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Phytochemical profile and the antioxidant activity of Chilean wild black-berry fruits, Aristotelia chilensis (Mol) Stuntz (Elaeocarpaceae)

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Abstract

From ethanolic, water extracts and their fractions of mature fruits of wild black-berry Aristotelia chilensis (Mol) Stuntz (Elaeocarpaceae), different phenolic compounds were identified by chromatographic (HPLC) and unequivocally assignments by spectroscopic (UV, NMR) data analysis. Anthocyanidins, flavonoids and phenolic acids fractions were obtained using flash and open column chromatography. The main compounds gentisic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, delphinidin, cyanidin, vanillic acid, delphinidin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, quercetin, rutin, myricetin, catechin and epi-catechin as mixture 1:1, and several glycosides of anthocyanidins (delphinidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside, delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin-3-sambubioside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-sambubioside, and cyanidin-3-glucoside), and proanthocyanidin B were detected. In addition to phytochemical analysis the antioxidant activities of extracts, partitions and fractions were strongly correlated with the highest polyphenol contents. The most active samples were the ethanolic and acetone extracts in all bioassays used and all samples were compared for activity against butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), quercetin and tocopherol used as pattern samples. The juice (E), EtOH extract (A) and acetone partition (B) were found to have IC50 values of 4.7, 1.7 and 7.4 ppm, respectively against DPPH and 5.9, 2.1 and 3.9 ppm, respectively against TBARS formation. Additionally, the fraction F-4 showed a strong activity with IC50 of 4.9 and 6.5 ppm, against DPPH and TBARS respectively. Consistent with this finding, EtOH extract had the greatest ORAC and FRAP values as percentage of activity. On the other hand the IC50 values for the inhibitory activity against of extract B, F-3 and F-4 were 9.7, 13.2 and 10.7 ppm, respectively and against OH− were 29.1, 7.0 and 6.3 ppm, respectively. The EtOH extract protects against stress oxidative reducing the concentration of the MDA a lipid peroxidation index. These results shows that this fruit could be useful as antioxidant and nutraceutical sources.

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... [95] The polyphenolic compounds of maqui have been studied by different authors and they are rich in anthocyanins, especially delphinin and cyanin. [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][96][97][98] The polyphenolic profile of maqui identified eight anthocyanins, ten flavonols and ellagic acid. [46] A recent review reported and summarized the literature about the content of bioactive compounds of maqui. ...
... Antioxidant activity. [98] HUVEC Cells ...
... [133] Several years ago, Miranda-Rottmann et al. [134] studied the maqui, A. chilensis, which is rich in anthocyanins, and reported positive results in preventing low-density lipoprotein oxidation and improving antioxidant capacity. [134] Since then, various in vitro and in vivo studies have linked maqui phenolics with their high antioxidant capacity, [42] inhibition of adipogenesis and inflammation, [45,[135][136][137]164] prevention of oxidative stress, [98,137] anti-cancer [138] and anti-diabetic effects, [42,96,139] and photoprotective, [140] antibacterial, [46] neuroprotective [141,165] and cardioprotective [142,164] properties. Despite their gastrointestinal effects, phenolic compounds still have great potential as antioxidant agents, [166] although the antioxidant role of polyphenols in humans is still limited. ...
Article
Certain countries have the privilege of diverse ecosystems that allow access to wide food availability. This fact carries an intrinsic diversity in bioactive compounds such as phytochemicals, especially polyphenols. The aim of this review is to summarize the advances in polyphenols research which have been conducted in Chile, with a focus on polyphenol-rich foods and health-related outcomes. In the first part, several studies that have analyzed food sources rich in polyphenols are presented. This is followed by a description of in vitro and in vivo studies from Chile that have evaluated the polyphenol compounds of Chilean foods or their extracts along with their biological activity or health effects. Most polyphenol studies in our search have an in vitro experimental design where mainly protective activities are tested. The antioxidant effect is remarkable in all studies. As well as discussing the future direction of dietary assessment and the approach to biomarkers in this field, currently, additional emphasis and research investment are necessary to explore more native foods with an added value. Abbreviations: TPC: total Phenolic Content; PEE: phenolic-enriched extract; PAs: proanthocyanidins; 24 HDR: 24-hour dietary recall; FFQ: food frequency questionnaires.
... Maqui has been used by the native Patagonians as food and medicine for over 14,000 years (Schmeda-Hirschmann et al., 2019). Actually, the nutraceutical properties of the berry (Céspedes et al., 2008(Céspedes et al., , 2010 have prompted the development of functional foods, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products (Gironés-Vilaplana et al., 2012). ...
... In the present study, we found traces of caftaric acid, a combination of caffeic acid and tartaric acid, which had not been reported before for maqui species but which is common for other berries such as grapevines (Berli et al., 2011). A wide variety of flavonoids, such as kaempferol, and several glycosylated derivatives of quercetin and myricetin have been determined in maqui berries (Céspedes et al., 2010;Genskowsky et al., 2016;Ruiz et al., 2016;Li et al., 2017). In addition, phenolic acids such as sinapic, gentisic, ferulic and ellagic have also been identified in maqui berries (Céspedes et al., 2010;Genskowsky et al., 2016). ...
... A wide variety of flavonoids, such as kaempferol, and several glycosylated derivatives of quercetin and myricetin have been determined in maqui berries (Céspedes et al., 2010;Genskowsky et al., 2016;Ruiz et al., 2016;Li et al., 2017). In addition, phenolic acids such as sinapic, gentisic, ferulic and ellagic have also been identified in maqui berries (Céspedes et al., 2010;Genskowsky et al., 2016). These compounds are typical of seeds. ...
Article
Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Mol.] Stuntz) is a native berry of the Patagonia Andean forests, which has one of the highest antioxidant levels currently known. This biochemical characteristic strongly depends on the phenolic profile and is highly influenced by the growing environment. The objective of this study was to characterize natural maqui populations in the immediate lee (Argentina) of the Northern Patagonian Andes, distributed in a latitudinal gradient and associated with coihue (Nothofagus dombeyi) and cypress (Austrocedrus chilensis) forests, humid and xeric environments, respectively. Twenty-five natural populations that spanned the geographical distribution of the species in Argentina, were identified. The sites were associated with two forests (coihue and cypress) and three latitudinal groups (north, center and south). Canopy cover and light interception were measured in the selected sites, as well as plant morphology, fruit yield components, phenolic profiles and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of mature berries. Maqui populations associated to cypress are exposed to greater incident total solar radiation and lesser rainfalls, and showed shorter plants with several main stems, multiple branching and smaller specific leaf area (SLA) as compared to those of coihue forest. Maqui populations associated to coihue presented an increase in the number of berries per bunch, and also in the accumulation of phenols and ORAC. The evaluation of the acclimation responses of the natural populations by different environments can contribute to the development of high-yield and quality maqui crops as source of bioactive compounds.
... The small purple-black berries of A. chilensis have been used in folk medicine as antiinflammatory, antihemorrhagic and antipyretic agents. A. chilensis has a high concentration of bioactive polyphenols (mainly anthocyanin) [38][39][40]. Moreover, the fruit from A. chilensis displays one of the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacities (ORAC) [39,41,42]. ...
... A. chilensis has a high concentration of bioactive polyphenols (mainly anthocyanin) [38][39][40]. Moreover, the fruit from A. chilensis displays one of the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacities (ORAC) [39,41,42]. Extracts of A. chilensis berries have been evaluated, showing inhibition of adipogenesis and inflammation properties [40], and having cardioprotective activity [41]. ...
... The A. chilensis plant has been used as medicine by native people, used particularly as an anti-inflammatory agent, to treat kidney pains, stomach ulcers, various digestive ailments, fever and scarring lesions [37], and its berries have been traditionally used against diarrhea and dysentery. Céspedes et al. [39] carried out a design of an assay of antiinflammatory activity in inflammation induced by 12-Otetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in the mouse model by using different extracts, fractions and subfractions of the fruit of A. chilensis. These results showed that inflammation induced by TPA in the mouse was well inhibited mainly by extracts from the leaves. ...
... The small purple-black berries of A. chilensis have been used in folk medicine as antiinflammatory, antihemorrhagic and antipyretic agents. A. chilensis has a high concentration of bioactive polyphenols (mainly anthocyanin) [38][39][40]. Moreover, the fruit from A. chilensis displays one of the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacities (ORAC) [39,41,42]. ...
... A. chilensis has a high concentration of bioactive polyphenols (mainly anthocyanin) [38][39][40]. Moreover, the fruit from A. chilensis displays one of the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacities (ORAC) [39,41,42]. Extracts of A. chilensis berries have been evaluated, showing inhibition of adipogenesis and inflammation properties [40], and having cardioprotective activity [41]. ...
... The A. chilensis plant has been used as medicine by native people, used particularly as an anti-inflammatory agent, to treat kidney pains, stomach ulcers, various digestive ailments, fever and scarring lesions [37], and its berries have been traditionally used against diarrhea and dysentery. Céspedes et al. [39] carried out a design of an assay of antiinflammatory activity in inflammation induced by 12-Otetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in the mouse model by using different extracts, fractions and subfractions of the fruit of A. chilensis. These results showed that inflammation induced by TPA in the mouse was well inhibited mainly by extracts from the leaves. ...
Article
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The native flora of Chile has unique characteristics due to the geographical situation of the country, with the vast desert in the North, Patagonia in the South, the Andean Mountains on the east and the Pacific Ocean on the west. This exclusivity is reflected in high concentrations of phytochemicals in the fruits and leaves of its native plants. Some examples are Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz (maqui), Berberis microphylla G. Forst. (calafate), Peumus boldus Molina (boldo), Ribes magellanicum Poir. (Magellan currant), Ugni molinae Turcz. (murtilla), Rubus geoides Sm. (miñe miñe), Drimys winteri J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (canelo), Luma apiculata (DC.) Burret (arrayán) distributed throughout the entire Chilean territory. Some of these Chilean plants have been used for centuries in the country's traditional medicine. The most recent studies of phytochemical characterization of parts of Chilean plants show a wide spectrum of antioxidant compounds, phenolic components, terpenoids and alkaloids, which have shown biological activity in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This manuscript covers the entire Chilean territory characterizing the phytochemical profile and reporting some of its biological properties, focusing mainly on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, chemopreventive and cytotoxic activity, and potential against diabetes, metabolic syndrome and gastrointestinal disorders.
... El fruto de maqui contiene además las más altas concentraciones de antocianinas reportadas en berries en Sudamérica (Schreckinger et al., 2010a), entre las cuales destacan las delfinidinas (8 diferentes), con capacidad para regular la glucosa de la sangre (Céspedes et al. 2010b;Rojo et al., 2012). ...
... El maqui está siendo utilizado en diferentes formatos (Céspedes et al., 2008;Céspedes et al., 2010b;Alonso 2012;Gironés-Vilaplana et al., 2014b;Gironés-Vilaplana et al., 2015, , variadas fuentes promoviendo productos de maqui en el mercado), a saber, formato líquido, en polvo o en cápsulas. : ...
... Poder fitofarmacéutico en contra del Alzheimer Demencia senil Enfermedad de Parkinson Inhibir enzimas relacionadas con el metabolismo de carbohidratos Reducir problemas de obesidad Efecto terapéutico sobre desórdenes inflamatorios Podría ser usado como agente anti estrés oxidativo Podría aumentar la resistencia a problemas respiratorios y disminuir el estrés oxidativo en pacientes fumadores Capacidad para regular glucosa en reacciones metabólicas a nivel del hígado y del sistema muscular (delfinidinas) Prevenir enfermedades a la retina reduciendo muerte de células de la retina por daño por luz (delfinidinas) Para la recuperación de la producción de lágrimas Reducir el riesgo de arterioesclerosis (delfinidinas) Fotoprotector contra enfermedades de la piel (delfinidinas) Propiedades antidiabéticas Céspedes et al. 2008Miranda-Rottmann et al. 2002Fuentes et al. 2015Miranda-Rottmann et al. 2002Fuenteset al. 2015Schreckinger et al., 2010bCéspedes et al., 2010bSchreckinger et al., 2010bCéspedes et al., 2010bGironés-Vilaplana et al., 2012Gironés-Vilaplana et al., 2012Gironés-Vilaplana et al., 2012Rubilar et al. 2011Reyes-Farías et al., 2014Céspedes et al. 2017Céspedes et al. 2017Vergara et al. 2015Jara et al., 2012Rojo et al., 2012Tanaka et al. 2013Nakamura et al. 2014Watson and Schönlau, 2015Watson and Schönlau, 2015Watson and Schönlau, 2015Schrenkinger et al. 2012 Al igual que el fruto, las hojas de plantas creciendo bajo fuerte estrés hídrico presentan mayor concentración de antocianinas . Esto corrobora el potencial productivo en el área medicinal de formaciones naturales localizadas en zonas mediterráneas bajo mayor estrés hídrico, que los macales más productivos del sur de Chile. ...
