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Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging properties of ethanolic extracts of defatted borage (Borago o cinalis L.) seeds
Abstract
Borage meal exerted a concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in a meat model system. At 2% (w/w), it inhibited (p≤0.05) 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), hexanal and total volatile formation in meat by 26.5, 30.5 and 18.6%, respectively. Antioxidant compounds in the meal were concentrated at optimum extraction conditions (in 52% ethanol at 74°C for 62 min) predicted by response surface methodology (RSM). The resulting extract inhibited (p⩽0.05) the coupled oxidation of β-carotene and linoleate in a β-carotene-linoleate system. The system containing extract at a level providing 200 ppm phenolics retained 81% of the initial β-carotene after 2 h of assay whereas the control retained only 11%. Inhibition (p⩽0.05) of TBARS, hexanal and total volatile formation in a meat system containing 200 ppm extract ranged from 18.9 to 88.3%, depending upon the concentration being tested. The extract inhibited (p⩽0.05) conjugated diene, hexanal and total volatile formation in bulk corn oil (8.3–49.6% inhibition) and corn-oil-in water emulsion (5.2–32.2% inhibition). Hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical-scavenging properties of the extract were somewhat less than, but comparable to, those observed for trans-sinapic acid at similar concentrations of phenolics. At 200 ppm, a 100% quenching of the hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical was evident. The extract scavenged 29–75% of the hydrogen peroxide in assay media after 10 min of assay as compared to 3% reduction in the control.
... Due to its potential market for gamma linolenic acid (GLA), it has been the subject of increasing agricultural interest and different fatty acids obtained from the seeds [130]. In addition to GLA, borage seeds contain stearic, erucic, linoleic, palmitic, oleic, α-linolenic, and erucic acids [131][132][133][134]. GLA is an omega-6 essential fatty acid that has been considered as having many positive therapeutic impacts, such as the treatment of diabetes, arthritis, heart disease, atopic eczema, cyclic mastalgia, and multiple sclerosis [135,136]. Oil from plant seeds mostly includes triglycerides consisting of C16-C20 fatty acids, and triglycerides are sufficiently soluble in SC-CO 2 , but they are much more so in n-alkane, such as propane [137]. Borage seed oil is mostly obtained by organic solvent extraction (mainly hexane), extrusion procedures such as cold pressing and hot expelling, or a mixture of extrusion processes and solvent extraction [138]. ...
... [123][124][125][126] The main reasons for membrane disruption are increased free fatty acid levels and free radical productivity by lipid per oxidation. [126][127][128][129][130] The seeds also contain palmitic, linoleic, stearic, α-linolenic, oleic, erucic, and erucic acids [130][131][132][133][134][135] Gamma-linolenic acid showed the potential to relieve the symptoms and signs of various chronic inflammatory diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and rheumatoid arthritis. [135][136][137][138][139][140] Gamma-linolenic acid can also be appropriate in respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular disorders. ...
... [126][127][128][129][130] The seeds also contain palmitic, linoleic, stearic, α-linolenic, oleic, erucic, and erucic acids [130][131][132][133][134][135] Gamma-linolenic acid showed the potential to relieve the symptoms and signs of various chronic inflammatory diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and rheumatoid arthritis. [135][136][137][138][139][140] Gamma-linolenic acid can also be appropriate in respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular disorders. [135][136][137][138][139][140] Borage seeds also have different volatile compounds with antimicrobial activities. ...
Knowledge about the pharmacological benefits of different seeds is an important factor for the cultivation and application of medicinal herbs and plants. The seeds of medicinal plants are stores of valuable and active secondary metabolites that have been commercially and economically beneficial and helpful for medicine and pharmacy. The major parameter of reproduction and the preservation of plants are seeds, which have a functional role in the distribution and establishment of plants in different regions. Five important seeds that have tremendous medicinal and pharmacological benefits are anise, basil, borage, cilantro, and chamomile. Anise seed is used as a spice, either whole or ground, and its essential oil and extract are also obtained from the seeds. Basil seeds have a long history of usage in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, and they are a good source of minerals, are high in fiber (including pectin), and are rich is flavonoids and other polyphenols. Borage seed oil is used for skin disorders, such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and neurodermatitis. Coriander is an annual herb that is part of the Apiaceae family, and the seeds are rich in iron, zinc, copper, and essential minerals, which can decrease bad cholesterol and improve good cholesterol in the body. Chamomile can be considered for the treatment of insomnia, hemorrhoids, anxiety, and diarrhea, and it may help with wound healing and skin irritation.
... To evaluate the photoprotective activity in vitro of the extracts of B. dracunculifolia, we selected the method of Mansur [42], a classical method used to screen plant extracts and isolated compounds [61][62][63][64][65]. In Mansur equation, the absorbance value, within the UV-B range (290-320 nm), is the variable that is directly related to the SPF value found. ...
... The samples G and H showed the greatest antioxidant potential, with the EC 50 value being 12.9 µg/mL and 7.6 µg/mL, respectively (Fig. 3). The quercetin, positive control, showed an EC 50 value of 5 µg/mL, a similar result found in other studies [64]. ...
... In this system, the free radicals formed attack the β-carotene, which is an unsaturated molecule, and stabilize the electronic deficiency by resonance, causing an orange color change, which can be detected by the spectrophotometer. Substances with antioxidant action, such as phenolics, can promote the neutralization of free radicals that are formed in the reaction and consequently discolor β-carotene less, which determines the activity of a sample to protect a lipid substrate from oxidation [64,69]. This experiment was carried out using sample G as a test and BHT 0.2 mg/mL as a positive control. ...
... The capacity of phenolic compounds in scavenging hydroxyl radicals formed by Fenton reaction was examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using a slightly modified version of a method previously reported (Wettasinghe, and Shahidi, 1999 Hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity (%) = 100 -(EPR signal intensity of samples with extracts/ EPR signal intensity for control) * 100 ...
... The EPR spectra acquired for all of the extracts indicated the differences in their hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. The results of this study are in agreement with those reported by other researchers, who have shown that polyphenolics from plants or their fractions present direct scavenging activities against hydroxyl radicals (Barua et al., 2014;Wettasinghe and Shahidi, 1999). Chandrasekara and Shahidi (2011b) showed that extracts of whole cashew nut and testa contain a higher amount of flavonoids, such as (+)catechin, (-)-epicatechin, and epigallocatechin, which may have prooxidative effects at high concentrations, particularly in the presence of transition metal ions. ...
... It has been suggested that flavonoids, such as myricetin and quercetin, are hydroxyl radical scavengers (Yilmaz and Akkaya, 2012). The quenching of the EPR signal results from the donation of a hydrogen atom by the phenolic compounds in the crude extract to • OH (Wettasinghe and Shahidi, 1999). It has been observed that the extracts exerted significant scavenging effects on hydroxyl radicals and that these effects increased with an increase in the concentration. ...
Abstract
Berries are highly valued crops due to their unique flavour, texture, colour and phytochemicals. They are rich in phenolic compounds which have been recognized as having beneficial health effects in humans. Phenolic compounds are present in the free, soluble ester and insoluble-bound forms; these were extracted using four different solvents {methanol–acetone–water (7:7:6, v/v/v), acetone-water (80: 20, v/v), methanol-water (70: 30, v/v), and water}. The insoluble-bound phenolics were procured after alkaline hydrolysis and subsequent extraction into diethyl ether-ethyl acetate. Phenolic extracts of each fraction were separately assayed for their antioxidant activity using several methods, namely oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), the reducing power capacity, as well as iron (II) chelation capacity, among others. There were significant differences in the total content of phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins between blackberry, black raspberry, and blueberry seed meals. The bound phenolics contributed the highest proportion to the total contents of different classes of phenolics. Furthermore, blackberry seed meals had higher total antioxidant activity compared with black raspberry and blueberry seed meals in all assays employed. High-performance liquid chromatography−diode array detection−electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn) was used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds. Hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and proanthocyanidins were identified and quantified in the aforementioned fractions. Extracts were found to contain various levels of phenolic compounds that were specific to each berry seed meal type.
... [19a] The resultant hybrids 1-4 having the formula (HPDS) 5 sulfonium, MPDS = (4-methoxyphenyl)dimethyl sulfonium, DMPTS = dimethyl(ptolyl)sulfonium, FPDS = (4-formylphenyl)dimethyl sulfonium) were characterized using several analytical and spectroscopic techniques including ESI-MS and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The antioxidant properties of these hybrids were then established in their native form using standard in vitro assays such as H 2 O 2 scavenging activity, [20] DPPH radical scavenging assays, [21] and lipid peroxidation inhibitory assays. [22] As the reduced POMs are known to function as better reducing agents, we were also interested in checking the antioxidant properties of these hybrids in their reduced form. ...
... [31] As the original hybrid does not have any nitrogen-containing moieties, the origin of these new peaks must be the DMF used for reducing the cluster. [23] The antioxidant potentials of hybrids 1-4 were evaluated in native and reduced forms using a series of in vitro antioxidant assays such as H 2 O 2 scavenging assay, [20] lipid peroxidation inhibitory assay, [22] and DPPH radical scavenging assay. [21] All the assays have been performed using different concentrations of samples ranging from 0.0625 to 1 mM. ...
... The hydrogen peroxide scavenging capabilities of hybrids 1-4 were estimated using the standard H 2 O 2 scavenging assay. [20] These analyses revealed that all the native and reduced hybrids 1-4 exhibit H 2 O 2 scavenging activity, and the activity increases with the increasing concentration of the hybrid. The percentage inhibitory activities of the native and reduced hybrids 1-4 are given in Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6. ...
The development of biocompatible and water‐soluble inorganic antioxidants is important, given the increasing demand for antioxidants worldwide. Polyoxovanadate (POV) clusters have been extensively explored for several biological applications, but the antioxidant properties of POVs remain largely unexplored. Herein, we developed a series of water‐soluble aryl sulfonium decavanadate ([V10O28]⁶⁻) hybrids and studied their antioxidant properties. The hybrids were characterized by several analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as ESI‐MS, XPS, and single‐crystal XRD analyses. The antioxidant properties of these hybrids were explored under native and photochemically reduced conditions using standard in vitro antioxidant assays such as H2O2 scavenging assay, lipid peroxidation inhibitory assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, and reducing power assay. These analyses showed that these aryl sulfonium POV hybrids exhibit comparable or better antioxidant activities than the parent [V10O28]⁶⁻ cluster and the standard ascorbic acid in some of the assays studied. The cytotoxicity studies using MG‐63 cells revealed that these hybrids exhibit moderate cytotoxicity. Further, it was found that introducing a phenolic functional group on the counter ion moiety helps to improve the overall antioxidant properties of the POV‐based hybrids. The present study, therefore, reports a series of water‐soluble aryl sulfonium polyoxometalate hybrids‐based antioxidants for the first time. However, more toxicological studies using similar hybrids are required to fully understand the biocompatible nature of these systems before considering their potential biological applications.
... The b-carotene method was carried out according to Wettasinghe and Shahidi (1999) [30]. Two milliliters of b-carotene solution (0.2 mg/mL in chloroform) were pipetted into a roundbottomed flask containing 20 µL linoleic acid and 200 µL Tween 20. ...
... The b-carotene method was carried out according to Wettasinghe and Shahidi (1999) [30]. Two milliliters of b-carotene solution (0.2 mg/mL in chloroform) were pipetted into a roundbottomed flask containing 20 µL linoleic acid and 200 µL Tween 20. ...
