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Research Groups As ‘Quasi-Firms’: The Invention of the Entrepreneurial University
Abstract
Academic entrepreneurship arose from internal as well as external impetuses. The entrepreneurial university is a result of the working out of an “inner logic” of academic development that previously expanded the academic enterprise from a focus on teaching to research. The internal organization of the Research University consists of a series of research groups that have firm-like qualities, especially under conditions in which research funding is awarded on a competitive basis. Thus, the Research University shares homologous qualities with a start-up firm even before it directly engages in entrepreneurial activities.
... Universities may generally be regarded as entities in the academic setting that can grasp on opportunities from external environment by strengthening their internal resources. Gorman et al. (1997), Etzkowitz (2003), Lazzeroni and Piccaluga (2003) Etzkowitz (2003)a , Gibb and Hannon (2006) ...
... Universities may generally be regarded as entities in the academic setting that can grasp on opportunities from external environment by strengthening their internal resources. Gorman et al. (1997), Etzkowitz (2003), Lazzeroni and Piccaluga (2003) Etzkowitz (2003)a , Gibb and Hannon (2006) ...
... The field contains 16 articles and offers a taxonomy of the undertaking university's key concepts that preceded Clark's first one (1998b). The importance of this term was first indicated by Etzkowitz (2003), who supports the idea that by offering a support system to faculty and students to launch new projects the universities can become hub of incubators. Guerrero et al., (2008) note that "an entrepreneurial university not only facilitates several entrepreneurial support initiatives, but also establishes administrative procedures, strategies or competitive positions." ...
Academic entrepreneurship has received a lot of attention in the academic community and policy makers (Teixeira & Nogueira, 2016). The underlying objective to present study is to conduct the systematic literature review on academic entrepreneurship and its role in developed and developing countries. Total 365 papers from 1990 to 2016 and 158 papers were published during the 2017 to 2020 in Scopus and Web of Science databases, after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, total 146 papers were considered in current study. The findings of present study reveals that the definition of academic entrepreneurship is still unclear and most of the studies are from developed economies and so far, literature in unable to consider the research ambidexterity among the individual faculty members. The findings of present study will facilitate the academicians, researchers, universities, and policymakers in understanding the role and significance of academic entrepreneurship.
... Viewing the connection in sphere-specific actors will open a new perspective that conceals exemplary character, objective, aim, responsibility and challenge. This new view also will reveal how they affect the interplay dynamics between the actors (Shinn, 2002;Etzkowitz, 2003b;Galvao et al., 2019). One of the university's significant contributions is extending TT. ...
... The Triple Helix (TH) Model was developed in 1995 to describe the fundamental trends in knowledge-based economies (Etzkowitz, 2003b). This strategy highlights the contributions that top universities make to society and the dissemination of knowledge (Ranga and Garzik, 2015). ...
... University intuitional transformation opens a broad new interpretation of university entrepreneurship activity that can be developed within the TH model. The evolution of universities from conserving knowledge to entrepreneurial and innovative activities will not stop the main function of universities in teaching and conducting research (Etzkowitz, 2003b). Entrepreneurial universities play an essential role in improving the university's financial performance, region, and national economy through academic knowledge creation (e.g., company spin-off). ...
As a direct result of the increased significance of knowledge in the various endeavours attempting to implement the triple helix model, higher education institutions have assumed a more prominent position in the processes involved in regional innovation and development. Expanding study on the helix model is currently examining the underlying causes and consequences of the evolution of the helix model in education. This research examines the relationship between the triple helix model and education by using bibliometric analysis on 227 articles subjected to peer review between 1970 and 2022. This investigation concentrated on three aspects of analysis: (1) document citation via the use of co-citation analysis that produce 4 clusters; (2) document cited reference through the utilisation of bibliographic coupling that generates 5 clusters; and (3) document keyword through the utilisation of co-word analysis with 4 clusters. These results are essential for academics, practitioners, and other interested parties working to improve the helix model for policymakers by putting it into an education strategy.
... Muitas vezes estes termos são usados como sinônimos, principalmente devido ao fato de que o termo Universidade Inovadora gera menos resistência na academia, evitando algumas conotações negativas que muitos acadêmicos associam ao termo empreendedorismo. Etzkowitz (2003) define a Universidade Empreendedora como tendo a capacidade de gerar uma direção estratégica a seguir, formulando objetivos acadêmicos claros e transformando o conhecimento gerado na Universidade em um valor econômico e social. Considera a Universidade um ambiente propício à inovação, pela concentração de conhecimento e de capital intelectual, onde os estudantes são uma fonte de potencial empreendedor. ...
... A nova missão voltada ao desenvolvimento econômico e social da sociedade foi acompanhada por uma série de controvérsias, em especial na própria Universidade. Etzkowitz (2003) destaca os seguintes aspectos: • controvérsias sobre empreendedorismo na área acadêmica: na medida em que os projetos com atores da instituição aumentam, os problemas envolvendo conflitos de interesses também aumentam. Esta emergência de conflitos de interesses é um sintoma de que o processo de mudança está em curso, pois somente surge quando as relações começam a se intensificar e a se tornarem mais complexas, exemplo típico de ambientes de inovação e do processo de interação UEG; • separação e integração: envolve uma consciência de que os conflitos de interesse podem ser decorrentes de interesses conflitantes, o que significa que os interesses podem ser independentemente legítimos. ...
O artigo aborda a temática da terceira missão das Universidades, relacionadas com a inovação e o papel das Universidades como vetor do processo de desenvolvimento da sociedade onde atuam. Neste sentido, analisa os principais modelos de interação Universidade-Empresa-Governo, a abordagem da Tripla e Quadrupla Hélice de desenvolvimento local e o papel da inovação neste processo. Ao final realiza uma reflexão sobre as possibilidades, desafios e oportunidades da inovação como fator de desenvolvimento dos territórios, concluindo que o balanço entre a tradição (representada pelos valores acadêmicos) e a renovação (representada pelas novas demandas da sociedade) é o diferencial que as melhores Universidades do futuro estão construindo hoje.
... This expansion has resulted in new relationships between HEIs, governmental bodies, businesses, and civil sector entities, crucial for fostering innovation within the knowledge-driven economy (Etzkowitz, 2003a). It represents a "second revolution" in HEIs' mission, integrating economic development as an additional facet alongside the academic and research functions introduced during the first academic revolution (Etzkowitz, 1998(Etzkowitz, , 2003bPeris-Ortiz et al., 2018). ...
