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The Knowing Organization: How Organizations Use Information To Construct Meaning, Create Knowledge And Make Decisions
Abstract
An organization uses information strategically in three areas: to make sense of change in its environment; to create new knowledge for innovation; and to make decisions about courses of action. These apparently distinct processes are in fact complementary pieces of a larger canvas, and the information behaviors analyzed in each approach interweave into a richer explanation of information use in organizations. Through sensemaking, people in an organization give meaning to the events and actions of the organization. Through knowledge creation, the insights of individuals are converted into knowledge that can be used to design new products or improve performance. Finally, in decision making, understanding and knowledge are focused on the selection of and commitment to an appropriate course of action. By holistically managing its sensemaking, knowledge building and decision-making processes, the Knowing Organization will have the necessary understanding and knowledge to act wisely and decisively.
... Segundo esse estudo, os principais autores são, respectivamente, Davenport, T. H. (1998) e Choo, C. W. (1998). Ambos são considerados autores do campo da administração ou management, cuja contribuição para a GI, grosso modo, se refere às propostas de processos e de etapas aplicáveis a diversos tipos de organização. ...
... Assim, comecemos por analisar a periodização proposta por Choo (1998), que divide a GI em seis etapas: i) identificação das necessidades de informação; ii) aquisição de informação; iii) organização e armazenamento de informação; iv) desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços de informação; v) distribuição da informação e; vi) uso da informação (figura 1). ...
... Fonte: Choo (1998) É interessante notar que o modelo proposto por Choo (1998) para a GI se refere a processos e é apropriado aos vários tipos de organização, sendo necessária uma contextualização do mesmo para que o seu uso seja adequado. Outro ponto a ressaltar é que o autor se insere numa abordagem sistêmica. ...
Este estudo contribui para o desenvolvimento do debate (inter) disciplinar sobre o tema “gestão da informação”, a partir do resgate de autores, abordagens e constructos capazes de subsidiar o aprofundamento desta temática no campo da ciência da informação. Metodologicamente, trata-se de um ensaio baseado em coleta de dados bibliográficos e justifica-se pela relevância dos processos de colaboração e de internacionalização técnico-científica, que dependem de consensos e do uso adequado dos conceitos em dado campo ou área acadêmica. Neste ensaio, apresentam-se as definições e as demarcações teóricas que balizam a discussão e o diálogo em torno do tema abordado, mediados por um pesquisador que experimenta a realidade brasileira e por uma pesquisadora que vivencia a realidade portuguesa. As definições e demarcações foram mapeadas em bases de dados que indexam a literatura científica de ciência da informação e de gestão da informação, no âmbito nacional e internacional. Os resultados apontam para o levantamento de um conjunto de elementos fundamentais para o uso de uma abordagem integrada do assunto, muito possivelmente no contexto do paradigma sistêmico, e para a necessidade de realizar estudos futuros em bases de dados luso-brasileiras, com vista ao cotejo dos elementos identificados neste ensaio com os dados empíricos recolhidos.
... For Cunha (2001), sources of information may cover manuscripts and printed publications, as well as objects, such as works of art or museum pieces, and can be divided into three categories: primary documents, secondary documents and teeterdocuments. Choo (1994Choo ( , 2006 classifies sources of information into four categories: external and personal, external and impersonal, internal and personal, and internal and impersonal. The author states that information is an intrinsic component of almost everything an organization does. ...
... According to Cunha (2001), the sources of information are manuscripts and printed publications, as well as objects such as mineral samples, works of art or museological pieces, and can be divided into three categories: primary documents, documents documents. Choo (1994Choo ( , 2006, classifies organizational sources of information into four categories: external and personal, external and impersonal, internal and personal, and internal and impersonal. The author considers that information is an intrinsic component of almost everything an organization does Pacheco and Valentin (2010, p. 334), state that the categorization of information sources makes it possible to understand the size of each and their function, that is, primary sources express the direct interference of the author; secondary sources facilitate the use of knowledge of primary sources, since there is a differentiated treatment for them according to their function and arrangement; and tertiary sources allow primary and secondary sources to be found. ...
The objective of the work is to contribute to a reflection on the sources of information for decision-making by managers andentrepreneurs.The information and knowledge society need a study on the challenges facing managers and entrepreneurs in the 21st century. In recent years we have seen a major transformation in the civilized world. Today are the knowledge and information that bind society and organisations, having become the information itself in an industry And it is necessary to understand the importance of sources of information, since their innocence can be compared with Madame Curie's innocence, when he manipulated uranium in her laboratory, unaware of the dangers to which he was exposed, eventually paying this scientific innocence with his own life. In the handling of information sources and need to move from innocence to knowledge, so that managers / decision makers can have a scientific understanding of the sources of information for decision making and that they can manage them.
... For Cunha (2001), sources of information may cover manuscripts and printed publications, as well as objects, such as works of art or museum pieces, and can be divided into three categories: primary documents, secondary documents and teeterdocuments. Choo (1994Choo ( , 2006 classifies sources of information into four categories: external and personal, external and impersonal, internal and personal, and internal and impersonal. The author states that information is an intrinsic component of almost everything an organization does. ...
... According to Cunha (2001), the sources of information are manuscripts and printed publications, as well as objects such as mineral samples, works of art or museological pieces, and can be divided into three categories: primary documents, documents documents. Choo (1994Choo ( , 2006, classifies organizational sources of information into four categories: external and personal, external and impersonal, internal and personal, and internal and impersonal. The author considers that information is an intrinsic component of almost everything an organization does Pacheco and Valentin (2010, p. 334), state that the categorization of information sources makes it possible to understand the size of each and their function, that is, primary sources express the direct interference of the author; secondary sources facilitate the use of knowledge of primary sources, since there is a differentiated treatment for them according to their function and arrangement; and tertiary sources allow primary and secondary sources to be found. ...
The objective of the work is to contribute to a reflection on the sources of information for decision-making by managers andentrepreneurs.The information and knowledge society need a study on the challenges facing managers and entrepreneurs in the 21st century. In recent years we have seen a major transformation in the civilized world. Today are the knowledge and information that bind society and organisations, having become the information itself in an industry And it is necessary to understand the importance of sources of information, since their innocence can be compared with Madame Curie's innocence, when he manipulated uranium in her laboratory, unaware of the dangers to which he was exposed, eventually paying this scientific innocence with his own life. In the handling of information sources and need to move from innocence to knowledge, so that managers / decision makers can have a scientific understanding of the sources of information for decision making and that they can manage them.
... Percebe-se que os modelos são construídos de acordo com as perspectivas dos autores e podem possuir focos diversos: na teoria (BENNET; BENNET, 2004;BOISOT, 1999;CHOO, 1996;TAKEUSHI, 1997), na implementação da GC nas organizações (BATISTA, 2012), em compreender dimensões, processos de GC e práticas de GC (BATISTA, 2012; FUKUNAGA; SAITO, 2017; PROBST; RAUB; ROMHARDT, 2002;SBGC, 2020;TERRA, 2005). Alguns modelos são constituídos com foco na avaliação ou mensuração da maturidade da Gestão do Conhecimento organizacional, de forma qualitativa e/ou quantitativa, como os modelos de Terra (2005) Corrêa et al. (2021) analisaram 32 modelos de maturidade, delimitados entre os anos 2000 a 2017, para avaliar se possuíam os aspectos imperativos para sua aplicação: dimensões, instrumentos, níveis e métodos de análise. ...
Para que as Instituições Públicas de Ensino Superior (IPES) possam atrair e manter o capital humano, promover o capital social, criar e usar o capital estrutural, compartilhar processos e práticas, e estimular a colaboração, devem implementar e institucionalizar a Gestão do Conhecimento (GC). Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o perfil da Gestão do Conhecimento na Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR). Foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva qualitativa, por meio de um estudo de caso. A coleta de dados efetivou-se por meio de questionário estruturado, baseado no Panorama da Gestão do Conhecimento no Brasil - Edição 2020, adaptado para a realidade da instituição. Participaram da pesquisa servidores ocupantes de funções administrativas de oito setores da Universidade. As dimensões analisadas foram: percepção sobre o nível de maturidade em GC da instituição; políticas e estratégias; desafios e pontos positivos em relação ao conhecimento; resultados da GC; processos; práticas de GC; e características do conhecimento. Principais resultados: 52,8% dos respondentes não identifica ou reconhece políticas e estratégias formais de GC, 43,4% não soube avaliar o nível de maturidade em GC e 17,0% acredita que a GC está em fase de planejamento estratégico. Ainda, 79,2% discordam que os servidores reconhecem processos e práticas de GC na instituição. Conclui-se que a IPES analisada ainda precisa institucionalizar a Gestão do Conhecimento. A Universidade possui uma estrutura mais formal em relação ao conhecimento, na qual estratégias referentes ao tema são desenvolvidas no âmbito da alta administração.