... In more details, low yield of basil EO in O. basilicum in Tunisia (0.2%) and in locurance [32,33]. On the other hand, O. basilicum grown in India (0.1 to 0.74%), Oman (0.17%), Pakistani basil (ranging from 0.5 to 0.8%) and Egypt (1.7%) [29,30,34]. These differences could be explained by environmental factors in the culture environment (climatic and edaphic conditions) and genetic factors [30,35]. ...
Ocimum basilicum is a valuable source of bioactive metabolites with high preventive and therapeutic effectiveness. Here we aimed to investigate the effect of phenological stages (vegetative and flowering stages) on essential oil composition and biological activities of two varieties of O. basilicum (Fino Verde variety and Genovese varieties). To this end, the level of essential oils, flavonoids and phenols, as well as antioxidant and antifungal activities were measured. At the metabolic level, essential oil at vegetative stage of O. bailicum Fino Verde and Genovese variety was constituted by 22 and 26 compounds representing 71.68% and 82.54% of the total oil, respectively. Where germacrene D (10.07%), bicyclogermacrene (6.07%) and β-elemene (4.88%) were the most present components in Fino Verde variety. Moreover, 22.19% are oxygenated monoterpenes represented mainly by the linalool (15.18%) and 1.8 cineole (6.36%) in Genovese variety. The individuals of essential oils were significantly increased to 40 components in Fino Verde variety (98.01% of total essential oil) and decreased to 15 components (95.6% of total essential oil) in Genovese variety at flowering stage. At this stage, the oxygenated monoterpenes (78.4%) were the major fraction represented by linalool (40.1%) and 1.8 cineole (30.96%) in Fino Verde variety, however 64.69% were esters which mainly represented by the methyl cinnamate (64.69%), and 16.83% of oxygenated monoterpenes and Linalool (12.7%) were recorded for Genovese variety. Genovese variety showed the highest levels at both vegetative and flowering stage compared to Fino Verde variety. At flowering stage, the two varieties showed high antioxidant and antifungal activities. Overall, O. basilicum properties offer prospects for their use as a source, particularly at flowering stage to extend new medicines based on natural bioactive molecules.
... In oils and fats, it's often used in the form of esters with palmitic acid, like ascorbyl palmitate, at concentrations ranging from 0.006% to 0.040% (Figure 8). Fruits and vegetables are abundant sources of vitamin C. Rose hips and citrus fruits, in particular, boast high vitamin C content [32][33][34]. ...
Antioxidants sourced from nature play a pivotal role in maintaining human health. Enzymatic antioxidants like catalase and peroxidase, alongside high-molecular-weight non-enzymatic antioxidants such as albumin and ferritin, bolster cellular defense mechanisms. Phenolic compounds, plentiful in plants, act as antioxidants and fall into different categories like phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, lignans, and lignin. These compounds showcase antioxidant prowess by neutralizing free radicals and binding metals, with their efficacy influenced by structural nuances and environmental factors. Moreover, flavonoids, tannins, lignans, diterpenes, and carotenoids stand out for their antioxidant prowess. Carotenoids like lycopene, present in tomatoes, display notable antioxidant potency, contributing to health advantages like mitigated disease risks. Additionally, tocopherols (vitamin E) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) demonstrate antioxidant properties, shielding against lipid oxidation and providing supplementary health perks. The diverse range of natural antioxidants found in plants underscores their significance in fostering health and combating ailments linked to oxidative stress.
... [4,5] Earlier, few groups established the chemical composition of seed oil of B. officinalis and reported to have a good content of fatty acids such as linolenic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, eicosenoic acid, and erucic acid. [6,7] Recent pharmacological studies hypothesized that various extracts of B. officinalis parts have potential actions to inhibit free radical and inflammatory enzymes [8][9][10] and to treat gastrointestinal, respiratory, and cardiovascular disorders. [11] So far, no studies established the potentialities on flowers of B. officinalis. ...
... β-carotene bleaching activity of the sample was evaluated following the method described by Wettasinghe and Shahidi (1999). A stock solution of 1ml of β-carotene and linoleic acid was prepared with 0.2 mg of β-carotene in 1 ml of chloroform, 20 μl of linoleic acid, and 200 μl of 100% Tween 20. ...
The current study was designed to assess five species of the genus Phaseolus for phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant ability. The antioxidant capacity of the sample extracts was assessed using different antioxidant models such as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), DPPH free radical scavenging, phosphomolybdenum reducing power, ferrous ion chelating activity, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, deoxyribose degradation, and β-carotene bleaching assays. The results obtained discovered that the concentration of phenolics and flavonoids in the studied species ranged from 1.11 to 4.01mg TAE/g plant material and 0.11 to 1.16 mg QE/g plant material. The antioxidant activity of the extracts varied in a wide range in the different antioxidant assays depending on the genotype as well as the polarity of the solvents used to obtain the extracts. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited the maximum amount of phenolics and flavonoids among the solvents. The species studied exhibited a significant range of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity. Hence, the present investigation can provide a new direction by utilizing Phaseolus species to formulate cost-effective, eco-friendly, and value-added therapeutic products.
... The linear term (p < 0.01) of X 2 showed a positive effect, while the effect of X 3 was negative. This result is supported by Wettasinghe and Shahidi (1999), who studied on borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds. In contrast, the study of Chuyen et al. (2020) found that the only parameter significantly affecting the antioxidant capacity of Gac peel was the extraction time, and it exhibited a significant quadratic effect. ...
... The consequence could increase the contact area between the plant matrix and the solvent, thereby enhancing the extraction yield. Moreover, this result is consistent with the report by Wettasinghe and Shahidi [22] that the cosolvents of water-ethanol (50:50) provide the highest extraction efficiency of flavonoid compounds from Borago officinalis L. seeds. Extracted by a co-solvent of EtOH/water (50:50) at various temperatures for 60 min. ...
Among various textile types in Thailand, silk is the largest market share. Thus, upgrading or developing either the dying process or the quality of fabric dried for Thai silk is still necessary. Natural dyes have become an interesting resource because they are more environmentally friendly than synthetic dyes. Thus, this work aims to study the effect of different solvents for dye extraction from Oroxylumb Indicum (L.) Kurz on Eri Thai silk dyeing. Each solvent used for extraction gave a different relative tannic acid and quercetin content. Therefore, this further leads to different properties of dyed fabrics, such as color properties and washing fastness index. From the different solvents studied, the yield of the extracted dyes was on the order of EtOH/water (50: 50) > MeOH/water (50:50) > MeOH ~ EtOH > water. Then, the optimal ratios between EtOH and water in the efficient extraction were varied as follows water, EtOH/water (25: 75), EtOH/water (50: 50), EtOH/water (75:25), and EtOH. The result showed that EtOH/water (50: 50) was still the most effective for dye extraction. In addition, the effect of dose, temperature, and time of Oroxylumb Indicum (L.) Kurz was 8.0 g/L, 60 °C, and 60 min, which were considered optimal extraction conditions due to the high relative contents of tannic acid and quercetin. As a result, the fabric of Eri silk dyed has a high quality of fastness rating. Overall, these results could point out the use of extracted dye from Oroxylumb Indicum (L.) Kurz has the potential as an alternative dye for Eri Thai silk dyeing.
... Due to its potential market for gamma linolenic acid (GLA), it has been the subject of increasing agricultural interest and different fatty acid obtained from the seeds [130]. In addition to GLA, borage seeds contain stearic, erucic, linoleic, palmitic, oleic,α-linolenic, and erucic acids [131][132][133][134]. GLA is an omega-6 essential fatty acid which has been considered as having many positive therapeutic impacts such as treatment of diabetes, arthritis, heart disease, atopic eczema, cyclic mastalgia, and multiple sclerosis [135,136]. Oil from plant seeds includes mostly of triglycerides consisting of C16-C20 fatty acids, triglycerides are sufficiently soluble in SC-CO2, but much more so in n-alkane, like propane [137]. Borage seed oil is mostly obtained by organic solvent extraction (mainly hexane), extrusion procedure such as cold pressing and hot expelling or a mixture of extrusion processes and solvent extraction [138]. ...
Knowledge about pharmacological benefits of different seeds is an important factor for cultivation and application of medicinal herbs and plants. The seeds of medicinal plants are stores of valuable and active secondary metabolites that have been commercially and economically beneficial and helpful for medicine and pharmacy. The major parameter of reproduction and preservation of plants are also seeds which have a functional role in the distribution and establishment of plant in different regions. Five important seeds which have tremendous medicinal and pharmacological benefits are anise, basil, borage, cilantro and chamomile. Anise seed is used as a spice, either whole or ground, and its essential oil and extract are also obtained from the seeds. Basil seeds have a long history of usage in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, which are the good source of minerals, high in fiber including pectin, rich is flavonoids and other polyphenols. Borage seed oil is used for skin disorders such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and neurodermatitis. Cilantro is an annual herb that is part of the Apiaceae family. The seeds are rich in iron, zinc, copper and essential minerals which can decrease bad cholesterol and improves good cholesterol in the body. Chamomile can be considered for treatment of anxiety, insomnia, hemorrhoids, diarrhea and may help with wound healing and skin irritation. The keyword searches for Anise, Seed, Basil, Borage, Cilantro, Chamomile, Seed biology, Traditional medicinal science and seed anatomy were performed by using Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Google scholar. The aim of this article review is to survey the pharmacological and health benefits of seeds of five important medicinal plants.
... The antioxidant activity of B. officinalis was assessed using various in vitro assays, including determination of DPPH scavenging activity [1,5,6,16,17], ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) [1,16], oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) [16], and scavenging of superoxide radical (NBT test) [6]. These assays of in vitro antioxidant activity were used to analyse methanolic extracts of borage leaves [5], water and ethanolic extracts of the leaves [6], ethanolic extracts of defatted seeds [18], methanolic, ethanolic, and hot water extracts of flowers [1], and also fresh flowers [16]. In addition, borage flowers were tested in vitro on mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a cells), including assays of intracellular ROS production and endogenous antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) [16]. ...
In this study, methanol and water–methanol extracts of borage (Borago officinalis) herb dried using various methods were analysed for their phenolic profile and biological activity. Twelve compounds, including flavonoids (astragalin, kaempferol 4-glucoside, rutoside, and vitexin) and phenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic, ferulic, p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, rosmarinic, and syringic), were determined qualitatively and quantitatively in B. officinalis extracts by the HPLC-DAD method. The highest total flavonoid content was confirmed for the methanol extract from the hot-air-dried herb, while the methanol extract from the air-dried herb was most abundant in phenolic acids. The results of in vitro tests on human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and fibroblasts (BJ) showed that the extracts were able to reduce the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species in skin cells. Tests performed to assess inhibition of protein denaturation, lipoxygenase activity, and proteinase activity demonstrated that borage extracts have anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, the methanol extract of the herb dried in a convection oven showed the strongest inhibition of both collagenase and elastase activity, which is indicative of anti-ageing properties. The results show that the borage extracts are a source of valuable bioactive compounds with beneficial properties in the context of skin cell protection.
... However, use of synthetic antioxidants in food products is under strict regulation due to the potential health hazards caused by such compounds. [15] Many medicinal plants are rich in antioxidant components with high activities and low side-effects. Phenolic compounds, carotenoids, flavonoids, cinnamic acids, benzoic acids, folic acid, ascorbic acid, tocotrienols etc., are some of the antioxidants produced by the plant for sustenance. ...
