeldahl equipment (Kelplus) using reagents (magnesium oxide for the determination of NH 4 + and Devarda alloy for NO 3 − [20] to subsequently titrate with HCL (0.005 N) according to the NOM-021-RECNAT-2000 standard. ...
... This may be because the bacteria and number of worms contributed to the decrease in the pH of the medium towards either neutrality or acidity throughout the process [27,28]. Some authors [19,29] have mentioned that the metabolism of earthworms decreases the pH in the surface layer of the soil (Horizon A) or in the vermicompost due to the processes of bioturbation and/or vermidegradation (mineralization of nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites and phosphorus into orthophosphates) and the bioconversion of organic matter into other organic acids. In addition, the metabolism of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria released organic acids, causing decreases in the pH of the substrate and greater permeability [30,31]. ...
Due to increasing soil degradation caused by unsustainable agricultural practices and the continued demand for quality food for the human population, it is imperative to find sustainable strategies for high-quality food production. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the interaction between the factors of consortium of phosphorus-solubilizing rhizobacteria, addition of phosphate rock and worm load in horse manure to produce an organic fertilizer fortified with phosphorus. For this, consortia of phosphate-solubilizing rhizobacteria of the genus Bacillus (Bacillus aryabhattai, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus) isolated from the rhizosphere of Distichlis spicata were inoculated. Igneous phosphate rock (0 and 2%) was added in the vermicomposting process (with 25 and 50 g of E. fetida worms per kg of horse manure). The results obtained show that there is a significant interaction between the factors of inoculation with bacterial consortia (1 × 108 CFU mL−1), phosphate rock (2%) and earthworm biomass (50 g kg−1 of manure), and that this interaction promotes the production of assimilable forms of phosphorus for plants (such as monobasic phosphate ions H2PO4−1 or dibasic phosphate ions HPO4−2) within the vermicomposting process, having as a product an organic substrate supplemented with the optimal nutritional requirements for the development and growth of crops. This work can serve as a basis to produce high-quality organic fertilizer. However, field studies are required in order to observe the impact of vermicompost on the yield and quality of the fruits, and it can be compared with other types of fertilizers and the relevance of their use in different types of climates.
... The AIs most frequently found in cut flowers in previous studies (Toumi et al. 2017(Toumi et al. , 2016b and the current study were the fungicides spiroxamine, boscalid, and iprodione. Generally, fungicides are most commonly used in cut flower production, as fungal diseases such as Botrytis cinerea, which cause gray mold, are a constant threat to cut flowers (Muñoz et al. 2019;Vega et al. 2020). With increasing fungicide treatments, fungi have started to develop resistance to AIs, and four of the most frequent AIs detected in cut flowers in the current study (boscalid, iprodione, cyprodinil, and fluopyram) were also among the AIs for which fungal resistance was identified in cut-roses (Muñoz et al. 2019). ...
... Generally, fungicides are most commonly used in cut flower production, as fungal diseases such as Botrytis cinerea, which cause gray mold, are a constant threat to cut flowers (Muñoz et al. 2019;Vega et al. 2020). With increasing fungicide treatments, fungi have started to develop resistance to AIs, and four of the most frequent AIs detected in cut flowers in the current study (boscalid, iprodione, cyprodinil, and fluopyram) were also among the AIs for which fungal resistance was identified in cut-roses (Muñoz et al. 2019). ...
The production of conventional ornamental plants is pesticide-intensive. We investigated whether pesticide active ingredients (AIs) are still present in ornamentals at the time of purchase and assessed their potential ecotoxicity to non-target organisms. We purchased 1000 pot plants and 237 cut flowers of different species from garden centers in Austria and Germany between 2011 and 2021 and analyzed them for up to 646 AIs. Ecotoxicological risks of AIs were assessed by calculating toxic loads for honeybees (Apis mellifera), earthworms (Eisenia fetida), birds (Passer domesticus), and mammals (Rattus norvegicus) based on the LD50 values of the detected AIs. Human health risks of AIs were assessed on the basis of the hazard statements of the Globally Harmonized System. Over the years, a total of 202 AIs were detected in pot plants and 128 AIs in cut flowers. Pesticide residues were found in 94% of pot plants and 97% of cut flowers, with cut flowers containing about twice as many AIs (11.0 ± 6.2 AIs) as pot plants (5.8 ± 4.0 AIs). Fungicides and insecticides were found most frequently. The ecotoxicity assessment showed that 47% of the AIs in pot plants and 63% of the AIs in cut flowers were moderately toxic to the considered non-target organisms. AIs found were mainly toxic to honeybees; their toxicity to earthworms, birds, and mammals was about 105 times lower. Remarkably, 39% of the plants labeled as “bee-friendly” contained AIs that were toxic to bees. More than 40% of pot plants and 72% of cut flowers contained AIs classified as harmful to human health. These results suggest that ornamental plants are vectors for potential pesticide exposure of consumers and non-target organisms in home gardens.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-024-34363-x.
... The nutrients that are present in organic substrates, such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N), are not only enhanced but also transformed into bioavailable forms during the vermicomposting process (Ndegwa & Thompson, 2000;Tripathi & Bhardwaj, 2004;Kumar et al., 2008;Rathore et al., 2021). Vermicomposting facilitates the recycling of plant nutrients and improves the soil (Singh et al., 2011a). ...
... The availability of P, Ca, and Mg increased while that of K decreased when the earthworms finished consuming the pulp. The vermicomposting process retained the product's N content while drastically lowering the soluble component, minimizing its environmental effect (Ndegwa et al., 2000). Furthermore, a variety of microorganisms found in vermicomposting, such as oxalic, formic, citric, and acetic acids, aid in the breakdown of bound potassium and phosphate and encourage the mineralization of nutrients in the soil Mupambwa & Mnkeni, 2018). ...
Vermicomposting is a biological process that uses earthworms to transform organic waste into compost that is rich in nutrients. It has become a popular and environmentally acceptable way to handle solid waste. This review offers a thorough analysis of the benefits, techniques, and fundamental concepts of vermicomposting as an achievable approach to the globe's waste management problem. It starts with an overview of the technique and then explores the biology of earthworms to clarify their function in the breakdown of organic matter and the improvement of soil fertility. Furthermore, the review focuses on several factors that affect vermicomposting effectiveness, such as temperature, moisture content, pH, and kinds of organic materials used. It explains the various types of earthworms that are suitable for vermicomposting. The advantages of vermicomposting on the environment are emphasized. This procedure yields nutrient-rich vermicompost, which is an excellent organic fertilizer that improves soil health and plant development without using as much chemical fertilizer. This review concludes by highlighting the significance of vermicomposting as an economical, sustainable, and socially responsible approach to managing solid waste. It offers perspectives and recommendations for decision-makers, practitioners, and interested individuals who are interested in maximizing vermicomposting's potential for enhancing communities and ecosystems while reducing the environmental impact of waste disposal methods.
... Por medio de estos procesos los residuos se transforman en un material rico en elementos nutrimentales y fácilmente asimilables para las plantas (Velasco-Velasco et al., 2003). El VC presenta un pH que oscila de 6.8 a 7.2, contiene sustancias biológicamente activas (e. g., auxinas y citocininas) que actúan como reguladores de crecimiento, gran capacidad de intercambio catiónico (72.9 meq 100 g -1 de suelo), ácidos fúlvicos y húmicos (14 -30 % y 2.5 -5.3 %, respectivamente), gran capacidad de retención de humedad (40 %), y una porosidad elevada que facilita la aireación y el drenaje del suelo y de los medios de crecimiento (Karsten y Drake, 1995;Buck et al., 1999;Manjarrez-Martínez et al., 1999;Atiyeh et al., 2000a;Bansal y Kapoor, 2000;Ndegwa et al., 2000;Pereira y Arruda, 2003). Debido a las propiedades que presenta el VC tiene gran potencial para usarse como medio de crecimiento para el desarrollo de diversas especies vegetales (Atiyeh et al., 2002). ...