... The literature study plays a crucial role in establishing a fundamental understanding of the mechanics of information exchange within corporate environments. Recognizing its importance, Choo (1998) underscores the value of a comprehensive literature review in not only consolidating current knowledge but also identifying areas that warrant additional investigation. The aforementioned statement serves as a valuable reference point, providing valuable insights for future research endeavors through the integration of many viewpoints (Alavi & Leidner, 2001). ...
Performance of organizations is highly reliable on the acquisition and utilization of knowledge by workers. Markets, being perceived as ecosystems where ideas interact for the best interest of every player, can benefit organizations with high agility and innovativeness. However, studies have indicated that the utilization of knowledge has not been optimized in many organizations due to hindrances such as compartmentalization of information, management structures, and inefficient communication channels. This research focuses on a complex investigation into the relationship between the utilization of knowledge in company transactions and behavioral inclinations, decision-making efficiencies, and cognitive frameworks. The study also delves into the barriers that hinder the absorption and utilization of knowledge in organizations, and how the barriers can be resolved to allow for seamless learning for all participants. The findings indicate a strong positive relationship between leadership style and utilization of knowledge within organizations. Effective leadership strategies enhanced facilitation of information flow, hence promotion of a culture of information sharing. The results also revealed presence of positive strong relationship between organizational culture and level of knowledge within organizations. The results validate prior studies on facilitation of behavioral characteristics in facilitating knowledge utilization in organizations.
... Dinamismo: La información tiende a ser más estática, mientras que el conocimiento es dinámico y evoluciona constantemente a medida que se adquieren nuevas experiencias y perspectivas (Choo, 2023). ...
La sociedad de la información se caracteriza porque aspectos como la creación, distribución, uso, integración y manipulación de la información son actividades significativas en todos los ámbito de la actividad humana y es una de las principales impulsoras de las tecnologías digitales de la información y la comunicación y, por su parte, la sociedad del conocimiento genera, comparte y pone a disposición de todos los miembros de la comunidad conocimientos que pueden ser utilizados para mejorar la condición humana, incluyendo el diseño de los procesos educativos. Así se puede decir que en el campo educativo la sociedad de la información y la sociedad del conocimiento representan expresiones referidas al empleo de dispositivos digitales con el fin de facilitar el aprendizaje y consolidar un modelo integral de educación que cumpla con los objetivos tecno-pedagógicos acordes con la actual era digital. Fundamentado en esta premisa el presente trabajo de revisión bibliográfica tiene el objetivo de analizar los conceptos de sociedad de la información y del conocimiento y la influencia sobre los procesos educativos contemporáneos, considerando los cambios propiciados por la era digital y la tecnología de la información y la comunicación.
... Just as crude oil needs to be transformed into valuable products like gas, plastic, and chemicals, data must be analyzed to extract valuable insights [9]. The diversity of analytical processes and interpretations applied to research data determines the breadth and impact of the resulting insights, maximizing its utility [10][11][12][13][14]. One key factor enabling optimal data exploitation is sharing. ...
Background
In resource-limited settings like Uganda, ethical sharing of health research data is crucial for advancing scientific knowledge. Despite the growing trend of data sharing in the digital age, its adoption in low-resource contexts is often hampered by complex ethical considerations. This report investigates these ethical concerns using data from researchers at a public university, with the goal of informing the development of practical solutions to promote ethical data-sharing practices in Uganda
Methods
A qualitative phenomenographic study was conducted with 26 participants at Makerere University College of Health Sciences, including professors, lecturers, research fellows, and PhD students. In-depth interviews were conducted via Zoom or in person, using an interview guide. Data were analyzed thematically using ATLAS.ti (V9), following both deductive and inductive approaches
Results
The study revealed a complex landscape of data-sharing practices among researchers. Participants had varying understandings of data sharing, with some expressing limited awareness. Incentives were widely recognized as crucial for encouraging data sharing. While acknowledging data sources in publications was appreciated, some researchers advocated for co-authorship for significant contributions. Researchers’ autonomy and control over data-sharing practices were influenced by factors such as research concept origination, funding sources, researchers’ financial status, and analytical skills. Institutional policies, cultural norms, and customs that promote a ‘siloed’ research environment also significantly influenced of data-sharing behavior
Conclusion
This study revealed a complex landscape of data-sharing practices among researchers. The varying interpretations of data sharing highlight the need for enhanced education and awareness regarding its importance. The identified incentives, such as financial rewards and co-authorship, which encourage data sharing, suggest a need to establish a fair data-sharing reward system. Additionally, policies that facilitate researchers’ autonomy and data control, while fostering trust, are crucial to address the siloed research culture.
... The complex interplay of various individuals, organisations, and institutions is fundamental for fostering the growth of an ecosystem (Gelhaar and Otto, 2020) and creating and sharing knowledge. Thus, it is crucial to ensure that tacit (experiences and insights) and explicit knowledge (knowledge formalised and codified in electronic systems) (Choo, 1996;Nonaka, 2007;Nissen, 2002) is used effectively and efficiently in the political data ecosystem. For example, in Bhutan, the ECB gathers political documents (such as manifestos, charters, and party membership) and polling data and accordingly shares them on its website. ...
This study examines the dynamics of data management and knowledge flow in the political data ecosystem through the lens of the Knowledge Pyramid. We used open-government electoral documents and polling data for granular insights into how data, information, knowledge, and wisdom (DIKW) are managed in Bhutan’s political data ecosystem. Bhutan’s electoral stakeholders and political parties manage and use DIKW of varying types, sizes, and complexities. In particular, political parties use information systems, websites, and social media to manage data and construct and use knowledge for political activities. Democracy is still young and gaining a foothold in Bhutan. The political parties do not employ complex data technologies and rich human resources to manage DIKW emanating from the political data ecosystem. Thus, scope exists for electoral stakeholders and political actors to explore and adopt effective and efficient knowledge management infrastructures to deal with DIKW elements in the political arena, namely the complex dynamics of turning raw data into higher elements of the Knowledge Pyramid. In addition to contributing to the knowledge management literature through an in-depth account of the DIKW aspects in the political space, this paper demonstrated the analytical and explanatory power of the Knowledge Pyramid for discourse on the political data ecosystem.
... Traditional KMS often face the problem of information overload, where the sheer volume of available knowledge can be overwhelming. Users may struggle to find relevant and accurate information amidst the abundance of data, leading to decreased efficiency and effectiveness in knowledge retrieval (Choo, 2016). ...
Technology, automation, and data-driven decision-making have significantly advanced with the
onset of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. The efficient integration of knowledge management systems
(KMS) becomes essential as firms work to use these technologies to improve their business values. In
order to facilitate the seamless integration of KMS with technologies from the Industrial Revolution
4.0, this project seeks to present an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) framework. This framework
will support increased business values by enhancing knowledge usage and decision-making processes.
The suggested framework takes a comprehensive approach to combining the advantages of KMS
and technologies from the Industrial Revolution 4.0, including the Internet of Things (IoT), big data
analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. The framework uses XAI methodologies to
improve decision-making processes’ transparency, interpretability, and trustworthiness. This facilitates
the efficient use of knowledge and value generation inside businesses. A thorough assessment of the
literature on XAI, knowledge management, and Industrial Revolution 4.0 technologies will be part of
the research process. The suggested XAI framework will be developed based on the observed gaps
and difficulties. The framework will be put through a proof-of-concept implementation using data from
firms that have used KMS and Industrial Revolution 4.0 technologies in real-world case studies. In
order to measure the framework’s success in boosting business values and decision-making processes,
qualitative and quantitative analyses will be used.
Keywords: Explainable Artificial Intelligence, knowledge management systems, Industrial
Revolution 4.0, Internet of Things, decision-making, business values.
... Traditional KMS often face the problem of information overload, where the sheer volume of available knowledge can be overwhelming. Users may struggle to find relevant and accurate information amidst the abundance of data, leading to decreased efficiency and effectiveness in knowledge retrieval (Choo, 2016). ...