This study proposes a strategy for screening and validating of antioxidant compounds and components from leaves of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. and Endl.) by variable selection based on weight analysis. The theoretical basis of variable selection lies in that the varied quantity of variables will influence the activity results of samples. The ethyl acetate fraction (sample 0) with high DPPH scavenging activity was further separated using silica gel chromatographic column to obtain 17 subfractions (samples 1–17). The 18 samples contain different compounds exhibited different DPPH radical scavenging activities. Two components A and B with time range of 2.00–12.00 min and 53.00–64.00 min on the chromatogram were selected by variable selection, respectively. Simultaneously, a large number of compounds with different retention times (RTs) were screened out. Five predicted compounds, including chlorogenic acid, methyl caffeate, ethyl caffeate, homoeriodictyol, quercetin 3,7-dimethyl ether were isolated and verified by DPPH radical scavenging ability assay. The radical scavenging rates of those compounds were higher than that of ethyl acetate fraction and the positive control butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT). Meanwhile, components A and B also show strong antioxidant activity. The radical scavenging activity of component A is higher than that of compounds which contained in component A, indicating the existence of synergistic antioxidant activity of compounds. The results of variable selection show that the proposed method is simple and reliable in screening the most active components and compounds. The method could be used for screening of compounds and components from other herbal plants with other activities.
... Ðàçëè÷íûìè ìåòîäàìè îïðåäåëåíà àíòèîêñèäàíòíàÿ àêòèâíîñòü âîäíî-îðãàíè÷åñêèõ ýêñòðàêòîâ èç ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî îáåçaeèðåííûõ ñåìÿí B. officinalis. Ðàíåå ïðåäëîaeåíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ýòè ýêñòðàêòû êàê àíòèîêñèäàíòû [13,14]. Áûëà îïðåäåëåíà àíòèîêñèäàíòíàÿ àêòèâíîñòü âîäíûõ ýêñòðàêòîâ öâåò-êîâ è ëèñòüåâ B. officinalis [15]. ...
Исследована устойчивость к окислению при длительном хранении нейтральных липидов семян бурачника (Borago officinalis L.). Показано, что в течение 2 лет органолептические показатели, содержание пигментов и жирных кислот практически не меняются. На модели радикально-цепного окисления метилолеата определена антиоксидантная активность нейтральных (НЛ) и полярных (ПЛ) липидов семян Borago officinalis. Установлено, что как в НЛ, так и ПЛ присутствуют антиоксиданты, тормозящие окисление метил-олеата. Антиоксидантная активность и количество антиоксидантов в НЛ были выше, чем в ПЛ семян Borago officinalis. Возможность длительного хранения масла семян B. officinalis обусловлена наличием антиоксиданта δ-токоферола.
... The increase in free radicals in the human body and the deficiency of antioxidants, which play an active role in the body's defence by eliminating the harmful effects of free radicals, cause the diseases mentioned above (Stadtman 1992;Guyton and Kensler 1993;Cerutti 1994;Feig et al. 1994). Thus, antioxidants prevent or minimize the harmful effects of the free radicals (Wettasinghe and Shahidi 1999;Koleva et al. 2002). ...
In this study, the potential of aromatic Origanum species belonging to Lamiaceae family to prevent and treat cancer was investigated. Since aromatic plants contain phytochemicals such as essential oils, phenolic acids, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins, enzymes and minerals with beneficial biological activities, they have become more interesting and important in medicine, pharmacy and industry. Publications/research between 1950 and 2022 were screened to investigate the effects of Origanum species on cancer, and the effects of their extracts and essential oils in cancer prevention and treatment. Essential phytochemicals found in plants provide efficacy in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Besides, the essential oils found in these plant extracts are another reason that makes them important. Therefore, it is preferred in traditional medicine in the fight against many diseases as well as cancer. Essential oils of Origanum species mainly contain monoterpenes such as p-cymene, carvacrol, thymol and γ-terpinene. Since these compounds exhibit anticancer properties, Origanum species are becoming the plants of choice in the fight against cancer. In this context, Origanum majorana L. Origanum vulgare and Origanum munzurense are promising species, considering the composition of their extracts and essential oil.
... Borage is important due to high amount of GLA available in its seed oil. In a comprehensive research, antioxidants properties of borage extracts have been reported [28,29] . These excellent antioxidants properties of borage are attributed to phenolic compounds. ...
Borago officinalis L. (Boraginaceae) is commonly known as 'Borage' and 'Gauzaban' locally in Iran. The plant is reputed as hepatoprotective, gastrointestinal, respiratory anxiolytic, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, demulcent, diuretic and is also considered useful to treat asthma, bronchitis, cramps, palpitations and kidney ailments. Borage oil has been reported to lower serum cholesterol, phospholipids and triglyceride levels and increases the levels of 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the plasma, liver, aorta and renal artery tissues and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) obtained from Borago officinalis L. seed oil are useful for cardiovascular diseases. Borage is a good antioxidant agent to improve the learning impairment and hippocampal tissue damageafter the Amyloid β (Aβ) administration. Dietary use of borage oil exhibited immuno-modulatory, cytotoxic and free radical scavenging activities. Borage has gained importance, due to the occurrence of high levels of g-linolenic acid in its seed oil. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds were the important essential oils in this plant and no have tannin. Borago officinalis extracts demonstrated excellent antioxidant properties and these effects were attributed to their phenolic constituents. Few studies examining Iron, Copper, Zinc and Manganese fertility in Borage have been conducted, but they are not specific to the medicinal use of this plant.
... The resultant residue was resuspended in 30 mL of distilled water. The total non-extractable polyphenols bound to AIR were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteure agent [47] in a UV-1800 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD, USA). Gallic acid was used as the standard. ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. Lee fibre had the highest water retention capacity and oil retention capacity. The results reveal that winemaking by-products could be used as a source of dietary fibre with functional characteristics for food applications.
... β-carotene bleaching activity was assessed following the method developed by Wettasinghe and Shahidi (1999). For the assay 1ml of β -carotene solution (0.2 mg/ml) was mixed with 0.02 ml of linoleic acid and 0.2 ml of 100% Tween 20. ...
The current study was intended to examine the difference in the phytochemical and antioxidant profile of nine Indigofera species. With this aim, the species were assessed for total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), DPPH free radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating activity, phosphomolybdenum reducing power, deoxyribose degradation, β-carotene bleaching, nitric oxide scavenging, and superoxide radical scavenging assays. The content of total phenolics and flavonoids ranged from 1.33 to 22.5 mg TAE/g plant material and 0.47 to 5.02 mg QE/g plant material respectively in the various species, while the antioxidant activity as tested with different antioxidant test models varied with the species studied as well as with the solvents used for the extraction. Interestingly, all the tested extracts demonstrated considerable free radical scavenging activity, moreover, I. hirsuta, I. glandulosa, I. linnaei, I. hochstetteri, I. linifolia , and I. trita were found to be the most effective among the species studied. The results indicated the significant differences in phytochemical constituents and the antioxidant activity among the species. The Pearson correlation coefficient analysis exhibited a significant correlation of phenolics and flavonoids with the antioxidant activity.
... The total phenolic content of nutritive and storage tissues (n = 10) was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau method (Swain and Hillis 1959;Wettasinghe and Shahidi 1999). For each sample, 0.3 g of material was ground in a mill (Ika, model A11 basic), immersed in 50% methanol and stored overnight in the dark. ...
Galling insects manipulate host plant tissues for their own benefit. Because of feeding activity of the gall insects, both structural and metabolic changes occur in the host plant, leading to the formation of an abnormal growth of new organ (the gall). Galls induced by Palaeomystella oligophaga (Lepidoptera) on Macairea radula (Melastomataceae) depend on the constant larval feeding stimulus for establishment and development. These galls, besides being large, range in color from light green to dark red and have a thick wall, with projections and trichomes on their outer surface. The gall consists of two tissue compartments, the storage and nutritive tissues. These two gall tissues were investigated here in terms of the levels of oxidative stress and of a possible differential chemical investment. In addition, we investigated the relationship between gall coloration and the concentration of primary metabolites. Our results supported a differential investment of chemical compounds in the M. radula compartments, with higher concentrations of polysaccharides, malondialdehyde, and phenolic compounds in the storage tissue, and higher total soluble sugar concentrations in the nutritive tissue. Regarding gall color, conflicting results were observed in the present gall system. Water-soluble polysaccharides were detected at higher concentrations in red galls than in green galls. As a water-soluble polysaccharide, pectin seems to be related to increased anthocyanin stability, a process that might occur in galls, leading to red coloration.
... As a result, solvents are capable of dissolving analytes at higher temperatures, which improves sample wetting and matrix penetration (Bi et al., 2013). It has been reported in many studies that an increase in extraction efficiency occurs in response to an increase in working temperature, but that structural decomposition may occur at high temperatures in phenolics with antioxidant properties (Bener et al., 2016;Wettasinghe & Shahidi, 1999). In addition, yellowing which is thought to be due to degradation was observed in NADES used at temperatures above 75 • C. Thermal degradation is inevitable for both phenolic constituents of sample and components of NADESs during the MAE process at high operating temperatures and extreme extraction periods. ...
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have recently come to the fore as new green solvents for foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals due to their unique solvation power and low toxicity. Turmeric extracts were prepared using the microwave assisted extraction method (MAE) using five NADES containing binary combinations of choline chloride, lactic acid, fructose, and sucrose. The MAE method was optimized and modeled by using response surface methodology to obtain maximum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and curcumin contents (CC) in extracts for each NADES. All NADES extracts, except NADES-1 containing fructose and cholin chloride, exhibited higher TAC and CC than those in 80% methanol:water which was the preferred solvent in literature. NADES solvents did not interfere with subsequent antioxidant capacity measurements using the CUPRAC method. The proposed MAE is a potentially efficient and sustainable procedure in pharmaceutical and food industries for the extraction of antioxidants and curcumin from turmeric.
... The β-carotene method was carried out according to the method developed by Wettasinghe and Shahidi [1999]. Briefly, 2 ml of β-carotene solution (0.2 mg/ml in chloroform) were pipetted into a round-bottom flask containing 40 mg linoleic acid and 400 mg Tween 20. ...
... The cooked comminuted meat model system was prepared according to the method of Wettasinghe and Shahidi (1999). Fresh comminuted meat (40 g) was mixed with 10 mL of distilled water in a Mason jar and protein hydrolysates (200 ppm) were added to the mixture. ...
Protein hydrolysates were prepared from North Atlantic sea cucumber ( Cucumaria frondosa ) body wall (BW), and processing by-product flower (FL) and internal organs (IN). Sea cucumber proteins from these three tissues were hydrolysed with selected endopeptidases and exopeptidases. The enzymes used were Alcalase (A), and Corolase (C) as endopeptidases and Flavourzyme (F) with both endo- and exopeptidase functions. These were employed individually or in combination under controlled conditions. The hydrolysates so prepared were subsequently analysed for their antioxidant potential and functionalities in food systems for the first time. Hydrolysates treated with the combination of A and F exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals. The highest metal chelation activity was observed for samples hydrolysed with the combination of enzymes (C + F and A + F). All treatments inhibited beta-carotene bleaching in an oil-in-water emulsion and TBARS production in a meat model system. In addition, sea cucumber protein hydrolysates were more than 75% soluble over a pH range of 2–12. Hydrolysed proteins were also effective in enhancing water holding capacity in a meat model system compared to their untreated counterparts. The amino acids of sea cucumber protein hydrolysates had desirable profiles with glutamic acid as the predominant component in samples analysed. These findings demonstrate the desirable functionalities of hydrolysates from North Atlantic sea cucumber and their potential for use as functional food ingredients.