... Etzkowitz (1998) introduced a subjective perspective through his triple helix model. It integrates the university, industry, and government helices into a relational system based on their roles in advancing innovation and its transfer (Etzkowitz, 1983(Etzkowitz, , 2003a(Etzkowitz, , 2003bEtzkowitz and Leydesdorff, 1997;Cooke, 2005;Motohashi, 2005;Meyer, 2006aMeyer, , 2006bEtzkowitz and Klofsten, 2005). This model also advocates for a closer partnership between HEIs and businesses (Subotzky, 1999), encapsulating the economic nature of the EnU phenomenon rather than solely its external form. ...
This study investigates the essence and characteristics of entrepreneurial universities during wartime in Ukraine by applying theoretical abstraction and expert survey methods. A statistical analysis of hypotheses reveals a positive impact of the entrepreneurial model on university innovativeness. The research highlights a notable deficiency in understanding the forms and methods of business-university collaboration, constituting a significant hindrance. Factor analysis discloses three operating mechanisms for entrepreneurial universities based on internal, external, or combined resource orientation. A cluster of Ukrainian HEIs closely aligned with the entrepreneurial model is discerned, encompassing KNU Shevchenko, Kyiv and Lviv Polytechnic, Sumy National, and Ukrainian Catholic Universities. The study determines the most auspicious avenues of cooperation between businesses and HEIs. Hypothesis testing with regards to critical university activities during wartime underscores the importance of retaining students, professors, and other higher education staff and provides financial support for their activities. Financing HEIs during wartime involves state support, revenues from educational services, and grants. The study findings can assist university management in selecting appropriate methods for implementing an entrepreneurial model during and after wartime. Public educational authorities could effectively deploy the proposed methodologies to scrutinize the efficacy of entrepreneurial models introduced by Ukrainian HEIs.
... Numerous definitions exist in academic literature about what constitutes an entrepreneurial university. These definitions encompass adaptation to environmental shifts, embracing new responsibilities, fostering an entrepreneurial culture, aiding economic development, and commercializing research (Clark, 1998a(Clark, , 1998bKirby, 2002;Etzkowitz, 2003a;Jacob et al., 2003). ...
... In certain instances, they received support from the government. As a result, universities have increased their entrepreneurial activities, with many concentrating on technology transfer (Etzkowitz, 2003a;Rothaermel et al., 2007). The model of the "entrepreneurial university" was recognized as a significant driver for innovation and self-development and seen as a fitting reaction to thriving in turbulent and unpredictable markets (Hannon, 2013). ...
This paper aimed to explore the emerging university function of collaboration and leadership in developing large-scale research infrastructure (LRI). A qualitative approach, drawing from both primary and secondary data, was employed to delve deeper into the roles and aspects of the entrepreneurial university pertinent to LRI development. The study highlighted the need for the entrepreneurial university to establish a strategic direction for collaboration and leadership in LRIs. A conceptual model was crafted that delineated the central role of the entrepreneurial university, segmenting the findings into three research elements: (i) research and education (ii) collaboration, and (iii) utilization and impact. Actor perspectives from both academia and industry were included. The findings emphasized that entrepreneurial universities had to engage more robustly with external actors to foster practical research applications. Universities were found to require a more synergistic role. The model proposed that entrepreneurial universities should classify actors not only by their viewpoint but also by their potential role in LRI. Key actors were identified as belonging to LRI and multi-academic environments, with some being directly involved, while others were indirectly or peripherally engaged. Directly involved actors, including numerous academic and industrial users, had a clear understanding of LRI utility and engagement, whereas indirectly involved ones were curious yet unsure about LRI interaction.
... A primeira revolução acadêmica, ocorrida no final do século 19, tornou a pesquisa como um compromisso da universidade. Os professores/pesquisadores tiveram que buscar financiamento externo à universidade para suas pesquisas (Etzkowitz, 2003). Segundo Clark (2006, p. 28-41), a Universidade empreendedora baseia-se especialmente em cinco dimensões: ...
... Assim, diversos autores (Etzkowitz, 2003;Clark, 2006;Audretsch;Belitski, 2021;Bezanilla, 2020) (Pennings;Wansink, 2004;Thomas;Mueller, 2000), incluindo a abertura à experiência (Brandstätter, 2011 ...
Sabe-se que o empreendedorismo é fundamental para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de países e regiões e, deste modo, torna-se relevante investigar os determinantes da intenção empreendedora entre as pessoas e, em especial, entre os jovens universitários. Deste modo, o presente trabalho analisou os determinantes da intenção empreendedora entre universitários do BICT de uma universidade federal. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva transversal, do tipo survey. Para a coleta de dados foi realizada a aplicação de questionário de forma online por meio do Software Google Forms aplicado a 56 respondentes, acadêmicos do BICT de uma universidade federal. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizadas técnicas de análise multivariadas (média, desvio padrão, variância, correlação de Pearson e teste de confiabilidade). Os resultados mostram que os costructos Capacidade Empreendedora e Atitude Empreendedora apresentaram alta correlação entre suas variáveis e boa confiabilidade para medir a Intenção Empreendedora entre universitários. Por sua vez, o constructo Normas Sociais teve baixa confiabilidade e nenhuma correlação entre suas variáveis. Conclui-se a que apesar de 2 dos construtos apresentarem boa confiabilidade para medir aquilo que se propôs, os acadêmicos do BICT apresentaram baixa intenção empreendedora. Além disso, mesmo não tendo intenção de empreender, eles dizem possuir capacidade e atitude empreendedoras. Destaca-se a partir dessas evidências a importância da universidade na disseminação da educação empreendedora entre os acadêmicos.
... Knowledge management emerged as a central factor in discussions regarding competitive capacity at the macro-(countries) and micro-(companies) levels. In this context, universities are fundamental elements of the innovation system (Hassan 2020), as they have added responsibility for social and economic development to their missions-entrepreneurial university (Etzkowitz 2003). Thus, it is up to the university to act actively in society, establishing relationships with industry and the State (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff 2000), in addition to collaborating with the public and the natural environment, such as the concept of the Quintuple Helix (Carayannis and Campbell 2010). ...