Technology, automation, and data-driven decision-making have significantly advanced with the
onset of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. The efficient integration of knowledge management systems
(KMS) becomes essential as firms work to use these technologies to improve their business values. In
order to facilitate the seamless integration of KMS with technologies from the Industrial Revolution
4.0, this project seeks to present an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) framework. This framework
will support increased business values by enhancing knowledge usage and decision-making processes.
The suggested framework takes a comprehensive approach to combining the advantages of KMS
and technologies from the Industrial Revolution 4.0, including the Internet of Things (IoT), big data
analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. The framework uses XAI methodologies to
improve decision-making processes’ transparency, interpretability, and trustworthiness. This facilitates
the efficient use of knowledge and value generation inside businesses. A thorough assessment of the
literature on XAI, knowledge management, and Industrial Revolution 4.0 technologies will be part of
the research process. The suggested XAI framework will be developed based on the observed gaps
and difficulties. The framework will be put through a proof-of-concept implementation using data from
firms that have used KMS and Industrial Revolution 4.0 technologies in real-world case studies. In
order to measure the framework’s success in boosting business values and decision-making processes,
qualitative and quantitative analyses will be used.
Keywords: Explainable Artificial Intelligence, knowledge management systems, Industrial
Revolution 4.0, Internet of Things, decision-making, business values
... Interactions such as asking advice can initiate a process of externalization and, therefore, contribute to the conversion of implicit knowledge into an explicit mode (Geeraerts et al., 2016;Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). In addition, these interactions among teachers provide access to knowledge (Choo, 1998;Penuel et al., 2009). In other words, knowledge can be accessed through information-seeking interactions. ...
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of generation in teachers’ advice and
information
-Seeking interactions in Flemish secondary school teams, and moreover how the content of advice
shapes these interactions. Four content-related advice and information-seeking networks are investigated in
this study: subject-matter knowledge, classroom management, innovative teaching methods and ICT.
Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 660 teachers in ten secondary education
schools in Flanders (Belgium) by using an online socio-metric survey. Social network analysis was conducted,
more specifically quadratic assignment procedure and multilevel P2 modeling.
Findings
– The findings underline the importance of investigating content-related advice networks.
Generation affects the formation of interactions. First, the results revealed that older teachers are less likely to
ask advice on subject-matter knowledge, classroom management and innovative teaching methods. Second,
the data showed that older teachers are more likely to be asked for advice on subject-matter knowledge.
Third, young teachers are more likely to be asked for advice on innovative teaching methods and ICT. Fourth,
homophily effects occurred for the youngest teachers when advice is about subject-matter knowledge, and for
the oldest teachers for advice about classroom management.
Originality/value
– This study is innovative due to its application of social network analysis to investigate
intergenerational knowledge flows, and due to its clear focus on content-related advice-seeking interactions
that go beyond the approach of general advice and information-seeking interactions.
Keywords: Intergenerational learning, Social network analysis, Teacher development, P2 modelling,Teacher knowledge
Paper type: Research paper
... Segundo Choo (2020), o conhecimento organizacional bem gerido pode levar a melhorias significativas na tomada de decisão e na implementação de políticas. As instituições que adotam práticas robustas de gestão do conhecimento tendem a apresentar melhores resultados em auditorias internas e externas. ...
Este estudo examina um Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, focando nos efeitos do controle interno e externo sobre as ações dos gestores e sua percepção das auditorias. Utilizando questionários estruturados, coletaram-se dados de gestores chave para avaliar o valor do conhecimento adquirido e sua disseminação. O objetivo é integrar diversos conhecimentos para aprimorar o desempenho diante das exigências de controle interno e externo. Os resultados indicam que a aplicação de ferramentas de gestão do conhecimento pode melhorar a dinâmica entre gestores e auditoria interna, promovendo uma administração mais eficiente e transparente. Além disso, a pesquisa busca identificar as melhores práticas na implementação dessas ferramentas, considerando os desafios específicos do setor educacional federal. A análise detalhada dos dados revela que a capacitação contínua dos gestores e a criação de uma cultura organizacional voltada para o compartilhamento de conhecimento são cruciais para o sucesso das auditorias e para o cumprimento das regulamentações. Por fim, o estudo propõe recomendações para aprimorar as políticas de gestão do conhecimento nas instituições federais de ensino.
... In the utilization phase, the information stored and shared within the organization is actively leveraged to improve business processes (Zaim et al., 2019), make informed decisions and achieve strategic goals (Choo, 1996). At this stage, teams within the organization can make informed decisions in their daily business processes by accessing the data provided by knowledge management systems. ...
In recent years, the convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and knowledge management has emerged as a critical domain for organizational advancement. This investigation scrutinizes AI technologies poised to revolutionize knowledge management processes within organizations. Through the utilization of AI capabilities, organizations stand to enhance various facets of knowledge management, including data collection, storage, dissemination, and utilization. However, alongside the advantages, the amalgamation of AI and knowledge management presents ethical and security dilemmas necessitating organizational attention. Privacy apprehensions, algorithmic biases, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities stand out as paramount issues requiring meticulous consideration. Organizations ought to establish transparent privacy protocols, mitigate algorithmic biases, and fortify cybersecurity measures. While the fusion of AI with knowledge management proffers significant growth and innovation prospects for organizations, it mandates a strategic approach to address ethical and security imperatives. Organizations prioritizing ethical standards and proactively mitigating risks associated with AI integration possess the potential to secure a competitive edge in an evolving technological milieu.
... Making informed decisions involves extensive exploration of available options, their potential consequences, and outcomes (Choo, 1996). The sensemaking perspective asserts that firms must continuously strive to comprehend their environment to enhance decision-making quality (Park et al., 2017). ...
This study investigates the challenges of the silent integration of Generative AI in organizations, focusing on its impact on worker’s learning. It examines the readiness of managerial practices to mitigate biases inherent in Generative AI. The empirical investigation reveals a significant gap in managerial awareness regarding the negative impact that biased data from Generative AI can have on worker learning. Through a qualitative methods approach, based on interviews in various industries, it was found that managers are often underprepared to identify and address the challenges posed by Generative AI. This lack of awareness underscores the need for improved training and strategies to manage Generative AI’s implications on worker’s learning. The paper contributes to the discourse on Generative AI in the workplace, highlighting the critical need for enhanced managerial understanding and proactive engagement with Generative AI technologies to the benefit of workers and organization.
... It is well-documented that creating organizational knowledge is never a straightforward process (Boland & Tenkasi, 1995;Choo, 1998;Cook & Brown, 1999;Marabelli and Newell;Tsoukas, 2009). Recent empirical studies show that this is particularly true for AI and ML initiatives (Pachidi et al., 2021;Lebovitz et al., 2021;van den Broek et al., 2021), which involve new practices, such as data labelling (Mackenzie, 2017). ...
Machine learning (ML) offers widely-recognized, but complex, opportunities for both public and private sector organizations to generate value from data. A key requirement is that organizations must find ways to develop new knowledge by merging crucial ‘domain knowledge’ of experts in relevant fields with ‘machine knowledge’, i.e., data that can be used to inform predictive models. In this paper, we argue that understanding the process of generating such knowledge is essential to strategically develop ML. In efforts to contribute to such understanding, we examine the generation of new knowledge from domain knowledge through ML via an exploratory study of two cases in the Swedish public sector. The findings reveal the roles of three mechanisms – dubbed consolidation, algorithmic mediation, and naturalization – in tying domain knowledge to machine knowledge. The study contributes a theory of knowledge production related to organizational use of ML, with important implications for its strategic governance, particularly in the public sector.
... This is consistent with Wilson's (1999) remark that information seeking behaviour is the intentional search for information to meet a need. There are various models of Information Seeking Behaviour, such as the Kriklas model (Kriklas, 1983), the Kuhlthau model(Carol C. Kuhlthau, 1991);(Carol C. Kuhlthau, 1993a);(Carol C. Kuhlthau, 1993b); (Carol Collier Kuhlthau, 2004); Ellis model (Ellis, 1993); (Ellis & Haugan, 1997); the Bytrom and Jarvelin models (Bystrom & Järvelin, 1995); the Savolainen model (Savolainen, 1995); the Robson and Robinson model (Robson & Robinson, 2013); the Williamson model (Williamson, 1998); the Foster model (Foster, 2004); the Wilson model (1999); the Shenton and Hay Gibson models (Shenton & Hay-Gibson, 2011); Freund's model (Freund, 2015); the Johnson model(Johnson, 1997); model, Leckie's et al (Leckie et al., 1996); choo model (Choo, 1998); Godbold model (Godbold, 2006); the Jarvelin and Wilson model(Järvelin & Wilson, 2003); and the Ikoja-Odongo and Mostert models (Koja-Odongo & Mostert, 2006). This study uses the Kuhlthau model(Carol C. Kuhlthau, 1993a), Ellis model (Ellis, 1993)and the Robson and Robinson model (Robson & Robinson, 2013), since it is relevant to the study's subject, which is information seeking behaviour among coastal communities in Southeast Sulawesi. ...