... Como sustratos de crecimiento se evaluaron cuatro mezclas de VC:AR. El VC empleado en el experimento se preparó a partir de la homogenización de dos tipos de VC (Cuadro 1) derivados de la biotransformación de las lombrices Eisenia fetida (Atiyeh et al., 2000b;Ndegwa et al., 2000) sobre dos diferentes residuos orgánicosestiércol de caballo, y estiércol de cabra con paja de alfalfa -durante un período de 90 días, como lo sugieren Bansal y Kapoor (2000). La arena de río (AR) utilizada en las mezclas fue esterilizada con bromuro de metilo (CH 3 Br), Cuadro 1. Características químicas de vermicomposta utilizado como sustrato de crecimiento para el desarrollo de genotipos de tomate Andre y Adela bajo condiciones de invernadero. ...
Para determinar el efecto de mezclas de vermicomposta (VC) y arena de río (AR), a diferentes niveles de composición, sobre el rendimiento y calidad de dos genotipos de tomate en invernadero, se desarrolló el presente trabajo bajo condiciones de invernadero. La siembra de semillas de tomate genotipos Andre y Adela, de hábito de crecimiento indeterminado se efectuó el 25 de Junio del 2002 en charolas de poliestireno de 200 cavidades, rellenas con peat moss. El transplante se realizó, el 4 de Agosto, colocando una plántula por maceta. Como macetas se utilizaron bolsas de plástico negro, calibre 500, con una capacidad de 25 kg. Para los sustratos de crecimiento se utilizaron cuatro mezclas de vermicomposta y arena de río (VC:AR) con la siguiente composición: 12.5:87.5, 25:75; 37.5:62.5 y 50:50 (% en base a peso). Las macetas se colocaron en el invernadero en fila a doble hilera, con arreglo a tresbolillo, y a una distancia de 30 cm entre plantas. En total se evaluaron ocho tratamientos, conformados por dos genotipos y cuatro mezclas de VC:AR, con cuatro repeticiones cada uno. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar y para la comparación de las medias de tratamiento la prueba de DMS (5 %). En función de las variables evaluadas en los genotípos [peso de fruto, diámetro ecuatorial y polar y sólidos solubles presentaron diferencias altamente significativas (P £ 0.01) y la variable número de lóculos diferencia significativa (P £ 0.05)] se determinó que el genotipo Andre superó al genotipo Adela en los niveles con las mezclas que oscilaron de 25:75 a 37.5:62.5 (% en base a peso). Adicionalmente, puesto que ambos genotipos completaron su desarrollo fenológico en las diversas mezclas de VC:AR, sin el uso de fertilizantes sintéticos bajo condiciones de invernadero es posible concluir que la vermicomposta empleado puede satisfacer los requerimientos nutritivos del cultivo de tomate.
... The breakdown of organic solid wastes may be responsible for these pH fluctuations in the various feed materials. Due to the mineralization of nitrogen and phosphorus into nitrites/nitrates and phosphates, the pH of various feed material mixes decreased (Short et al., 1999;Ndegwa et al., 2000). Due to the production of fulvic acid and humic acid during the processing of earthworms, low pH in the final product may also occur (Chauhan and . ...
... decomposition of organic waste (Pramanik et al., 2007). Ndegwa et al. (2000) found a correlation between an increase in TAP and worms, processing time, and feed material quality. ...
... Our analysis centered on the performance of E. fetida and E. eugeniae [16]. Furthermore, we evaluated the influence of areal loading [17], variations in earthworm populations, and feeding rates [18] on vermicast output within reactors with a consistent dimension and surface area, specifically those with a diameter of 0.84 m. ...
... Composting and vermicomposting have advanced, but many limiting factors, such as process parameters, pH, salt content, moisture content, temperature, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), pathogen content, and culture fashion, are still unknown [18]. Thus, this study sought to identify and optimize these elements to improve composting/vermicomposting as a sustainable SOW management approach. ...
Vermicomposting emerges as an eco-friendly solution to manage a blend of agricultural residues and digested biogas slurry (DBS). This research probes the influence of two specific earthworm species, Eisenia fetida and Eugilius euganiae, on the composting dynamics of agro-residues and DBS. Moreover, it gauges their consequential impact on the growth of chili and brinjal plants. The research was conducted at the Sharda Vihar Campus in Bhopal. Several process variables, such as pH, salinity, moisture levels, temperature, carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), presence of pathogens, and monoculture trends, were assessed for their influence on vermicompost yield and its effect on chili and brinjal growth. Intriguingly, reactors employing E. fetida exhibited a vermicast recovery rate of 89.7%, whereas those utilizing E. eugeniae achieved 68.2% recovery, especially with an earthworm density of 125 individuals per liter. Notably, the derived NPK values from various composted and vermicomposted materials ranged from 1.5 to 1.7% for N, 0.98 to 1.19% for P, and 1.1 to 1.49% for K. This suggests its viability as both a fertilizer and soil enhancer. The E. fetida vermicompost-enriched soil notably boosted the yield of chili and brinjal. Overall, these insights highlight vermicomposting’s dual utility in waste management and augmenting bioresources.
... These changes in the pH of various feed material may occurred due to the degradation of organic solid wastes. Decrease in pH of different mixtures of feed material occurred due to the mineralization of nitrogen and phosphorus into nitrites/nitrates as well as phosphates (Short et al., 1999;Ndegwa et al., 2000). Low pH in the final product after the processing of earthworms may also result due to the formation of fulvic acid and humic acid (Chauhan and Singh, 2012). ...
... In all the combinations of goat dung and kitchen wastes maximum increase of TAP was observed in the combination of GD+BP+VW (1:1:1) i.e. 13.67% (6.32 ± 0.01 to 7.32 ± 0.00) and minimum increase was observed in the combination of GD+VW (2:1) i.e. 8.50% (5.82 ± 0.01 to 6.36 ± 0.00). Increase in TAP is associated to the quality of feed materials, processing time and worms according to previous researchers (Hartenstein and Hartenstein, 1981;Ndegwa et al., 2000). Suthar (2007) reported that total phosphorus content increased significantly in the final composted mixture, this may occur due to phosphorus mineralization during the process. ...
... Whereas, in contrary to this study, Yvonne et al. (2019) indicated that the pH was slightly acidic in the vermicompost prepared from different materials. In addition, on their former studies Ndegwa and Thompson (2000); Suthar and Singh (2008) were reported lower pH in vermicomposts. ...
... If the C/N is excessively high or excessively low, waste degradation becomes a slow process. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the C/N ratio in soils with litter may be brought down to less than 25:1 by the intervention of earthworms [103]. If the organic feed material is poor in nitrogen and the C/N ratio is high, microbial activity decreases in the feed substrate [104]. ...
Urban India faces significant challenges in managing organic waste due to limited disposal facilities. Guwahati, a city in Northeast India, illustrates the potential of converting municipal solid waste (MSW) into energy. With an MSW generation rate of 0.7 kg per capita per day, the city could generate up to 30 MW of power. Guwahati's waste, which is 42.2% organic, is well-suited for composting. Composting, particularly through vermicomposting, offers a cost-effective solution supported by regional demand for organic fertilizer. This eco-friendly method not only diverts waste from landfills but also produces nutrient-rich manure, promoting sustainable agricultural practices and improving the city's waste management system. This paper examines municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Guwahati city, emphasizing vermicomposting as an eco-friendly solution for household organic waste. By diverting waste from landfills, vermicomposting not only enhances sustainability but also fosters micro-entrepreneurship. Additionally, the paper explores how integrating Artificial intelligence (AI) into vermicomposting is a promising advancement, offering the potential to optimize processes, increase productivity, and improve compost quality. It describes traditional vermicomposting practices and the integration of AI-powered technologies for enhanced efficiency. This is an effort to explore how use of AI-driven systems invite improvement in composting conditions, boost productivity, and support small-scale farmers.