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The Chilean Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis), is one of the most antioxidant wild berries in the world. Its extraordinary characteristics are described. The new scientific findings regarding its potential uses and the ongoing research on species management are described.
... The maqui berry has among the highest concentrations of anthocyanins among berries in South America (Schreckinger et al., 2010a). Among the anthocyanins in this fruit are five pigments first identified by Pinto (1978), two of which were subsequently confirmed by Escribano-Bailón et al. (2006) and Céspedes et al. (2010b), who identified 8 anthocyanin pigments, among notably delphinidin, which regulate blood glucose levels (Rojo et al., 2012). ...
... There are also food supplement and blood glucose regulators in capsule form. Liquor can be produced from maqui berry through fermentation that does not affect the antioxidant capacity of the fruit (Céspedes et al., 2008(Céspedes et al., , 2010bGironés-Vilaplana et al., 2015) in a manner similar to a drink prepared by people of the Mapuche culture called tecú (Alonso, 2012). Also a fermented milk drink with antioxidant capacity based on maqui berry addition (Martínez and Tinoco, 2018), and a fermented drink based on whey coming from the cheese industry and maqui extract (Vega, 2017) have been successfully tested. ...
... Different aspects of maqui berry make it attractive to the pharmaceutical industry. The phenol compounds in maqui berry have cardioprotective activity (Céspedes et al., 2008) and the flavonoid content can prevent endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (Miranda-Rottmann et al., 2002;Fuentes et al., 2015), as well as inhibiting lipid accu-mulation and adipogenesis, and acts as an anti-inflammatory (Schreckinger et al., 2010b;Céspedes et al., 2010b). Likewise, its characteristics as an inhibitor of cholinesterase enzymes establish maqui berry as a potential natural phytopharmaceutical against diseases like Alzheimer, senile dementia and Parkinson (Gironés-Vilaplana et al., 2012). ...
Article
Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Molina] Stuntz) is an endemic tree species widely distributed in Chile and Argentina. Its fruit is a berry that is known worldwide as having the highest antioxidant capacity of any marketed fruit. Its production to date has been based on gathering fruit from wild forest plants, which are used for food products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, or exported in bulk to several countries. Growing international demand has increased pressure on the natural maqui berry populations. Consequently, projects are underway to develop the commercial production of maqui berry to meet market demand, and new orchards are under development. Therefore, a comprehensive review scoping information about its ecological, genetic and chemical characteristics, plus the new research on agronomical culture, is necessary, in order to understand the potential future of the species as an important commercial fruit. Several sources of information were reviewed, from international journals to local thesis and research projects results in Chile. Considering that the main research of the species is undergoing in Chile, the present review aims to access local information and to put it at the disposition of a wider community of researchers. The work reviews knowledge to date about natural distribution, ecology, propagation and management of the species, as its chemical, medicinal and nutraceutical properties. The novelty of the review is its broad view of all the different aspects that characterize the species, contributing to update the information about the species to support further research on agronomical production. Recent national and international demand for maqui berry makes it necessary to improve propagation, management, harvest and fruit storage techniques. Maqui berry production will soon go from harvesting natural populations to agricultural production involving current techniques like selection, cloning and shortly genetic improvement.
... Its leaves and fruits have been usually used for the treatment of a wide range of illnesses [45]. Its several healthy effects have been attributed mainly to the high content of polyphenols in its fruits [46,47]. Among these, the Maqui berry is reported to have a relatively high anthocyanin content (137.6 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW)), found mainly in the glycosylated forms of delphinidin and cyanidin. ...
... Among these, the Maqui berry is reported to have a relatively high anthocyanin content (137.6 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW)), found mainly in the glycosylated forms of delphinidin and cyanidin. Furthermore, analyses of anthocyanidin constituents identified the presence of delphinidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside [26,31,33,46,47]. This compound was the most abundant, covering 34% of the total anthocyanins [46]. ...
... This compound was the most abundant, covering 34% of the total anthocyanins [46]. Other anthocyanins reported were delphinidin, delphinidin gallate [47], delphinidin-3sambubioside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin 3,5diglucoside, cyanidin 3-sambubioside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-sambubioside-5-glucoside [26,31,33,46] and cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside [26,33,46]. These compounds were also identified by Cespedes et al. [30,47] in extracts, fractions, and subfractions of fruit pulps. ...
Article
Full-text available
Obesity is a major worldwide health threat. It is characterized by an abnormal adipose tissue overgrowth together with increased monocytes infiltration, causing inflammation and oxidative stress, events associated with several illnesses. Investigations have focused on the benefits of native fruit consumption, claiming these to be natural sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics. It has been widely stated that berries are a source of the most antioxidant compounds, and, thus, seem highly promising to endure research efforts on these vegetal matrices. The present article describes botanical, chemical and biomedical features of the Chilean native berries, Aristotelia chilensis, Ugni molinae, and Berberis microphylla. This work aims to potentiate incoming research focused on the search for novel treatments for first-order diseases with these particular plant sources.
... Patagonian berries such as maqui and calafate are known for their high antioxidant activity [15], from which calafate displays the highest antioxidant capacity [16]. The antioxidant capacity of the non-fermented calafate juice remained stable or increased to 93.4 ± 3.6 after fermentation. ...
... Thus, research has been focused on the vegetable polyphenol's effects on glucose uptake, starch digestibility, and lipid metabolism [17]. The phenolic compounds present in calafate extracts have, among other properties, inhibitory activity on enzymes related to metabolic syndrome, as demonstrated by studies conducted by other authors [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. LAB are widely used in the food industry and can grow in phenolic compound-rich environments. ...
Article
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Calafate is a native barberry of Patagonia, used in culinary and medicinal practices since ancient times. The aim of this work was to analyze the ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from calafate fruits and flowers, to increase the phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant capacity as well as to inhibit metabolic-related enzymes in fermented calafate juices. The sensory attributes of the selected fermented juice were also analyzed. The LAB strains grew between 1.33 ± 0.03 and 2.61 ± 0.30 log CFU/ml in the calafate juices at 24 h. Fructobacillus fructosus B7 consumed glucose and fructose the most (2.30 ± 0.45 g/L and 3.73 ± 0.44 g/L, respectively) and produced mannitol (3.89 ± 0.77 g/L). The fermented juice by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei B4 showed the highest total phenolic compound concentration (2662.58 ± 344.51 mg GAE/100 ml) and antioxidant capacity (38916.42 ± 2157.52 µmol TE/100 ml). The fermented juices inhibited the activity of metabolic syndrome-related enzymes. The lower IC50 for α–glucosidase activity was observed for F. fructosus B7 and L. paracasei B4 (0.56 ± 0.10 and 0.64 ± 0.05 mg GAE/ml, respectively) fermented juices, while for α-amylase the lowest IC50 values were determined for the L. curvatus B34 and L. paracasei B4 (0.34 ± 0.01 and 0.37 ± 0.06 mg GAE/ml, respectively) juices. The relative amount of isorhamnetins, which can induce GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane preventing hyperglycemia, was increased in the L. paracasei B4 fermented juice. The L. paracasei B4 fermented juice had acceptable sensorial values for consumption.
... 10,114,115 Other in vitro studies noted the ability of polyphenols from maqui extracts to protect against low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and against oxidative damage in vascular endothelial cells, thereby suggesting an anti-atherogenic potential of maqui polyphenols. 116 Likewise, Céspedes et al. 49 reported an anti-inflammatory effect in rats, in which edema was induced with carrageenan and later, the same author described a cardioprotective effect in rats subjected to oxidative stress due to ischemia-reperfusion. 53 The phytochemical compounds of maqui are also reported to limit the activation or inactivation adipogenesis and inflammation pathways. 10,53,117 Other reports have linked the anthocyanins present in concentrated maqui extracts with their in vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic 2,56,118 and anti-inflammatory effects. ...
... 10,53,117 Other reports have linked the anthocyanins present in concentrated maqui extracts with their in vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic 2,56,118 and anti-inflammatory effects. 49 Avello and Pastene 119 tested the antioxidant activity of murta leaves in human normo-lipidémic (low triglycerides and high HDL cholesterol) and non-diabetic volunteers where infusions of fresh or dehydrated (1% w/v) murta leaves were administrated twice a day for 3 days, following the normal intake used in traditional medicine. These studies demonstrated the antioxidant capacity of murta leaf infusions and the increase in the antioxidant capacity in blood plasma associated with its regular intake. ...
Article
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Nowadays berries are globally recognized to be among the healthiest foods because they contain diverse and abundant bioactive compounds. Among these are phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which are known to have beneficial health effects. South America, particularly southern Chile, is covered by a diversity of insufficiently studied and underexploited native berry species. In this review we summarize all the available literature on the phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, bioaccessibility, and biological activity of five native South American berries: calafate, maqui, murta, arrayán, and chequén. The potential of these native berries for promoting human health and as source of bioactive substances is remarkable. Bioactive compounds, mainly anthocyanins, and in less abundance flavonoids and phenolic acids, show strong antioxidant effects. Some of these constituents are bioaccessible and bioavailable, and exert anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti‐inflammatory activities as well as inhibitory effects against enzymes involved in metabolic syndromes. Given the potential of native South American berries to promote health, more work is still needed to understand fully the potential beneficial effects of the consumption of these berries on human health. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
... The berries of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Mol.] Stuntz), native to central and southern Chile (Gironés-Vilaplana, Mena, García, & Moreno, 2012), are known to have an outstanding content of bioactives, associated with high content of anthocyanins (Escribano-Bailón, Alcalde-Eon, Muñoz, Rivas-Gonzalo, & Santos-Buelga, 2006), flavonols, flavanols and phenolic acids (Céspedes et al., 2010) and to possess antiinflammatory (Schreckinger, Lotton, Lila, & de Mejia, 2010), anti-adipogenic (Schreckinger et al., 2010), anti-atherogenic (Miranda-Rottmann et al., 2002 and cardioprotective activities (Céspedes, El-Hafidi, Pavon, & Alarcon, 2008). The bioactives are unfortunately prone to degradation once the berries are plucked. ...
... Delphinidin-3sambubioside-5-glucoside predominated as anthocyanin in the maqui extract, being 80.4% of the anthocyanin delphinidin glucosides, while the remainder was cyanidin glucosides. Similar anthocyanin profiles have been reported for maqui berries with Delphinidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside being the leading anthocyanin (Céspedes et al., 2010;Gironés-Vilaplana et al., 2012;Fredes et al., 2014Fredes et al., , 2018. Maltodextrin and inulin powders were found to have similar anthocyanin profile to the original maqui extract (Fig. 1). ...
... Maqui is known to be capable of oxygen radical absorbance, xanthine oxidase inhibition, and intracellular oxidative stress reduction. The antioxidant activity is mainly due to the polyphenolic fraction, specifically anthocyanin-based compounds that account for over 80% of the total polyphenols [17,18]. Among the polyphenols, anthocyanins were shown to have powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [19,20]. ...
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Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) is characterized by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of maqui berry extracts on human skin fibroblasts (NHSFs) exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVB). The photoprotective properties of the extracts were investigated via the determination of the total polyphenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH), and the chemical composition was assessed. The chemical purity of the extracts was studied via the evaluation of the toxic elements level. The water extract (MWE 57.75 ± 0.44 mg GAE/g) had the highest mean polyphenol content. The water (MWE) and ethanol (MEE70) extracts had the highest inhibitory activities against DPPH radical formation (283.63 ± 7.29 and 284.60 ± 4.31 mg Tx/L, respectively). The analyzed extracts were found to be safe in terms of toxic elements (arsenic, cadmium, lead). The tested extracts of maqui berry did not cause a cytotoxic effect on NHSF cells after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation. When the NHSF cells were exposed to UVB radiation in the presence of maqui extracts, their viability was increased or maintained. The maqui berry extracts had a slightly protective effect against skin damage caused by UVB radiation. These were preliminary studies that require further research to determine which maqui compounds correspond with the photoprotective activity.