The goal of this study was to discover the information-seeking behaviour of coastal communities in Southeast Sulawesi, which has the second highest marine catch (fish) income in Indonesia, despite the fact that the majority of its territory is made up of oceans, but the people's income is still low and less prosperous, as evidenced by the export value of marine catches still falling under East Java, Jakarta, and South Sulawesi. The data for this study were collected from 105 respondents who used a quantitative technique to fill out a list of information seeking behaviour, while 10 respondents used a qualitative approach, namely in-depth interviews about the hurdles experienced when seeking information. According to the findings of this study, the information seeking behaviour of coastal populations in Southeast Sulawesi is still manual, that is, they still use experiences and feelings by 45.8% of the time, and the barriers they confront in obtaining information are related to technology by 29.1% of the time. The outcomes of the study are directly related to the income obtained by the coastal villages of Southeast Sulawesi, which is still poor and less prosperous
... The generation and understanding of information are not passive processes of reception but active cognitive processes in the cognitive space where the cognitive subject actively recognizes semantics and constructs semantics [16] . Information semantics depend on existing DIKWP content and purpose-driven cognitive frameworks. ...
... O termo "Inteligência Organizacional" foi inicialmente usado por March (1991) para descrever a capacidade de uma organização de processar informação de forma eficaz para resolver problemas e adaptar-se a novos ambientes. Nesta linha, Choo (1996) apresentou o modelo da "Organização que Aprende", onde a inteligência organizacional é vista como uma função crítica para a gestão eficaz do conhecimento e da tomada de decisão. ...
Neste estudo, propõe-se desenvolver um quadro teórico integrado que articula a Gestão do Conhecimento (GC) e a Administração por Objetivos (APO) como alavancas complementares para catalisar o desempenho organizacional e a sustentabilidade competitiva. Vamos além dos princípios fundamentais da APO, expandindo a relevância do estabelecimento de metas SMART (Específicas, Mensuráveis, Alcançáveis, Relevantes e Temporizadas) para incluir uma nova dimensão: a 'Adaptabilidade Cognitiva'. Adicionalmente, aplicamos teorias contemporâneas sobre capital social, inteligência organizacional e ambidestria organizacional para examinar como a GC pode ser instrumentalizada para aprimorar a eficácia da APO. Por meio de um modelo conceitual robusto, demonstra-se como a convergência estratégica das duas abordagens pode desbloquear valor organizacional sustentável, otimizar a tomada de decisão e impulsionar a inovação.
... In knowledge-based work, where people act and make decisions based on information (Choo, 2006;Citroen, 2011) and operate in certain contexts, which form physical and virtual information environments (Taylor, 1991, see also Widén et al., 2014). When acting in these information environments people develop information practices that can support or prevent the use of information when striving to achieve certain tasks or goals (Savolainen, 2007). ...
Introduction. This study investigates information practices to develop multi-professional work in the planning of healthy living environments in and around urban planning. Method. A qualitative approach was used to study information practices in two city organisations in Finland. 16 professionals working in urban planning, urban planning, traffic, landscaping, promotion of well-being and environmental health and protection were interviewed in semi-structural interviews. Analysis. Interview data was analysed with content analysis, focusing on the information practices in their organisational and multi-professional context. Results. The professionals maintained and developed information practices to use, seek, share and create information in their work on urban planning within city organisations and in the stakeholder networks. Conclusion. The complexity of information-based decision-making can be understood by understanding the wide range of information practices as using, seeking, sharing, and creating information in multi-professional work. In addition, it is important to note, that also organising and managing both information and information practices are needed in information-based decision-making.
... In reality, there are two directions in which information asymmetry exists between the government and enterprises [7]. In essence, enterprise decision-making is a flow and conversion of information process [8]. For enterprises, they must base their decisions on the information from the government. ...
In recent years, despite the fact that the Chinese government is closely monitoring food safety, the perception of food production enterprises is not obvious. The reason is that information asymmetry hinders the effective transmission of regulatory information to food production enterprises. In the present research, a choice test is conducted to explore the preference of decision-makers for the information on government regulations in 224 food production enterprises with violations. It is found out that the decision-makers of food production enterprises have a strong preference for the regulatory information released by local governments. With a preference for reference information, compared to those who violate the law just once, decision-makers in food production companies that have several infractions exhibit a high "reference dependence" mentality. Also, the preference of different decision-maker characteristics shows an evident heterogeneity, as does the preference of various enterprises for the regulatory information about food safety. It is recommended that the government should improve the mechanism of disclosing the information about food safety, and focus on tailoring the information to different types of enterprises.
... Theoretical and empirical research focuses on various aspects and frameworks of knowledge management [12,23,29,33,52,54]. One of the prominent approaches is the theory of dynamical organizational knowledge creation [30], which IS researcher are widely employing. ...
Not resilient enough? Is this the reason why banks are losing their power dominance? With the rise of the decentralized financial ecosystem, traditional players in the financial industry have lost their supremacy. The current knowledge level about decentralized finance and the crypto ecosystem within banks is insufficient to face the competition. Dedicated e-learning platforms for bank employees can offer a way forward. But pure knowledge transfer concepts are not suitable to cope with change. Our research addresses these issues and examines the design of an e-learning platform for decentralized finance to strengthen organizational bank resilience. This research paper combines the SECI framework for organizational knowledge creation with an acknowledged e-learning approach. We deploy a design science research method focused on steady evaluation. Using this approach, literature research, sets of expert interviews, workshops, and focus groups were performed. With these data sources, a specific e-learning framework and platform are developed and evaluated. In the last step, two focus groups performing real-world tasks evaluate the results and the instantiated platform. In total, we performed a four-phase multi-step method with numerous consecutive evaluations.
... This is significant because, as Weick and Quinn (1999) assert, individuals often attribute the success of an organisational change in the past to its vision of the future. Similarly, change recipients rely on an amalgam of past experiences to make sense of the past and to select a reasonable scheme of interpretation (Choo, 1996). For example, pre-existing schemas can be associated with a range of negative or positive emotions, such as "trust, inertia, and dissatisfaction" that can ultimately determine the readiness process (Armenakis et al., 1993;Ouedraogo and Ouakouak, 2018). ...
Purpose
The intricate and unpredictable nature arising in higher education institutions (HEIs) implementing technology-driven change for e-learning environments demands a much closer examination of individuals’ interpretations and interactions as they undergo these changes. Through a micro-foundational lens, this study aims to examine the micro-level inhibitors and supporting factors of individual’s readiness for change by investigating technology-driven change in HEIs.
Design/methodology/approach
A two-phased research design using grounded theory methodology was used to collect and analyse data incorporated within a single-case study in an HEI. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews with 22 participants, followed by a focus group with eight participants centered on factors affecting their readiness for change during technology-driven change in e-learning environments. The data analysis followed an iterative constant comparative approach and its three-phased coding process: open, axial and selective coding.
Findings
This study revealed that staff with little awareness of the organisations expectations towards a technology-driven change or who are poorly communicated with can exhibit higher resistance and lower individual readiness for change. While macro-level factors of organisational structure can contribute to the success or failure of technology-driven change, the fundamental features related to individuals’ readiness for change are integral to understanding the micro-level causal behaviours underlying these macro-level phenomena.
Originality/value
The dominant model of change is often focused on drivers that are centered on examining macro-level constructs rather than individuals who are facing the change. This study presents theories on readiness for change and offers a micro-foundational view to bring new perspectives into the current literature on how individual-level micro-foundations enhance understanding of technological change in HEIs.