Graphical abstract
... The increased interest in finding valuable sources of natural antioxidants (Budincevic et al., 1995;Madsen, Bertelsen, 1995;Duh, Yen, 1997) developed since the end of the 19 th century has led to the physical-chemical characterization of antioxidant compounds isolated from fruits, vegetables, herbs or spices (Kazimierz et al., 1997;Rao, Agarwal, 1999;Zhao et al., 2014). Until now, many natural antioxidants have been identified from a variety of sources such as tea leaves (Zandi, Gordon 1999), plant roots (Lin, Chang, 2013), plant seeds (Wettasinghe, Shahidi, 1999), mushrooms (Yen, Wu, 1999, Ribeiro et al., 2015, spices (Menegali et al., 2020), wood extract (Cheng et al., 2015), plant shoots (Medini et al., 2014), seaweed (Vega et al., 2020), fruit and vegetable peels (Sarabandi et al., 2019), coconut water (Rodsamran, Sothornvit, 2018) or bee pollen (Jin et al., 2018). Vegetable wastes, such as fruit peels, are sustainable sources to be valorized for the recovery of biological compounds of different chemical structures, exhibiting antioxidant properties. ...
Natural antioxidants are compounds with a long history of medicinal and food uses. Initially, antioxidants were used to prevent lipid oxidation of several food products. Over time, the research have been enriched with new insights on health benefits of antioxidant compounds or extracts and the prevention of chronic diseases. The present paper aimed to describe the evolution of scientific publications on natural antioxidants, the analytical techniques involved over time to quantify them and determine the bioactivity, as well as application for food and medicinal purposes
... Similarly, many scientific studies revealed activities of the test drugs such as anti-ischemic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and antioxidants etc. which may have a hypothetical role in neuroplasticity and rejuvenation of the post-stroke damaged human brain and translating into regaining of lost motor functions and improved activities of daily living. In addition, the brain and nervine tonic properties of the test drugs may have a significant role in stimulation of sprouting of the new connection in and around the damaged area to restore the lost functions, are one of the new findings to be elaborated [3,4,32,34,[37][38][39][40][41][42]. ...
Background and Objectives:
Hemiplegia exhibits persistent disability of motor functions. Unani physicians mentioned the treatment of hemiplegia (Fālij-i-Nisfi).
Methods:
30 eligible patients of post stroke hemiplegia with residual motor functional disabilities were enrolled in an open, single arm, pre and post, exploratory clinical trial with 30 days treatment duration. A decoction of phlegmatic concoctive drugs (Joshanda Munzij-i-Balgham) was given orally once in the morning for 15 days. The ingredients of phlegmatic purgative formulation were added on 12th and 15th day in phlegmatic concoctive formulation. From 16th day to 30th day of the study, dry cupping (Hijamah Bila Shart) was performed at muscles origins of paralyzed limbs for 10 minutes daily. Patients were assessed for motor recovery by Motor Assessment Scale and Barthel Index at baseline, 15th and 30th day of treatment.
Results:
The Mean±SD of Barthel Index (BI) at 0 day was 44.00±14.17; while it improved to 50.83±13.52 at 15th day and 65.00±12.32 at 30th day. The Mean±SD of Motor Assessment scale (MAS) at 0 day was 15.80±4.05 while it was 19.70±5.26at 15th day and 22.33±4.95 at 30th day. Significant statistical difference in BI and MAS was observed in motor recovery of paralyzed limbs at 15th and 30th day (p<0.001).
Conclusion:
Tested poly-herbal Unani formulation (Munzij wa Mus′hil Balgham) and dry cupping were found effective in the treatment of hemiplegic stroke disabilities.
... There is evidence that borage seeds aqueous extracts decrease the lipid oxidation and are good chelating agents [43]. The antioxidant activity of the borage meal extract was also demonstrated by Wettasinghe et al. [44] in a model meat system. Hyssop, on the other hand, was reported to have strong antioxidant properties [41,45] or weak ones according to other authors [20]. ...
The replacement of nitrites in pork meat products has been a studied issue for many years. Due to potential health threats associated with these additives, consumers tend to search for alternative meat curing methods. In this study, Hyssopus officinalis and Borago officinalis were tested for their potential to be used as colour-forming and antioxidant agents. Dry plant samples from various sources were tested for fat, protein, ash, polyphenol and nitrate content. There were significant differences between the herbs depending on source. Two control samples (containing curing salt and sodium chloride with nitrate reducing bacteria) and samples with herbs (hyssop, hyssop with nitrate reducing bacteria, borage, borage with nitrate reducing bacteria)—0.5% of the meat mass—were prepared and stored for 15 days. In the samples with herbs and bacterial cultures, a red colour was developed, the TBARS values were low and DPPH activity was strong. All the samples with herbs had lower residual nitrite levels compared to the samples with curing salt. Borage had a stronger influence on colour and antioxidant stability of the meat samples compared to hyssop. However, both herbs can be used as colour-forming and antioxidant agents along with nitrate-reducing bacteria.
... Moreover, it has been recommended as mood enhancement [15] and has been promoted for a variety of its effects as a demulcent, anti-inflammatory [16], antioxidant [17,18] analgesic, anxiolytic, sedative [19][20][21] and anticonvulsant [22]. Traditionally, EA was being used for the treatment of hyperactive gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders [23], regulation of metabolism and the hormonal system [24], and menopause symptoms such as hot flash [25]. ...
Background:
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Echium amoenum (EA) on the severity of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in comparison with placebo.
Methods:
The present study was a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. A checklist questionnaire was completed by 120, 18 to 35-year-old, college students. And then, 84 eligible women (20 to 35 years old) were enrolled in the trial; they were randomly assigned to two groups of intervention (EA) and control (placebo), with 42 participants in each group. Participants in the intervention group received 450 mg capsules of EA per day (three times a day) from the 21st day of their menstrual cycle until the 3rd day of their next cycle for two consecutive cycles. The severity of PMS was measured and ranked using the premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST). The generalized estimating equation was used to compare the total score of the severity of PMS between the two groups.
Results:
Sixty-nine women with regular menstrual cycles suffering from PMS completed the study. The mean scores of the symptoms in the EA group were 35.3 and 16.1 (P ≤ 0.001) at baseline and after 2 months, respectively, while the mean scores of the symptoms in the placebo group were 31.0 and 28.3 (P = 0.09) at baseline and after 2 months, respectively. The evaluation of the first and the second follow-ups in the intervention group showed that, after being adjusted for age and body mass index (P ≤ 0.001), the mean scores of the premenstrual syndrome, using GEE analysis, have decreased to 6.2 and 11.6, respectively.
Conclusion:
Based on the results, in comparison with the placebo group, EA was found to be more effective in improving the symptoms of PMS, and is highly recommended for treatment of this syndrome.
Trial registration:
IRCT2015110822779N3 ; Registration date: 2015-11-27.
... Many natural antioxidants have been isolated from different plants, such as oilseeds, a cereal crop, vegetables, spices and herbs (Ramarathnam et al., 1995;Shon et al., 2003;Wettasinghe and Shahidi, 1999). An immense number of marine flora and fauna have a broad spectrum of interesting biological properties. ...
Seagrasses, one of the most threatened overlooked ecosystems on Earth, are the only flowering plants to recolonising the seabed. Apart from their critical ecological prominence on the life of many marine organisms, seagrasses are also used as an alternative or complementary medicine to manage an array of pathological disorders
such as muscle aches, wounds, abdominal pain, indigestion, hangover, and mental disorders. However, a compilation of existing work on their ethnopharmacological uses, nutritional values, pharmacological propensities and bioactive compounds is lacking. Thus, this review aims at elaborating on the biochemical composition, phytochemical analysis, and biological properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial activities of various species of seagrasses. Seagrasses harbour several metabolites with multiple bioactivities. The phytochemical compounds isolated from Zostera marina L., Thalassia testudinum K. D. Koenig. and Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forssk.) exhibit a plethora of biological activities, including cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), antimicrobial, and skin regenerating properties. This review also identifies vital lacuna in seagrass research. For instance, the mechanism and site of action of compounds displaying potent biological activities has not been adequately addressed together with optimisation of extraction methods to isolate minor metabolites and applying technological advancements in biological assays. In conclusion, this review provides a synthesis of current knowledge and highlights future work that needs to be undertaken for the biomedical application of such natural resources.
... In a study in this regard, Taha et al. (2011) investigated the effect of various EtOH concentrations on the TPC of sunflower meal extract [24], and the obtained results revealed that 60% EtOH was the most effective concentration. In another study, the EtOH concentration range of 50-60% was reported to be most efficient in the preparation of the extracts from defatted borage meal [25]. EtOH concentration on the recovery of rosmarinic acid from Orthosiphon stamineus [12], reporting that the content of rosmarinic acid increased with the EtOH concentration range of 0-70% v/v. ...
Background: Verbascoside is the major biophenolic compound of Lemon verbena leaf.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of the binary solvent system on the free radical
scavenging activity (FRSA) and verbascoside recovery from L. verbena leaves, as well as
the kinetic mass transfer of verbascoside.
Methods: Classic extraction was performed using various ratios of ethanol (EtOH) and
water (H2O) (50:50-90:10% v/v). The FRSA was analyzed using spectrophotometric
methods (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] and hydroxyl radical [HO˙] assays).
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was used for the qualification
and quantification of verbascoside, and the Peleg model described the kinetic mass
transfer of verbascoside.
Results: The hydroethanolic solvent was composed of EtOH:H2O (80:20% v/v) as the
optimal medium for the maximum recovery of verbascoside (19.20 ± 0.12 mg/g) and
FRSA of the extracts (45.25 ± 0.95% DPPHsc% and 31.17 ± 1.20% HOsc%). The Peleg model
had a proper fit for the observed data with the highest coefficient of determination
(R2 =0.999), the lowest root mean square error (RMSE = 0.093), and the mean relative
percentage deviation modulus (E = 0.968).
Conclusion: The valuable bioactive compounds of L. verbena could be successfully
extracted using the binary solvent system. The Peleg model is also an efficient non-linear
model to describe the verbascoside release rate during extraction.
... Từ những dữ liệu trên đã chứng minh được sự ảnh hưởng rất lớn của dung môi, ở những phân đoạn được ly trích bằng những dung môi khác nhau sẽ cho khả năng kháng oxy hóa khác nhau phụ thuộc vào hàm lượng của từng hợp chất có trong mẫu thực vật. Các hợp chất kháng oxy hóa như polyphenol đã được báo cáo là làm giảm các gốc tự do bằng cách nhường một nguyên tử hydro hoặc electron cho gốc tự do, thúc đẩy quá trình chuyển H 2 O 2 thành nước (Wettasinghe and Shahidi, 1999). ...
... Homogenization and solvent extraction are conventional recovery methods of natural pigments from plant materials (Hua et al. 2013). Extraction efficiency is influenced by many factors such as solvent composition, extraction time, extraction temperature, solvent to solid ratio and extraction pressure (Wettasinghe and Shahidi 1999;Cacace and Mazza 2002). Betalains are natural pigments that are gaining popularity for use as colorants in the food industry (Gengatharan et al. 2015). ...
The effect of solvent, substrate-to-solvent ratio and concentration of pectinase on the extraction of betacyanins from the pulp of red pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) was evaluated with respect to yield, betacyanin content (BC) and total sugar content. The application of betacyanins from red pitahaya in ice cream was then evaluated by comparison to a commercial colourant, E-162. Without the use of pectinase, the highest yields (9.11 ± 0.35%) of betacyanins were obtained using 95% ethanol at a substrate-to-solvent ratio of 1:1. With the use of pectinase at a concentration of 1.5%, the highest yield (17.11–17.45%) of betacyanins were obtained using water as a solvent at a substrate-to-solvent ratio of 1:1 and 1:2. Pectinase treatment (1.5–2.5%) using water as a solvent yielded betacyanins with the highest BC (126.47–130.83 g kg−1) and lowest total sugar content (57.85–59.74 g kg−1). The BC and total colour changes were similar in ice cream containing betacyanins from red pitahaya and E-162 throughout the 21-days of frozen storage at −18 °C. Betacyanins from red pitahaya or E-162 enhanced the antioxidant properties of ice cream. The sensory evaluation of ice cream containing betacyanins from red pitahaya showed a better colour acceptability than E-162.