... Its grain is a great source of vitamins, amino acids such as tryptophan, and other substances with interesting antioxidant properties, such as phenolic compounds [3]. Antioxidant substances are those that retard cellular aging by eliminating the free radicals that are generated during oxidation reactions [4,5]. Phenolic compounds are some of the most important antioxidants that can be found in plants. ...
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the major cereal crops worldwide. It is grown not only to be used as fodder but also for human consumption. Barley grains are a great source of phenolic compounds, which are particularly interesting for their health-promoting antioxidant properties, among other benefits. Two extraction methods, namely ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), have been optimized and compared by using Box–Behnken design (BBD) to determine both the antioxidant power and the phenolic compound levels of the extracts. Three variables have been assessed based on these designs: solvent composition (% MeOH in water), temperature (°C), and sample-to-solvent ratio (mg sample mL−1 solvent). The solvent composition used and the interaction between the solvent and the temperature were the most significant variables in terms of recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Short extraction times, a high precision level, and good recoveries have been confirmed for both methods. Moreover, they were successfully applied to several samples. Significant differences regarding the level of phenolic compounds and antioxidant power were revealed when analyzing three different barley varieties. Specifically, the amounts of phenolic compounds ranged from 1.08 to 1.81 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1 barley, while their antioxidant capacity ranged from 1.35 to 2.06 mg Trolox equivalent g−1 barley, depending on the barley variety. Finally, MAE was found to be slightly more efficient than UAE, presenting higher levels of phenolic compounds in the extracts.
... Toda la planta posee múltiples propiedades medicinales, aprovechadas desde tiempos ancestrales por los pueblos originarios patagónicos (Chamorro et al. 2019, Ladio y Lozada 2009. Sin embargo, es el fruto el principal producto de interés, debido a su alto contenido en compuestos polifenólicos (Céspedes et al. 2010, Fredes y Robert 2014, sobre todo antocianos, con gran capacidad antioxidante. Esto eleva la demanda por parte de mercados internacionales para el desarrollo de alimentos funcionales y nutracéuticos (Schreckinger et al. 2010). ...
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Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) has become an important health food as one of the berries with the highest known levels of antioxidant capacity, and its international demand has therefore increased. There is currently no cultivation of this species in Argentina, so all that is marketed comes from wild harvesting, with an inherent risk of resource degradation. Therefore, a process of domestication of this species has been initiated. Fifteen female and three male individuals (pollinators) were selected from previously identified natural populations of maqui from two forest types, coihue- or cypress-dominated. Those individuals were propagated vegetatively and the plants grown were installed in a cultivation plot under controlled conditions of solar radiation and water supply. Total height and diameter of main axes were measured in female clones during three consecutive seasons. Growth was modulated by the contrasting levels of solar radiation assayed, but not by the different levels of water supply. Clones growing under direct sunlight grew taller than those under shade net. Growth in height was higher in the second season, while in the third season the clones grew less in height but more in the sectional area of stems. No flowering or fruiting was observed in any clone or season. Maqui demonstrated the ability to acclimatise to culture conditions. This work constitutes the first study of selected maqui clones in the Andean-Patagonian forests of Argentina, with the aim of developing a productive alternative for farmers in the region.
... •− than both berry extracts (IC 50 scores of 3.7 µg/mL and 3.5 µg/mL of dw) [59] as well as blackberry methanolic extracts (IC 50 value of 72.5 µg/mL of dw) [60]. ...
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(1) Background: Nowadays, special attention has been paid to red and purple fruits, including blueberries and sweet cherries, since they are highly attractive to consumers due to their organoleptic properties, standing out due to their vibrant red and purple colours and sweet flavour, and nutritional value. (2) Methods: The present study evaluated the phenolic profile of phenolic-enriched extracts from blueberries and sweet cherries and explored their antioxidant potential against DPPH, superoxide and nitric oxide radicals, and ferric species, and their potential to inhibit the α-glucosidase enzyme. Furthermore, their antimicrobial activity was also determined by microdilution method against four Gram-positive strains (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Listeria monocytogenes LMG 16779, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) and five Gram-negative strains (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ATCC 13311 serovar Typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Proteus mirabilis CECT 170, Serratia marcescens CECT 159, and Acinetobacter baumannii LMG 1025). (3) Results: By chromatographic techniques, eight anthocyanins were detected in blueberry coloured fraction and total extract, and five anthocyanins were detected in sweet cherry total extract and coloured fraction, while quercetin aglycone and chlorogenic acids were the dominant non-coloured compounds in blueberries and sweet cherries, respectively. All extracts demonstrated significant antioxidant properties, as well as the ability to inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase enzyme and the development of various microorganisms. (4) Conclusion: The obtained data evidence the promising biological potential of blueberries and sweet cherries, being highly correlated with the presence of phenolic compounds.
... In literature, many authors confirm the rich phenolic content and the high antioxidant capacity of the Aristotelia chilensis fruits. They indicate that Maqui consumption related to health benefits such as anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory effects, and cardioprotective activities [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] . ...
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The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lyophilized berries of Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz was studied as possible pre-treatment for enhanced anthocyanin recovery. Effect of pressure, temperature, and process time on the extracted oil yields and on the anthocyanins recovery in the pre-treated fractions were considered. The operating parameters were optimized using the central composite design, and extractions were run in the pressure, temperature, and time ranges of 99.6 to 200.4 bar, 36.6 to 53.4 °C, and 0.7–2.3 h. The successive multiple regression analysis indicated pressure and time as major influencing parameters on the extraction yield. Those parameters induced no clear changes in the fatty acid composition of almost all the extracted oils, obtaining an average linoleic acid amount between 35–44 % weight in the lipophilic fractions. Standardized methanol extractions demonstrated the influence of the different conditions in the SCO2 pre-treatment processes, resulting in extracted anthocyanin increments ranging from 9 to 26 %.
... Similarly, after 60 min of reperfusion, coronary and aortic flow was improved (Hassan & Abdel-Aziz, 2010;Costa et al., 2013). More interestingly, hemodialysis patients were synchronized with grape proanthocyanidin successfully reduced lipoprotein profile, LDL oxidation, and inflammatory biomarkers, providing protection against cardiovascular complications highly associated with hemodialysis (Boath et al., 2012;Céspedes et al., 2010). Clifton (2004) evaluated the real-time vascular risk avoidance after grape proanthocyanidin intake in human male and female subjects via normal endothelial function and reduced oxidative damage. ...
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The intake of herbal dietary constituents, mostly fruits and vegetables, have been considered well-known to prevent pathologies (degenerative diseases). Consumer awareness/concern regarding a balanced diet has increased their importance in the food chain. Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), being native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwest Asia, is a rich source of nutritive (sugar, vitamins, minerals) and non-nutritive/therapeutic or functional bioactive compounds like quercetin, resveratrol and epigallocatechin-3-gallate that could synergistically help in health promotion. Their disease prevention mechanisms are free radical scavenging, DNA damage repair, and modulation of gene expression in proliferation, metabolism, cell survival, and antioxidant defense. This review provides an excellent summary of grape phytochemicals in vivo molecular mechanisms that lead to health promotion by avoiding oxidative stress-related pathologies like cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndrome, inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. Grape intake-driven disease-preventing mechanism/targets could help to synchronize for an improved efficacy in human pathologies.
... Cespedes et al. evaluated an ethanolic extract by extracting first with EtOH/H2O (6:4) followed by a subsequent extraction with H2O. This extract presented a composition based on gentisic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, delphinidin, cyanidin, vanillic acid, delphinidin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, quercetin, rutin, myricetin, catechin and epicatechin, and anthocyanin glycosides [52]. Another study indicates the phytochemical characterization of several Maqui berries by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS n . ...
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Some fruits and vegetables, rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, may inhibit platelet activation pathways and therefore reduce the risk of suffering from CVD when consumed regularly. Aristotelia chilensis Stuntz (Maqui) is a shrub or tree native to Chile with outstanding antioxidant activity, associated with its high content in anthocyanins, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Previous studies reveal different pharmacological properties for this berry, but its cardioprotective potential has been little studied. Despite having an abundant composition, and being rich in bioactive products with an antiplatelet role, there are few studies linking this berry with antiplatelet activity. This review summarizes and discusses relevant information on the cardioprotective potential of Maqui, based on its composition of bioactive compounds, mainly as a nutraceutical antiplatelet agent. Articles published between 2000 and 2022 in the following bibliographic databases were selected: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Our search revealed that Maqui is a promising cardiovascular target since extracts from this berry have direct effects on the reduction in cardiovascular risk factors (glucose index, obesity, diabetes, among others). Although studies on antiplatelet activity in this fruit are recent, its rich chemical composition clearly shows that the presence of chemical compounds (anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, among others) with high antiplatelet potential can provide this berry with antiplatelet properties. These bioactive compounds have antiplatelet effects with multiple targets in the platelet, particularly, they have been related to the inhibition of thromboxane, thrombin, ADP, and GPVI receptors, or through the pathways by which these receptors stimulate platelet aggregation. Detailed studies are needed to clarify this gap in the literature, as well as to specifically evaluate the mechanism of action of Maqui extracts, due to the presence of phenolic compounds.
... Anthocyanins in L. ruthenicum Reducing power, scavenge nitrites, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide radicals [229] Annona cherimola Mill Not documented Antioxidant action scavenge ABTS and DPPH radicals, abrogates lipid peroxidation [230] Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz Phenolics Antioxidant action scavenge ABTS and DPPH radicals abrogates lipid peroxidation. [231] Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. ...
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The Himalayan region supports a wide diversity of flora and fauna; hence it is home to many natural resources. Despite this, the people living here are struggling for essential needs such as food and nutrition. However, in Himalayan region, wild plants and their fruits contribute significantly to the livelihood of local people and communities. Several studies recommended that Himalayan wild fruits possess significant biologically active compounds, antioxidants, vitamins and minerals. In addition, the presence of secondary metabolites in these plants gives them a prominent place in traditional medicinal systems. However, detailed investigation of health-promoting effects, chemical composition, and nutraceutical profiling is lacking in the variety of Himalayan wild fruits. Therefore, this review article will explore the information about wild edible fruits, such as health-promoting effects, chemical composition, and nutraceutical profiling in the Himalayan region. In this context, a detailed search was done through different search engines including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar. Specific keywords were used to explore available data about Himalayan wild fruits. Several Himalayan wild fruits like Berberis asiatica, Celtis australis, Ficus palmata, Fragaria indica, Morus alba, Myrica esculenta, Phyllanthus emblica, Prunus armeniaca, etc. showed presence of important bioactive compounds responsible for different therapeutic activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, etc. These fruits also possess high nutraceutical value. Hence this study presents detailed information about wild edible fruits which will be helpful in future for researchers, food industries, pharmaceutical industries, and several other government and non-government organisations in developing strategies to ensure food security by using these important wild fruits.
... Although no significant (p < 0.01) variation was observed in total phenolic and flavonoid contents between the stem and seed extracts of C.rutidosperma. Polyphenolic compounds, such as total phenolic and total flavonoids, have been linked to many biological functions, including antioxidants (Céspedes et al., 2010;Djeridane et al., 2006;Lamien-Meda et al., 2008;Meda et al., 2013), antimicrobial activities (Shan et al., 2007). The capacity of phenolic compounds and flavonoids to scavenge hazardous free radicals and reactive species is well documented (Hall & Cuppett, 1997;Jørgensen et al., 1999;Pietta, 2000;Rice-Evans et al., 1997). ...
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The emerging microbial infections and their resistance to the existing antibiotics lead to discovering novel compounds, primarily from medicinal plants with secondary metabolites having several bioactive potentials, including antioxidants. The current investigation aims to measure the antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extracts from roots, stems, leaves and seeds of Cleome rutidosperma . The extracts were subjected to quantitative (total phenolic and flavonoid), qualitative phytochemical studies, and functional groups identification by FT-IR analysis. The extract of leaves showed the highest total antioxidant (54.21±1.56 mg ABAE/g), DPPH (62.92±1.94 mg GAEs/g), and FRAP (71.64±2.02 mg GAEs/g) activity among the all-tested parts. The antibacterial efficacy of extracts was determined by the microdilution bioassay method, which demonstrated that G(+ve) bacteria appear to be more susceptible to the crude extracts than G (-ve) bacteria. The qualitative phytochemical screening-detected alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, sugars, proteins, saponins, sterols, tannins, and terpenoids. The leaves have the highest levels of phenolics (70.451.23 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoids (32.261.12 mg RE/g DW) among the all-tested parts. The extracts' functional group was validated using the FT-IR spectra. Polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins were identified in the crude extracts. These findings imply that C. rutidoserma could be a promising candidate for further research into infectious illness treatment and as a resource of novel antioxidants in nutraceutical and biopharmaceutical industries as a functional additive.