Objetivo: Explorar as relações entre Ciência da Informação e Ciência de Dados de modo a identificar possíveis aplicações em Sistemas de Informação Governamentais, relacionando essas intersecções com benefícios relacionados ao Governo Eletrônico. Metodologia: Pesquisa exploratória com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando revisão bibliográfica e análise de conteúdo para análise dos dados obtidos, contextualização e classificação dos resultados.Resultados: A partir do levantamento bibliográfico encontraram-se significativas interações entre Ciência de Dados e Ciência da Informação com aplicações possíveis em Sistemas de Informação Governamentais, tendo-se criado grupos categóricos representativos dessas intersecções: dados abertos, interoperabilidade, Gestão do Conhecimento, analytics e Inteligência Artificial.Conclusões: Evidencia-se que os Sistemas de Informação Governamentais tendem a incorporar tecnologias para atender demandas por transparência, responsabilização, acesso à informação e melhores serviços governamentais, podendo-se correlacionar Ciência da Informação e Ciência de Dados em áreas como Dados Abertos, interoperabilidade, Gestão do Conhecimento, analytics e Inteligência Artificial. Entende-se que o estudo e aplicação dessas correlações pode gerar benefícios à operação de Sistemas de Informação Governamentais, considerando competências informacionais da Ciência da Informação como suporte ao uso de tecnologias, contribuindo para maior interação entre governo e sociedade e ao atendimento das necessidades informacionais envolvidas, havendo ampla possibilidade de estudos e aplicações da temática.
هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على تأثير عمليات إدارة المعرفة على اليقظة الإستراتيجية، وتحديد مستواهما والعلاقة بينهما لدى كليات عنيزة الأهلية، وقد اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي؛ إذ تكونت عينة الدراسة من (120) عضو هيئة التدريس، طُبق عليهم مقياس عمليات إدارة المعرفة، ومقياس اليقظة الإستراتيجية ، وتم تحليل بحساب المتوسط والانحراف المعياري والنسب المئوية ومعاملات الارتباط واختبار "ت" ، واختبار "ANOVA تحليل التباين الأحادي" واختبار شيفيه للمقارنات البعدية، وأشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى أن كل من عمليات إدارة المعرفة واليقظة الإستراتيجية وأبعادهما الفرعية جميعها جاءت بمستوى مرتفع، كما وُجد ارتباط دال إحصائياً بين عمليات إدارة المعرفة واليقظة الإستراتيجية وأبعادهما الفرعية (P>0.01)، وقد وُجدت فروق دالة إحصائياً في جميع متغيرات الدراسة في ضوء متغير الجنس لصالح الإناث، كما وُجدت فروق دالة إحصائياً في عمليات إدارة المعرفة وجميع أبعادها الفرعية عدا مكون تطبيق المعرفة من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التدريس ذوي سنوات الخبرة المختلفة (P>0.01)، وقد وُجدت فروق دالة إحصائياً في متغيرات اليقظة الاجتماعية واليقظة البيئية واليقظة الإستراتيجية (P>0.01)، كما بلغت قيمة حجم تأثير 7.0041 وهو حجم تأثير كبير، وقد أوصت الدراسة بضرورة إنشاء وحدات إدارية تدعم عمليات إدارة المعرفة واليقظة الإستراتيجية داخل الكليات وخارجها، تعني بتدريب أعضاء هيئة التدريس، وتضع نظام تحفيزي وحاضنات أفكار ومبادرات، لضمان استمرارية تنافسية الكليات وتميزها.
Este estudo propõe refletir e apresentar um framework de atuação profissional do organizador do conhecimento como fator-chave nas organizações. Esse profissional além de saber lidar, tratar, estruturar, guardar, recuperar e maximizar o uso da informação, do conhecimento e dos documentos arquivísticos (memória organizacional), o mesmo estimula a criação de novos conhecimentos, promove ações que desempenham aprendizagem e melhorias no ambiente organizacional. O organizador do conhecimento provê apoio com a organização da informação, conhecimento e documentos de uma forma que facilite o seu acesso, guarda e compartilhamento, otimizando o tempo para diretores, gestores e líderes. O artigo destaca as atividades do trabalhador do conhecimento (que) muitas vezes são ambíguas e instáveis, mas devem ser desenvolvidas por todos na rede de equipe. Realizamos uma revisão crítica da literatura nas áreas de Administração e Ciência da Informação, explorando frameworks de gestão da informação e do conhecimento. Utilizamos tanto a literatura clássica quanto a técnica da Ciência da Informação para desenvolver um framework. Para identificar os termos relevantes, conduzimos uma busca na base de dados da Web of Science e Scopus, analisando a co-ocorrência de palavras-chave e evidenciando os índices de citação. Desenvolvemos um framework que demonstra o ciclo contínuo das atividades do organizador do conhecimento. Por fim, é recomendado a atuação do organizador do conhecimento nas organizações para melhorias nos aspectos informacionais, do conhecimento e da memória organizacional, uma vez que todos são trabalhadores do conhecimento.
Open innovation involves the utilization of ideas, resources, and technologies available in the external environment (inbound dimension) as well as making internal assets available beyond the organization's borders (outbound dimension). Additionally, it involves the implementation of a combination of practices that leverage both dimensions (coupled dimension). Therefore, open innovation practices demonstrate potential when applied in the innovation process, spanning from the introduction of an idea to the commercialization stage. The case study is an artificial intelligence project named “Actionable Emotion Detection in Context-aware Systems”. This is a prototype to a framework for context-aware applications that could use the provided implicit user feedback to self-adapt their settings to user needs. This framework will consider to detect negative emotions in real time as a source of implicit feedback. Based on this case, this proposal utilizes the representation of the innovation funnel to illustrate the inherent activities in each phase of the process with an open innovation approach. Additionally, potential open innovation practices supporting the journey from idea inception to the implementation of technological innovation in the market are outlined.
This paper examines the extent to which school team members' professional relationships are affected by being part of a certain generational cohort. These professional relationships provide opportunities for intergenerational knowledge flows and can therefore be relevant for intergenerational learning. Nowadays these topics have gained more attention due to worldwide demographic changes such as increased retirement rates and high levels of teacher dropout. Data were gathered through a survey with socio-metric questions among 299 school team members in 15 elementary schools in the Netherlands. Using social network analysis, in particular p2 modelling, we analysed the effect of being part of a generational cohort on teachers' likelihood of having professional relationships in networks such as discussing work, asking and providing advice, and collaboration. Findings indicate that generational cohorts based on chronological age do matter in the formation of work related ties. These findings also support the importance of focusing on different professional networks since different age dynamics can be at play. Our findings also show that school team members of the youngest cohort tend to form intra-generational relationships, whereas older generational cohort members prefer inter-generational relationships. This study is innovative due to its application of social network analysis to investigate intergenerational knowledge flows.
An organisation may suffer greatly from staff attrition, particularly in the IT sector where workers are highly qualified and in high demand. Elevated rates of attrition may lead to a decline in skill, more expenses for hiring and training new employees, a reduction in output, and adverse effects on team morale and dynamics. Consequently, it is imperative that organisations recognise and address the causes of high attrition rates. Job unhappiness is one of the main causes of IT employee attrition. IT workers frequently have high standards for their work; if their position does not live up to these standards, they could get unsatisfied and look for work elsewhere. The absence of opportunity for career advancement is another element that raises employee turnover. Most highly motivated people who want to grow in their jobs and take on new challenges are IT professionals. As a result, businesses that offer chances for career progression, such as training courses, promotions, and difficult projects, have a higher chance of keeping their staff members. Another element that leads to IT staff churn is inadequate pay.Because the IT sector is so competitive, companies who do not offer attractive perks and compensation may find it difficult to keep their best workers. Furthermore, a poor work-life balance can cause stress and burnout, which might cause workers to look for other alternatives. INTRODUCTION Employee attrition is the gradual reduction in employee numbers. Employee attrition happens when the size of your workforce diminishes over time. This means that employees are leaving faster than they are hired. Employee attrition happens when employees retire, resign, or simply aren't replaced. After analyzing the scenario, experts are of opinion that the attrition rate is high because of the less growth opportunities in the IT sector as compared to other sectors. Your attrition rate is a metric that represents the percentage of employees who leave an organization over a specific period, either voluntarily or involuntarily. It is a key indicator used by HR departments to monitor and improve their organization's workforce planning and overall management. As demand for digital transformation increases, it opens a myriad of
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh knowledge management terhadap competitive advantage dengan peran mediasi inovasi produk pada coffee shop di Tangerang Selatan. Survei dilakukan pada pemilik atau manajer kedai kopi di wilayah tersebut dan mengambil sampel sebanyak 70 responden melalui penyebaran angket ke coffee shop dengan G-form. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dan menggunakan SEM-PLS menganalisis data yang diperoleh untuk menguji 4 hipotesis penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa manajemen pengetahuan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap competitive advantage dan inovasi produk, serta terdapat peran mediasi parsial inovasi produk dalam hubungan antara knowledge management dan competitive advantage. Nilai koefisien jalur menunjukkan bahwa inovasi produk secara langsung berpengaruh kuat dan signifikan terhadap competitive advantage. Hasil pengujian model juga menunjukkan bahwa model memiliki nilai predictive relevance yang baik. Implikasi manajerial dari hasil penelitian ini adalah kedai kopi harus fokus pada pengembangan knowledge management dan inovasi produk untuk memiliki competitive advantage pada coffee shop di Tangerang Selatan. This study aims to analyze the effect of knowledge management on competitive advantage with the mediating role of product innovation in coffee shops in South Tangerang. A survey was conducted on the owners or managers of coffee shops in the area and a sample of 70 respondents was taken through the distribution of questionnaires to coffee shops with G-form. This study uses quantitative research methods and uses SEM-PLS to analyze the data obtained to test 4 research hypotheses. The results of the study show that knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on competitive advantage and product innovation, and there is a partial mediating role of product innovation in the relationship between knowledge management and competitive advantage. The path coefficient value shows that product innovation has a strong and significant direct effect on competitive advantage. The results of the model testing also show that the model has good predictive relevance and goodness of fit values. The managerial implications of the results of this study are that coffee shops should focus on the development of knowledge management and product innovation to have a competitive advantage in coffee shops in South Tangerang.