... Feeding is prerequisite every 3-5 days in robustly growing worm beds. The optimal daily feeding rate is 0.75 kg feed/kg worm/day (Ndegwa et al., 2000). ...
... An increased biochar application rate affects mortality and increases the weight loss of E. foetida [26,27]. The food type, flavor, and chemical environment of the treatment combination considerably affect earthworm survival rate, growth rate, and reproduction [12,25,[28][29][30][31]. Research by Malinska et al. (2016) [18] showed that biochar positively affects E. foetida growth. ...
The wastewater treatment process produces the tannery leather sludge, a waste product with high chromium content which has the potential to contaminate the environment. The ability of earthworms to detoxify heavy metals in sludge through vermicomposting has also been studied. However, heavy metals in tannery sludge can affect the growth, reproduction, and mortality of earthworms and microbes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the enhancement of the potential of earthworms, Eisenia foetida and Eudrillus eugeniae species in the tannery-leather industry sludge management through vermicomposting with bamboo biochar amendment, chromium detoxification, and their valorization efficiency. The study was conducted by using tannery leather sludge (S) with biochar (B) in different proportions viz. S0%:B0%, S0%:B10 %, S2.5 %:B7.5 %, S5%:B5%, S7.5%:B2.5 %, and S10 %:B0% on a dry weight basis by E. foetida and E. eugeniae species for 45 days. Earthworms, E. foetida showed the most significant increases in population, weight, and cocoon production in the treatment of a mixture of 7.5 % sludge and 2.5 % biochar. This treatment also resulted in the highest increases in total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) percentages. Additionally, it led to decreases in pH, electrical conductivity
(EC), and organic carbon (OC) percentage. The treatment resulted in a decrease in total chromium by up to 70 %. Therefore, adding bamboo biochar amendment could enhance the potential of E. foetida and E. eugeniae species and their valorization in the tannery-leather industry sludge management via vermicomposting. E. foetida has high potential and is more suitable for vermicomposting in tannery leather sludge management, and provides high nutrients in a short period and could provide guidance for sustainable waste management using
biotechnology.
... These worm casts are composed of organic matter and are covered in a mucus layer. Within the earthworm's digestive system, these worm casts undergo a series of physical and chemical transformations, facilitated by the action of their muscular gizzard, as documented by Ndegwa et al. (2000). Given these considerations, the current experiment focused on fortifying organic manures through the addition of substances such as cow dung, rock phosphate, and microbial cultures before processing. ...
The object of the study was to convert biomass into in enriched vermicompost with the use of various additives like Trichoderma, PSB, cow dung and rock phosphate alone and in combination with each other. Treatments consisted of two substrata, soybean and paddy straw and six additives. Hence, twelve treatment combinations were arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Substrata along with additives as per treatments were allowed for partial decomposition i.e. 21 days followed by digestion by earthworm. The 200 gram of earthworms were released in each treatment. Observations with respect to duration required for vermicomposting change in composition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in partially decompose matter and varmicompost over fresh substrata. Results reveal that the treatment combination of soybean stover amended with cow dung and inoculated with PSB and required only 59 days to complete the process of vermicomposting. The content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increases over fresh substrata in the partially decomposition as well as in vermicomposting. The higher content of 0.76, 2.10% nitrogen, 0.36 and 0.89% phosphorus and 0.83 and 1.04% potassium with soybean straw+cow dung+PSB in partially decomposed matter and vermicompost respectively.
... The physicochemical properties of the mixture and the final compost are presented in Tables 3 and 4. The pH of the compost fell slightly for all three heaps from the initial mixture. This might be due to the generation of carbon dioxide and conversion of phosphorous and nitrogen into orthophosphates and nitrates/nitrites (Ndegwa et al. 2000). The pH varied within 7.7-7.9, ...
... During vermifiltration, Jiang et al. (2016) reported on the conversion of organic phosphorous and polyphosphates to ortho-P and attributed this to enzymatic and microbial activities induced by earthworms. Ndegwa et al. (2000) also reported the mineralization of organic phosphorus to ortho-P during the vermicomposting process. Therefore, the increase in ortho-P during vermifiltration in the current study was attributed to the increased actions of earthworms that enhanced microbial conversion of the organic phosphorus to ortho-P. ...
The dairy industry has seen notable changes in the last couple of decades, including increased size of farms and regional concentrations of dairies. This has resulted in substantial manure production in small geographical areas, raising environmental concerns. Vermifiltration, an emerging low cost and eco‐friendly technology for treating wastewater, was evaluated to assess the influence of earthworm population density on the performance of a laboratory‐scale vermifilter treating liquid dairy manure. We monitored the reduction efficiencies of various components, including total nitrogen (TN), ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4⁺‐N), nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3⁻‐N), total phosphorus (TP), orthophosphate (ortho‐P), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS), and total suspended solids (TSS), in treated dairy wastewater. This evaluation was conducted at 0; 5000; 10,000; and 15,000 earthworm densities per cubic meter (m⁻³) of bedding. Reduction efficiencies of 41%–89% (TN), 46%–86% (NH4⁺‐N), 34%–74% (NO3⁻‐N), 3%–17% (TP), 18%–38% (ortho‐P), 35%–66% (COD), 24%–54% (TS), and 50%–87% (TSS) were observed with higher earthworm densities exhibiting greater reduction efficiencies. Notably, the densities of Eisenia fetida at 10,000 and 15,000 earthworms m⁻³ showed no significant difference in vermifilter performance. This suggests that increasing the Eisenia fetida density beyond 10,000 earthworms m⁻³ may not further improve the vermifilter's performance in treating dairy wastewater. This study's findings indicate that using vermifiltration with an earthworm population density of 10,000 earthworms m⁻³ could effectively mitigate the negative environmental impact of liquid dairy wastewater at a low cost and sustainably.
... These worm casts are composed of organic matter and are covered in a mucus layer. Within the earthworm's digestive system, these worm casts undergo a series of physical and chemical transformations, facilitated by the action of their muscular gizzard, as documented by Ndegwa et al. (2000). Given these considerations, the current experiment focused on fortifying organic manures through the addition of substances such as cow dung, rock phosphate, and microbial cultures before processing. ...
A field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, JNKVV, Jabalpur for two consecutive years of 2016 and 2017 during Kharif seasons. Treatments consisted of Seven pigeon pea varieties having different maturity periods viz. V1 (TJT-501) V2 (ASHA), V3 (DURGA), V4 (ICPL 88039), V5 (UPA5 120), V6 (Manak) and V7 (JKM 189) were tested in a randomized block design replicate thrice. Pigeon pea varieties were sown 8 th and 10 th June 2016 and 2017 respectively in a black poly bags. Thirty days old seedlings were transplanted on 10 th and 12 th July 2016 and 2017 respectively. Result of study reveal that variety TJT 501 attended the significantly higher plant height (192.8 cm) with girth of 3.10 cm. and bears a primary (13.6/plant and recorder branches (30.1/plant) closely followed by ASHA. These two varieties proved significantly superior over rest of varieties. As regards to the nodules the highest counts of nodules on per plant were recorded (45/plant) closely followed 40.33/plant under TJT 501 and ASHA respectively. The top ranking varieties TJT 501 recorded significantly higher number of pods/plant (376.6) and 4.03 seeds per pod; the mark variety recorded the lowest count of pods 202.7/plant and 3.26 seeds/pod. The seed and stalk yields of 2173.88 and 6813.48 kg ha-1 , respectively were recorded under TJT-501 closely followed by ASHA (2062.64 and 6462.50 kg/ha) and JKM 189 (2033.62 and 6493.20 kg/ha) seed and stack yields, respectively. The top yielded variety TJT 501 fetched net returns of Rs. 94606 with highest (3.28) cost benefit ratio.