... The aqueous extraction process can extract hydrophilic plant pigments that are widespread in berries that mitigate oxidative stress and can help prevent a number of diseases [48]. However, both the collection of fruits [49] and their processing can reduce the content of compounds, such as anthocyanins [50]. ...
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Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz) is a Chilean berry rich in antioxidants, which are mostly found in the pulp and skin of the fruit. The objective was to evaluate the cryoconcentration process by centrifugation–filtration as a simultaneous, efficient, and innovative method to increase the content of thermosensitive bioactive compounds of aqueous maqui extract. Cryoconcentration separated the concentrated solute from the aqueous maqui extract with an efficiency of more than 95%; it increased the content of total polyphenols and total anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity by 280%, 573%, and 226%, respectively. Although the concentrates obtained by evaporation at 50, 70, and 80 °C increased the content of bioactive compounds, they did so in a lower percentage than the cryoconcentrate. Furthermore, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside was degraded at 70 and 80 °C. In conclusion, cryoconcentration by centrifugation–filtration as a simultaneous process efficiently separates the solutes from the frozen matrix of aqueous maqui extract, and it maintains and increases the contents of polyphenols and anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity. This method is recommended for concentrating natural berry extracts with thermosensitive compounds.
... The antioxidant activity was higher in the colored berries than in the white berries and the total phenolic content was also higher [61]. The Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) has demonstrated a great proportion of polyphenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins) as antioxidant agents [62]. Finally, it can be considered that the antioxidant capacity observed in the G. pumila study may be useful as a protection against free radicals; these results could be explained by the presence of different types of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties and by the comparison based on other berries. ...
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Gaultheria pumila (Ericaceae) (known as Chaura or Mutilla) is a Chilean native small shrub that produces berry fruits consumed by local Mapuche people. In this study, the chemical fingerprinting and antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and antiproliferative activities of the berries were investigated for the first time. Thirty-six metabolites were identified in the fruits by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection, hyphenated with Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis (UHPLC-DAD-Orbitrap-MS). Metabolites, included anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, iridoids, diterpenes, and fatty acids. Moderate inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (7.7 ± 0.3 µg/mL), butyrylcholinesterase (34.5 ± 0.5 µg/mL), and tyrosinase (3.3 ± 0.2 µg/mL) enzymes were found. Moreover, selected major compounds were subjected to docking assays in light of their experimental inhibition. Results indicated that hydrogen bonding, π–π interaction, and a salt bridge interaction contributed significantly. Gaultheria pumila berries showed a total phenolic content of 189.2 ± 0.2 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g, total flavonoid content of 51.8 ± 0.1 mg quercetin equivalents/g, and total anthocyanin content of 47.3 ± 0.2 mg of cianydin-3-glucoside equivalents/g. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH (92.8 ± 0.1 µg/mL), FRAP (134.1 ± 0.1 μmol Trolox equivalents/g), and ORAC (4251.6 ± 16.9 μmol Trolox equivalents/g) assays. Conversely, Gaultheria pumila showed a scarce antiproliferative potential against several solid human cancer cells. Our findings suggest that Gaultheria pumila berries have several bioactive metabolites with inhibitory effects against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase, and have the potential for use in food supplements.
... Recent studies have shown that the most abundant compounds are delphinidin and cyanidin derivatives that confer possible health benefits such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects [23,24]. The characterization of the anthocyanin profile in maqui fruit has been performed using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and mass spectroscopy (HPLC-DAD-MS) [25], with delphinidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside as the majority delphinidin derivative, accounting for 34% of the total anthocyanidin level in maqui [26,27]. ...
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The best conservation method for native Chilean berries has been investigated in combination with an implemented large-scale extract of maqui berry, rich in total polyphenols and anthocyanin to be tested in intestinal epithelial and immune cells. The methanolic extract was obtained from lyophilized and analyzed maqui berries using Folin–Ciocalteu to quantify the total polyphenol content, as well as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) to measure the antioxidant capacity. Determination of maqui’s anthocyanins profile was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-MS/MS). Viability, cytotoxicity, and percent oxidation in epithelial colon cells (HT-29) and macrophages cells (RAW 264.7) were evaluated. In conclusion, preservation studies confirmed that the maqui properties and composition in fresh or frozen conditions are preserved and a more efficient and convenient extraction methodology was achieved. In vitro studies of epithelial cells have shown that this extract has a powerful antioxidant strength exhibiting a dose-dependent behavior. When lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-macrophages were activated, noncytotoxic effects were observed, and a relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation response was demonstrated. The maqui extract along with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) have a synergistic effect. All of the compiled data pointed out to the use of this extract as a potential nutraceutical agent with physiological benefits for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
... When water is the selected solvent, the levels of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins are significantly higher than for less-polar solvents [25]. When extracting maqui berry with methanol, more phenolic compounds may be found, particularly high levels of various anthocyanidin glycosides, and phenolic acid (data not shown) [25,27]. However, methanol is not a useful solvent for biological purposes. ...
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Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz, also known as maqui, is a plant native to Chile without chemical characterization and quantification of the bioactive compounds present in it. HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS/MS studies have shown the presence, at different concentrations, of phenolic and anthocyanin compounds in fruit and leave extracts of the domesticated maqui clones Luna Nueva, Morena, and Perla Negra. The extracts from leaves and unripe fruits of Luna Nueva and Morena clones significantly inhibit platelet aggregation induced by several agonists; the extracts inhibit platelet granule secretion by decreasing the exposure of P-selectin and CD63 at the platelet membrane. Reactive oxygen species formation in platelets is lower in the presence of maqui extracts. Statistical Pearson analysis supports the levels of phenolic and anthocyanin compounds being responsible for the antiaggregant maqui effects. This work is the first evidence of antiplatelet activity from Aristotelia chilensis giving added value to the use of leaves and unripe fruits from this species.
... The fruit harvested for the purpose of this study showed a higher phenol content than reported for freezedried berries such as murtilla (Ugni molinae Turcz) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) (Brito et al., 2014). In addition, both samples showed the inhibition capacity of DPPH, expressed in Trolox umol/100 g of dry fruit, results consistent with previous research that identified several phenolic compounds for berries with similar phytochemical characteristics, such as maqui (Aristotelia chilensis), which contains antioxidants that can inhibit lipid peroxidation (Cespedes et al., 2010) and murtilla (Ugni Molinae Turcz), which even when subjected to extreme temperature changes has a high polyphenol content (Shene et al., 2009). The differences given between the samples collected at the two locations may be due to the content of polyphenols from various sources of plant origin varying according to genotype, climate and geographical location (Altangerel et al., 2017), which is supported by data obtained from the Annual Environmental Report by the INE, Chile in 2017 and 2018, where differences in the climatic conditions of both regions during the fruit ripening period were observed, and where more extreme temperature fluctuations and higher rainfall may favor the process. ...
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The Berberidaceae family of shrubs has about 20 species present in Chile; however, the Calafate (Berberis microphylla) native to Chilean and Argentinean Patagonia, is the most widely distributed. The objective of this study was to compare the antioxidant capacity of Calafate collected at different locations in southern Chile, specifically Aysén and Magallanes. Methods: 2000 g of Calafate berries were harvested in both regions. The fruit was lyophilized for subsequent quantification of polyphenols, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity. Results: All parameters evaluated were superior in the samples from Aysén. Conclusion: The results confirm the high content of polyphenolic compounds present in Calafate, with variations according to the geographical area where they grow. The higher antioxidant capacity of the fruit harvested in Aysén could be associated with the abiotic stress present in that location.
... Di Lorenzo et al. [219] analyzed the MqB composition (Table 2). MqB is rich in anthocyanins including 84% diglycosylated and 16% monoglycosylated anthocyanins [251,322,323]. The in vitro sugar hydrolyzing enzymes inhibitory activities of MB extracts were reported by Rubiliar and his colleagues. ...
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Berries are considered "promising functional fruits" due to their distinct and ubiquitous therapeutic contents of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavanols, alkaloids, polysaccharides, hydroxycinnamic, ellagic acid derivatives, and organic acids. These polyphenols are part of berries and the human diet, and evidence suggests that their intake is associated with a reduced risk or the reversal of metabolic pathophysiologies related to diabetes, obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypertension. This work reviewed and summarized both clinical and non-clinical findings that the consumption of berries, berry extracts, purified compounds, juices, jams, jellies, and other berry byproducts aided in the prevention and or otherwise management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and related complications. The integration of berries and berries-derived byproducts into high-carbohydrate (HCD) and high-fat (HFD) diets, also reversed/reduced the HCD/HFD-induced alterations in glucose metabolism-related pathways, and markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid oxidation in healthy/obese/diabetic subjects. The berry polyphenols also modulate the intestinal microflora ecology by opposing the diabetic and obesity rendered symbolic reduction of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction-restoring bacteria, short-chain fatty acids, and organic acid producing microflora. All studies proposed a number of potential mechanisms of action of respective berry bioactive compounds, although further mechanistic and molecular studies are warranted. The metabolic profiling of each berry is also included to provide up-to-date information regarding the potential anti-oxidative/antidiabetic constituents of each berry.
... Natural antioxidant is chosen as the additional antioxidant than the synthetic one, because carcinogenic effect of synthetic may develop [8]. Plants have been decades known as major source of natural antioxidants due to their phytochemical contain [9]. Phenolic compound found in plant is responsible reason of antioxidant property, which the greater phenol compound content, the greater also the antioxidant activities in plant [10,11]. ...
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Flavonoids can be found in every organ of plants and has a role as natural antioxidant. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of maceration and drying time to the level and the type of flavonoids from some leaves of plants located in Taman Wisata Alam Pangandaran. This research used CRD (Completely Randomized Design) with 2 factorial design. The first factor was soaking time of the plant extract in ethanol 96% for 24 hours and 48 hours, the second was drying time for 14 and 21 days. Sample used were Bungur ( Largerstoremia speciosa L.), Mahoni ( Swietenia macrophylla ), Nyamplung ( Calophyllum inophyllum L.), dan Vitex ( Vitex pubescens Vahl.) leaves. Qualitative parameter was determined from the change of color of the solution as well quantitatively by spectrophotometer of 415nm. Flavonoid type was then analysed using spectrophotometer at 250-560nm. Qualitative result showed that all plants assessed contain flavonoid in varying level. The type was also ranging between each sample. Quantitative analysis of 2 ways ANOVA showed that maceration and drying were shown significance influence with optimum flavonoid level varying from one plant to another. It can be concluded that all plants tested positively contain flavonoid with different type and immersion as well as drying has significantly affected the quantity of flavonoid result in plants.
... To the best of our knowledge, the natural antioxidant from teas, vegetables, wines, and spices are traditionally used by many cultures, and some natural antioxidants (e.g., rosemary and sage) are already commercially exploited either as antioxidant additives or as nutritional supplements (Schuler 1990). Furthermore, several studies have shown that the phenol derivatives, such as flavonoids, have significant antioxidant activities (Lamien- Meda et al. 2008;Constantinou Céspedes et al. 2010). The high contents of these phytochemicals in C. amblyocarpa may explain its high radical scavenging activity. ...
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Cleome amblyocarpa Barr. and Murb is a medicinal plant widespread in North Africa and widely used in Tunisia to treat diabetes and colic. The non-volatile (polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and flavonols) and volatile compounds (GC-MS) of C. amblyocarpa leaves and stems have been studied. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, and cytotoxic activities of hydroalcoholic extracts of C. amblyocarpa leaves and stems were also investigated. The major volatile components were β-caryophyllene (46.9%), eugenol (25.6%), ethyl 3-methylpentanoate (16.2%), 7-epi-silphiperfol-5-ene (11.0%), and α-copaene (7.0%). The antioxidant activity has been evaluated using various in vitro assays, such as DPPH free radical scavenging activity, iron-chelating capability, and ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation (TBARS). The antibacterial and antifungal effectiveness of leaves and stems parts of Cleome amblyocarpa were investigated by means of the disc diffusion and microdilution techniques. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the hydroalcoholic extract of C. amblyocarpa on A549 and H1299 lung adenocarcinoma cells was determined using the crystal violet assay. The acute toxicity of the extracts on Swiss albino mice at the doses of 3000, 1500, and 500 mg/kg body weight was evaluated. The analgesic effect of leaves and stems extract was also determined by means of the acetic acid induced writhing test. The results indicated that the leaves have higher phenols, and flavonoids contents and potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities in comparison to stem. In addition, the aerial part of C. amblyocarpa did not cause signs of toxicity or death in animals at doses up to 3000 mg/kg and have a significant analgesic activity.