The primary aim of this chapter is to operationalize a knowledge assessment framework (KAF) using two exploratory case studies. The development of a KAF is important for the public sector for three reasons. First, the use of knowledge assessment allows firms to pinpoint knowledge gaps. Second, it allows firms to manage knowledge more effectively. Third, it gives public sector organizations a diagnostic tool with which to gauge their knowledge base. The effective management of knowledge can be considered a competency that enables a greater level of service to be extracted from other resources within the organization.
A collaborative space for stimulating creativity is a place of learning through the exchange and sharing of knowledge and experience among its members. It allows the leveraging of innovation through the use of technological resources available in the space, stimulating the creativity of its participants, enabling the development of products and solutions based on personal projects—do it yourself (DIY)—from ideation, or the construction supported on knowledge developed by other elements together, collaboratively, enhancing the final result—do it with others (DIWO). A research project is being held to create a new lab, or transform and adapt one of the existing lab's, in a Fab Lab or a Maker Space to let students, teachers, and staff give wings to their imagination and develop innovative solutions to solve real problems while they interact and exchange tacit knowledge, making it explicit after concluding their projects when they share their research reports.
Revisiting a concept is a mandatory approach when new technologies emerge. This chapter presents a reviewed study, based on a previous publication, about information quality. As it happened in the first attempt to study and develop this concept, it remains challenging, as this context contemplates both tangible and intangible observations for two unlimited parts—information and quality—researched isolated, with its own alternatives, methods and objectives for several years and from different points of view. This chapter's approach is to bring additional work published since the original one and develop conclusions reached at that time, providing a new level of comprehension, which allows the continuity of this debate of information quality, considering the emerging strong trend of analytics processing and informational service offering.
يتعلق معظم الأعمال والخدمات التي تقوم بها المؤسسات الحكومية والخدمات التي تقدمها للمواطنين بالتعامل مع البيانات والمعلومات ومن هنا أصبحت أساليب الوصول إليها واستخدامها من القضايا الحرجة ، كما أصبحت تمثل تحديا كبيرا لتلك المؤسسات . ومن أجل تحسين الخدمات والإسراع في تقديمها تسعى تلك المؤسسات ، بشكل مستمر وتحت ضغط التغيير الذي بداخلها أو الذي يحيط بها ، إلى البحث عن أساليب وطرق جديدة لإعادة هندسة أجهزتها الإدارية أو سبل إيصال المعلومات والخدمات إلى المستفيدين منها . ويعتبر مشروع الحكومة الإلكترونية هدفا حقيقيا لتحقيق ما تبحث عنه المؤسسات ، إنه أكثر من مجرد استخدام للتكنولوجيا وشبكة الإنترنت أو حتى الإنترنت . إن مجرد الإيمان بهذا التغيير فرض على المؤسسات : إعادة صياغة الطريقة التي يمكن للمواطنين بها الوصول إلى المعلومات والخدمات بغض النظر عن الفروقات الشخصية بينهم ، من حيث الجنس والعرق والثقافة … إلخ . توفير الشعور الحقيقي بحرية المعلومات والمشاركة بها ، بما يضمن ما يسمى بالديموقراطية الرقمية . إعادة التفكير في إدارة وتوزيع المعرفة والخبرات وموارد المعلومات وقواعد البيانات وهندستها . بعبارة أخرى لابد من تحديد المفاهيم وتوضيحها من أجل تحديد المسؤوليات وتوزيعها وإعداد الأفراد وتهيئتهم على مختلف مستوياتهم ؛ المنفذ والمشغل والمستفيد معا . ومن هنا تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى
Evaluation of near-term (sub)seasonal climate services’ impact is challenging but necessary for ensuring that society’s needs for actionable information are met. We use a descriptive study of the monthly North Central Climate and Drought Webinar Series at two time points (2014 and 2021) to examine societal impacts on capacity-building, sense-making, fact-establishing, communication, decision-making, and social-ecological systems. The North Central Climate and Drought Webinar Series arose following a 2011 climate disaster and established itself over the next ten years as a monthly resource for climate and impact information translation and interaction. Survey respondents indicated early benefits related to understanding how to find and use climate information and improved conceptual understanding of climate issues and problems. Many used webinar information to compare with other sources of data or to incorporate into their own communications, uses which can increase overall societal trust in climate information over time. Attendees’ self-reported capacity for using climate information in decision-making and actual use of information in specific decisions or management context increased as the webinar series approached the ten-year mark. Most participants did not note financial or other social-ecological outcomes of their use of the webinars. We conclude by recommending that climate services be evaluated over sufficiently long time periods to capture evolving impacts, and that evaluations incorporate impact rubrics that measure subtle yet important societal capacities and decision-making processes related to climate risk management.
This journal provides a critical analysis of the role of management information systems (SIM) in optimizing strategic decision making in the current business environment. By exploring related literature and relevant case studies, the authors highlight the importance of SIM integration in the strategic decision-making process. This article highlights the challenges organizations face in effectively implementing SIM as well as the opportunities that exist to improve performance through the use of advanced information technology. This analysis not only provides deep insight into the contribution of SIM to strategic decision making, but also identifies areas where improvements can be made to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the system. In conclusion, this article emphasizes the importance of SIM as a strategic tool that not only facilitates better decision making, but also provides a competitive advantage to organizations in today's digital era.
The significance of knowledge management (KM) in modern society has been widely discussed in recent years. There is widespread agreement that an organization's long-term health, competitive advantage, and capacity to stimulate innovation depend on its capabilities to effectively its information resources effectively. In this context, “management” refers to the internal process of disseminating, creating, retrieving, and storing data and knowledge inside an organization. Its principal goal is to aid the firm in its operations and improve its profitability. Successful knowledge management adoption calls for a comprehensive shift in an organization's culture and the unwavering commitment of its leaders at all levels. By fostering a conducive organizational environment, a company may effectively use its collective organizational learning and knowledge to address challenges on a global scale, irrespective of time constraints. This can be achieved through the implementation of KM practices. The principle objective of this research is to enhance the comprehension of KM and its capacity to help firms attain their business goals. Subsequently, an examination will be undertaken regarding certain obstacles pertaining to the execution of this approach within organizational contexts.
In this article, it is discussed whether the philosophy of information is a philosophy for the Digital Society? This issue arises, as relevant due to the accelerated development of Information and Communication Technologies, and its dissemination among people, which is contributing to the globalization and the development of the-Knowledge Society‖, in the digital age. We have new types of issues, especially about the relationship between action / technology / environment. As we will argue, a new way of understanding the world, human beings, and the relationship between them is emerging. Second, (Floridi, 2002, 2014), due to the new information context, the thesis that an Information Philosophy will be required to understand current phenomena is analyzed. The basic assumptions of this new area of philosophy and some problems that make up its research agenda are analyzed. As it seeks to contribute to the understanding of the new directions of philosophical research on the Knowledge Society, in the Digital era.