(1) Background: In a competitive and globalised world, retaining immigrants in entrepreneurial universities is an underutilised asset, one that allows economic development to be better enabled. Thus, studying the entrepreneurial intention (EI) of students enables the development of practices and public policies. (2) Purpose: Although the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is not a recent approach, its theoretical framework was considered consistent to understand the entrepreneurial intention (EI) of university students, considering the geographic region of origin. (3) Methods: This article is an integrative literature review. The database consulted was the Web of Science. Works available in full until 2022 that addressed at least two TPB antecedents were included. Works that were not articles that included university students were excluded. (4) Results: The articles analysed confirm the predictive power of the theory. However, more standardised studies need to address the role of variables. The African results showed a greater entrepreneurial attitude; Americans and Asians perceived greater behavioural control; and the subjective norm was stronger among Africans. (5) Originality: This work contributes to fomenting attention to this field, providing the development of theories, and suggesting avenues for future research. The authors did not find a literature review on the subject.
... Similarly, findings from Pallamparthy and Basavareddy (2019), who reported most study participants to have research knowledge, support this study (Table 8b) degree programs (Etzkowitz, 2003). As such, it has become a means for preservice teachers learning that could contribute to their understanding of issues, decision-making (Brew, 2012), critical thinking, and problem-solving (Missingham et al., 2016;Wass et al., 2011). ...
This study assessed the research literacy levels among pre-service teachers. The study adopted a descriptive design and sampled 297 pre-service teachers from two Nigerian South-eastern federal universities. Five research questions guided the study. Data was collected using a semi-structured question guide and a self-developed Research Literacy Test (RLT). Rasch model analysis established the unidimensionality and reliability of the research literacy test (RLT). Moreover, mean scores, standard deviations, t-tests and content analysis were used to answer the study research questions. The study findings showed that pre-service teachers' research literacy level was at the information literacy level. Significant differences were not found between males and females in their research literacy components except at the information level; males were generally more research literate than females. Finally, pre-service teachers indicated that they believe their faculties hold a positive disposition towards their acquisition of research literacy. Keywords: Content Analysis, Gender, Information Literacy, Knowledge of Research Literacy, Pre-service Teachers, Rasch Model Analysis, Research Literacy, Statistical literacy
... Curriculum issues came back to "supplementing the old stuff with a lot of material that is more relevant" (D5), and the straightforward transition to a digital, online, 'blended' pedagogical future for the university. The substantial critical literature on notions like the algorithmized, McDonaldized, entrepreneurial university seemed to have passed them by (for discussions of these concepts see, respectively, Ovetz, 2020;Carroll, 2013;Etzkowitz, 2003). ...
This working paper reports on a grounded research study that sought to ascertain beliefs about a 'fourth industrial revolution' (4IR) and its implications for university practice, amongst senior academic leaders at the institution. Based on eight in-depth interviews, the findings show that they all accepted straightforwardly that the 4IR is a substantive socioeconomic phenomenon, despite complex debates in the literature about whether or not this is indeed the case. This overriding belief has significant implications for change in the university's institutional management, research and pedagogical strategies. Notably, under their managerial hats, these leaders adopted a strongly 'positive' view of the 4IR and its benefits, but when they donned their academic caps, they were much more cognisant of the deepening poverty and inequality a 4IR brings. This is symptomatic of the contradiction between managerialism and academic autonomy that threatens contemporary universities. While the study is of one university, it calls for comparative studies of other universities, globally and in South Africa.
... As stated in the literature, the practices oriented to promote entrepreneurship at the University create a supportive atmosphere and a favourable milieu for intentions-action transformation because students will constantly be encouraged to proceed with venture creation by members of the University community (Etzkowitz, 2003;Poole & Robertson, 2003). Shane and Venkataraman (2000) stated that the University context of entrepreneurship can provide a pool of resources for students and can also influence students' entrepreneurial behaviours and help them develop viable new ventures. ...
... After World War II, universities were tasked to focus on basic research and technology in the hope that these will later serve public purposes like national defense or welfare (Bush, 1945). The concept of the "entrepreneurial university" highlighted that universities also play a role in disseminating research in the form of patents and innovations, thus directly contributing to economic development (Etzkowitz, 2003). Today, there is recognition that universities need to address societal goals more directly and assume broader societal responsibilities (Arnaldo Valdes & Gomez Comendador, 2022;Trencher et al., 2014;Martin, 2012). ...
We analyse the creation of European university alliances as an effort to build learning networks between universities in light of newly perceived needs in Europe. The rationales for such alliance formation include cultural integration, grand societal challenges and reforms in the European innovation ecosystem. We consider how alliance formation may be instrumental in achieving closer cooperation and understand alliances as learning networks where universities can share know-how, define strategies and pursue moral reflection. How such learning may take place is illustrated with a case study of the “EuroTeQ Collider”, a joint educational programme by one of the European university alliances. The case illustrates how uneven experience with novel educational formats and stakeholder engagement creates opportunities for exchange and how formulating a common language for joint activities can make universities align their strategies and deliberation.
... A transição de uma universidade que já se constituiu como empreendedora para uma universidade empreendedora sustentável reflete nas transformações das três missões das instituições, com o desenvolvimento de papéis de engajamento social em toda comunidade universitária (Cai & Ahmad, 2021). Nesse sentido, Etzkowitz (2016) Ressalta-se que a interação com a indústria é um dos pilares da universidade empreendedora, conforme apontam Etzkowitz (2000Etzkowitz ( , 2003 e Lazzeroni e Piccaluga, (2003), elemento que cria uma interface entre a universidade empreendedora e a sustentável e está alinhado aos princípios da HESI (Iniciativa de Sustentabilidade do Ensino Superior), que é uma organização sem fins lucrativos composta de representantes de empresas, governantes, acadêmicos e organizações não governamentais para colaborar na identificação e solução de questões de saúde e meio ambiente, estabelece as bases para a adoção dos ODSs pelas universidades e as motiva em direção à sua transformação sustentável, possibilitando estratégias de atividades: pesquisa, ensino, práticas no campus e interação com a indústria. ...