... Antioxidant Activity DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS (TEAC) tests were used to measure the antioxidant activity of C. brevistylus fruits for the first time (see Table 2). These capacities were compared to other fruits previously reported by us including other South American fruits (Céspedes et al., 2010;Ramirez et al., 2014;Simirgiotis , 2014); also the TPC was half to that the Chilean guava fruits Ugni molinae Turcz., (50 mg GAE/g dry weight) which is situated in the average of antioxidant edible fruits (Balasundram et al., 2006;Pinto et al., 2009;Rodríguez-Roque et al., 2014). Also, the TPC values were half lower to those measured for Chilean blueberries (45.86 ± 3.46 mg GAE/g) (Ramirez et al., 2015) and TFC nearly half to that of the Luma apiculata (DC.) ...
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Corryocactus brevistylus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Britton & Rose (Cactaceae) is a shrubby or often arborescent cactus popularly known as “sancayo” and produce an edible fruit known as “Sanky” which is consumed in Arequipa-Perú. The purpose of this study was to report the gastroprotective activity and relate this activity to the antioxidant capacity and presence of phenolic compounds for the first time. A metabolomic profiling based on Ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography and electrospray high resolution mass spectrometry, and the antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), ascorbic acid content, total phenolics and flavonoids contents, and the mode of gastroprotective action of the Sanky fruit including the involvement of prostaglandins, nitric oxide, and sulfhydryl compounds is reported. Thirty-eight compounds were detected in the ethanolic extract including 12 organic acids, nine hydroxycinnamic acids, three isoamericanol derivatives, six flavonoids, five fatty acids, and two sterols. The results of the biological tests showed that the ethanolic extract had antioxidant capacity and gastroprotective activity on the model of HCl/EtOH-induced gastric lesions in mice (at 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). The effect elicited by the extract at 50 mg/kg was reversed by indometacin and N-ethylmaleimide but not by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester suggesting that sulfhydryl groups and prostaglandins are involved in the mode of gastroprotective action. In conclusion, our study proves that C. brevistylus pears have some gastroprotective and antioxidant capacities and consumption is recommended for the presence of several bioactive compounds.
... Specifically, the plates were sprayed with 0.2% DPPH in methanol (Torres et al., 2003;Cespedes et al., 2001). Further, each sample was analyzed with DPPH in microplates of 96 wells as follows: extracts (50 μL) were added to 150 μL DPPH (100 μM, final concentration) in methanol (The microtiter plate was immediately placed in a Biotek™ Model ELx808, Biotek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT) and the absorbance was read at 515 nm after 30 min (Dominguez et al., 2005;Cespedes et al., 2010). Quercetin and α-tocopherol were used as standards. ...
Article
Maqui-berry (Aristotelia chilensis) is the emerging Chilean superfruit with high nutraceutical value. Until now, the research on this commodity was focused on the formulations enriched with polyphenols from the pulp. Herein, contents of tocols were compared in the seed oil of Maqui-berry obtained through three different extraction methods followed by determining their antioxidative and enzyme inhibitions in-vitro. Firstly, oilseed was extracted with n-hexane (Soxhlet method), chloroform/methanol/water (Bligh and Dyer method) and pressing (industrial). These samples were used to access their effects against DPPH, HORAC, ORAC, FRAP, Lipid-peroxidation (TBARS), α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase. All the isomers of tocopherol and tocotrienol were identified, and β-sitosterol was the only sterol found in higher amounts than other vegetable oils. The Bligh and Dyer method could lead to the highest antioxidative capacity compared to Soxhlet and press methods likely because the latter have a higher amount of tocopherols. Further, seed oil from Maqui berry and their tocols (α, β, γ, δ-tocopherols, tocotrienols, and β-sitosterol) warrant clinical investigation for their antioxidative and antiobesity potential. Taken together, these findings provide relevant and suitable conditions for the industrial processing of Maqui-berry.
... The chemical composition of ripe maqui fruits has been intensively investigated. Céspedes et al. (2010) isolated and identified phenolics from aqueous and ethanolic extracts from A. chilensis fruits and compared the antioxidant effect of the different fractions using quercetin, tocopherol and BHT as reference compounds. A bioassay-guided study on the cytoprotective and antioxidant compounds from maqui berry allowed the isolation and full identification of a series of phenolics, including anthocyanins, flavonoids, acetophenone/benzaldehyde derivatives, simple phenolics, furfural derivatives and a citric acid derivative (Li et al., 2017). ...
Article
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Patagonia is the southernmost part of the South American continent including Chile and Argentina. Berries and wild fruits have been gathered by the native Patagonians as food and medicine for over 14,000 years. The economic potential of the native berries as health promoting and relevant sources of bioactive substances has become apparent with several studies in the last decades. Aim of study: This work aims to provide an insight into the ethnohistorical records of wild edible fruits from Patagonia starting with the archeobotanical studies to the contemporary use of the resources. The chemical and bioactivity studies on the native fruits are presented and discussed. Methodology: A search of electronic databases including Scopus, Scielo, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect and SciFinder, as well as hand-search was carried out to perform an integrative review on the native Patagonian berries. Results: The use of native berries as food and medicine by the ancient hunter-gatherer societies can be traced back to the early occupation of Patagonia. The same species used in prehistoric times are still used as food by the contemporary population in this area. Chemical and bioactivity studies have reported remarkable activities in several of the native berries, including calafate (Berberis spp.), native strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis), currants (Ribes spp.), Patagonian raspberries (Rubus spp.) and maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) fruits. The increasing demand for maqui and calafate led to the selection of varieties for commercial production. The fruit constituents show strong antioxidant and inhibitory effect towards enzymes associated with metabolic syndrome, including α-amylase, α-glucosidase and lipase. Some berry constituents exert anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. The phytochemicals identified include a wide array of phenolics of different structural skeletons. Changes in composition and bioactivity after simulated gastric and intestinal digestion, as well as colonic fermentation, have been reported in some Patagonian species. Conclusions: Patagonian berries are a relevant source of bioactive compounds with several health promoting properties. The long tradition of use and the interest of the population for their consumption has led to the development of some of this fruits as new potential crops. The ethnobotanical evidence shows a shared knowledge among the different indigenous communities on plant uses according to the local resources, and an integration of the ancient knowledge into the contemporary society. Other species are being investigated to get a more complete picture of the food and medicinal plants from Patagonia.
... These biological properties are associated to its chemical composition. Specifically, maqui berries are rich in several anthocyanins, such as delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides, which are responsible for its strong pigmentation, as well as hydroxybenzoic acids, flavan-3-ols, and glycosylated flavonols (Céspedes et al., 2010;Escribano-Bailón, Alcalde-Eon, Muñoz, Rivas-Gonzalo, & Santos-Buelga, 2006;Ramirez, Zambrano, Sepúlveda, Kennelly, & Simirgiotis, 2015;Rubilar et al., 2011). It is important to consider that these active compounds, principally anthocyanins, have low stability to thermal processes since high temperature causes loss of their functionalities (Ekici, Simsek, Ozturk, Sagdic, & Yetim, 2014). ...
Article
Aristotelia chilensis berry, also known as maqui (MQ), has received an increased interest in the last years due to its high polyphenolic content and interesting biological activities. In this work, extractions of maqui fruit were carried out under water, ethanol and ethanol 50%. The hydroalcoholic extract presented the highest polyphenolic content, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti‐tyrosinase properties, resulting the most promising extract to be part of a nutraceutical product. Subsequently, because some polyphenols, principally anthocyanins, are highly sensitive to thermal treatments, encapsulation of the most powerful extract was performed by electrospray. Hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPβCD) microcapsules containing increased amounts of maqui fruit extract were successfully electrosprayed. Morphological analysis revealed when maqui extract was incorporated at 30%, the distribution of particle diameters showed the most homogeneous ratio. Electrospun HPβCD capsules containing maqui extract, HPβCD/MQ, improved the thermal stability of MQ and preserved total phenolic content when exposed to high‐temperature treatments. Practical applications The interest of consumers toward the consumption of foods rich in polyphenols has grown during the last years. One of the main sources of polyphenols are berry fruits, and maqui is one of Chilean berries with highest polyphenolic content, mainly anthocyanins. This fruit has also shown interesting antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti‐tyrosinase activities that could contribute to the preservation of foods. The protection of these maqui fruit extract polyphenols through the encapsulation in zeina microparticles broadens the range of applications of this fruit in different applications and food formulations that involve high temperature thermal treatments, such as bakery and dairy products.
... Therefore, a diametrically opposite result could be obtained by evaluating the use of molecules or compounds with antioxidant activity. The maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) is a native Chilean shrub with antiinflammatory effects, analgesic properties, antimicrobial activity, and powerful properties against oxidative damage (He et al., 1997;Miranda-Rottmann et al., 2002;Céspedes et al., 2010). Anthocyanins represent water-soluble flavonoid species, and specifically, the delphinidins represent the most potent antioxidant species, with maqui berry being the richest known natural source of this compound (Watson and Schönlau, 2015). ...
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The study evaluated the effects of nucleoprotein viral and the infectious virus in SHK-1 cells. The results show a strong respiratory burst activation and the induction of p47phox, SOD, GLURED, and apoptotic genes. Additionally, the cells alter the profile of SUMOylated proteins by the effect of transfection and infection experiments. In silico analyses show a set of structural motifs in NP susceptible of post-translational modification by the SUMO protein. Interestingly, the inhibition of the NADPH oxidase complex blocked the production of reactive oxygen species and the high level of cellular ROS due to the nucleoprotein and the ISAv. At the same time, the blocking of the p38MAPK signaling pathway and the use of Aristotelia chilensis, decreased viral progeny production. These results suggest that the NP triggers a strong production of ROS and modifying the post-translational profile mediated by SUMO-2/3, a phenomenon that favors the production of new virions.
... The main free flavonoids identified in maqui berries were myricetin and quercetin (Table 4). These results agree with several authors who have reported the identification of the same flavonoids (Céspedes et al. 2010;Vidal et al. 2014;Brauch et al. 2016;Genskowsky et al. 2016). Table 4 shows some increase in these compounds, because they are commonly bound to sugars. ...
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In this study, maqui berries were subjected to vacuum drying at 40–80 °C to assess and compare the effect on proximate composition, dietary fiber, phenolic and flavonoid compounds, antioxidant capacity and sugar content. The Weibull model was used for describing the vacuum drying process. The results indicated that the highest retention of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was obtained after drying at 80 °C. Six phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography. These were gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, myricetin and quercetin. In general, every phenolic compound showed a higher retention at temperatures above 60 °C. The antioxidant capacity of dried samples (ORAC assay) showed significant differences compared to the fresh fruit. Fructose and glucose were the two sugars present in the fruit. These results show that vacuum drying of maqui berries at 80 °C is an appropriate temperature for maintaining TPC, TFC, anthocyanins, sugars and dietary fiber with a shorter drying time compared to the other temperatures.
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The prevalence and socioeconomic impact of metabolic diseases is rapidly growing. The limited availability of effective and affordable treatments has fuelled interest in the therapeutic potential of natural compounds as they occur in selected food sources. These compounds might help to better manage the current problems of treatment availability, affordability, and adverse effects that, in combination, limit treatment duration and efficacy at present. Specifically, berries garnered interest given a strong epidemiological link between their consumption and improved metabolic functions, making the analysis of their phytochemical composition and the identification and characterization of biologically active ingredients an emerging area of research. In this regard, the present review focuses on the South American maqui berry Aristotelia chilensis, which has been extensively used by the indigenous Mapuche population for generations to treat a variety of disease conditions. An overview of the maqui plant composition precedes a review of pre-clinical and clinical studies that investigated the effects of maqui berries and their major components on metabolic homeostasis. The final part of the review highlights possible technologies to conserve maqui berry structural and functional integrity during passage through the small intestine, ultimately aiming to augment their systemic and luminal bioavailability and biological effects. The integration of the various aspects discussed herein can assist in the development of effective maqui-based therapies to benefit the growing population of metabolically compromised patients.