... The research revealed that the nitrogen content in vermicompost was not influenced by stocking capacity; however, it did affect the K2O, Calcium, and Magnesium content. In previous studies, it was stated that the factors that influence the nutrient content of vermicompost are the nutritional balance (C/N ratio) of the vermibed, vermiculture techniques, and composting conditions (Ndegwa et al. 2000;Devi et al. 2023). In vermicomposting, converting organic matter into phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and K2O involves several biological and chemical processes. ...
Marlina ET, Hidayati YA, Harlia E, Badruzzaman DZ, Meynadhea N, Rahayu NA. 2024. Microbial quality and macronutrient of vermicompost produced by Eisenia fetida in dairy wastewater solids. Biodiversitas 25: 2729-2737. Dairy Wastewater Solids (DWS) contain enough nutrients for the growth of earthworms and utilize the nutritional requirements of livestock waste for growth. The growth of earthworms affects the quality of vermicompost or castings that are useful as organic fertilizers. This research aimed to determine the growth of Eisenia fertida using DWS as a growth medium, and its effect on the quality of vermicompost produced. The organic material decomposed in DWS by indigenous microorganisms and earthworms can convert DWS into organic fertilizer through composting. Rice straw was added as a carbon source to obtain the ideal C/N ratio for the growth of decomposing microorganisms. Good growth of decomposer microorganisms can increase the availability of nutrients in DWS as a source of plant nutrition. E. fetida was used in vermicomposting for 14 days after the initial decomposition phase had passed. This research used the experimental method of Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three stocking density treatments (T1: 6.6 g/L; T2: 13.3 g/L; T3: 20.0 g/L ) and six replications. The results showed that higher stocking density promoted an increase in the biomass weight of earthworms. Various indigenous microorganisms act as decomposers and work with earthworms to convert organic matter into inorganic matter as a plant nutrient. The stocking density treatment had no significant effect on vermicompost production, total nitrogen content, and P2O5 vermicompost but had a significant effect on K2O, Ca, Mg, population of Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria (NFB) and Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB). Vermicomposting, DWS, and rice straw mixture produced vermicompost with high functional microbial and macronutrient concentrations.
... The adoption of the vermicomposting technology will get enhanced with the thorough providing posttraining support to the farmers. Previous research indicated that the major constraint in successful adoption of vermicomposting is the lack of training and guidance by the experts, and this point needs to be addressed thoroughly by the extension agencies and professionals [25][26][27]. There is still a gap in the adoption of this beneficial and profitable technology, but the further analysis of the association between different socioeconomic, socio personal as well as demographic attributes and the adoption rate of vermicomposting to be performed. ...
Vermicompost is essentially a varied blend of decomposed farm waste, food waste, and worm castings, organically produced using different species of earthworms. This nutrient-dense organic fertilizer is gaining significant attention amid climate change concerns and the push for organic farming. Agricultural experts are increasingly advising farmers to transition from synthetic fertilizers to organic manures, prompting the need for training programs on vermicomposting to educate farmers about this valuable practice. This research aimed to examine the socioeconomic, demographic, and socio-personal characteristics of farmers who participated in three recent Original Research Article Prakash et al.; Asian J. 294 vermicomposting training sessions organized by three Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) in Bihar, India. This study adopted cross sectional survey design. The rationale behind this part of the project is to understand the various attributes of the training participants which could contribute in different ways to the adoption of vermicomposting. It also sought to reveal the status of those variables in relation to the adoption scenario amongst the current farming communities in those three districts. The study was carried out in three districts of Bihar-Samastipur, Muzaffarpur, and Madhubani-with a sample size of 150 farmers. Surveys were conducted in two blocks from each of these districts, selected purposefully. Data analysis was performed using statistical tools in SPSS to calculate the index for each individual farmer. A varied socio-demographic profile of the respondents was revealed who participated in the KVK-based vermicomposting training and it also provided a snapshot of the farming communities of the specific regions. This analysis concludes that the training sessions at three different KVKs attracted a diverse group of farm participants, characterized by varying demographic, socioeconomic, and socio-personal attributes. It is noteworthy that the majority of farmers who attended the vermicomposting training programs were small-scale and marginal farmers, with only a small percentage having high income levels. It is recommended to encourage stakeholder farmers to adopt this technology by providing training and support tailored to their socio-demographic profiles, as this could potentially increase the adoption rate among farmers.
... Low C: N ratios can lead to protein poisoning in earthworms, hindering their growth and reproduction, whereas high C: N ratios can prevent earthworms from growing and reproducing. Ndegwa et al. (2000) studied the effect of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids and reported that the earthworm reproduction J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f rates were highest when substrate C: N ratios ranged from 20 and 30. Substrate with C: N ratios less than 40 can promote microbial growth, leading to increased nitrogen mineralization, denitrification, and nitrification and subsequently resulting in higher N2O emissions. ...
... Further post-treatment of biosolids such as composting using earthworms (i.e., vermicomposting) has demonstrated to minimize the spread of pathogens (Eastman et al., 2001) and potentially ARGs when applied to land. However, vermicomposting of organic waste is a relatively slow process and can take up to eight weeks to reduce ~10 % waste volume (Ndegwa et al., 2000). Bioconversion using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens, BSF), can be a promising alternative to reduce large amounts of organic waste, including biosolids, up to 40 % in approximately two weeks (Bohm et al., 2022;Lalander et al., 2019). ...
... Compared with organic compost, vermicompost offers greater moisture retention capacity in the soil [43], improves the diversity and stability of the bacterial community in the ground [79], provides higher levels of nutrients [80,81], with higher percentages of total nitrogen and phosphorus [82], has better availability quality [83], and can reduce GHG emissions by 23 to 48% if feeding under ideal conditions [84]. Vermicomposting can reduce levels of toxic metals and break them down into non-toxic forms [85]. ...
... . Previous studies byNdegwa et al. (2000),Garg et al. (2006), andSuthar and Singh (2008) have reported similar findings, stating that the reduction in pH during vermicomposting is a result of the bioconversion of organic material into different types of organic acids. Furthermore, the higher mineralization of nitrogen and phosphorus into nitrites/nitrates and orthophosphate can also contribute to a lower pH in vermicompost.In the present study, the total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium values increased by 0.72±0.07, ...
The present research focuses on the vermicomposting process, specifically exploring the use of earthworms Eudrilus euginae for the degradation of various types of temple wastes. Vermicomposting is an effective and environmentally friendly method for waste management, utilizing earthworms to decompose organic waste. Temple wastes were collected from Anjaneya temple in Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, consisting of flowers, banana leaves, dry banana trunk, and cow dung. Different ratios of waste to cow dung (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) were mixed for the vermicomposting process. Earthworms of the species Eudrilus euginae were introduced, and the process was allowed to proceed for 65 days. Physicochemical parameters, including nutrient content (N, P, K), pH levels, and carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio, were regularly analyzed. Analysis of the physicochemical parameters revealed interesting findings. The nutrient content parameters, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), showed an increase over the 65-day period, indicating effective conversion of temple wastes into nutrient-rich compost. pH levels decreased during the process, indicating a shift towards acidity. The C:N ratio decreased, suggesting higher decomposition and stability in the compost. The 2:1 ratio experiment resulted in the highest quality compost among the different ratios tested. The present research highlights the effectiveness of vermicomposting using Eudrilus euginae earthworms for the degradation of temple wastes. The process resulted in an increase in nutrient content, particularly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. pH levels decreased, indicating acidity, and the C:N ratio decreased, indicating higher decomposition and stability in the compost. The 2:1 ratio of temple wastes to cow dung produced the highest quality compost. This research contributes to our understanding of vermicomposting as an effective waste management technique and provides insights into optimizing the process for specific waste types.