Objetivo: Analisar indicadores relevantes acerca dos elementos e características essenciais em uma Universidade Empreendedora Sustentável a partir da opinião de especialistas. Abordagem teórica: O objetivo foi analisado a partir de uma perspectiva integrada dos conceitos de universidade empreendedora e universidade sustentável, o que permitiu agrupar um leque de características e elementos essenciais para validação e consenso de especialistas. Métodos: Abordagem predominantemente qualitativa, quanto ao delineamento fundamenta-se por pesquisa bibliográfica. Após a construção dos preceitos teóricos, identificou-se uma falta de consenso entre os pesquisadores acerca do tema, dessa forma aplicou-se a metodologia Delphi, que conta com a busca de opiniões de especialistas no tema estudado. Resultados: Quanto síntese os indicadores relevantes que obtiveram maior consenso para comporem uma universidade empreendedora sustentável são: Cultura empreendedora integrada, corpo docente qualificado, comunidades acadêmicas engajadas, busca de financiamentos diversificados, inclusão de disciplinas de empreendedorismo e sustentabilidade nos currículos, possuir centros de pesquisas conectados, internacionalização, estimulo a diversidade econômica local, adoção de práticas comerciais sustentáveis, eficiência energética, transporte alternativo, estimular a educação e bem estar, zelar pela comunidade ao seu entorno , como monitorar o acesso a água limpa e bons salários. Conclusões: Foi possível ranquear os TOP 5, indicadores por dimensão de análise que alcançaram uma maior média, menor desvio padrão e maior mediana e dessa forma alcançar o consenso dos especialistas e relacionar a teoria, além de realizar uma análise qualitativa a partir de perguntas abertas, incluindo dimensões que não estavam previstas no questionário fechado, enriquecendo dessa forma a construção dos indicadores essenciais.
... As instituições de ensino superior (IES) têm vindo a evoluir com base em três etapas: a primeira consistiu em preservar e transmitir conhecimento, a segunda baseou-se em criar conhecimento através da investigação, e por fim, o desenvolvimento económico e social assumiu um papel de destaque na missão das IES. Na sociedade do conhecimento são estas as três missões de ensino (ETZKOWITZ, 2003). ...
O tema empreendedorismo tem sido incorporado em diversos projetos por instituições relevantes e com abrangência nacional. Na década que se iniciou a partir de 2011, pode-se citar o desenvolvimento do “Programa de Educação Corporativa” do Ministério da Indústria, Desenvolvimento e Comércio Exterior; a “Escola de Negócios do SEBRAE”; o “Programa de Inovação” do Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia; o financiamento de Empreendedorismo “FAPESP” para os projetos PIPE III e da ANPEI – Associação Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento das Empresas Inovadoras, todos com ofertas regulares de programas e cursos de empreendedorismo.
Nas carreiras das Universidades brasileiras, que se distribuem nas áreas de Ciências Humanas, Sociais Aplicadas, Exatas, Tecnologia e Biológicas, o tema também foi assimilado.
Temáticas transversais ou de interesse geral, independente de carreiras estruturadas na Educação Superior, têm sido desenvolvidas a partir de demandas sociais e processos derivados da internacionalização do ensino e da pesquisa. Mais recentemente, a extensão ganhou relevância e passará, obrigatoriamente, a integrar a matriz curricular em 2023.
... t efficiency score levels.Moreover, it is interesting to figure out that the districts that belong to the Academia and Research category have the lowest performance compared to other districts in other categories. Therefore, it is important for Distrito Tec to have a similar approach to the Industry Cluster and Entrepreneurial Innovation Districts.Etzkowitz (2003) presented the entrepreneurial university concept adopted by Stanford University in California; this strategy consisted of carrying out research with high commercial potential and strong integration between the university and non-academic organizations. In this way, both types of organizations benefit from each other by exploiting the un ...
Purpose: Innovation districts represent a way to create, foster, and manage innovation. Different regions apply their strategy according to the dominant stakeholder in the region, such as academia, industry, government, or entrepreneurs. This research aims to evaluate different innovation districts from a production system point of view to determine the output goals for a Tec Innovation District.
Methodology/Approach: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was determined to be the best tool for this study; the variable returns to scale output-oriented model was used to determine the goals for the new district; also, the bootstrap method was employed to analyse the efficiency sensitivity in the sample of districts.
Findings: The average technical efficiency of the analysed innovation districts was 0.659, with the highest technical efficiency observed in the case of the Entrepreneurial type (0.831) and Industry Cluster (0.820) districts, whereas the Local government type registered the lowest technical efficiency (0.468).
Research Limitation/Implication: The projections for the Tec Innovation District's output variables were obtained using a set of U.S. innovation districts due to the similarity of the studied region to the available group. The research allowed us to determine realistic outputs for the studied innovation district.
Originality/Value of paper: The study employs an original DEA for comparing innovation districts and performs a bootstrap to study the system's robustness; within this research, the performance level of a new district was calculated to be within a specific efficiency level, according to their peers.
Category: Research paper
... t efficiency score levels.Moreover, it is interesting to figure out that the districts that belong to the Academia and Research category have the lowest performance compared to other districts in other categories. Therefore, it is important for Distrito Tec to have a similar approach to the Industry Cluster and Entrepreneurial Innovation Districts.Etzkowitz (2003) presented the entrepreneurial university concept adopted by Stanford University in California; this strategy consisted of carrying out research with high commercial potential and strong integration between the university and non-academic organizations. In this way, both types of organizations benefit from each other by exploiting the un ...
This study aims to provide targets for companies to be attracted to a nascent university-led innovation district initiative, to reach a high-efficiency level. To do so, the Data Envelopment Analysis and the Bootstrap method to estimate statistics from a population were utilized to benchmark the best innovation districts in the United States. The results determine the sales from innovation per employee and the percentage of innovation of sales that the companies-to be established in the district-must have to be comparable to the analyzed districts. Furthermore, the study considers the Mexican and regional context as essential in customizing such metrics to make the goals "realistic." A recommendation to the university leading this effort is to apply a strategy that consists of these elements: the organization of group research, the creation of research with commercial potential, the development of organizational mechanisms to move commercializable research beyond the academic borders, and the integration of academic and non-academic organizations in the innovation district.