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This research aimed to describe the physicochemical and pomological characteristics of blackberry fruits of the wild-type variety grown in the region of Arapgir (town of Malatya). The investigation focused on determining the indicators of bioactive characteristics, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and anthocyanin content of the blackberry fruits. Furthermore, the aroma profile was assessed by conducting volatile component analysis using the SPME/GC-MS technique. The blackberry samples exhibited a higher total phenolic content (2132.66 mg GAE 100g-1) compared to several studies, although their total anthocyanin content (356.19 mg cyn-3-O-gly 100g-1) was determined to be similar to earlier research findings. The methanolic extracts exhibited significant radical-scavenging activity, suggesting superior antioxidant capacity. The ABTS+• and DPPH• capacities were determined to be 19.38 mmol TE 100g-1 and 26.88 mmol TE 100g-1, respectively. For volatiles, a total of 67 components have been identified based on the research of the volatile components of the samples. The components represented a total of 13 aldehydes, 4 ketones, 20 alcohols, 24 esters, 4 terpenes, and 2 miscellaneous components.
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The blood-flesh peach or vineyard peach is an older heritage cultivar with juicy red-flesh and tart-sweet flavor. They are popular in France, where more than 200 years ago wine growers used to plant them on the vineyards as biological markers to detect the presence of powdery mildew. It is present in countries such as China, Italy, New Zealand, Australia and USA however, it remains a very rare variety worldwide. In Chile, the blood-flesh peach has a centenary presence in rural orchards where is called “Durazno Betarraga.” Reproduced by seeds, it has pass through generations of family farmers and has been adapted to local environmental conditions. This red-flesh peach is a local variety considered part of their traditional diets, however, cultural changes in food consumption, short postharvest life and water scarcity due to climate change are threatening its conservation. One of the objectives of the International Year of Fruits and Vegetables, as defined by the FAO, is to integrate small holders and family farmers into value chains for sustainable production and consumption of fruits and vegetables recognizing the contributions of farmer's landraces to their food security, nutrition, livelihoods and income. To promote this objective, we present the work we have been carry out for several years with a farming community. We have conducted ethnographic research to provide a qualitative description of the agricultural value of the blood peach in a limited territory of the Maule Region defined as the study area. For the quantitative section of our research we analyzed the antioxidant capacity (ORAC) and total polyphenol content and compared them with those of other fruits. To gather information on the presence of the blood-fleshed peach in other regions of Chile, we used a citizen science approach through social networks. We propose that this local variety is an innovative raw material to develop healthy fruit-based food, thus encouraging its conservation and consumption with a positive social and economic impact for the community and the local food system.
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The effects of three extraction methods on the yields, physicochemical properties, stabilities and antioxidant activities of anthocyanins from perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. were investigated and compared. Three extraction methods were applied to extract perilla leaves anthocyanins (PLAs), which include ultrasonic-assisted water extraction (UWE), ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction (UEE) and ultrasonic-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (UATPE). The yields, color quality, stabilities and antioxidant activities of three anthocyanins were significantly different. More specifically, UATPE-PLAs had the maximum total anthocyanins content (18.37 ± 0.91 mg/g) and the best color valence (30.01 ± 0.08). After storage at 4 °C for 15 days, the retention rate of the UATPE-PLAs (95.52 ± 1.29%) was higher than UEE-PLAs (89.73 ± 1.34%) and UWE-PLAs (62.22 ± 3.85%). And the UATPE-PLAs were stable at pH 3.7, while the UWE-PLAs and the UEE-PLAs were stable at pH 2.5. What's more, UATPE-PLAs displayed higher DPPH radical scavenging (98.21 ± 0.04%), reduction power (IC50 = 0.58 mg Trolox equivalent/mL), hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (89.45 ± 0.01%) and anti-lipid peroxidation ability (87.72 ± 0.03%).
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Berries come from hundreds of different species of plants spread around the world. Blackberries, blueberries and raspberries, for instance, are popular berries that have attracted attention for providing several benefits to human health. Wild berries from the Melastomataceae family are commonly encountered in the Amazon, although these small blue fruits are poorly consumed. Although domesticated fruits give better monetary profits, a consumption of wild fruits is a desirable option to afford food communities at the same time as keep the Amazon region preserved. Aiming the divulgation of the nutritional potentials of these plants, this paper describes the study of six species of Amazonian blueberries, five of them from the Clidemia genus and one from the Tococa genus, in regard to their nutritional and chemical composition and antioxidant activity (AA). The levels of moisture, ash, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and the total caloric value obtained for the Amazonian blueberries were comparable to other common edible berries. Although the six species are similar in terms of nutritional composition, their anthocyanin profile and content are quite peculiar. Two non-methylated anthocyanins, cyanidin and delphinidin, which bound to a variable number of sugars, characterize berries of the genera Clidemia and Tococa. Clidemua japurensis, C. hirta and Tococa bullifera were dominated by tri-glycosylated anthocyanins, although differences are notable between them. C. pustulata and C. capitellata were characterized by mono-glycosylated anthocyanins, and C. rubra showed a unique profile with mono- and di-glycosylated homologous as the main anthocyanins. In addition to their different chemical profiles, the concentrations of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds varied a lot among the six species studied. The species C. rubra had the highest total concentration of phenolic acids and flavonoids. The concentrations of phenolic compounds were related to AA, which were evaluated via ABTS and DPPH assays, and revealed that these Amazonian blueberries represent an important source of bioactive molecules. This study shows that the blueberries analyzed have potential to be better explored, which we suggest that has to be done in a sustainable way, aiming at the preservation of the Amazon’s biodiversity.
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Background: Polyphenols represent a group of bioactive compounds of interest for their efficacy in the prevention and treatment of some diseases of a cardiovascular nature. Calafate (Berberis microphylla) is a native Chilean fruit, promising due to its high number of phenolic compounds, with predominance of anthocyanins delphinidin-3-hexoside and petunidin-3-hexoside. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were supplemented with 350 mg/kg of freeze-dried calafate for 10 weeks. Dietary variables, plasma glucose, lipid profile, as well as atherogenic and cardiovascular risk indexes were measured. Results: Animals receiving calafate with their HFD diet compared to the HFD control was not associated with significant modifications in dietary variables or in total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. However, due to the modest elevation of high-density lipoproteins, the Atherogenic Index and the Cardiovascular Risk Index were significantly decreased. Conclusion: Based on these results, the calafate could have an antithrombotic function, favoring cardiovascular health. Keywords: High-fat diet, polyphenols, calafate berry, HDL-cholesterol, Atherogenic Index
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Los Productos Forestales No Madereros (PFNM), definidos como "bienes de origen biológicos distintos de la madera, provenientes de los bosques", han experimentado un aumento sostenido en su consumo por parte de la sociedad en estas últimas décadas, en especial la categoría de alimentos y especies medicinales, valorados por su condición de bien de origen silvestre, natural y/o orgánico, con impacto significativo en la salud y en el contexto de la alimentación sana. Con el objetivo de contribuir a este conocimiento, así como a la protección y conservación de nuestros recursos, al rescate de la cultura de la recolección y a la generación de nuevas oportunidades de negocios, el Instituto Forestal, a través de su Programa de Investigación sobre PFNM, entrega estos antecedentes para poner a disposición y orientar a todos quienes quieran explorar y emprender en forma sustentable, en este interesante ámbito de los productos forestales no madereros
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Maqui is a wild native berry from the Chilean and Argentinean Patagonia that is considered an important source of bioactive compounds for its high antioxidant activity and anthocyanin concentration. Processing methods that improve shelf-life can affect stability of antioxidant compounds. Furthermore, there is limited information of the processing effect on non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and quality of maqui-derived products. The aim of this work was to those characteristics on processed fruit using conventional canning (CC), convective forced hot air drying (CFHAD), osmotic drying (OD), and freeze-drying (FD). Ten non-anthocyanin phenolics were quantified using HPLC-MS. Luteolin-7-O-glucoside and hydroxycinnamic acid concentration showed a significant reduction by 45% when processed using CFHAD and OD. Rutin and hyperoside concentrations were significantly higher (24.76 μg/g and 100.20 μg/g) in FD maqui when compared to CC and OD treatments. CFHAD achieved the lowest water activity (0.41) and CC the highest total soluble solids content 28.00 °Brix. Antioxidant capacity of CC maqui samples showed a 17.6% decrease, while FD, CFHAD, and OD samples showed an average 21.8% increase. The results of this work can provide valuable information to functional food producers to determine optimal processing conditions to protect antioxidant compound of maqui.
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Background and Objectives: Carapa procera is a popular herb used by traditional healers in the western part of Burkina Faso. In a previous study, Carapa procera showed interesting antiplasmodial activity in vitro against P. falciparum . The present study aimed to evaluate its in vivo potential against malaria parasites and its safety in mice. Materials and Methods: The antimalarial activity of the ethanolic extract was evaluated on Plasmodium berghei Anka in the Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice using the Peters 4-day suppressive test. The acute toxicity was performed according to the Lorke method and sub-acute toxicity following the Seewaboon method. The polyphenols and flavonoids were determined by colorimetric methods. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated in vitro by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAPP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. Results: Carapa procera had a good antiplasmodial activity at a dose of 250 mg kg1 b.wt. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids in the extracts. Soxhlet ethanolic extracts had the highest content in polyphenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of Soxhlet ethanolic extracts was better than macerated extract by DPPH method and FRAP method. Besides, no mortality in mice was recorded with the soxhlet ethanolic extract. No toxic signs were observed in animals in the sub-acute toxicity test. Conclusion: Carapa procera soxhlet ethanolic stem bark extract had a good in vivo antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei infection in mice and the extract was relatively safe when administered orally in mice.
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Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis ) is an edible berry. The study aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of maqui berry on inflammatory bowel disease. Maqui berry water extract was separated by solvent extraction, and chemical basis, and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of different fractions were compared. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis mice were used for the pharmacological activity test in vivo. Experimental results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of maqui berry water extract (MWE) was rich in phenols and exhibited with good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. MWE considerably reduced the expression of COX2 and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Inflammatory bowel disease index, MDA, NO, i-NOS, and COX2 in colon tissues, MPO, TNF-α, and IL-1β in blood serums were remarkably decreased in the treatment group than in the model group (p < 0.05). Intestinal histopathological damage was significantly alleviated in the treatment group, and the expression of occludin was increased (p < 0.05). MWE treatment alleviated the imbalance of gut microbiota caused by DSS injury. Overall, MWE plays a therapeutic role in ulcerative colitis through its anti-inflammatory effect, reduces immune stress, and regulates gut microbiota.
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Human and animal intervention studies have provided enough evidence for protective effects of different foods rich in polyphenols against non-communicable diseases including cardio-vascular diseases, cancer and diabetes. Though over the last decade South American berries, rich sources of polyphenols, especially maqui, converted to research of interest due to their remarkable potential health benefits, yet so far, there are very limited studies have been conducted on the effect of maqui berry and non-communicable diseases, and information about its domestication is also still deficient. This comprehensive review is focusing on the health potential of maqui, especially on its effect on non-communicable diseases. It is anticipated that this article will extend our understanding of maqui-health benefit relationship. More detailed and long term in vivo intervention and in-vitro studies are needed to fully understand how maqui interacts with human physiological and pathological processes, considering the rapid increase in prevalence of non-communicable diseases.
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The antioxidant activities and total phenolics of 28 plant products, including sunflower seeds, flaxseeds, wheat germ, buckwheat, and several fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants were determined. The total phenolic content, determined according to the Folin−Ciocalteu method, varied from 169 to 10548 mg/100 g of dry product. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract evaluated according to the β-carotene bleaching method expressed as AOX (Δ log A470/min), AA (percent inhibition relative to control), ORR (oxidation rate ratio), and AAC (antioxidant activity coefficient) ranged from 0.05, 53.7, 0.009, and 51.7 to 0.26, 99.1, 0.46, and 969.3, respectively. The correlation coefficient between total phenolics and antioxidative activities was statistically significant. Keywords: Antioxidant activity; phenolics; medicinal plants; oilseeds; buckwheat; vegetables; fruits; wheat products
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3-Hydroxyindole was isolated from the EtOH extract of fruits of Aristotelia chilensis during analyses by HPLC/MS and GC/MS and identified by its mass fragmentation pattern and spectrophotometric data. Additionally, this extract showed an interesting antioxidant activity in DPPH, crocin and TBARS assays. The presence of this type of compound in this fruit species permits us to explain its strong antioxidant activity and its important part in the biosynthetic pathway of phenolic and alkaloid compounds in this plant. Therefore this compound could be useful for the development of future nutraceutical and antioxidant protective agents.