... During the vermicomposting process, the growth rate of adult earthworm populations tends to decline due to the increase in population density (Ndegwa et al., 2000) or to the decrease in available food, depending on the stabilisation of the organic matter (Aquino et al., 2005). In our work, the quantification of individuals took into account the total mass of worms (not just the adult individuals), which was reduced due to the decline in available food as a result of the introduction of waste rock. ...
... Vermicomposting is the operation of the composting process of organic materials by involving earthworms. Vermicompost is also worm castings, worm compost, vermicast, worm humus, or worm manure [6]. Vermicompost is not only valuable compost and bio control agent but also an effective way of solid waste management. ...
The aim of the presentation is to produce vermicomposting from organic kitchen solid wastes using two types of earthworms such as Eisenia fetida and Perionyx excavatus and check the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium level between E. fetida and P. excavatus. This study examines the potential of the E. fetida and P. excavatus in the vermicompost of kitchen waste. As kitchen waste is rich in organic material. Physical and biochemical parameters were analyzed during the period of 60 days. Pre-decomposition is 15 days and subsequent vermicomposting is 60 days indicates, the rule of these species of vermitechnology increase was found in all the parameters such as total nitrogen (%), available phosphorus (%), and exchangeable potassium (%) while a decrease was found in pH and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in E. fetida as the timing of vermicomposting increased from 0 days to 60 days.
... It supplies all essential plant nutrients that are vital for plant growth and development. Vermicompost contains plant growth hormones and a high level of soil enzymes that boost microbial populations and retain more nutrients for longer periods without harming the environment (Ndegwa et al., 2000). ...
Nutrient uptake of onion as influenced by different irrigation methods
... The usage of seaweed fertiliser stretches back to antiquity and provides a wide range of soil advantages. Seaweed fertiliser comes in a variety of forms, including refined liquid extracts and dried, pulverised organic material [2,3]. ...
... The usage of seaweed fertiliser stretches back to antiquity and provides a wide range of soil advantages. Seaweed fertiliser comes in a variety of forms, including refined liquid extracts and dried, pulverised organic material [2,3]. ...
The investigation was carried out during the rabi season of 2022-23, from 20 November 2022 to 4 March 2023, at the Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology's research station in Kalyanpur, Kanpur, India. The cultivar was a dwarf pod pea type, which is one of the cheapest seeds available in the North Indian Plain. The influence of organic fertilizer vermicompost and Sea weed extract on several aspects of crop physiological growth, development, and economical production was studied. The experiment was conducted in Simple Block Design on the total area of 100m2 area divided in 20 sub plots of 5m2 area with total 6.25kg of vermicompost and seaweed extract spray at the post flowering stage at 100ml in required quantity of water. Considerable positive effect recorded after the application of the above two organic supplements on parameters like Number of pods, number of seeds per pod , length of plant, number of primary branches, Length of pods, number of root nodules in roots as this was very important for the nitrogen fixation of atmosphere, number of flowers , green mass production. All the major parameters recorded had shown considerable increment at the particular life stages of the crop.
... The mineralization of nitrogen and phosphorus into nitrites/nitrates and orthophosphates, respectively, typically occurs during vermicomposting, accompanied by the bioconversion of organic material into intermediate metabolites such as organic acids. The pH shift behavior is also related to the specific type of substrate used in the vermicomposting; thus, different intermediate molecular species may appear that can affect the pH value [31]. ...
Sludge management is considered a difficult and challenging task and is a priority of environmental policy. This study evaluates the transformation of the anaerobic sludge of agroindustrial wastes (cow manure, anaerobic sludge mixtures) directly to compost using Eisenia fetida earthworms (vermicomposting) in relation to sludge quality; moreover, it investigates the effects of different sludge compositions on vermicompost physicochemical properties. In particular, the biostabilization of anaerobic sludge (AS1) produced in excess from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Patras, Greece, and mixed anaerobic sludge (AS2) originating from the effluents of a laboratory anaerobic co-digestion system treating an agroindustrial waste mixture (olive mill wastewater, cheese whey, and liquid cow manure in a ratio of 55: 40: 5 (w/w), respectively) mixed with cow dung (CD) using Eisenia fetida earthworms was examined. Comparing the mixtures of CD-AS1 to CD-AS2, superior results were obtained with the use of AS2 since an increase in N-P-K was observed when either 10% (22%, 51.8%, and 2.4%, respectively) or 15% of AS2 (38.7%, 14.1%, and 8.1% respectively) was used. Although a reduction in earthworms’ growth was observed compared to 100% CD, during the vermicomposting of the CD-AS mixtures, 410 and 250 mg/earthworm was sustained in the mixtures of 85% CD-15% AS2 and 80% CD-20% AS2 after a period of 63 and 70 days of vermicomposting, respectively.
The growing global concern over environmental degradation and resource depletion has intensified the search for innovative solutions that promote sustainable development. The concept of a circular economy has emerged as a viable approach to counteract the traditional linear economic model that relies on “take-make-dispose” principles. In the circular economy, waste is seen as a valuable resource rather than a burden, and its transformation into useful products and materials is central to achieving sustainability. It highlights the adverse impacts of waste generation, such as pollution, depletion of natural resources, and landfill overflow, which necessitate a paradigm shift towards circularity. Sustainable development goals, including reduced consumption of finite resources, increased resilience against supply chain disruptions, and improved waste management infrastructure in developing regions, are discussed. Therefore, it can be concluded with a call to action for policymakers, businesses, and individuals to embrace value addition to waste as a vital step towards achieving a more sustainable and prosperous future. Collaborative efforts in research, investment, and policy implementation are essential to accelerate the transition to a circular economy that maximises resource efficiency, minimises environmental impacts, and fosters long-term sustainable development.
Organic waste management is an essential aspect of recycling resources and can contribute to mitigating climate change. The proper management of solid waste has become an increasingly alarming environmental concern in the current scenario due to the growth of population, rapid urbanization, and industrial development. Composting and vermitechnology are two widely accepted and effective methods for managing organic waste. It involves diverting waste from landfills, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and producing valuable resources such as compost and biogas. Landfills are a significant source of methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas that can be harmful to the environment. By managing organic waste through composting or vermicomposting, we can prevent its accumulation in landfills, thereby reducing methane emissions. Biogas generated from organic waste can be used as an alternative and renewable source of energy while the digestate produced during the process can be used as a fertilizer. Composting involves the biological decomposition of organic matter into a stable, nutrient-rich soil amendment, while vermitechnology uses earthworms to break down organic waste into vermicompost, a highly beneficial and nutrient-dense fertilizer. Both methods offer a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for managing organic waste, reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills, and producing valuable soil amendments for use in agriculture and landscaping. However, proper waste management is essential to ensure the production of potential products while preventing negative environmental impacts. Factors such as temperature, moisture content, oxygen availability, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio must be carefully managed to ensure efficient decomposition and prevent the production of harmful byproducts such as methane gas and leachate. The study concentrates on introducing sustainable and eco-friendly solutions to tackle the increasing challenge of managing organic waste and supports the creation of a healthy and sustainable environment.
The book is about earthworms and vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is a mesophilic biooxidation and stabilization process of organic materials that involves the joint action of earthworm and microorganism. An experiment was conducted to prepare vermicompost using partially decomposed organic waste such as MSW, fruit waste, vegetable waste and yard waste by employing indigenous earthworm species. This research has been done for reducing the environmental issues, pollution problems due to solid waste and industrial waste i.e., wastewater and sludge by converting it into compost by using earthworms very successfully and economically. Non-toxic and organic industrial wastes could be potential raw material for vermicomposting. In the past few years, vermicomposting has been used for the management of industrial wastes and sludges and to convert them into vermicompost for land restoration practices. The earthworms used were Eudrillus euginea. In this study the industrial sludge and effluent from dairy industry was mixed with organic waste with different ratio. This process was done under the controlled conditions of pH, moisture content and temperature. In this process partially decomposed organic waste were broken down and fragmented rapidly by earthworms resulting in a stable non-toxic material with good structure which has a potentially high economic value as soil conditioner for plant growth. The results reveal the increased nutrient content, increased worm population and decreased processing days of the waste in the order of dairy waste with organic waste. The main objectives of this study include to find viable management techniques for organic as well as industrial waste and to make a detailed analysis of the route of stabilization with observations such as temperature, pH, EC, COD, TS, VS, AC and C/N. and to produce good quality biofertilizer fixed by nutritive values.