... The study by Guaranys (2006) details the history and the relationships with the main partnerships developed by some research groups at PUC-Rio, with emphasis on those of CETUC and Tecgraf, the latter as an example of a "quasi-firm" research group, as used by Etzkowitz (2003). From this author's perspective, research groups work as entities, as firms, except for the motivation of direct profitability. ...
In the process of adapting to environmental changes, universities are moving towards new organizational models, with emphasis on the entrepreneurial university model. This is a global phenomenon that takes place in different economic and social contexts. In that regard, this research aims to identify the different ways of accomplishment of the third academic mission in universities and their relationship with traditional teaching and research activities. For this sake, this research is a case study focusing on two Brazilian universities: the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) and the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio). The results show the use of several actions and mechanisms of innovation and entrepreneurship towards an entrepreneurial university model, with the establishment of links with both teaching and research. Furthermore, the studied cases show synergistic relationships between the third academic mission and the traditional academic missions, especially with research.
... At the present time Islamic Universities are facing rapid changes in the context of expanding tasks, leading to the development of entrepreneurial Islamic universities, creating an entrepreneurial culture, to ensure sustainable Islamic higher education. The university underwent two academic revolutions, which brought significant changes in its mission and academic tasks (H Etzkowitz, 2003). The first revolution in the form of adoption of research as a function of the University in addition to the traditional academic task of learning. ...
Islamic universities are increasingly paying attention to the academic development of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this study was to investigate the best barriers and opportunities in the transformation of the state Islamic university Sjech M. Djamil Djambek Bukittinggi into an entrepreneurial university. Islam itself strongly directs humans to live their lives through the Qur'an which functions as a guide for humans (hudan linnas) and guidance for people who are pious (hudan lil muttaqin).This study was conducted through a survey among experts in the field to identify the best barriers and facilitators in the transformation of the State Islamic University of Scjeh M. Djamil Djambek Bukittinggi into an entrepreneurial university.The results of the research survey show that there are internal and external barriers and facilitators of entrepreneurial transformation at UIN Sjech M. Djamil Djambek in Bukittinggi. This research study is expected to increase awareness of the internal challenges to make UIN Sjech M Djamil Djambek more entrepreneurial as well as the factors that can facilitate the transformation process and the need to strengthen the entrepreneurial ecosystem at the University. Policy holders should pay attention to external barriers to transformation and in particular to the need for collaboration with stakeholders and exploring funding sources.This study tries to explore what factors are the obstacles and opportunities for realizing UIN which is towards an entrepreneurial university.Through this research, it is possible to increase awareness of the internal challenges to make Islamic universities of UIN Sjech M. Djamil Djambek Bukittinggi more entrepreneurial through factors that can facilitate the transformation process and the need to strengthen the entrepreneurial ecosystem at Islamic universities of UIN Sjech M. Djamil Djambek Bukittinggi. Institutional leaders should also focus on external barriers to transformation, especially on building partnership networks. This study tries to focus on internal and external interests as an appropriate context. This can be found in the Qur'an surah al Jumuah verse 10, surah ash-shaf verse 10-11 and surah al-Qashash verse 77. In addition, it is also supported by a hadith narrated by Imam al-Bukhari sourced from Miqdam Ibn Ma'dikarib ra and narrated by Ibn Asakir from Anas ra.
... This implies a transition to what is known as "technology entrepreneurship." In brief, technology has a significant influence on business operations that are continuously and rapidly evolving [19]. ...
This research aimed to 1) define sources of meaning in technopreneurs’ commercialization research process, 2) establish the common features of technopreneurs’ commercialization research process, and 3) construct a grounded theory of technopreneurs’ sources of meaning and commercialization research process. The study employed a qualitative ground theory approach to explain the phenomena and develop theoretical conclusions. Data was gathered through in-depth interviews with 15 technopreneurs using theoretical sampling. The interviews used open-ended questions, and the resulting data were analysed via analytic induction to define concepts and construct the grounded theory. The results indicated that technopreneurs elicited sources of meaning through the commercialization research process, which were categorized into three features of idea development with passion, integrated business model development, and innovative and technological business networking. The commercialization research process includes eight stages: 1) business opportunity assessment, 2) technopreneurial mindset and passion development, 3) technology assessment and exploitation, 4) co-research and application to new product development, 5) technopreneurship incubation and business networking, 6) business planning for innovation commercialization, 7) continuous product improvement, and 8) sustainable technopreneurship and development. Finally, this research constructed theoretical conclusions, discussing and suggesting approaches for improving technopreneurs’ commercialization research process and future research directions.
... al, 2019). However, recognizing the power of technology, women venturing into the science and technology domain for a novel career is a recent phenomenon (Etzkowitz, 2013), which was recently captured by studies on women founders in high tech incubators (Gupta and Etzkowitz, 2021). The literature scan thus reveals that women venturing into the technology domain is recent, but a welcome phenomenon, worth investigating (Agarwal and Lenka, 2017) with women pivoting their business models post-COVID (Manalova et.al. ...
... Later, Etzkowitz [54] represented the "entrepreneurial university" by describing the process of academic entrepreneurship activities in terms of endogeneity and exogeneity and linked these processes to the increasing university influence on society together with internal university development and market powers. ...
... The first academic revolution, taking off in the late 19th century, made research a university function in addition to the traditional task of teaching (Etzkowitz, 2003). At present, higher education is usually broken down into three components, namely teaching, research and service. ...
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between agricultural students' research self-efficacy and their personal and professional characteristics, research anxiety and attitude toward research. The statistical population of this study was graduate agricultural students (M.Sc. and Ph.D.) at Shiraz University, Iran. A sample of 210 students was selected using a proportional stratified sampling technique. A questionnaire was developed to interview the subjects of the study of which the validity and reliability were estimated based on opinions of a panel of experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, respectively. Results revealed that the respondents had a moderate level of research anxiety, high level of research self-efficacy and positive attitude toward research. The t-test revealed that there was a significant difference between research self-efficacy levels of M.Sc. students with those of Ph.D. students, and Ph.D. students had higher levels of research self-efficacy than did M.Sc. students. Further, results indicated that there was a positive significant relationship between age, number of published papers, attitude toward research and students' research self-efficacy. In addition, the relationship between research anxiety and research self-efficacy was negative. Suggestions have been provided based on the findings.