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Two structurally related flavonols, quercetin and morin, along with protocatechuic acid (PA), beta-resorcylic acid (DHBA), and phloroglucinol carboxylic acid (PCA), which represent quercetin and morin degradation products, were assessed with respect to their antioxidant potency by chemical comparisons in competing oxidation reactions. The measurement of the antioxidant capacity was performed with the beta-carotene bleaching method, and the compounds were also tested with respect to their abilities to prevent lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation. The effect of concentration was also considered. The results obtained strongly suggested that quercetin is a powerful antioxidant in every system used, whereas morin is a much weaker antioxidant and in some cases may also have pro-oxidant action. PA and PCA were always inferior antioxidants compared to the parent molecule quercetin; DHBA and PCA exhibited activities comparable to that of morin in reaction comparisons.
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Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles is a key event in the development of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL induces oxidative stress and modifies gene expression in endothelial cells. Berries constitute a rich dietary source of phenolic antioxidants. We found that the endemic Chilean berry Aristotelia chilensis (ach) has higher phenol content and scores better for total radical-trapping potential and total antioxidant reactivity in in vitro antioxidant capacity tests, when compared to different commercial berries. The juice of ach is also effective in inhibiting copper-induced LDL oxidation. In human endothelial cell cultures, the addition of ach juice significantly protects from hydrogen peroxide-induced intracellular oxidative stress and is dose-dependent. The aqueous, anthocyanin-rich fraction of ach juice accounts for most of ach's antioxidant properties. These results show that ach is a rich source of phenolics with high antioxidant capacity and suggest that it may have antiatherogenic properties.
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Methods available for the measurement of antioxidant capacity are reviewed, presenting the general chemistry underlying the assays, the types of molecules detected, and the most important advantages and shortcomings of each method. This overview provides a basis and rationale for developing standardized antioxidant capacity methods for the food, nutraceutical, and dietary supplement industries. From evaluation of data presented at the First International Congress on Antioxidant Methods in 2004 and in the literature, as well as consideration of potential end uses of antioxidants, it is proposed that procedures and applications for three assays be considered for standardization: the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and possibly the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. ORAC represent a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction mechanism, which is most relevant to human biology. The Folin-Ciocalteu method is an electron transfer (ET) based assay and gives reducing capacity, which has normally been expressed as phenolic contents. The TEAC assay represents a second ET-based method. Other assays may need to be considered in the future as more is learned about some of the other radical sources and their importance to human biology.
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The family Elaeocarpaceae is represented in Chile by three species. These are Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz, Crinodendron hookerianum Gay and Crinodendron patagua Mol. The isolation of 8 indole and one quinoline alkaloids from Aristotelia chilensis had been reported earlier. This is the first report about the presence of makomakine, hobartine and serratoline in Aristotelia chilensis, alkaloids which had been reported as constituents of Aristotelia species from Australia and New Zealand. The yield of these alkaloids from Aristotelia chilensis is very low (0.0003%) to carry out biological testing. In order to try to increase their yield callus tissue cultures were established. Through this procedure five alkaloids, aristotelone, aristotelinone, aristone, makonine, hobartine and aristoquinoline were obtained in higher concentration (0.08-0.09 %) than in the differentiated plant material.
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There is currently much interest in phytochemicals as bioactive components of food. The roles of fruit, vegetables and red wine in disease prevention have been attributed, in part, to the antioxidant properties of their constituent polyphenols (vitamins E and C, and the carotenoids). Recent studies have shown that many dietary polyphenolic constituents derived from plants are more effective antioxidants in vitro than vitamins E or C, and thus might contribute significantly to the protective effects in vivo. It is now possible to establish the antioxidant activities of plant-derived flavonoids in the aqueous and lipophilic phases, and to assess the extent to which the total antioxidant potentials of wine and tea can be accounted for by the activities of individual polyphenols.
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Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Analyses of the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) type are convenient, simple, and require only common equipment and have produced a large body of comparable data. Under proper conditions, the assay is inclusive of monophenols and gives predictable reactions with the types of phenols found in nature. Because different phenols react to different degrees, expression of the results as a single number—such as milligrams per liter gallic acid equivalence—is necessarily arbitrary. Because the reaction is independent, quantitative, and predictable, analysis of a mixture of phenols can be recalculated in terms of any other standard. The assay measures all compounds readily oxidizable under the reaction conditions and its very inclusiveness allows certain substances to also react that are either not phenols or seldom thought of as phenols (e.g., proteins). Judicious use of the assay—with consideration of potential interferences in particular samples and prior study if necessary—can lead to very informative results. Aggregate analysis of this type is an important supplement to and often more informative than reems of data difficult to summarize from various techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that separate a large number of individual compounds .The predictable reaction of components in a mixture makes it possible to determine a single reactant by other means and to calculate its contribution to the total FC phenol content. Relative insensitivity of the FC analysis to many adsorbents and precipitants makes differential assay—before and after several different treatments—informative.
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Bioactive extracts from wild blueberries were isolated, fractionated, and analyzed. Antioxidant activity, cardioprotective capacity, and ability to inhibit the initiation stage of chemically-induced carcinogenesis were evaluated. Many fractions had antioxidant activity, especially those rich in anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. The ease of isolation of bioactive compounds and the ability to obtain accurate bioassays depended strongly on the source material used. Extracts from spray-dried formulations containing magnesium citrate and tri-calcium phosphate provided easier materials for bioactivity assessment and demonstrated antioxidant, cancer preventive and cardioprotective activity. Extracts with potent antioxidant activity degraded readily, underscoring the need for rapid alternative fractionation tactics and rigorously controlled storage conditions.
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Epidemiological studies suggest that broccoli can decrease risk for cancer. Broccoli contains many bioactives, including vitamins C and E, quercetin and kaempferol glycosides and, like other members of the Brassicaceae, several glucosinolates, including glucobrassicin (3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate) and glucoraphanin (4-methylsulphinylbutyl glucosinolate). A key bioactive component responsible for much of this activity may be sulforaphane (1-isothiocyanato-4-methylsulfinylbutane), a hydrolysis product of glucoraphanin. Sulforaphane not only upregulates a number of phase II detoxification enzymes involved in clearance of chemical carcinogens and reactive oxygen species, but has anti-tumorigenic properties, causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells. The bioequivalency of sulforaphane and whole broccoli have not been fully evaluated, leaving it unclear whether whole broccoli provides a similar effect to purified sulforaphane, or whether the presence of other components in broccoli, such as indole-3-carbinol from glucobrassicin, is an added health benefit. Dietary indole-3-carbinol is known to alter estrogen metabolism, to cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells and, in animals, to decrease risk for breast cancer. Recent research suggests that both dietary broccoli and the individual components sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol may offer protection from a far broader array of diseases than cancer, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. A common link between these oxidative degenerative diseases and cancer may be aggravation by inflammation. A small body of literature is forming suggesting that both indole-3-carbinol and sulforaphane may protect against inflammation, inhibiting cytokine production. It remains to be seen whether cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementia and other diseases of aging can all benefit from a diet rich in broccoli and other crucifers.
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The methanol extract from mature fruits of Aristotelia chilensis (Mol) Stuntz (Elaeocarpaceae) showed antioxidant activities and cardioprotective effects on acute ischemia/reperfusion performed in rat heart in vivo. This extract protected animals from heart damage by the incidence of reperfusion dysrythmias, and the no-recovery of sinus rhythm. On the other hand, the MeOH extract of the fruit was able to prevent these harmful events in the animal’s heart by diminishing lipid oxidation and reducing the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), a lipid peroxidation index. In addition, MeOH extract of A. chilensis was evaluated for DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, crocin radical scavenging, oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), an estimation of lipid peroxidation in liposomes through the inhibition of formation of TBARS. MeOH extract was found to have IC50 of 1.62 ppm against DPPH and 2.51 ppm against TBARS, compared with the juice, whose IC50 was 12.1 ppm and 9.58 ppm against DPPH and TBARS formation, respectively. Antioxidant activities of MeOH extract were strongly correlated with total polyphenol content. Consistent with this finding, MeOH had the greatest ORAC and FRAP values as percentage of activity. These results show that these fruits could be useful as antioxidant, cardioprotective and nutraceutical sources.
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Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds with health-related properties. Citrus fruits are rich in flavonoids and their extracts are being used as functional ingredients for several industrial products. A new high performance liquid chromatography technique with an UV photodiode-array detector was used to analyze flavonoids of an extract of Citrus species. To our knowledge this is the first study that reports isoquercitrin presence at a level of 77.3 mg/100 g in a sample made of Citrus fruits; four other flavonoids were quantified as rutin (326.59 mg/100 g), naringin (338.36 mg/100 g), quercetin (96.35 mg/100 g) and naringenin (2.35 mg/100 g). Identification was confirmed by a liquid chromatography mass spectrometer system. Method validation was achieved, providing an analytical technique that can be used to detect trace amounts of these compounds in Citrus extracts with an extremely rapid sample preparation.
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Antioxidant activity of the methanol crude extract and its fractions, isolated by liquid–liquid partition, from the fruiting bodies of Agrocybe aegerita, an edible mushroom, was evaluated by scavenging activity of 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS+) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation of rat brain homogenate. The ethyl acetate (EA) fraction, which showed the most potent antioxidant activity in the above two assays, was further fractionated by a Sephadex LH-20 column into four subfractions (EA1–EA4). EA3 exhibited the strongest radical-scavenging activity in the ABTS+ and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and showed a similar extent of in vitro inhibition of human LDL oxidation to caffeic acid. Significant correlation was found between the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity (p<0.01) in the EA fraction and its subfractions.
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Different cultivars of four Vaccinium species [Vaccinium corymbosum L (Highbush), Vaccinium ashei Reade (Rabbiteye), Vaccinium angustifolium (Lowbush), and Vaccinium myrtillus L (Bilberry)] were analyzed for total phenolics, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC). The total antioxidant capacity of different berries studied ranged from a low of 13.9 to 45.9 micromole Trolox equivalents (TE)/g of fresh berry (63.2-282.3 micromole TE/g of dry matter) in different species and cultivars of Vaccinium. Brightwell and Tifblue cultivars of rabbiteye blueberries were harvested at 2 times, 49 days apart. Increased maturity at harvest increased the ORAC, the anthocyanin, and the total phenolic content. The growing location (Oregon vs Michigan vs New Jersey) did not affect ORAC, anthocyanin or total phenolic content of the cv. Jersey of highbush blueberries. A linear relationship existed between ORAC and anthocyanin (r(xy) = 0.77) or total phenolic (r(xy) = 0.92) content. In general, blueberries are one of the richest sources of antioxidant phytonutrients of the fresh fruits and vegetables we have studied.
Article
When cells are exposed to oxidative stress, DNA damage frequently occurs. The molecular mechanisms causing this damage may include activation of nucleases and direct reaction of hydroxyl radicals with the DNA. Several oxygen-derived species can attack DNA, producing distinctive patterns of chemical modification. Observation of these patterns and measurement of some of the products formed has been used to determine the role of different oxygen-derived species in DNA cleavage reactions, to assess the extent of oxidative damage to DNA in vivo and to investigate the mechanism of DNA damage by ionizing radiation and chemical carcinogens.
Article
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease. The importance of transition metal ions in mediating oxidant damage naturally leads to the question as to what forms of such ions might be available to catalyze radical reactions in vivo . The chapter discusses the metabolism of transition metals, such as iron and copper. It also discusses the chelation therapy that is an approach to site-specific antioxidant protection. The detection and measurement of lipid peroxidation is the evidence most frequently cited to support the involvement of free radical reactions in toxicology and in human disease. A wide range of techniques is available to measure the rate of this process, but none is applicable to all circumstances. The two most popular are the measurement of diene conjugation and the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test, but they are both subject to pitfalls, especially when applied to human samples. The chapter also discusses the essential principles of the peroxidation process. When discussing lipid peroxidation, it is essential to use clear terminology for the sequence of events involved; an imprecise use of terms such as initiation has caused considerable confusion in the literature. In a completely peroxide-free lipid system, first chain initiation of a peroxidation sequence in a membrane or polyunsaturated fatty acid refers to the attack of any species that has sufficient reactivity to abstract a hydrogen atom from a methylene group.