... Barakat & Ghazal, 2016). The β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay was determined in the same methanolic extracts (Wettasinghe & Shahidi, 1999), with absorbance reading at 470 nm for 2 hr (45°C). Both results were expressed in mg GAE per kg of sample. ...
The worldwide demand for sustainable protein sources is increasing. Moringa oleifera seed cake has a promising potential, as large quantities are available after oil extraction. Previous research showed that shells have a positive impact on the oil bioactivity, with this work aiming to understand the impact of shells’ presence in defatted flours from a nutritional perspective. Shells decreased proteins (57.4 to40.6%), with a proportional variation in amino acids, both equally rich in essential amino acids. Fatty acids relative amounts were only slightly affected by the shells (C22:0 and C24:0; p ≤ .05), while total lipids doubled in kernel flours (1.2% vs. 2.3%). Unshelled flour was richer in crude fibers (2.7% vs. 11.9%), vitamin E (1.6 vs. 2.5 mg/kg), phenolic compounds (particularly catechin), and presented higher antioxidant capacity. Unshelled M. oleifera defatted flour represents a rich source of high‐quality protein, higher than soybean cake, with an equilibrated nutritional profile, interesting for food fortification or supplementation purposes. The utilization of oilseed residues is economically and ecologically attractive. These by‐products are rich in protein and other bioactive components seek for the food industry. Our study compares M. oleifera seed flours (both whole seeds and kernels) as a new oilseed by‐product for food enrichment,with potential outcomes as a new protein source rich in fibers and antioxidants.
... β-carotene bleaching assay was done according to methods mentioned by Wettasinghe and Shahidi [16]. A 1 ml of β-carotene solution (0.2 mg/ml in chloroform) was pipetted into a round bottom flask containing 0.02 ml of linoleic acid and 0.2 ml of 100% Tween 20. ...
Aim: The present study was undertaken to establish the potential role of Achyranthes
aspera Linn for cure of skin diseases.
Study Design: The plant is traditionally used by various tribes for curing a wide range of
diseases. A 50% ethanolic extract of the leaves was subjected to phytochemical studies
and further investigated for in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
Place and Duration of Study: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI),
Lucknow, between December 2012 and November 2013.
Methodology: In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical
scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, β-Carotene-linoleic acid assay
and reducing power assay. Antibacterial activity was studied by agar well diffusion
method.
Results: The total phenol and flavonoid content was estimated to be 3.363% and 6.36%
respectively. The HPTLC analysis showed the presence of oleanolic acid, lupeol and β-
sitosterol. The free radical scavenging activity of the extract was concentration dependent and IC50 was observed at a concentration of 62.24μg/ml for DPPH free radical scavenging activity and 68.32μg/ml for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The extract showed significant total antioxidant activity and reducing power. Antibacterial activity was studied by well diffusion method and the MIC was recorded at 0.75 mg/ml for S. aureus, 0.8 mg/ml for M. luteus, 2.75 mg/ml for E. coli and 0.8 mg/ml for P. aeruginosa.
Conclusion: The results obtained from current study demonstrate that the leaf extract of
Achyranthes aspera L possess significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties.
Presence of various classes of phytocompounds e.g. Phenols, flavonoids, saponins,
alkaloids etc. contribute highly to its medicinal values, thus indicating its potential for cure of skin diseases.
A green, highly efficient ultrasound promoted synthesis of 2-chloro-3-(5-substituted benzimidazol-2-yl)quinolines, 3(a-o) has been developed at room temperature using MK-10 as catalyst in moderate to good yields within shorter reaction times. Further, the MK-10 catalyst is recovered and reused up to 4 cycles without any loss of catalytic activity. All the synthesized compounds were successfully characterized by using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and LC-MS spectral analysis. The compounds 3(a-o) were evaluated for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Antioxidant results of the compounds 3e, 3i and 3j were showing good IC50 values in DPPH, H2O2 and lipid peroxidation methods, out of which compound 3j exhibited highest antioxidant efficacy on par with standard ascorbic acid. Compounds 3j and 3i manifested good anti-inflammatory efficacy with percentage inhibition of 80.16 ± 0.07 and 72.28 ± 0.64 for membrane stabilization method, 85.30 ± 0.06 and 78.64 ± 0.14 for proteinase inhibitory method. To validate the anti-inflammatory results of the compounds 3e, 3i and 3j molecular modeling simulations were performed. The results clearly demonstrated that compound 3j possess strong binding affinity towards 4-COX receptor showing a binding energy of -10.6 kcal/mol similar to that of standard Aceclofenac (-10.8 kcal/mol) and higher than standard Etodolac (-8.8 kcal/mol) while the compounds 3i and 3e exhibited moderate binding affinity.
The plant Borage (Borago officinalis L.) family-Boraginaceae, also known as "starflower" is an annual herb originating in Syria, but naturalized throughout the Mediterranean region, as well as Asia Minor, Europe, North Africa, and South America. Aims of the Review The purpose of this study is to provide comprehensive scientific information on the phytochemistry, traditional uses and pharmacological activities of Borago officinalis L. The plant is reputed as hepatoprotective, gastrointestinal, respiratory anxiolytic, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, demulcent, diuretic and is also considered useful to treat asthma, bronchitis, cramps, palpitations and kidney ailments. Borage oil has been reported to lower serum cholesterol, phospholipids and triglyceride levels and increases the levels of 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the plasma, liver, aorta and renal artery tissues and ω -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) obtained from Borago officinalis L. Dietary use of borage oil exhibited immuno -modulatory, cytotoxic and free radical scavenging activities. Borage has gained importance, due to the occurrence of high levels of g-linolenic acid in its seed oil. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds were the important essential oils in this plant and no have tannin. Borago officinalis extracts demonstrated excellent antioxidant properties and these effects were attributed to their phenolic constituents. Few studies examining Iron, Copper, Zinc and Manganese fertility in Borage have been conducted, but they are not specific to the medicinal use of this plant.
Aim: To develop imeglimin-inspired novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as antidiabetic agents. Materials & methods: These derivatives were synthesized and tested against DPP enzymes. Compound 8c was tested for in vivo antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Wistar rats by estimating various biochemical parameters. Docking experiments were also performed. Results: Compound 8c was identified as a selective and potent DPP-4 inhibitor. It was proficiently docked into the catalytic triad of Ser 630, Asp 710 and His740 in S1 and S2 pockets of DPP-4. In experimental animals, it also showed dose-dependent improvement in blood glucose, blood insulin, bodyweight, lipid profile and kidney and liver antioxidant profiles. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the discovery of imeglimin-inspired novel 1,3,5-triazines as a potent antidiabetic agent.
Novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives bearing oxazine have been synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit a panel of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4, 8, and 9 enzymes. In a comparative inhibitory assay, the molecules showed potent inhibition of DPP-4 ranging from IC50 of 4.2 ± 0.30-260.5 ± 0.42 nM, with no activity against DPP-8 and DPP-9. Among the tested series, compound 8c demonstrated the strongest DPP-4 inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 4.2 ± 0.30 nM. It also showed the greatest binding affinity during docking studies with DPP-4 with a docking score of -8.956 and a glide energy of -78.546 kcal mol-1 and was found oriented in the S1 and S2 pockets of the DPP-4 active site, which is composed of the catalytic triad Ser 630, Asp 710, and His 740. The in vivo pharmacological assay revealed that compound 8c in a dose-dependent manner improved the insulin level, body weight, antioxidants, and HDL, and reduced the levels of blood glucose, LDL, and VLDL in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Our study demonstrated the discovery and development of novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives bearing oxazine as a novel class of anti-diabetic agents via inhibition of DPP-4.
Honey is one of the important elements of the human diet. Chestnut honey has a special place among other honeys due to its health benefits and is considered a functional food. In this study, the use and importance of chestnut honey, which is a valuable product, in terms of gastronomic aspects in Türkiye and in the world, has been researched by scanning social media and internet resources and critical points that should be considered from the right raw material supply to the product design and presentation with a holistic approach in order to increase the usage areas are mentioned. For this purpose, total antioxidant (TAS), total oxidant (TOS) and oxidative stress indices (OSI) were evaluated in chestnut honey samples obtained from different regions of our country. In the analysis, it was determined that the highest antioxidant potential was found in Bursa-Kurşunlu province, and the lowest antioxidant potential was found in the samples obtained from Kastamonu-Fakaz province. According to the results obtained, it has been observed that the antioxidant effective compounds in honey vary according to geographical regions and the antioxidant potential of chestnut honey is high in general. In addition, it has been determined that the gastronomic use of chestnut honey is limited compared to abroad. It is thought that factors such as product shape, consistency, plate color, presentation style that may affect the sense of taste can be utilized in product design.
Allochrusa gypsophiloides (Regel) Schischk. (Caryophyllaceae Juss.), Turkestan soaproot (TSR) is a super producer of triterpene saponins with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activity and high surface-active properties. The realization of his full commercial potential requires biochemical studies with a focus on the metabolites dynamics at various phases of plant development and in connection with the storage duration of raw plant material. Spectrophotometric determination of saponins in terms of oleanolic acid was carried out in roots with different morphometric parameters and the aerial part from wild plants collected in the south of Kazakhstan. The content of saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, and flavonoids as well as the foaming properties of ethanol extracts obtained from air-dried TSR roots before and after their long-term storage were evaluated. The maximum quantity of saponins was revealed in average roots from middle-aged and mature generative plants in fruiting. A high level of saponins was detected in the aerial part of plants during the flowering, which decreased twice at the fruiting stage. After long-term storage of the roots, an increase in the initial content of saponins and flavonoids combined with a decrease in carbohydrates was noted. Saponins accumulation was confirmed by a 12-fold increase in the foaming index in the aqueous extract from the deposited roots relative to its initial value in the extract from the original roots. The data obtained indicate the possibility of alternative use of the aerial part of the original plants of A. gypsophiloides at the flowering stage to obtain triterpene saponins.
Ethanol-water extraction of phenolics from cowpeas was modeled and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The ethanol concentration and extraction temperature were shown to have a significant effect on phenolic extraction and antioxidant capacity. Modeling predicted that extraction of phenolics from cowpea flour for 42.8 minutes at 58.6˚C with 58.4% ethanol would maximize the radical scavenging capacity of solutes. Extraction of phenolics under these optimized conditions yield yielded 11.05 + 0.10 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents (CAE)/g cowpea flour. These extracts contained 10.41% + 0.11% phenolics by weight and had an antioxidant capacity of 0.45 + 0.02, closely approximating the predicted phenolic content of 10.11% + 0.44% and antioxidant capacity of 0.42 + 0.04. Extracted material was characterized by HPLC, and the predominant phenolic compounds detected were epicatechin and ferulic acid. Cowpea's low cost, ease of storage, and high antioxidant capacity reflect their potential for use as a naturally-derived antioxidant additive in foods.