... Universities have demonstrated their growing role in knowledge pro duction for society, and collaboration with universi ties in knowledge production has been growing du ring the last fifteen years (see, for example: Godin and Gingras, 2000). Universities oriented towards technology transfer (TT) and actively creating envi ronment for that have been called entrepreneurial uni versities (see, for example: Clark, 1998;Etzkowitz, 2002;Rothaermel, Agung and Jiang, 2007). Entrep reneurial universities are characterized by the Acade miaIndustryRegion (AIR) linkages as well with the special role of entrepreneurship domain in that frame work ( Figure 1). ...
... Viertens schließlich konzentrieren sich die politischen Initiativen in allen führenden Ländern auf die Restrukturierung der öffentlichen Forschungs-und Wissenschaftssysteme mit dem vorrangigen Ziel einer stärkeren innerakademischen Wettbewerbs-und akademisch-industriellen Transferorientierung (vgl. Etzkowitz 2003). Zu den präferierten Maßnahmen zählen in Deutschland die Einführung von regelmäßigen Evaluationsverfahren an Hochschulen, Forschungseinrichtungen und Instituten sowie deren an privatwirtschaftliche Managementmodelle angelehnte Reorganisation -mit einer Stärkung der Leitungsebenen und Hierarchisierung von Entscheidungsabläufen, einer Aufwertung der drittmittel-und programmfinanzierten Forschung, einer Intensivierung der Ressourcenkonkurrenz und einer Strukturierung durch dezentrale profit-center. ...
Im letzten Jahrzehnt haben sich die Anstrengungen verstärkt, in der Region Hamburg einen tragfähigen Standort für moderne Biotechnologien zu etablieren. Die wachsende Intensität der Hamburger Biotechnologieförderung kann als Reflex auf den drastischen Einbruch neu gegründeter Biotechnologiefirmen gesehen werden, der sich in den Jahren zuvor vollzog. Zahlreiche Unternehmen verschwanden ungeachtet guter Konzepte und guter Technologien nach kurzer Zeit wieder von der Bildfläche. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde am Forschungsschwerpunkt Biotechnologie, Gesellschaft und Umwelt (BIOGUM) der Universität Hamburg im Wintersemester 2004/2005 die Vortragsreihe "Strategien biotechnischer Innovation" veranstaltet, deren Ziel es sein sollte, aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven die Möglichkeiten, Probleme und Grenzen der Innovationssteuerung zu untersuchen. Die Texte des vorliegenden Bandes gehen auf Vorträge zurück, die von den Beitragenden im Rahmen dieser Vortragsreihe gehalten wurden.
... In the context of universities, policy fostered a shift of the role of universities from knowledge accumulators to central actors of technological innovation. This can be seen for example by the prominent Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 (see Leyden & Link, 2015), strengthening universities' so-called 'third mission', that is, the commercialization and transfer of economic knowledge, leading to the emergence of so-called 'entrepreneurial universities' (Etzkowitz, 2003;Guerrero & Urbano, 2012). ...
Social innovation has increasingly become an issue of policy and particularly given the policy focus on societal grand challenges. As anchor institutions, the challenge for entrepreneurial universities is to effectively respond and contribute to both technological and social innovation through knowledge and technology transfer. The current conceptualization of entrepreneurial universities is predominately focused on technological innovation. This paper argues for a mission-reorientation of entrepreneurial universities that extends the current technological innovation based conceptualization to incorporate social innovation that effectively addresses environmental and societal challenges and responds to calls in the society for more sustainable and inclusive growth. While current business models that underpin entrepreneurial universities and underlying knowledge and technology transfer mechanisms mainly incentivize the commercialization and transfer of economic knowledge, an incorporating of social dimensions of innovation allows the conceptualization of a broader and more extensive role of entrepreneurial universities.
... Tres ejes permiten repensar las escuelas de negocios y sus actividades: la temporalidad, la espacialidad y la dialéctica dominación/emancipación. Palabras Clave: Escuelas de gestión, enfoques críticos de la gestión, resistencia, temporalidad, espacialidad, dialéctica de la dominación/emancipación L'internalisation du capitalisme financier par les écoles de gestion forme une tendance lourde. Empruntant différentes appellations (université entrepreneuriale, corporative, managérialisée, quasi-firme, néolibérale, marchande), les établissements véhicules du capitalisme académique (Slaughter et Leslie, 1997;Eskowitz, 2003;Mautner, 2005;Engwall, 2008;Laszlo, Sroufe et Waddock, 2017; Numéro spécial de la revue Ephemera « Labour of Academia », sous la direction de Butler, Delaney et Sliwa, 2017) se présentent comme les pendants scientifiques des entreprises financiarisées et des administrations publiques sous l'emprise de la nouvelle gestion publique (New public management). La construction du capitalisme académique entamée il y a une vingtaine d'années dans beaucoup de pays n'a pas connu de répit pendant la crise sanitaire. ...
This book contributes to the research on the institutionalisation of evaluation in a global comparative perspective by investigating the role of evaluation in the national political system, civil society and systems of professions, using a comparative research methodology that includes inter- and intra-regional comparisons. Specifically, it examines the role of evaluation in three social sub-systems: the national political system as the main authority for political decision-making, civil society for controlling and supporting political governance and systems of professions for implementing and improving knowledge and skills production. Drawing on modernisation theories and a social science perspective of institutions and organisations, the book analyses evaluation practices, regulations, laws and policies, and their embeddedness in decision-making structures. It also explores the organisational anchoring of evaluation in parliaments, audit offices and other authorities, as well as its use in civil society for improving social services and state control. In addition, it investigates the implementation of evaluation in academic study programmes, research infrastructure and voluntary organisations for professional evaluation in systems of professions. The introductory chapter provides an outline of the theoretical background and analytical framework, including its central theoretically derived categories, theoretical specifications regarding Asia-Pacific, and methodological considerations, such as the applied comparative research design. Overall, this book offers valuable insights into the institutionalisation of evaluation and its role in promoting better governance and social outcomes.