Vermicompost is basically the heterogeneous mixture of degraded farm waste, food waste, worm castings etc. produce organically by suing the various species of the earthworms. This is a nutrient rich organic fertilizer which is getting high attention in the contemporary period of climate change and organic production. The farmers are notably advised to shift from using the inorganic synthetic fertilizers to the use of organic manures by the farm experts and this context demands for conducting the different training programs on vermicomposting to make the farmers aware about this beneficial innovation. This research study tried to explore the adoption behaviour of the farmers who already attended 3 recent trainings on vermicomposting as organised by the 3 Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) of Bihar province of India. This study also tries to divulge the impact of the training on the respondent farmers based on different degrees. This study was conducted in 3 districts of Bihar state viz. Samastipur, Muzaffarpur and Madhubani and the sample size considered for this study is 150. 2 blocks from each of these 3 districts were selected purposively for conducting the survey. Over 50% of the farmers indicated the moderate level of adoption of the vermicompost technology in Muzaffarpur and Madhubani district, but in Samastipur district over 60% of the farmers indicated the moderate level of adoption. Besides, most of the farmers (over 60%) pointed out the moderate level of impact on them in Muzaffarpur and Madhubani district but over 70% of the respondent farmers pointed out the moderate level of impact on them in Samastipur district. Data were analysed by using statistical tools in MS Excel for calculating index of the individual respondent farmer.
Vermicomposting is the bioconversion of organic waste into a bio-fertilizer due to earthworms’ activity and it is operated in mesophilic conditions. PH and moisture content levels shall be optimized. The vermicomposting process takes place in vermin-reactors. In the vermicomposting method microorganisms begin the process, but it is the red worm that plays the largest role in converting organic matter. In this study, vermicomposting process was conducted to evaluate performance of epigamic earth worm species of Eisenia fetida in 60 days to change on the three biodegradable wastes (Coffee husk, Paper waste and vegetable wastes) in Begi town. Two of the wastes (coffee husk and paper wastes) were mixed with cow dung 3:1 ratio and vegetable wastes without cow slurry treated with Eisenia fetida (tiger worm). Thirty (30) numbers of matured earth worms were inoculated on the three substrates and monitored for 60 days. Each waste was observed three times at intervals of 0 day, 30 day and 60 day. Characterization results showed that there is a change of pH, EC, OM, OC, TN, C:N, AP, EK, Ash from initial day to final day, 0 and 60 day (pH 7.51–7.03, EC 1.91mS/cm -1.24 mS/cm, OM 47.06–29.21%, OC 27.3-16.93%,TN 1.38–2.199%, C:N21.39-8.63,AP11.17-20.85ppm and EK 2.26-4.43mg/k ) were found. The finding from the study showed that, the vermicomposting produced have matured and have quality when compared with WHO and ISIRI standards. The obtained vermicompost had an excellent nutrient status confirmed by the chemical analyses and contained essential nutrients. Vermicomposting could good option to recover biodegradable wastes from the town and simultaneously produces organic fertilizer.
The influence of vermicompost on soil health is a topic of increasing significance in sustainable agriculture and land management. This chapter provides a concise overview of the multifaceted impacts of vermicompost on soil health along with its benefits. Firstly, it enhances soil structure by improving aggregation and aeration, thus promoting root growth and water infiltration. Secondly, vermicompost serves as a valuable source of essential plant nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micro-nutrients. Its slow-release properties ensure a steady supply of nutrients to plants, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers and minimizing nutrient runoff, which can be harmful to water bodies. Vermicompost also plays a crucial role in pH regulation, helping to buffer soil pH toward a neutral range, which is favorable for most crops. It mitigates soil acidity and alkalinity, creating a more stable and conducive environment for plant growth. Furthermore, the use of vermicompost has been linked to increased soil organic carbon content, which not only improves soil fertility but also contributes to carbon sequestration, aiding in climate change mitigation efforts.
Vermicomposting is an eco-friendly and sustainable method for producing nutrient-rich compost using earthworms. This chapter provides an overview of the diverse sources of vermicompost, with a focus on household waste and farm waste as two prominent categories. Vermicompost can be sourced from a wide range of organic materials, making it a versatile soil conditioner. One of the most accessible sources is household waste, which includes kitchen waste like fruit and vegetable peels, coffee grounds, eggshells, and shredded paper products. Vermicomposting household waste not only reduces the burden on landfills but also yields high-quality compost rich in essential nutrients. Farm waste is another significant source of vermicompost. Agricultural residues such as crop residues, straw, leaves, and manure provide ample organic matter for earthworms to digest. Vermicomposting farm waste is particularly beneficial for agriculture, as it enhances soil fertility, improves soil structure, and promotes beneficial micro-organisms. The resulting vermicompost can be applied to fields to increase crop yields and reduce the reliance on chemical fertilizers.
The horticulture sector in Ethiopia is being challenged by multifaceted hitches; among which managing excess wastes produced from the farms and minimizing the cost of inorganic fertilizers are the major ones. The performance of three epigeic earthworm species, Eisenia fetida, Eisenia andrie and Dendrobanae veneta, in managing flower (rose and carnation) wastes through vermicomposting was evaluated. The study was done using wastes collected from two flower farms, Dugda Flora (Debre Zeit) and Ethiopian Magical Farm (Legedadi). The wastes were pre-composted by mixing with cow dung and arranged in piles with 80 cm height and 1.5m width under different treatments. The worms were introduced into the piles when the temperature and moisture of the piles was lowered to a level suitable for the worms. The physico-chemical variables of the vermicompost and size reduction of the wastes were evaluated at the beginning, middle and at the end of the experiment. It took 3 months for all rose wastes to be converted into vermicompost, while it took 6 months for carnation wastes. Size reduction ranged (from 49.6 to 87.5%), total nitrogen (TN) (1.43 to 2.5%), available phosphorus (P2O5) (1879 to 2600ppm), Available Potassium (AV.K) (73.3 to 105.5 cmol(+)/kg), carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) (12:1 to 28:1) for rose while TN ranged (1.6 to 2.3%), P2O5 (1867 to 2112 ppm), AV.K (73.3 to 103 cmol(+)/kg), C:N (14.4:1 to 25:1) for carnation during the same study period. There was no significant variation in terms of the quality of vermicompost produced by the worms and between the waste types; however, the process of vermicompost was delayed for carnation. There could be multifaceted reason for the delay but the recalcitrant nature of the plant seems to be the main reason. The overall results showed that all the three worms can be employed to manage both types of wastes.
Earthworms and bacteria are used in vermiremediation to inadvertently remove toxic substances from waste materials. To improve soil health and crop output, it also supports sustainable crop recycling due to the higher concentration of growth hormones and key soil enzymes. Vermicomposting and vermiremediation, which utilize the four composting mechanisms of the earthworm species - vermiaccumulation, vermiextraction, vermitransformation, and drilodegradationdto break down organic waste, are the two fastest-growing remediation methods. The enzymes inside the earthworm gut partially digest the cast that earthworms excrete into the soil, enhancing soil texture and quality. Additionally, the microbial community nitrifies the soil. The remediation of plant waste aids in increasing the population of microbes and contains an enormous amount of high biocidal components in plant compost. Proper soil aeration has demonstrated higher soil chlorophyll content, fostering the growth and development of roots and shoots and increasing the production of secondary metabolites in agricultural plants. Vermiremediation can be enhanced further using several techniques, such as including surfactants, soil amendments, applying agronomic methods, and developing biomass.