The present study attempts to investigate the antioxidant activity and chromatographic profiling using HPLC and GC-MS technique of selected Indian Medicinal herbs. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of whole plant of Marsilea-quadrifolia (Sample 1), whole plant of Trigonella-foenum-graecum (sample 2), flowers of Cassia-auriculata (Sample 3), leaves of Mangifera-indica (sample 4), flower of Musa-paradisiaca (Sample 5), seeds of Eugenia-jambolana (sample 6), leaves of Aegle-marmelos (sample 7) and poly herbal Extract (PHE) with equal ratio of the mixture of the seven plants powder (Sample 8) were investigated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) assay, Hydrogen peroxide assay and Nitric oxide scavenging activity. Percentage of inhibition and half-inhibition concentration, IC50 values were reported. GC-MS and HPLC analysis of PHE revealed the presence of various Chemical compounds which mainly includes polyphenols and flavanoids responsible for antioxidant activity.
The stability to oxidation during long-term storage of neutral lipids of common borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds was studied. The organoleptic indices and contents of pigments and fatty acids remained almost unchanged for two years. The antioxidant activity of neutral lipids (NL) and polar lipids (PL) of B. officinalis seeds was determined using a model of radical chain oxidation of methyl oleate. Both NL and PL were found to contain antioxidants suppressing the oxidation of methyl oleate. The antioxidant activity and antioxidant content in NL were greater than those in PL of B. officinalis seeds. Long-term storage of B. officinalis seed oil was possible because of the presence of the antioxidant a-tocopherol.
The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of leaves, stems and inflorescences obtained from broccoli by-products in order to develop the improvement of the composition and functional properties of DF from broccoli by-products through treatment with different degradation methods, such as modifications with supercritical fluids, enzymatic, autoclave and ultrasound treatment. The results showed that the chemical composition of the different parts of the broccoli by-products, leaves, stems and inflorescences was significantly different, highlighting that the content of insoluble and soluble dietary fibre was higher in the stem. The enzymatic treatments decreased the content of neutral sugars and increased the content of uronic acids, which was related to the increase of specific functional activities. Cellulase and the multi-enzymatic visconzyme complex improved the solubility and glucose adsorption capacity, whereas supercritical fluids treatment improved the swelling, water retention and lipid absorption capacities. The value of non-extractable phenolic compounds was higher in the inflorescences and increased with enzyme and supercritical fluid treatments, as well as the antioxidant capacity. Enzyme treatment also had a greater effect on the stimulation of the growth of the lactic acid bacteria studied and, therefore, reached the highest values in the production of all short-chain fatty acids analysed. Therefore, the use of enzyme treatments of dietary fibre obtained from broccoli by-products improves the functional properties of broccoli fibre.
Over the past decade, research and development of the intelligent, bioactive and active packaging for a particular application in a particular market, from the perspective of the food and medical technologist, packaging engineer and those concerned with marketing, has attracted the attention of several researchers around the world. Unusual emphasis is given to the advantages of packaging based on biocomposites materials in order to improve their mechanical stability, biological and barrier properties, and eventually their biodegradability. Herein, this chapter gives you an idea about the different types of packaging (intelligent, bioactive and active packaging), the used additives and the divers factors affecting the selection of a packaging material. While the second part will present the considerable contribution of biocomposites in packaging, as well as the different used characterization techniques to identify their mechanical, thermal, morphological and rheological properties.
Capsanthin, a brightly orange-red–coloured pigment responsible for the peculiar red colour of paprika fruits (Capsicum annuum), belongs to xanthophylls, a class of oxygen-containing carotenoids. The characteristic chemical structure of capsanthin containing a keto group in conjunction with a long chain of 11 conjugated dienes is responsible for its strong radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching ability. Chemopreventive, antitumour, skin photo-protective, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities demonstrated by capsanthin are a consequence of its potent antioxidant action. Anti-obesity, anti-adipogenic, and antihyperlipidaemic activities are some of the more important features of capsanthin. With natural origin, bright red colour, and array of health benefits, capsanthin has a potential to be translated into a commercial cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, and/or pharmaceutical. However, the very low aqueous solubility of capsanthin is responsible for its highly variable and poor oral bioavailability. Moreover, its susceptibility to degradation due to heat, light, oxygen, and moisture poses challenges in the development of stable formulations for this otherwise meritorious compound. The current review presents various pharmacological activities of capsanthin and their underlying mechanisms. The review further discusses hitherto explored formulation strategies to improve solubility and stability of capsanthin.
Graphical abstract
The green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts attracts considerable interest from researchers as an eco-friendly alternative approach to conventional physical and chemical approaches to avoid toxic chemicals for the development of modern nanotechnology resources. In this study, Syzygium cumini (Java plum) aqueous leaf extract was used as a stabilizing and reducing agent to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and analysed its in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. The beneficial effect of ZnO NPs on the growth dynamics of Sesamum indicum (sesame) plant was investigated. The formation of the ZnO NPs was characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. In vitro antioxidants of DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging action of ZnO NPs exhibited moderate activity. Significant finding of the research was DNA damage and cellular level modification in the human lung cancer cell line A549 by the ZnO NPs with respect to the concentration. Green synthesized ZnO NPs were given as the nutrient source for the growth of the sesame plant with different concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7, 9 mg/ml). At the concentration of 5 mg/ml of ZnO NPs reveals significant (p < 0.05) growth in root and shoot development of the plant when compared to the control. In conclusion, the overall study suggests the facet of ZnO NPs in the field of the nanomedicine and nanonutrient.
The current study was carried out to investigate phenolic compounds in zahdi dates pomace that remains from date syrup industry. The experiment was included studying the chemical content of (50:50v/v) alcohol-aqueous extract of zahdi date pomace, quantitative estimation of phenolic compounds and its antioxidant efficacy by assessing its ability to bind iron(ll) ion and scavenging hydrogen peroxide. Results of chemical analysis of zahdi date pomace showed that the moister and ash percentage reached 6% and 3, 45%, while the total content of sugars, fats and protein reached 20.7, 1.808 and 2.989g/100g respectively. Quantitative estimation of total phenols and flavonoids in alcohol extract of zahdi date pomace showed increasing in total phenols content(TPC) amounted 151mg/100g, while total flavonoids content(TFC) reached 16.4mg/g estimated depending on dry weight. Phenolic extract of zahdi date pomace showed an ability to bind iron (ll) ion in comparison with EDTA-2Na compound and citric acid using different concentrations. Results also showed that the best ability of zahdi pomace to bind iron (ll) ion in 2, 4 and 8mg/ml concentration at P<0.01. Whereas, the ability of zahdi date pomace to scavenging hydrogen peroxide reached 55% compare to ascorbic acid.
Recently the interest in borage seeds (mericarps) as an important source of γ-linolenic acid and a good natural antioxidant has increased, yet the knowledge about these properties of seeds developed by borage grown in Poland remains very scanty. Seeds collected from borage plants cultivated in the south-eastern region of Poland in the years 2017 and 2018 were characterized by following parameters: length – 5.0 mm, width – 2.7–2.8 mm, thickness 2.2 mm, weight of 1000 seeds – 17.2-19.4 g. The seeds contained 93.7% of dry matter, and in this 32.0% of lipids, 23.7% of protein and 1.1–1.8% of total sugars on average. Seventeen compounds were identified in the lipids with linoleic acid (35.1%), oleic + elaidic acids (20.8%), γ-linolenic acid (17.9%), palmitic acid (11.4%), stearic acid (5.3%), cis 11-eicosenoic acid (4.1%), and erucic acid (2.6%) as major ones. Other fatty acids constituted less than 2%. Saturated fatty acids constituted 17.5% of the total fatty acids. Flavonoids and phenolic acids accounted for 0.012% and 1.60–1.73% of seeds dry weight respectively. Antioxidant activity measured by FRAP assay and Folin – Ciocalteau method accounted for 1225 µmol of ferrous equivalent Fe (II) and 29.7 mg of polyphenols per gram of seeds dry weight respectively. Using antiradical activity against DPPH radical following average parameters were obtained: T 50% – 49 sec., DPPH rem % – 73.7, AE – 0.024 dm3∙(µmol∙s)–1. 100 g of seeds d.w. contained 0.27–0.34 ml of essential oil. Content of four macroelements expressed as % of seeds d. w. was following: P – 0.70, K – 0.48, Ca – 1.37 and Mg – 0.41.
γ-Linolenic acid (GLA, all-cis 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid) has been enriched from fatty acids of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seed oil to 93% from the initial concentration of 20% by lipase-catalyzed selective esterification of the fatty acids
withn-butanol in the presence ofn-hexane as solvent. The immobilized fungal lipase preparation, Lipozyme, used as biocatalyst, preferentially esterified palmitic,
stearic, oleic and linoleic acids and discriminated against GLA, which was thus concentrated in the unesterified fatty acids
fraction. In the absence of hexane, concentrate containing about 70% GLA was obtained. When the reaction conditions, optimized
for borage oil fatty acids, were applied to fatty acids of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) oil, concentrates containing 75% GLA were obtained. From both oils, GLA concentrates were prepared efficiently in short
reaction times (1–3 h) at 30–60°C. The process can be applied for the production of GLA concentrates for dietetic purposes.
Lipase-catalyzed selective partial hydrolysis of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) seed oil and borage (Borago officinalis L.) seed oil led to an increase in the level of γ-linolenic acid (GLA; 18∶3n−6) in the unhydrolyzed acylglycerols. Thus,
in evening primrose oil, the GLA level could be raised from 9.4% in the starting material to 46.5% in the unhydrolyzed acylglycerols
by means of a lipase fromCandida cylindracea. Selective hydrolysis of borage oil with Pancreatin led to an increase in the GLA content from 20.4% in the oil to 33.5%
in the unhydrolyzed acylglycerols. Partial hydrolysis of borage oil with lipase fromC. cylindracea raised the GLA content of the acylglycerols to 47.8%.
This article reviews our current understanding of the role of oxygen free radicals in platelet activation. Several studies have indicated that platelets, in analogy to other circulating blood cells, are able to produce oxygen free radicals, which are likely to play an important role in the mechanism of platelet activation and aggregation. Platelet activation has been obtained with very low, physiologically relevant concentrations of radicals generated chemically, by leukocytes, and by hemoglobin derived from membrane leakage of erythrocytes. Knowledge of the role of reactive species in platelet physiology is relevant because platelets are brought into close contact with other cells capable of producing free radicals, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and endothelial cells, during the formation of thrombus. The physiopatological importance of these findings is high because it is now emerging that free radicals may have a role in the mechanism of atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications, where the causative role of platelets is well documented. This background suggests therapeutic interventions with antioxidants as antiplatelet agents to improve the pharmacological effect of classical antiplatelet drug such as aspirin. Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
With increasing evidence that shows the involvement of active oxygen and nitrogen species in a variety of disorders, cancer, and aging, the role of antioxidant against oxidative stress has received renewed attention. In this review article, a rationale for design of lipophilic, radical-scavenging antioxidant is presented and the potency of a novel antioxidant, 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2,2-dipentyl-4,6-di-tert-butylbenzofuran (BO-653), as an inhibitor of LDL oxidation was evaluated by considering various factors such as reactivity toward radicals, localization, and mobility in the lipoprotein, and fate of its radical. The anti-atherogenic activity of BO-653 was compared with those of α-tocopherol, probucol, and its metabolites. Furthermore, a novel function of phenolic antioxidants such as cell regulation and induction of phase II defense antioxidants are also discussed.
An antioxidant fraction of Chinese green tea (green tea antioxidant; GTA), containing several catechins, has been previously
shown to inhibit 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced tumor promotion in mouse skin. In the present study, GTA was shown to have
antioxidative activity toward hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the superoxide radical (O2−). GTA also prevented oxygen radical and H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and inhibition of intercellular communication in cultured B6C3F1 mouse hepatocytes and human keratinocytes
(NHEK cells). GTA (0.05–50 μg/ml) prevented the killing of hepatocytes (measured by lactate dehydrogenase release) by paraquat
(1–10 mM) and glucose oxidase (0.8–40 μg/ml) in a concentration-dependent fashion. GTA (50μg/ml) also prevented the inhibition
of hepatocyte intercellular communication by paraquat (5 mM), glucose oxidase (0.8 μg/ml), and phenobarbital (500 μg/ml).