The role of faculty in making a university Entrepreneurial is crucial, so is the research on what motivates the faculty to be entrepreneurial. This article is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), done to find out factors motivating faculty to be ‘entrepreneurial’. Initially bibliometric analysis was done to understand the extent at which research is done on the topic. In all, 59 relevant articles (1995–2023) were selected for SLR. ‘Entrepreneurial motivation’ of faculty is considered to be a niche and less explored area of study due to which building strong propositions becomes a challenge. Majority of studies are of advanced and resource rich economies and applying those to resource constraint situation cannot be considered as an ideal situation. These research gaps are located by this article. Factors motivating faculties to get engaged in entrepreneurial activities were analysed. Existing research has classified motivational factors as intrinsic and extrinsic, in ‘resource constraint’ (push forces) and ‘resource-rich’ (pull forces) environment. The literature states that academicians tend to do explorative activities rather than commercialization related activities. This study has informed about various factors of entrepreneurial motivation which can be used for building instruments for measuring motivation of academic entrepreneurs. The study findings have a strong proposition for the need of empirical research on entrepreneurial motivation of faculty members which is the future scope of research.
The emergence of 4th Industrial Revolution, the global agenda for sustainable development and the increasingly uncertain era have called for the development of innovation and entrepreneurship education. In the past three decades, with the strong promotion of international organizations, governments, enterprises, foundations, and other stakeholders, global entrepreneurship education (EE) in higher education institutions (HEIs) has witnessed tremendous development. Focusing on the practice of EE in eight case countries, this chapter analyzes the successful experience and differentiation of global EE, and highlights its main development trend.
El objetivo de la investigación estuvo orientado a analizar las spin-off universitarias como estrategia de emprendimiento en el marco de la visión de negocios de la universidad del siglo XXI. El estudio se contextualizó dentro del enfoque epistemológico cualitativo, el paradigma interpretativo, utilizando para ello la metodología propuesta por la metódica de la Teoría Fundamentada. El tipo de investigación fue analítica con diseño no experimental y documental. Se utilizó como técnica de recolección de datos, la revisión documental o análisis de contenido, apoyada de una matriz de registro, La interpretación y análisis se realizó a través del proceso de codificación de 16 artículos seleccionados de acuerdo a los criterios de inclusión, sugeridos por la metódica propuesta por Strauss y Corbin (2002), la cual propone un proceso de categorización a través de la codificación abierta, axial, selectiva y la construcción de una matriz condicional. El análisis de contenido de la data resalto la importancia de las spin-off universitarias, como mecanismo de transferencia tecnológica, y la necesidad de innovar la estrategia de gestión, la estructura de la organización y, la cultura, además de contar con un marco legal que propicie el óptimo funcionamiento de estas organizaciones, marco propicio para reforzar la triada universidad-Estado-sector empresarial.
There is a deep divide between the worlds of education and working life. Differences comprise culture, values, processes, tools and more. This divide hinders many people from reaching their fullest potential, instead often demotivating them. Collaboration across the divide can be facilitated by semantic concepts that both sides can relate to. This article attempts to propose a new unifying concept – “work-learn balance” – that the two worlds can appreciate and use when working together. It is defined as when people on a weekly basis combine new value creation for others (“work”) and own personal development (“learn”). It was inductively articulated through action research. Extant research has shown that many people with a good work-learn balance get more motivated and feel a deeper sense of meaning in life, making them work harder and achieve more. Examples are provided from entrepreneurship, innovation, vocational education and entrepreneurial education. Work-learn balance could be used as a visionary organising principle informing leadership strategy. This could facilitate collaboration and unleash the human potential of more students and employees. Work-learn balance as a concept is novel and unexplored, but not previously unheard of. This could be the first attempt to define, describe, substantiate and sense-make it.
Despite progress in recognising the popularity of explaining a university’s entrepreneurial orientation (EO), the literature still lacks clear and systematic means of evaluating and measuring university EO. This study seeks to assess the different ways of measuring university EO and develop recommendations for future research to address this gap. Based on a systematic EO review of empirical research were identified three thematic groups: (i) EO and academic entrepreneurship, (ii) EO and entrepreneurial universities, and (iii) EO and academic spinoffs. These results allow for a greater understanding of the research topics and develop an integrated framework, thus helping to measure and refine operationalisations of EO that can help formulate future quantitative studies and increase the empirical accuracy of the field.
Scholars have called for a better understanding of the performance consequences of individual ambidexterity. In this work, we utilize the context of academic entrepreneurship to study how and why individual ambidexterity impacts academic entrepreneurship performance, and whether relational context moderates this link. Alongside the benefits, we argue that higher levels of individual ambidexterity generate switching, coordination and cognitive costs that can harm performance. Acknowledging the simultaneous presence of varying costs and benefits over the range of individual ambidexterity, we propose that individual ambidexterity has an inverted U‐shaped relationship with academic entrepreneurship performance, in which moderate levels produce superior performance. We further argue that relational context enhances the performance benefits of individual ambidexterity through providing access to novel knowledge and resources. In doing so, it shifts the turning point so that a higher level of individual ambidexterity produces peak academic entrepreneurship performance before the relationship turns. Utilizing data on Taiwanese scientists, we find strong evidence of an inverted U‐shaped relationship between individual ambidexterity and academic entrepreneurship performance, and for the moderating role of relational context.
The sustainable development agenda can be strongly impacted by higher education institutions (HEI) and their stakeholders. With a strong impact on raising the sustainability awareness of future professionals and leaders, HEI is a driver of economic growth, at the heart of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), and in promoting sustainability. Governance can influence sustainability initiatives and the adoption of SDG initiatives can be delayed by issues of governance and organizational culture. Presenting a holistic approach to governance, this chapter aims to understand how Portuguese higher education institutions are exploring their entrepreneurial and innovative potential; more specifically, leadership and governance. Using the HEInnovate tool, a self-assessment tool for higher education institutions, and an initiative of the European Commission in partnership with the OECD, a powerful tool is presented for helping HEIs assess their current situation and identify potential areas for action.
The world trend of entrepreneurship development has not passed over Ukraine and is increasing its significance with the participation of universities. The research studies entrepreneurial universities and their role in the region and the country’s economy. The research demonstrates that there is no standardized approach to defining an entrepreneurial university and its main characteristics. Given the above, we have defined the meaning of an entrepreneurial university based on the methodology, including its role in the country. The rankings of the leading universities in Ukraine were analyzed so that the mutual features could be set. The research has proved the main hypotheses about the effectiveness of the implementation of the entrepreneurial universities model based on the indexes and rankings, which estimate their academic, research, and publishing activity. Based on the research results, some universities in Ukraine were defined as the ones whose functioning model is close to that of an entrepreneurial university. Three leading Ukrainian universities were assessed using the main criteria of their financial activity, competitiveness, and the sector’s attractiveness. Based on SPACE-analysis, development strategies for domestic entrepreneurial universities were determined. As a result, the practices should ensure innovation implementation, contribute to higher education and secure competitive positions.