Environmental issues such as overexploitation, pollution and degradation of natural resources have prompted us to look for ways to devise sustainable practices across industrial and public service sectors. Researchers and scientists all over the world are involved in developing strategies and techniques that help us achieve a sustainable environment. Technology for a Sustainable Environment presents an overview of various methods and techniques that can be adapted to sustain the environment. Chapters focus on techniques such as bioremediation, nanotechnology and biotechnology that can play a very important role in achieving environmental sustainability goals. The chapters also provide a detailed account about use of biotechnology, nanotechnology and other techniques in achieving environmental sustainability. Additionally, the book includes a discussion about emerging technologies that promote environmental sustainability like green technologies, biodegradable polymers and plastics. Readers will be able to understand how modern technologies can help in monitoring environmental pollutants, remediation of environmental pollution and prevention of environmental degradation.
The book is suitable for readers, professionals and scholars at all levels who require an understanding of the technology in environmental science, environmental engineering and environmental biotechnology.
Vermicomposting is the bioconversion of organic waste into a bio-fertilizer due to earthworms’ activity and it is operated in mesophilic conditions. PH and moisture content levels shall be optimized. The vermicomposting process takes place in vermin-reactors. In the vermicomposting method microorganisms begin the process, but it is the red worm that plays the largest role in converting organic matter. In this study vermicomposting process was conducted to evaluate performance of epigamic earth worm species of Esinia foetida in 60 days to change on the three biodegradable wastes (Coffee husk, Paper waste and vegetable wastes) in Begi town. The two wastes (coffee husk and paper wastes) were mixed with cow dung 3:1 ratio and vegetable wastes without cow slurry treated with Esinia foetida (tiger worm. Thirty (30) numbers of matured earth worms were inoculated on the three substrates and monitored for 60 days. Each waste was observed three times at intervals of 0 days, 30 days and 60 days. Characterization results showed that there is a change of pH, EC, OM, OC, TN, C:N, AP, EK, Ash from initial days to final results of observation which results at 0 and 60 day (pH 7.51–7.03, EC 1.91mS/cm -1.24 mS/cm, OM 47.06–29.21%, OC 27.3-16.93%,TN 1.38–2.199%, C:N21.39-8.63,AP11.17-20.85ppm and EK 2.26-4.43mg/k ) were found. The finding from the study showed that, the vermicomposting produced have matured and quality when compared with WHO and ISIRI standards. The obtained vermicompost had an excellent nutrient status, confirmed by the chemical analyses, and contained essential nutrients. Vermicomposting could good option to recover biodegradable wastes from the town and simultaneously produces organic fertilizer.
Black soldier fly (BSF)-based bioconversion can reduce significant volumes of biosolids and other organic waste while generating high-value BSF larvae (BSFL) and frass. While the mass of frass is greater than the BSFL biomass, its end use is less explored, especially when the bioprocessed waste, such as biosolids, contains high concentrations of contaminants. We assessed the potential to use frass from bioconverted biosolids as fertiliser by analysing chemical parameters and conducting phytotoxicity germination tests. We included frass from bioconverted food waste and wheat bran as comparisons. The chemical composition and phytotoxicity of the frass was related to the type of feedstock. Frass originating from biosolids and from wheat bran had the highest phytotoxicity, which was correlated with increased NH4+-N and EC. Initially, these feedstocks had significantly higher total N compared to food waste. Frass derived from food waste showed the lowest phytotoxicity, which was related to low NH4+-N and EC. This study demonstrates that frass from BSF-based bioconversion could be used as fertiliser; however, the original feedstock will dictate how this by-product has to be used. In this study, frass from food waste was most suitable as fertiliser. Frass originating from bioconverted biosolids needs to be applied at similar rates as unconverted biosolids to avoid phytotoxicity.
FUTURE TRENDS IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Solucan kompostlama işlemi, hayvansal ve bitkisel kaynaklı atıkların geri dönüşümü için uygulanan çevre dostu bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada elma işleme atıklarından elde edilen kompost karışımları solucanlara besi maddesi olarak verilmiştir. Çalışma deseninde yer alan 5 farklı solucan kompost (SK) karışımının her birine 500 adet yetişkin Eisenia foetida türü solucan bırakılmış, proses boyunca yetişin solucan sayıları artmış ve proses sonunda SK1’den SK5’e doğru sırasıyla 1134, 1311, 2712, 1038 ve 1151 sayılarına ulaşılmıştır. SK3 karışımında aynı zamanda en fazla solucan sayısı artışı görülmüştür. Çalışma sonunda solucan kompost karışımlarında yapılan analizlerde karışımların su muhtevası değerleri %55,12-58,94, organik madde değerleri %65,26-68,11, pH değerleri 7,79-8,07, elektriksel iletkenlik değerleri 0,61-1,05 dS m-1, NH4-N değerleri 227-1071 mg kg-1, NO3-N değerleri 578-2358 mg kg-1 ve Fosfor değerleri %0,75-1,36 aralığında tespit edilmiştir. Solucan kompost karışımlarında en fazla ayrışma SK3 karışımında meydana gelmiş, karışımın kütlesinin %23,67 ve hacminin ise %46,27 azaldığı görülmüştür. Çimlenme indeksine göre tüm solucan kompostlarının olgunlaşmış ve fitotoksik özellik içermeyen kompost olduğu görülmektedir.
Bioconversion of solid paper-pulp mill sludges and primary sewage sludge for 40 days at a ratio of 3:1 dw:dw was studied in containers with and without earthworms (Eisenia andrei). This mixture was a suitable medium for optimum growth and reproduction of the earthworms. Regardless of the presence of earthworms, degradation occurred during the bioconversion period, but the presence of earthworms accelerated the mineralization of organic matter, favored the breakdown of structural polysaccharides and increased the humification rate. Consequently, the C/N ratio and the degree of extractability of heavy metals were lower in the worm-worked end product.
We studied vermicomposting with Eisenia andrei of sludges from a paper mill mixed with cattle manure in a six-month pilot-scale experiment. Initially, a small-scale laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the growth and reproduction rates of earthworms in the different substrates tested. In the pilot-scale experiment, the number of earthworms increased between 22- and 36-fold and total biomass increased between 2·2- and 3·9-fold. The vermicomposts were rich in nitrogen and phosphorus and had good structure, low levels of heavy metals, low conductivity, high humic acid contents and good stability and maturity. These sludges could be potentially useful raw substrates in larger commercial vermicomposting systems, and would reduce the costs related with the exclusive use of different types of farm wastes as feed for earthworms.
The use of earthworms for wastewater sludge stabilization (vermicomposting) in Fallbrook, southern California, is described. The earthworm accelerates the stabilization of many organic materials and produces a compost with superior plant-growth enhancement properties. Earthworm excreta (castings) are an excellent soil-conditioning material with a high water holding capacity and 'natural time release' for releasing nitrogen into the soil. The vermicomposting operation is a two-stage process. First, sludge is composted in a static pile process to facilitate pathogen reduction. After approximately 30 days of static pile composting, compost is transferred to beds for an additional 60 to 90 days of vermicomposting. The District currently aerobically digests wastewater sludge at its treatment facility. The sludge is dried to 15 to 18 percent solids in the beds before being transported to the composting facility, where it is mixed with a straw bulking material to reduce moisture levels and enhance sludge porosity. A detailed description of the vermicomposting process and problems involved are presented.