In addition, GTA (50 μg/ml) prevented the inhibition of intercellular communication in human keratinocytes by TPA (100 ng/ml).
Cytotoxicity and inhibition of intercellular communication, two possible mechanisms by which tumor promoters may produce their
promoting effects were therefore prevented by GTA. The inhibition of these two effects of pro-oxidant compounds may suggest
a mechanism by which GTA inhibits tumor promotion in vivo.
The most straightforward statistical designs to implement are those for which the sequencing of test runs or the assignment of factor combinations to experimental units can be entirely randomized. In this chapter we introduce completely randomized designs for factorial experiments. Included in this discussion are the following topics: completely randomized designs, factorial experiments, and the calculation of factor effects as measures of the individual and joint influences of factor levels on a response. A problem solving section appears at the end of the chapter. The appendix of this chapter briefly outline an extension to factors whose numbers of levels are greater than two, with special emphasis on factors whose numbers of levels are powers of two.
Our previous study revealed the presence of some potent antioxidative components other than γ-tocopherol and sesamol in sesame seed and oil. In the present study, the effective components were extracted from mashed sesame seed with acetone, followed by removal of triglycerides by freezing. The acetone extract showed strong antioxidative activity with the thiocyanate method and gave 4 active antioxidative substances after a series of chromatographic separations. The molecular formulae were determined to be C20H20O6 (PI), C20H20O7 (P2), C20H18O7 (P3) and C10H10O4 (P4). Compounds PI and P4 were respectively identified as a bisepoxylignan analogue and trans-ferulic acid. Though preliminary structural data for P2 and P3 indicate them to be a sesamolin analogue and a sesamin analogue, respectively, work is currently underway to confirm this. The antioxidative activities were in the order of P3 > P2 > P1 > P4. The same components were also obtained from the 80% ethanol extractable polar fraction of the sesame oil cake treated with β-glucosidase, which suggested the presence of the active substances also as their glycosides in sesame seed.
1. Oxygen is a toxic gas - an introductionto oxygen toxicity and reactive species 2. The chemistry of free radicals and related 'reactive species' 3. Antioxidant defences Endogenous and Diet Derived 4. Cellular responses to oxidative stress: adaptation, damage, repair, senescence and death 5. Measurement of reactive species 6. Reactive species can pose special problems needing special solutions. Some examples. 7. Reactive species can be useful some more examples 8. Reactive species can be poisonous: their role in toxicology 9. Reactive species and disease: fact, fiction or filibuster? 10. Ageing, nutrition, disease, and therapy: A role for antioxidants?
The autoxidation of kinetically pure triacylglycerols and methyl esters of sunflower oil (TGSO and MESO) in the presence of four different concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic, ferulic, sinapic and caffeic acids, and in the absence of metal ions, at 100 °C was studied. It was established that the effectiveness and strength of the phenolic acids was greater in TGSO than in MESO. The interpretation of the results by kinetic and computational methods allowed the mechanism of action of the antioxidants to be elucidated. In both lipid substrates the molecules of the phenolic acids participate in one side reaction. The rate constants of this reaction in TGSO and MESO are practically the same, which shows that the binding of the fatty acids to the triacylglycerol structure of the sunflower oil does not change the mechanism of phenolic acid consumption in side reactions. The phenolic acids participate in reactions of chain initiation, which have a three to six times higher rate in MESO than in TGSO. The radicals of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic, sinapic and caffeic acids in MESO, and of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic and caffeic acids in TGSO, take part in one reaction of chain propagation (with the lipid substrate). The radicals of ferulic acid in MESO, and of ferulic and sinapic acids in TGSO, participate in more than one reaction of chain propagation. The effectiveness and strength of the phenolic acids are higher in TGSO than in MESO because, during the oxidation of TGSO, the contribution of the inhibitor radicals and molecules to chain initiation and propagation is smaller than in the case of MESO oxidation.
The work described is the result of a study extending over the past few years by a chemist and a statistician. Development has come about mainly in answer to problems of determining optimum conditions in chemical investigations, but we believe that the methods will be of value in other fields where experimentation is sequential and the error fairly small.
Evening Primrose oil (EPO) and borage oil (BO) are used frequently in nutritional and clinical studies involving a disease condition with an impaired or inadequate Δ6-desaturase enzyme activity. This impairment may be bypassed by supplementation with γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6), an intermediate metabolite of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6). The major individual triacylglycerol (TG) species comprising all potential positional isomers (molecular species) from both EPO and BO were separated, isolated by reversed-phase HPLC and subjected to HPLC stereospecific analysis as naphthylethyl urethane derivatives. The method of analysis is useful since only small quantities of the individual TG species are required and prior experimentally demanding fractionation steps are eliminated. Over 90% of the important clinical fatty acid, GLA, present in EPO and over 80% of the GLA in BO have been identified and quantified in the molecular species of their respective analyzed TG fractions. Generally, within the individual GLA-containing TG species from both oils, GLA is distributed asymmetrically among the three positions, preferentially at the sn-2 and sn-3 positions, although more so for the TG species in BO. The positional isomers of the diacid TG species were determined directly from the stereospecific analysis. For the triacid TG species computer aided linear regression was used to determine the positional isomers. The predicted positional isomeric distributions for the individual TG species calculated using the 1-random, 2-random, 3-random distribution theory from the stereospecific analysis of the native oils were in good agreement with the experimentally determined values. In contrast to other seed oils the pairs of individual TGs possessing chirality do not exist as racemic mixtures in either oil.
This study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant effectiveness of α-tocopherol and its water-soluble analogue, Trolox, in different lipid systems. The oxidative stability of lipids in bulk and emulsion systems at 37 °C decreased in the order corn oil triglycerides > methyl linoleate > linoleic acid. In both bulk and emulsified linoleic acid, Trolox was a better inhibitor of hydroperoxide formation and decomposition than α-tocopherol. However, in bulk methyl linoleate and corn oil triglycerides, although Trolox was a better inhibitor of hydroperoxide formation, in emulsions, α-tocopherol was a better inhibitor of both the formation and decomposition of hydroperoxides. In emulsified methyl linoleate and corn oil, the partition coefficients of Trolox between lipids and water at high concentrations were not affected by Tween 20, and the antioxidant activity of Trolox decreased because it partitioned into the water phase and Tween 20 micelles. In contrast, in linoleic acid emulsified with Tween 20, the formation of mixed micelles of linoleic acid and Tween 20 increased the percentage of Trolox in the water phase and Trolox was more effective as an antioxidant than α-tocopherol because it diffused in the water phase and into mixed micelles. The physical states of lipid systems affect the distribution of antioxidants and thus significantly influence their antioxidant behavior. Because linoleic acid has unique physical properties in aqueous micelles, it may not be a valid substrate for evaluating food antioxidants. Keywords: Antioxidants; α-tocopherol; Trolox; partitioning; partition coefficient; linoleic acid; methyl linoleate; corn oil triglycerides; emulsion; mechanism; interfacial oxidation; hydroperoxides; hexanal
This study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activity of a commercial rosemary extract and the active constituents carnosol, carnosic acid, and rosmarinic acid, in inhibiting the formation and decomposition of hydroperoxides in tocopherol-stripped corn oil and in the corresponding corn oil-in-water emulsions. In bulk corn oil, the rosemary extract, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid, and α-tocopherol were significantly more active than carnosol. In contrast, in corn oil-in-water emulsion, the rosemary compounds were less active than in bulk oil, and the rosemary extract, carnosic acid, carnosol, and α-tocopherol were more active than rosmarinic acid. Similar results were obtained in corn oil-in-water phosphate buffer emulsion at pH 5, but α-tocopherol was less active. Carnosol and carnosic acid were much more active antioxidants in corn oil-in-water emulsions buffered at pH 4 and 5 than at pH 7. The decreased antioxidant activity of the polar hydrophilic rosemary compounds in the emulsion system may be explained by their interfacial partitioning into the water, thus becoming less protective than in the bulk oil system. The effect of pH may be related to the stability of the rosemary antioxidants. Keywords: Antioxidants; rosemary extracts; corn oil; hydroperoxides; hexanal; bulk oil; emulsion
Ninety-six samples of flaxseed from eight cultivars grown at four locations in western Canada for three years were used to study the effect of cultivar, location, and growing season on the phenolic acid contents of the seed. Flaxseed contained 8-10 g/kg of total phenolic acids, about 5 g/kg of esterified phenolic acids, and 3-5 g/kg of etherified phenolic acids. The esterified phenolic acids represented 48-66% of the total phenolic acids and were not dependent on cultivar, Variation in phenolic acids was mainly due to seasonal effect. While growing location had significant effects on phenolic acid contents of individual cultivars, no overall significant location effect was observed. The yellow-seeded flaxseed cultivar Linola 947 had lower levels of total and esterified phenolic acids compared to the traditional brown-seeded type. Phenolic acid contents of flaxseed were independent of protein and oil contents. A strong positive correlation was found between the constitutive concentrations of total and etherified phenolic acids in flaxseed and resistance to fusarium wilt.
The relationship between antioxidant activity and antimutagenicity of various tea extracts (green tea, pouchong tea, oolong tea, and black tea) was investigated. All tea extracts exhibited markedly antioxidant activity and reducing power, especially oolong tea, which inhibited 73.6% peroxidation of linoleic acid. Tea extracts exhibited a 65-75% scavenging effect on superoxide at a dose of 1 mg and 30-50% scavenging effect on hydrogen peroxide at a dose of 400 mu g. They scavenged 100% hydroxyl radical at a dosage of 4 mg except the black tea. Tea extracts also showed 50-70% scavenging effect on alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl radical. The antioxidant activity and the scavenging effects on active oxygen decreased in the order semifermented tea > nonfermented tea > fermented tea. Tea extracts showed strong antimutagenic action against five indirect mutagens, i.e., AFB(1), Trp-P-1, Glu-P-1, B[a]P, and IQ, especially oolong and pouchong teas. The antioxidant effect of tea extracts was well correlated to their antimutagenicity in some cases but varied with the mutagen and antioxidative properties.
Antioxidants have been difficult to evaluate in oils and food emulsions due in part to the complex interfacial phenomena involved. Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants were evaluated with corn oil stripped of natural tocopherols in bulk and in emulsion systems. Oxidation was followed by determining formation of hydroperoxides and hexanal. The lipophilic antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and ascorbyl palmitate were more effective in an oil-in-water emulsion system than in bulk oil, white the opposite trend was found for the hydrophilic antioxidants Trolox and ascorbic acid. The oil-insoluble ascorbic acid was a particularly efficient antioxidant in suspension in the bulk oil system. Mixtures of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid were more active in bulk oil, while mixtures of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbyl palmitate were more efficient in emulsion systems. Differences observed in the efficiency of antioxidants may be explained by their affinities toward the air-oil interfaces in bulk oil and the oil-water interfaces in emulsions.
Canola meal was extracted with 95% ethanol at 80 degrees C. The dried crude extract was dissolved in methanol and fractionated on a Sephadex LH-20 column. Seven major fractions were isolated according to UV absorption and contents of phenolics and sugars. Antioxidant activity of these fractions was evaluated in a beta-carotene/linoleate modelsystem. Fraction IV showed the best antioxidative effect by exhibiting the highest preventive activity against the bleaching of beta-carotene. This fraction was further separated by thin-layer chromatography. Four major antioxidative bands were present; the band with R(f) value of 0.50 was found to be most effective in preventing oxidation of beta-carotene. This band was isolated and characterized by UV, MS, IR, H-1 NMR, and C-13{H-1} NMR techniques. The active compound was identified as 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl sinapate.