In the contemporary organizational context, the sharing and transfer of knowledge play a significant role and, therefore, it is important to overcome internal and external barriers for them to be processed. What can be facilitated by the implementation of The Governance of Data, Information and Knowledge (GovDIC), an emerging interdisciplinary approach that crosses the fields of Information Sciences, Business Sciences and Human Resources Sciences. The Governance do the problem is that, in addition to being a new construct and still little studied, conceptual divergences are fed by the amplitude the possible dimensions of analysis. In this context, the objective of this study arises in identifying the conceptualization of the construct Governance of Data, Information and Knowledge proposed in the scientific literature to support its better understanding and perspective of future investigations. A theoretical research was conducted through a systematic literature review, followed by an analysis of the most relevant publications on the subject. The discussion on the relevant GovDIC construct is considered in the context of contemporary organizations, however, it signals the importance of future empirical and theoretical studies,, to foster discussions, on the subject today. I. THEME AND SEARCH PROBLEM "Governance" is a well-known term in the business world. It has focused mainly on the role of management in representing and defending the interests of shareholders. The fundamental role of governance is to monitor and control the behavior of managers, who are hired to preside over the day-today functioning of organizations. Perhaps the best-known use is at the corporate level: "corporate governance", such as the set of processes, customs, policies, laws that affect the way the corporation/company is run, managed, or controlled. Corporate governance also includes the relationships between the stakeholders involved and the objectives for the company. The main stakeholders are shareholders, employees, suppliers, customers, banks and other creditors, regulators, and the community. In the world of ICT's, the term "ICT governance" is well defined and is known, Weill and Ross, (2004). It is a discipline of the subset of corporate governance focused on information and communication technologies, their performance and risk management. The growing interest in ICT governance is partly due to compliance (quality) initiatives as well as the recognition that ICT is a resource of increasing importance in products, services and in the implementation and optimization of processes. It consists of "organizational structures and processes that ensure that ICT's support the strategy of organizations and their objectives, Governance Institute, (2003). ICT governance is therefore an instrument of the alignment of ICT's with the business, according to Hirschheim and Sabherwal, (2001). Therefore, the proper use of information (and not only its production) is of vital importance and therefore adequately a candidate for governance. We believe (it is our premise) that organizations that have an implemented process of information governance are more effective in identifying sources, collecting, processing, and using information and increasingly creating value for other sources of information. Information governance involves defining the global and immediate or transactional environment, identifying new opportunities, rules and decision-making power for the evaluation, creation, collection, analysis, distribution, storage, use and control of information, which answers the question: "What is the information that managers need for support in decision making, how they make use of it and who is responsible for it?" Research into current practice reveals that in many organizations, if not all, a comprehensive information governance policy, Economist Intelligence Unit, (2008), especially for external and free information, and often the policies and processes they have, are not effective.
The knowledge management can be addressed according to various perspectives which allows the discussion of specific types of knowledge: the strategic knowledge related to the formulation of the business strategy and the decisions associated with it. The literature is vast on the problems of the business strategy, as well as on the management in addition to the instruments related to the management of information in the business Context. The processes whose focus is the strategy lacks more studies and ways to make knowledge more Useful. This article seeks to discuss the concept of this type of knowledge, its characteristics, and the differences between the strategic knowledge management and the management of strategic knowledge, as well as the management of information for decision-making Strategic and control of the Same. The approach methodology privileged the studies related to knowledge management, the transformations of tacit knowledge in explicit and Vice versa, in a process of building knowledge that passes through the individual, by groups and organizations the approach methodology presents the state of the art as well as points to new Challenges.
Intelligence is a concept that occurs in multiple contexts and has various meanings. It refers to the ability of human beings and other entities to think and understand the world around us. It represents a set of skills directed at problem-solving and targeted at producing effective results. Thus, intelligence and governance are an odd couple. We expect governments and other governing institutions to operate in an intelligent manner, but too frequently we criticize their understanding of serious public problems, their decisions, behaviors, managerial skills, ability to solve urgent problems, and overall governability wisdom. This manuscript deals with such questions using interdisciplinary insights (i.e., psychological, social, institutional, biological, technological) on intelligence and integrating it with knowledge in governance, administration, and management in public and non-profit sectors. We propose the IntelliGov framework, that may extend both our theoretical, methodological, analytical, and applied understanding of intelligent governance in the digital age.
Project INISS is the first major investigation of the information needs of social services staff in this country. This paper describes the origins of the project, the method employed in the first phase of the study, some of the findings, and implications for information services in these environments.
This research explores the basic question: Are there shared cognitive structures (scripts) underlying common organizational events'? Linguistics and social cognition were used to fashion a framework for the interpretation and analysis of videotaped appraisal interviews, which were coded via speech act analysis and then computer-mapped to create a graphic display of each appraisal interaction. Interpretive analyses of these maps revealed a common behavioural script, which implied the existence of a consensual cognitive script for enacting the appraisal interviews. Additionally, the approach and findings of this study, which is based on an 'interpretive' research paradigm, are contrasted with a companion study (Gioia and Sims 1986), which was based on a 'positivist' paradigm. The comparison of two studies investigating the same set of events from alternative paradigmatic perspectives reveals not only convergent and divergent findings, but also suggests that when one adopts different 'lenses' with which to view ostensibly the same organizational phenomena, one simply 'sees' different things.
To answer the unexplored question of whether communicator credibility affects attention to and comprehension of a stimulus object under conditions of direct exposure, a quasi-field experiment was conducted. Musicians in two functioning jazz orchestras rehearsed the new compositions of composers whose attributed credibility was systematically varied. Musicians playing a low credibility composition made more errors than did musicians playing the same tune when it was attribute to a high cedibility composer. This effect appeared on their first play but disappeared on a second play. There were no systematic differences between conditions on ratings of the music, but subjects exhibited better recall of tunes played under the high credibility set when tested on day later. These results suggest that credibility affects reception but that the effects are transient under conditions of direct exposure. Potential confounding in previous crediblility research is discussed.
Outlines the reasons for the choice of ‘structured observation’ as a research method, describes the training process and the development of the data-recording format, the use of structured observation in the field, and assesses its problems and effectiveness.
This paper describes the second phase of Project INISS which involved structured interviews with 151 members of staff of four social services departments. The planning, design and execution of the interviews are described and results are analysed under three headings: the context of information needs, organization communication, and information need/information‐seeking behaviour. The implications of the work for the information profession are explored.
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The history of the flawed joint that caused the NASA Challenger space shuttle disaster is examined, showing the sequence of events that led to its development and certification. Then the Challenger launch itself is described, and a number of questions are raised. The lessons to be learned from the accident are discussed.
Top executives were surveyed to determine their subjective criteria regarding the process of strategic problem formulation. Three criteria (clarity, politicality and complexity) were identified and used to determine which activities in the SPF process contributed to explaining the criteria. It was found that a clear process was perceived to be one in which several views were considered but where a synthesis was developed.
Scenarios were not used for strategic decision-making until some time after their introduction. Structured approaches which fully use scenarios for strategy development have only emerged in the last few years. This paper describes such an approach as practised in Shell Nederland and focuses on the business environment with reference to the norms and values. A second paper dealing with the values in more details will appear in the next issue.
Information systems design can progress toward meeting the needs of the population of decision‐makers, managers, policy‐makers, and interdisciplinary workers by attention to specifications obtained from the user's situation. The user situation is represented by problems and their component dimensions, of which subject is only one dimension. The other problem dimensions, which relate to information traits, are discussed for the purpose of proposing a new orientation for the design of information systems.
Formal theories of rational choice suggest that information about the possible consequences of alternative actions will be sought and used only if the precision, relevance, and reliability of the information are compatible with its cost. Empirical studies of information in organizations portray a pattern that is hard to rationalize in such terms. In particular, organizations systematically gather more information than they use, yet continue to ask for more. We suggest that this behavior is a consequence of some ways in which organizational settings for information use differ from those anticipated in a simple decision-theory vision. In particular, the use of information is embedded in social norms that make it highly symbolic. Some of the implications of such a pattern of information use are discussed.
The previous reports in this series described the data collection phases of Project INISS, in which structured observation and interviewing were the basic methods used. When this work was completed the Project moved into its ‘action’ phase, in which a number of innovations in information provision were applied experimentally in seven social services departments. The change was reflected in a different funding body; the early work was supported by the British Library Research and Development Department, but a new research grant was obtained from the Department of Health and Social Security when the BLRDD was unable to provide further support. This paper outlines the idea of ‘action research’, describes the intention of the action phase and of the innovations introduced, traces the main features of negotiations with department management and staff and outlines the results.