Article
During the reaction of oxidized ethyl linoleate with egg albumin in dry medium at 60 degrees C, hydroperoxides were rapidly decomposed almost completely, while carbonylic anisidine-active and thiobarbituric-acid-active substances were decomposed rapidly in the beginning and only slowly afterwards. Both hydroperoxides and carbonylic oxidation products were substantially more stable in mixtures with cellulose than with albumin. Hydrogen-bonded lipoproteins were rapidly formed, passed through a maximum, and remained nearly constant in the last reaction stage. Covalently bonded lipids in lipoproteins were mainly formed in the stage following the rapid decomposition of hydroperoxides and carbonylic compounds, and immediately following the decrease of hydrogen-bonded lipoproteins. The binding of oxidized lipids into lipoproteins was accompanied by the formation of protein oligomers and by the loss of available lysine.
Article
The study of free radical reactions is not an isolated and esoteric branch of science. A knowledge of free radical chemistry and biochemistry is relevant to an understanding of all diseases and the mode of action of all toxins, if only because diseased or damaged tissues undergo radical reactions more readily than do normal tissues. However it does not follow that because radical reactions can be demonstrated, they are important in any particular instance. We hope that the careful techniques needed to assess the biological role of free radicals will become more widely used.
Article
The relative antioxidant activities, against radicals generated in the aqueous phase, of a range of plant-derived polyphenolic flavonoids, constituents of fruit, vegetables, tea and wine, have been assessed. The results show that compounds such as quercetin and cyanidin, with 3',4' dihydroxy substituents in the B ring and conjugation between the A and B rings, have antioxidant potentials four times that of Trolox, the vitamin E analogue. Removing the ortho-dihydroxy substitution, as in kaempferol, or the potential for electron delocalisation by reducing the 2,3 double bond in the C ring, as in catechin and epicatechin, decreases the antioxidant activity by more than 50%, but these structures are still more effective than alpha-tocopherol or ascorbate. The relative significance of the positions and extents of hydroxylation of the A and B rings to the total antioxidant activity of these plant polyphenolics is demonstrated.
Article
Fe(II) and Fe(III) are required for the catalysis of lipid peroxidation through generation of reactive oxygen species that damage cell membranes. This study investigated the effect of free radicals and lipid peroxidation, induced by intraperitoneal injection of iron-dextran in vivo, in the plasma of the sugar-induced hypertriglyceridemic and hypertensive male and female rats. Lipid peroxidation was measured by the malondialdehyde (MDA) equivalent, using a fluorescence method of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Iron increased TBARS generation by fourfold (P<.0001) in male control rats and by twofold (P<.01) in female control rats, and the difference between TBARS concentration in female as compared with male animals was statistically significant (P<.05). In the case of the sugar-fed group, iron-dextran produced an increase of TBARS concentration by twofold in both male (P<.001) and female rats (P<.01), and no significant difference in TBARS concentration was observed between sugar-fed female and male rats. The analysis of fatty acid composition by gas chromatography showed a significant diminution of 50% in the proportion of arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) in the male control group in comparison with the female group (P<.0001). In female control rats, a small diminution in the proportion of C20:4n-6 and in the other polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed (P<.05). A significant difference in the C20:4n-6 proportion was found between the male and female group of control rats. In the sugar-fed group, iron induced a significant diminution of arachidonic acid (P<.001) in both female and male rats in comparison with the sugar-fed group without iron.
Article
The antioxidant properties of prenylflavones, isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., was evaluated in this study. Among them, artocarpine, artocarpetin, artocarpetin A, and cycloheterophyllin diacetate and peracetate had no effect on iron-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate. They also did not scavenge the stable free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. In contrast, cycloheterophyllin and artonins A and B inhibited iron-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate and scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. They also scavenged peroxyl radicals and hydroxyl radicals that were generated by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride and the Fe3+-ascorbate-EDTA-H2O2 system, respectively. However, they did not inhibit xanthine oxidase activity or scavenge superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, carbon radical, or peroxyl radicals derived from 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) in hexane. Moreover, cycloheterophyllin and artonins A and B inhibited copper-catalyzed oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein, as measured by fluorescence intensity, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance and conjugated-diene formations and electrophoretic mobility. It is concluded that cycloheterophyllin and artonins A and B serve as powerful antioxidants against lipid peroxidation when biomembranes are exposed to oxygen radicals.
Article
This paper assesses critically the science base that underpins the argument that oxidative damage is a significant causative factor in the development of human diseases and that antioxidants are capable of preventing or ameliorating these disease processes. The assessment has been carried out under a number of headings, and some recommendations for future research are made based on the present day knowledge base. The knowledge database (1) Consideration of the basic science that underlies understanding of the role of free radicals in causing cellular pathologies, and the role of antioxidants in preventing this, shows that an imbalance of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defence systems may lead to chemical modifications of biologically relevant macromolecules. This imbalance provides a logical pathobiochemical mechanism for the initiation and development of several disease states. Experimental data obtained in vivo provide evidence that antioxidants function in systems that scavenge reactive oxygen species and that these are relevant to what occurs in vivo. The relevance in vivo of these observations depends inter alia on knowledge of the uptake and distribution of the antioxidant within the human body, and on what tissue levels of the antioxidant may be expected in relation to dietary levels. (2) There is some way to go until validated precise methods are available for measuring biomarkers of oxidative damage in human subjects in vivo under minimally invasive conditions. With respect to oxidative damage in DNa, HPLC and GC-mass spectrophotometry methods have both merits and limitations. Lipid oxidation products in plasma are best measured as isoprostanes or as lipid hydroperoxides using specific HPLC techniques. Development of isoprostane measurement will advance specificity and precision. The measurement of oxidative damage to proteins has some potential but such methods have not been effectively exploited. (3) Epidemiological studies support the hypothesis that the major antioxidant nutrients vitamin E and vitamin C, and beta-carotene (which may or may not be acting as an antioxidant in vivo), may play a beneficial role in prevention of several chronic disorders. More research is needed on the impact of other non-nutrient compounds, such as other carotenoids and flavonoids, on human health. In general, human intervention studies using hard end-points are the gold standard. Trials are restricted mainly to the major antioxidants and do not allow firm conclusions because of inconsistent findings, an insufficient number of studies and the use of varying doses. There is evidence that large doses of beta-carotene may be deleterious to the health of certain subgroups of the population such as heavy habitual smokers. (4) With respect to the safety of administration of supplementary vitamins, vitamin C is safe at levels of supplementation up to 600 mg/d, and higher levels, up to 2000 mg/d, are without risk. Vitamin E has a very low human toxicity and an intake of 1000 mg/d is without risk; 3200 mg/d has been shown to be without any consistent risk. Large intakes of beta-carotene must be viewed with caution because they have been shown to confer detriment to a population at high risk of lung cancer when administered after many years of high risk (smoking) behaviour. Until further work clarifies the situation in heavy smokers with respect to taking supplements, larger doses should be avoided by such individuals. There is little reliable information about the human toxicology of flavonoids and related non-nutrient antioxidant constituents of the diet. (5) The food industry has long experience in the control of oxidative damage in foods and this experience can be used to advantage for the protection of food antioxidants which are beneficial. Some of these, such as vitamins C and E and beta-carotene, are well known, and strategies for their protection in foods are already exploited by food technologies. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
Article
Anthocyanins are common colored plant flavonoids, occurring as glycosides of the respective anthocyanidin-chromophores. Like other flavonoids, anthocyanidins are also expected to have antioxidative and anti-mutagenic properties in vivo, although only few data are available. To gain more knowledge on possible protective mechanisms in mammalian cells, we have compared their extracellular and intracellular antioxidative potential in vitro and in human colon tumor cells. We used Aronia melanocarpa Elliot anthocyanin (AA) concentrates, fractions thereof, concentrates from Elderberry, Macqui, and Tintorera fruits, as well as pure compounds. In vitro, antioxidative properties of the samples were studied with the ferric reducing ability assay (FRA assay). As a measure of intracellular oxidative/antioxidative effects, H2O2-induced strand breaks as well as oxidized DNA bases were determined in human tumor HT29 clone 19A cells using a microgelelectrophoresis assay (comet test). Major results were that isolated compounds (aglycons and glycosides) and complex plant samples are powerful antioxidants in vitro. In fact their activities by far exceeded those of Trolox and vitamin C in the FRA assay. Also, H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks were reduced in cells treated with the complex plant extracts. In contrast, endogenous generation of oxidized DNA bases was not prevented. In summary, the intracellular steady state of oxidized DNA bases is not altered by anthocyanins or anthocyanidins. This finding raises questions with respect to the cancer preventive potential of anthocyanidins within specific tissues, such as the colon. Extracellularly, however, the compounds are potent antioxidants. This points to their potential for providing systemic protection in vivo, e.g., by scavenging oxidants in the blood stream and in the colon. Notably, both aglycons and glycosides have equally strong antioxidant activity.
Article
A variety of flavonoids, lignans, an alkaloid, a bisbenzyl, coumarins and terpenes isolated from Chinese herbs was tested for antioxidant activity as reflected in the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation in rat brain and kidney homogenates and rat erythrocyte hemolysis. The pro-oxidant activities of the aforementioned compounds were assessed by their effects on bleomycin-induced DNA damage. The flavonoids baicalin and luteolin-7-glucuronide-6'-methyl ester, the lignan 4'-demethyldeoxypodophyllotoxin, the alkaloid tetrahydropalmatine, the bisbenzyl erianin and the coumarin xanthotoxol exhibited potent antioxidative activity in both lipid peroxidation and hemolysis assays. The flavonoid rutin and the terpene tanshinone I manifested potent antioxidative activity in the lipid peroxidation assay but no inhibitory activity in the hemolysis assay. The lignan deoxypodophyllotoxin, the flavonoid naringin and the coumarins columbianetin, bergapten and angelicin slightly inhibited lipid peroxidation in brain and kidney homogenates. It is worth stressing that the compounds with antioxidant effects in this assay, with the exception of tetrahydropalmatin and tanshinone I, have at least one free aromatic hydroxyl group in structure. Obviously, the aromatic hydroxyl group is very important for antioxidative effects of the compounds. None of the compounds tested exerted an obvious pro-oxidant effect.
Article
The flavonoids are plant polyphenols found frequently in fruits, vegetables, and grains. Divided into several subclasses, they include the anthocyanidins, pigments chiefly responsible for the red and blue colors in fruits, fruit juices, wines, and flowers; the catechins, concentrated in tea; the flavanones and flavanone glycosides, found in citrus and honey; and the flavones, flavonols, and flavonol glycosides, found in tea, fruits, vegetables, and honey. Known for their hydrogen-donating antioxidant activity as well as their ability to complex divalent transition metal cations, flavonoids are propitious to human health. Computer-controlled high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become the analytical method of choice. Many systems have been developed for the detection and quantification of flavonoids across one, two, or three subclasses. A summary of the various HPLC and sample preparation methods that have been employed to quantify individual flavonoids within a subclass or across several subclasses are tabulated in this review.
Article
The antioxidant activities against superoxide radicals (O(2)(*)(-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), hydroxyl radicals (OH(*)), and singlet oxygen ('O(2)) was evaluated in fruit juice from different cultivars of thornless blackberries (Rubus sp.), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton), raspberries (Rubus idaeus L. and Rubus occidentalis L.), and strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Among the different cultivars, juice of 'Hull Thornless' blackberry, 'Earliglow' strawberry, 'Early Black' cranberry, 'Jewel' raspberry, and 'Elliot' blueberry had the highest antioxidant capacity against superoxide radicals (O(2)(*)(-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), hydroxyl radicals (OH(*)), and singlet oxygen ('O(2)). In general, blackberries had the highest antioxidant capacity inhibition of O(2)(*)(-), H(2)O(2), and OH(*). Strawberry was second best in the antioxidant capacity assay for these same free radicals. With regard to 'O(2) scavenging activity, strawberry had the highest value, while blackberry was second. Cranberries had the lowest inhibition of H(2)O(2) activity. Meanwhile, blueberries had the lowest antioxidant capacity against OH(*) and 'O(2). There were interesting and marked differences among the different antioxidants in their abilities to scavenge different reactive oxygen species. beta-Carotene had by far the highest scavenging activity against 'O(2) but had absolutely no effect on H(2)O(2). Ascorbic acid was the best at inhibiting H(2)O(2) free radical activity. For OH(*), there was a wide range of scavenging capacities from a high of 15.3% with alpha-tocopherol to a low of 0.88% with ascorbic acid. Glutathione had higher O(2)(*)(-) scavenging capacity compared to the other antioxidants.
Article
The ability to apply a simple routine assay to report on the total antioxidant activity of plasma/serum and other body fluids and their responses to dietary intervention and nutritional supplementation is an attractive useful proposition. This article will attempt to address where we are, in the author's view, in this context, setting out the pros and cons of the available methodologies en route.