Epicatechin 3-O-gallate and various procyanidins obtained from grape seeds were tested for their scavenger capacity for superoxide radical (O2̇-) and hydroxyl radical (̇OH) in aqueous models. Quantification of O2̇- and ̇OH scavenger capacities was carried out, respectively, by polarography and by the extent of deoxyribose degradation. All the compounds assayed are potent scavengers of these radicals compared to trolox (for D2̇-) and ethanol and mannitol (for ̇OH). Catechin monomers are also potent scavengers, especially of ̇OH. Gallic acid esterification increased the O2̇- and ̇OH scavenger capacity of the dimer procyanidins. However, esterification position was also important. A difference in the O2̇- scavenger capacity was noted between dimers having a C4-C6 and C4-C8 linkage. Procyanidin B2 3′-O-gallate was found to be the most effective compound in trapping oxygen free radicals.
Acid-heat treatment is not necessary for the condensation of TBA with malonaldehyde nor for maximum colour development. Free malonaldehyde is produced during the oxidative breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids or food products. The amount of free malonaldehyde produced can be measured without acid-heat treatment.
The reaction between malonaldehyde and TBA in water or 90% glacial acetic acid has been investigated at different temperatures. The results show that acid-heat treatment of the reaction mixture should be avoided, since the E530M of the coloured complex is considerably affected by the acid. On the contrary, heating without acid accelerates the condensation of TBA with malonaldehyde without affecting the E530M.
A modification of the distillation method is proposed, according to which distillates of food products are reacted with TBA without the use of any acid.
Flaxseed meal was extracted with 95% ethanol at 80C. The extract was separated on a Sephadex LH-20 column using methanol as eluate. Four major fractions according to their absorbances at 280 nm were separated. The antioxidant effect of these fractions in a β-carotene-linoleate system indicated that fraction I was most active. Absorption maximum for UV spectrum of this fraction was 290 nm and TLC analysis indicated the presence of 4 phenolic compounds in it. Fractions II to IV showed a very low antioxidant activity.
Pentanal and hexanal were the dominant volatile aldehydes generated from cooked pork during 3 weeks of refrigerated storage. Moreover, hexanal concentrations may serve as an index of meat flavor deterioration (MFD) during the early stages of storage; its concentration increased more rapidly than any other aldehyde. During the first 6 days, contribution of pentanal and hexanal to the total volatile aldehydes increased linearly by 350 and 650%, respectively, after which, their concentrations declined quite markedly. Reactions of pentanal and hexanal with meat components and/or their further oxidation may be responsible for this observation. Therefore, caution should be exercised when using hexanal as an indicator of lipid oxidation and MFD since a given hexanal level may correspond with two different points during storage of cooked meats.
Methods for the quantitative analysis of anthocyanins, leuco-anthocyanins, flavanols and total phenols in plant tissue extracts are critically examined and suitable modifications of existing methods are described.
Recovery of tannins from commercial canola meals as affected by various solvent extraction systems and conditions was investigated. Solvents tested were methanol, acetone, N,N-dimethylformamide, as well as their combinations with water or concentrated HCl. Pure solvents were inefficient extraction media for the recovery of phenolics and particularly tannins. However, addition of water, up to 30% (v/v), greatly improved their effectiveness for extraction of tannins; 70% acetone or 70% N,N-dimethylformamide were the most effective solvent extraction systems for the recovery of rapeseed tannins. A two-stage extraction of meal with 70% solvents was sufficient for total extraction of soluble tannins. Addition of concentrated HCl to the extraction medium lowered the recovery of tannins from commercial canola meal.
Quantification of malonaldehyde as a marker of lipid oxidation in comminuted meat systems, with or without additives, by a distillation and an extraction procedure was investigated. Each method had its own benefits and drawbacks. The extraction procedure generally afforded more realistic results. However, presence of colored additives such as the cooked cured-meat pigment, as well as dispersed lipids in the extracts, interfered with accurate determination of the colored chromogen between malonaldehyde and the 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reagent. On the other hand, the distillation procedure afforded higher TBA values as compared to the extraction method since decomposition of labile hydroperoxides occurred. Addition of antioxidants to the mixtures prior to distillation proved beneficial in some cases. In the presence of residual nitrite, addition of sulfanilamide to the mixture prior to distillation prevented underestimation of malonaldehyde presumably by inhibiting its nitrosation.
Lipid oxidation of comminuted lean pork containing alkali or alkali-earth metals (at 100 or 200 meq/kg sample) was monitored over a 7-day storage at 4°C using the 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) test. For samples exhibiting an antioxidative effect, further studies were carried out to determine their content of volatiles. Fluorides and iodides of alkali metals inhibited lipid oxidation in meat model systems as reflected in TBARS values and hexanal contents. A high correlation (r = 0.9263) existed between hexanal contents and TBARS values of treated meat. Chloride and bromide salts of alkali and alkali-earth metals exhibited a slight prooxidative influence on lipid oxidation. Fluorides of alkali-earth metals did not exhibit antioxidant activity, presumably due to an ion-pairing mechanism, while their iodide analogues retained antioxidative activity.
Total proteins of defatted low-mucilage flaxseed meals were isolated by extraction with aqueous sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP). A composite central rotatable design was used to study effects of pH (X1), meal-to-solvent ratio (X2) and concentration of SHMP (X3) on nitrogen extractability (Y1) and protein recovery (Y2). Using RSM, quadratic polynomial equations were obtained for Y1 and Y2 by multiple regression analysis. All three variables significantly affected nitrogen solubility and protein extractability. The pH was the most effective factor and meal-to-solvent ratio was least. Verification experiments confirmed validity of predicted models. Stationary points for response surfaces were characterized as maxima and they were Y1=77.6% at X1= 8.90, X2= 1:33.6 and X3=2.75% and Y2=57.5% at X1=9.00, X2=1:33.3 and X3=2.85%, for nitrogen extractability and protein recovery, respectively.
Ground beef patties (75% lean) containing synthetic antioxidants, or Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) extracts were cooked to internal temperature 70°C, and evaluated for storage stability at 4°C. Thiobarbituric acid values of raw or cooked samples containing fenugreek extracts were lower than controls (P<0.05). Fenugreek extracts delayed the induction period of oxidative rancidity. No differences were observed in psychrotrophic bacterial counts, and samples containing fenugreek extracts had lower Hunterlab “a” and higher “b” values. Samples with Fenugreek extracts had better oxidative stability and Fenugreek may be a promising natural antioxidant source.
ABSTRACTA survey was made of the malonaldehyde (MA) content of 96 fresh and processed meat and fish samples obtained from supermarkets. MA content ranged from 0.14 μg/g in a cooked ham sample to 10.05 μg/g in a cooked chicken sample. Ninety-two percent of the processed or cured meats and 38% of the fresh meats contained less than 1 μg/g. Sixty percent of the fresh meat samples ranged between 1 μg/g and 6 μg/g. Cooking led to only slight increases in MA in most meat samples, but up to 10-fold increases in roasts cooked for 3 hr.
The anthocyanin pigments in hulls of purple sunflower seeds were extracted using three solvent systems, 50:1:49 ethanol-acetic acid-water (EAW), 0.01M acetic acid (AAc), or water containing SO2. Solvent, extraction time, size of ground hulls, pH of extracting solvent, hulls/solvent ratio, and concentration of SO2 in water, were investigated. All were significant factors affecting yield of extracted anthocyanins. EAW and SO2 were more effective extractants than AAc. Optimum conditions from response surface optimization for the extraction with sulphurous water were: SO2 at 200 mg/L, hull size 20 mesh, extraction time 5 min at 22°C, and solvent/hulls ratio = 20.
The present study compared thein vitro hydrolysis of two 18:3n-6-rich oils—evening primrose oil (EPO) and borage oil (BO)—and different synthetic 18:3n-6-containing
triacylglycerols (TG). Incubation of EPO and BO with pancreatic lipase lipolyzed 18:3n-6 from the TG species. The rate of
lipolysis of TG species containing two or three molecules of 18:3n-6, which comprised 36% of total 18:3n-6 in BO and only
7% in EPO, was significantly slower than those containing only one molecule of 18:3n-6. This was found especially in those
with two molecules of linoleic acid, which constituted 20% of total 18:3n-6 in BO, whereas over 80% were present in EPO. In
a separate study, various synthetic 18:3n-6-containing TG were also subjected toin vitro hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase. Results showed that release of 18:3n-6 from thesn-1/sn-3 positions was significantly slower when two other stereospecific positions in the same TG molecule were occupied by either
palmitic acid (16:0) or monounsaturated (18:1 and 20:1) fatty acids than when occupied by 18:2n-6. The rate of hydrolysis
ofsn-2-γ-linolenyl-sn-1(3)-diacylglycerol to formsn-2-mono-γ-linolenyl glycerol was also significantly slower when both thesn-1 andsn-3 positions in TG molecules were occupied by either saturated fatty acids (16:0 and 18:0) or long-chain monounsaturated fatty
acids than when occupied by 18:2n-6. These findings suggest that the stereospecific position of 18:3n-6 in TG molecules and
the constituent of its neighboring fatty acids modulated availability of 18:3n-6 from 18:3n-6-containing TG or 18:3n-6-rich
oils.
A procedure is described for rapid evaluation of antioxidants. Dilute aqueous emulsions of an antioxidant, carotene and lipid
were prepared in spectrometer tubes. The oxidative destruction of carotene in the emulsion was observed directly with a colorimeter.
The antioxidants were then evaluated according to their effect on the rate of carotene decolorization.
Heating of borage oil, either under vacuum as a model or during steam-vacuum deodorization, produces artifacts that are geometrical
isomers of γ-linolenic acid (cis-6,cis-9,cis-12 18∶3 acid). In a first approach, we have studied the behavior of these fatty acids in the form of either methyl or isopropyl
esters on two capillary columns (CP-Sil 88 and DB-Wax). From this study, it appears that the DB-Wax capillary column is the
best suited analytical tool to study in some detail γ-linolenic acid geometrical isomers. In a second approach, the structure
of these isomers was formally established by combining several analytical techniques: Argentation thin-layer chromatography,
comparison of the equivalent chainlengths with those of isomers present in NO2-isomerized borage oil on two different capillary columns, partial hydrazine reduction, oxidative ozonolysis, gas chromatography
coupled with mass spectrometry and gas chromatography coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The two main isomers
that accumulate upon heat treatments are thetrans-6,cis-9,cis-12 andcis-6,cis-9,trans-12 18∶3 acids with minor amounts ofcis-6,trans-9,cis-12 18∶3 acid. One di-trans isomer, supposed to be thetrans-6,cis-9,trans-12 18∶3 acid, is present in low although noticeable amounts in some of the heated oils. The content of these artificial fatty
acids increases with increasing temperatures and duration of heating. The degree of isomerization (DI) of γ-linolenic acid
is less than 1% when the oil is deodorized at 200°C for 2 h. Heating at 260°C for 5 h increases the DI up to 74%. Isomerization
of γ-linolenic acid resembles that of α-linolenic (cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18∶3) acid in several aspects: The same kinds and numbers of isomers are formed, and similar degrees of isomerization
are reached when the octadecatrienoic acids are heated under identical conditions. It seems that the reactivity of a double-bondvis-à-vis cis-trans isomerization is linked to its relative position, central or external, and not to its absolute position (Δ6, 9, 12 or 15).