When INFROSS began in the autumn of 1967, although a large number of studies had been conducted into the requirements of scientists for information, very little had been done in the field of social science information. There are a number of possible reasons for this. Social scientists, faced with a much smaller total volume of information, were much less information-conscious and less inclined to seek for solutions. There are very few specialist libraries in the social sciences, and few librarians were therefore confronted with social scientists' information needs in the same way as librarians in scientific libraries were confronted with users and their problems. Finally, until OSTI came along there was little in the way of funds to support this kind of research. This almost total absence of previous research had its disadvantages and advantages. There were very few clues to guide us, and we were therefore working to a certain extent in the dark. On the other hand, we had a clean and open field uncorrupted by confusing and non-comparable studies. There is something to be said for being one of the first in a field. (For an extended review of relevant work previously carried out, Michael Brittain's book should be consulted.)
The Investigation into Information Requirements of the Social Sciences (INFROSS) was initiated in 1968 because it was feared that in the absence of knowledge about information requirements of the social sciences, solutions adopted in science, based on the findings of science user studies, would be applied to the social sciences. It is now desirable that the results of INFROSS should be compared with those of science user studies. To do this it is essential that studies should be based on comparable data. The relationship between the sciences and the characteristics of each science must be taken into account in ascertaining the differing information requirements of scientists and social scientists. This report therefore attempts to draw from science user studies possible general conclusions that enable a comparison to be made with the results of INFROSS, and in doing so considers some of the methodological problems involved. (Related reports are LI004402 and 004403.) (Author/SJ)
Rhetorical critics, whether evaluating or explaining rhetorical experiences, are more useful when they argue than when they do not. Critics who argue provide information and invite confrontation that tests the intersubjective reliability of their argument and hence contribute to a more dependable understanding of a rhetorical experience or of rhetoric.
A management-oriented model for describing and studying information behavior is proposed. The model focuses on variables which can be manipulated by managers—primarily environmental and situational variables—rather than on variables describing individual attributes. Several hypotheses derived from the model are tested using a database describing the information-related attitudes and behaviors of some 560 scientists and engineers working in a variety of settings and roles. All but one of the hypotheses were confirmed, adding support to the model. The results of these tests suggest that environmental and situational constraints play a major part in determining information behavior. They suggest that interventions aimed at improving information flow within organizations must be carefully tailored to the specific situation if they are to have maximum impact.
This article examines the information seeking and evaluative behavior of attorneys as they search the corpus of law for primary authority in order to solve context sensitive legal issues. First, the dynamic mental models attorneys construct of the law as expressed in its published artifacts is explored. The relevance judgment of cases is then explicated in terms of these models. The conclusion reached is that relevance judgments shift along a knowledge continuum depending on the status of the attorney's mental model, and that the factors underlying these judgments are complex, multidimensional, and knowable. Current empirical research into the retrieval effectiveness of two full-text legal databases is evaluated in light of the behavioral theory and mental models developed. The implications of attorney information seeking behavior for future information retrieval system design for this domain are also explored. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The concept of user-centered library services is widely discussed in library literature as an antidote to a systems-centered approach. What is not well understood, however, is the need for a theoretical and conceptual underpinning to guide the development of a user-centered service. Dervin and others have provided some insights into the nature of information and information seeking that can serve as a conceptual base for understanding how our thinking has to change in order to develop user-centered services. This study suggests how an altered understanding of information can provide the basis for rethinking and potentially redesigning the library's mission, the provision of traditional services, the design of systems, and the measurement of services. Some concepts from psychology are suggested as a tool for increasing our understanding of how to design user-centered services. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A structured questionnaire was administered to professional personnel in industrial and government organizations, asking the subjects to rank eight information gathering methods according to their preference in given hypothetical situations. The subjects were then asked to rate the methods on a seven point scale according to (a) ease of use and (b) amount of information expected. The subjects were divided into two groups determined by their time spent in research or research related activities. The groups were designated “research” and “nonresearch”.A statistical analysis of the data from 96 subjects (52 in research, 44 in nonresearch) showed that no statistically significant differences were present in either the rankings or ratings between research and non-research personnel. A high significant correlation was found, however, between the preference ranking and the ease of use rating within both groups, whereas no significant correlation was found between the preference ranking and the amount of information ratings.The results of the study infer that the ease of use of an information gathering method is more important than the amount of information expected for information gathering methods in industrial and government environments, regardless of the research orientation of the users.
In a seminal article on question negotiation, Taylor outlines four levels of question formulation which pertain to the client-information professional interview session. The literature which supports Taylor's theory is covered. It is proposed that Taylor's four levels may be inadequate for describing question negotiation in the online presearch interview. An altered model is given with suggestions for testing the model in the online environment. Some recommendations concerning the importance of discovering such a model are offered.
Japanese companies have become successful because of their skill and expertise at creating organizational knowledge. Organizational knowledge is not only the creation of new knowledge, but also disseminating it throughout the organization, and embodying it in products, services, and systems. Knowledge is the new competitive resource, and its creation and utilization is a dynamic, interactive process. Knowledge is used as the basic unit of analysis to explain firm behavior; a business creates and processes knowledge. Knowledge may be explicit or tacit; this study treats them as complements that form a dynamic relationship. The individual interacts with the organization through knowledge; knowledge creation occurs at the individual, group, and organizational levels. The forms of knowledge interaction (between tacit and explicit, and between individual and firm) produce four major processes of knowledge conversion: from tacit to explicit, explicit to explicit, explicit to tacit, and tacit to tacit. Japanese companies create new knowledge by converting tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. The book has three goals: to formalize a generic model of organizational knowledge creation, explain why certain Japanese companies have been continuously successful in innovation, and develop a universal model of company management based on convergence of knowledge practices in Japan and the world. First presents a philosophical exposition of knowledge and its application to managemen, then the core concepts of knowledge creation, with four modes of knowledge conversion. The Matsushita company is used to illustrate the process model of organization knowledge creation. The two traditional styles of management (top-down and bottom-up) are shown not to be effective in fostering the dynamic necessary to create organizational knowledge, and a new organization structure considered most conducive to knowledge creation is proposed. (TNM)
The goal of the NASA/DOD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project is to further understanding of the dissemination of aerospace information and technology into the research and development process. The project covers practices of aerospace engineers and scientists in obtaining scientific and technical information (STI) as well as the transfer of STI between government and industry, between individuals and organizations in the academic community, and between non-U.S. groups. The benefits of STI diffusion for maximizing research and development productivity and the industrial competitiveness of the aerospace industry are discussed.
1. The biotransformations of triphenyl phosphite and of triphenyl-, tri-n.-butyl-, diethylphenyl-, and ethylmethylphenyl-phosphines by the fungi Mortierella isabellina ATCC 42613, Helminthosporium species NRRL 4671, and Aspergillus foetidus ATCC 10254, have been examined. 2. The triaryl and tri-n.-butyl substrates underwent oxidation at phosphorus in low yield, a process attributed largely to auto-oxidation under the experimental conditions used. 3. The alkyl aryl phosphines were enzymically oxidized at phosphorus, but concurrent auto-oxidation also occurred. 4. Incubation of ethylmethylphenyl phosphine with M. isabellina gave the corresponding S(-) phosphine oxide in a 92% yield with an enantiomeric purity of 13%.
This paper reports some of the findings of a study on environmental scanning practices in six large Korean firms and compares the results with those of previous studies on scanning conducted in the United States. Such comparisons are made for both the scanning behaviors of individual managers and the structures, roles, and systems of formal environmental scanning units. The overall conclusion that emerges is that while scanning behaviors of American and Korean firms are quite similar, on average, they differ significantly in the extents of inter-organizational variances in the two societies. Scanning practices of U.S. firms are diverse, While those of Korean firms are remarkably similar.Such uniformity in the way Korean firms scan their environments, it is argued, arise from mimetic and normative isomorphism (DiMaggio and Powell 1983) and is an illustration of how inter-organizational influences affect firm behavior. The causes and consequences of such inter-organizational homogeneity have important theoretical, methodological, and practical implications, some of which are briefly discussed in the paper.© 1988 JIBS. Journal of International Business Studies (1988) 19, 69–86
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