The suitabilty of cow slurry as a substrate for vermicomposting by Eisenia fetida was investigated. Particular attention was given to the effects of the earthworm on the decomposition and stabilization of the slurry, and to the interactions between E. fetida and the microflora of the substrate. -from Authors
Vermicomposting technique for agricultural solid waste treatment uses earthworm species which need soil as habitat. However little work has been done for its application in community solid waste management. In the present studies an exotic species of earthworm - Eudrilus Eugeniae (African Night Crawler) - was used in treatment of organic part of community solid waste (produced from populous city of Madras, India). The species does not need soil substratum, thereby reducing reactor volumes to around 60%. Bench scale reactor studies were performed on the organic solid waste, under controlled optimum environmental conditions (temperature: 20 °C-30 °C, moisture content: 48-52%), with variable vermi-loading (4.5-10.5 kg/m 3). Characteristics of solid waste and process progress were monitored through conventional and additional parameters (BOD, COD). Studies yield kinetic rate constants of vermicomposting process (with respect to BOD/COD), useful for rational approach to vermicomposting reactor design.
At 25°C Eisenia foetida hatches from its cocoon about 3 weeks after fertilization and follows a logistic growth pattern. It grows slowly for about three weeks and then enters a rapid phase whose slope is useful as an index to the nutritional quality of its food. The rapid phase is followed by a steady state maintenance phase, or by a phase of weight decline whose slope can be used as an index to a property of the food which is related to starvation latency. The slope of the rapid phase for individually grown worms was steeper on activated sludge than on cow manure and steeper on the latter than on horse manure. The maximum weight achieved by individually tested E. foetida was significantly greater with activated sludge than with either manure as food. The manures provided nutrients at a rate suboptimal to genetic capability for growth but either served as a better source of food than sludge when submaintenance levels remained, or were less toxic as castings. In a volume of about 30 cc over an area 78 cm2 the carrying capacity of 250 g horse manure on 50 g silt loam was 6 g live weight E. foetida; this value for these periodically disturbed systems is considerably less than what can be achieved in undisturbed systems published elsewhere. Carrying capacity was not achieved in the same volume-area-time relation with activated sludge in place of manure, though more than 23 g could be supported; more than ten times as much biomass of E. foetida can be supported per unit area of soil overlain by activated sludge than has been reported for earthworms in natural ecosystems. /// При 25°С Eisenia foetida выходит из колона примерно через 3 ведели после оплодотворения и имеет логистическую кривую роста. Она растет медленно примерно в течение 3-х неделъ, а затем наступает быстрая фаза, в которой наклон кривой исполъзуется в качестве индекса для оценки питателъных свойств корма. После быстрой фазы наступает стабилизированная фаза или фаза потери веса, на которой наклон кривой исполъзуется как индекс для оценки свойств пищи, определяющих латентное голодание. Наклон кривой в быстрой фазе у червей при индивидувлъном содержании круче на активированном отстое, чем на коровъем навозе, а на последнем - круче, чем на конском навозе. Максималъный вес, достигаемый E. foetida при индивидуалъном содержании в активированном отстое выше, чем в навозе. Навоз содержит злементы питания в количестве, субоптималъном для реализации генетической способности к росту, но, либо является лучшим видом пищи, чем отстой, для достижения уровня, близкого к максималъному, либо менее токсичен, чем отстой. в объеме около 20 с m3 на площади 78 с m2 250 г конского навоза, смешанного с 50 г илистой глины, дают 6 г живого веса A. foetida. данная величина для этих, периодически разрушающихся систем менъше, чем та, которая может достигатъся в ненарушаемых системах, описанных повсеместно. Поддерживающая способностъ не достигаласъ в том же соотношении объема - площади - времени при замене навоза отстоем, но более чем 23 г могут бытъ обспечены; в 10 раз болъшая биомасса A. foetida может бытъ достигнута на единицу площади почвы, покрытой активированным илом, чем та, которая была установлена для червей в естественных экосистемах.
Twenty-one composts from source separated household biowaste plus other organic materials were evaluated for their biomaturity. The major part of the samples proved to be mature and enhancing plant development in a plant growth assay with cress. In addition to the standard physical and chemical parameters, water soluble C/N, humic/fulvic acid ratio, ratio of optical absorbances at 400 nm (E4) and 600 nm (E6) and cation exchange capacity were determined. None of these parameters was correlated with plant growth. Thus neither was suitable as an indicator to predict biomaturity in terms of growth enhancement and lack of phytotoxicity. The results of a germination test with compost extract were well correlated with the results of the plant growth test. Composts were suppressive to Pythium damping-off. The extent of suppressiveness was connected with the composts' content of organic matter.
Measurements were made of some physiochemical changes effected in activated sludge by the earthworm Eisenia foetida following conversion of the sludge into wormcasts. Mineralization was accelerated 1.3-fold and 2% of the minerals were assimilated. The rate at which heavy metals were concentrated during sludge catabolism was also accelerated. Casting stabilized within 2 weeks, as indexed by respirometry. Nucleic acids, which can be used as an index of microbial biomass, were present at a greater concentration in the wormcasts than in the sludge, while the phenolic content, which may potentially serve as an index of humification, was less concentrated. Other changes included a reduction in pH and an increase in oxidation-reduction potential and cation exchange capacity. The major general effect of E. foetida on the physiochemical properties of activated sludge is to convert a material which has a relatively small surface/volume ratio into numerous particles with an overall large S/V ratio, thus accelerating decomposition, mineralization, drying, and preclusion of malodor.
The effect of stocking rate and moisture content on the growth and maturation of Eisenia andrei (Bouché, 1972) in pig manure was studied in laboratory trials at 20°C. Six moisture contents (65, 70, 75, 80, 85 or 90%) and five stocking rates (1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 worms, each per the same volume of substrate) were tested. Growth and maturation of earthworms were monitored over 44 days. The 85% moisture content was found to be most favourable for earthworm growth. The 80 and 90% moisture contents were found to be adequate. Eight earthworms per 43.61 g (dry wt) was found to be the most favourable inoculation density.
Significant reductions in total mass of feedlot cattle manure were obtained by the intensive activity of earthworms. The process yielded two products: residual vermicompost, and an increase in earthworm biomass. Various modes of manure application were made to a prepared bedding (or support material), the most successful being a surface (vertical) application which resulted in a reduction of 30% of the initial manure (dry) mass and the production of live earthworms to 4.9% of the initial manure mass (dry weight). The increase in earthworm biomass represented extraction of, respectively 7, 18, 7 and 2% of initial total C, N, S and P from the manure. The production of vermicompost from manure resulted in a pH shift toward neutral, a reduction in electrical conductivity, large increases in oxidation potential, and significant reductions in water-soluble chemical species which constitute possible environmental contaminants.
Captive worms fed little on fresh apple leaves, but did so readily after the leaves had been leached in water. This was due to their being soft and easy to fragment and not to loss of unpalatable substances during the leaching process. A simple apparatus to measure leaf texture is described. Worm feeding rates were similar for leaves of similar texture but of different phenolic content. Filter paper was accepted as food. The addition of leaf leachates to filter paper disks increased feeding rates, so did added bacterial cells. The part played by leaf micro-organisms in the nutrition of worms and their effect on leaf texture is discussed. Unsoftened leaf material was readily eaten provided it was small enough to be swallowed whole. Leaves from various aromatic plants were eaten by starved worms, but rejected by well-fed ones. Starved worms given aromatic leaf material together with apple leaf preferred the latter. Various unusual materials were eaten, but polyester foam was accepted only when coated with bacterial cells. Responses to chemical as well as to tactile stimuli seem to be involved.
Castings of Eisenia fetida from sheep manure alone and mixed with cotton wastes analysed for their properties and chemical composition every 2 weeks for 3 months and compared with the same manures in the absence of earthworms. The results showed that earthworms accelerated the mineralization rate and converted the manures into castings with a higher nutritional value and degrees of humification. The castings obtained from manure mixed with cotton wastes exhibited good agronomic quality, suggesting that this kind of industrial residue may be used in vermicomposting.
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