Researchers find themselves in a changed resource environment to which they respond by developing a variety of strategies. This way, researchers seek to manage their research portfolios. Researchers’ responses can be categorized as changing the resource environment, resource acquisition strategies, resource use strategies, and adapting the content of research. All strategies have repercussions for the conduct and content of their research, which are discussed for research in general as well as for unconventional research targeting scientific innovations. Steps towards a middle-range theory of relationships between funding conditions and the conduct and content of research are proposed.
The author explores the relationship of industrial innovation and economic development in terms of economic investment in new processes and materials, the effects of technology on firm size, and the role of public policy in fostering technology and stimulating employment. Each of these areas is treated in a separate section. Excerpts from The Measurement of Scientific and Technical Activities appears in the appendix. 473 references, 30 footnotes, 13 figures, 35 tables (DCK)
This book sets out to examine small technologically innovative enterprises in Europe from the viewpoint of ten international researchers. Drawing on original empirical research, the contributions describe the different aspects of the business development and innovation process, including the creation and development of technology-based enterprises, the growth of the firm, different types of networking activities, and various development strategies when the firm is established.
The following essay was prepared as an introduction to The Organization of Knowledge in Modern America, 1860-1920, which will be published in June by the Johns Hopkins University Press. The volume is the result of the second phase of the Academy's study of the growth of knowledge in the United States. Support for this project was provided by the Mellon Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Science Foundation.
"The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State" charts the development of state and local government initiatives to influence the market and strengthen economic development policies. This trend marked a decisive break from governments' traditionally small role in the affairs of private industry that defined the relationship between the public and private sector for the first half of the twentieth century. The turn to state and local government intervention signaled a change in subnational politics that, in many ways, transcended partisan politics, regional distinctions, and racial alliances. Eisinger's meticulous research uncovers state and local governments' transition from supply-side to demand-side strategies of market creation. He shows that, instead of relying solely on the supply-side strategies of tax breaks and other incentives to encourage business relocation, some governments promoted innovation and the creation of new business approaches.
The following essay was prepared as an introduction to The Organization of Knowledge in Modern America, 1860-1920, which will be published in June by the Johns Hopkins University Press. The volume is the result of the second phase of the Academy's study of the growth of knowledge in the United States. Support for this project was provided by the Mellon Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Science Foundation.
An interest in economic development has been extended to a set of research universities which since the late nineteenth century had been established, or had transformed themselves, to focus upon discipline-based fundamental investigations.21 The land-grant model was reformulated, from agricultural research and extension, to entrepreneurial transfers of science-based industrial technology by faculty members and university administrators.
The norms of science, a set of values and incentives for proper institutional conduct,22 have been revised as an unintended consequence of the second revolution. This has happened through an accretion of gradual organisational changes that often go unnoticed, and through conflict that disrupts the status quo and makes change evident. The two forms of normative change became apparent in the emergence of group research and in controversies over conflicts of interest. With extensive financial support from government, large research groups began to replace the traditional form of professor and graduate student—still commonplace in the humanities—as the typical way of organising research, although group leaders were called “individual investigators”.23 Possessing many of the characteristics of a small business, apart from the profit motive, some of these research groups or “quasi firms” are only a short step away from turning into companies when the opportunity arises.
Disputes about conflicts of interest are a step towards the transformation of norms. How they are resolved suggests the shape of the new norm; their continuation indicates that the outcome is still in question; their intensification increases the likelihood that a practice will be defined as deviant. Some conflicts of interest will be resolveable as norms change; others will be defined as fraud and be dealt with by the legal system. Conflicts of commitment may also be amenable to resolution, for example, by granting leave to establish a company. Integrating campus and company research reduces some of the potential for conflict, especially when the university holds the intellectual property rights in question.
Under these new normative conditions what is left of the idea of the university as a source of disinterested expertise? As molecular biology departments have developed a complex network of industrial ties a new critical discipline of environmental science has grown up in academia. Universities are flexible institutions, capable of reconciling many diverse missions.
Japan's professors usually retain rights to their inventions, but some publicly-funded inventions must be transferred to government to then face obstacles to commercialization. This leads professors to pass inventions informally, without documentation or development or royalty commitments, to companies that have given donations and employed their students. The companies rarely develop such inventions. A new law to create technology transfer offices (TTOs) may fail because incentives to switch from the informal system are unclear, and some TTOs charge high membership fees, discouraging their use and limiting the pool of potential (particularly small) licensees. Unless universities can require faculty to assign inventions to their TTOs, Japan's best hope may be to eliminate compulsory transfers to government and empower inventors to be effective transfer agents who can insist on contractual development commitments.
The author raises the classic question of welfare economics in relation to invention: to what extent does perfect competition result in optimal allocation of resources? There are three reasons for the possible failure of perfect competition to lead to optimal resource allocation: marginal-cost pricing, divergence between social and private benefit (or cost), and allocation of resources under uncertainty. The last receives attention in this chapter; specifically, only in the context of uncertainty arises the critical idea of information. Improving the efficiency of the economy with respect to risk may decrease technical efficiency. Devices for mitigating adverse effects of insurance are co-insurance and cost-plus contracts. Uncertainty creates a subtle problem in resource allocation: information becomes a commodity with economic value, and the economic characteristics of information as a commodity, and of invention as a process for the production of information are examined. The classic problem of indivisible commodities applies to information, and the problem of allocation in the presence of indivisibilities appears. The costs of transmitting information create difficulties in allocation. Invention is a process full of risk. Research by corporations is one way to reduce risk. Turning invention into property rights results in underutilization of information. Profitability of invention thus leads to non-optimal resource allocation The failure of a competitive system to achieve an optimal resource allocation is shown to be due to all three reasons (stated above). Incentives to invent can exist for monopolistic and competitive markets. A model is developed, and theoretical reasons are given to explain the biases that result in the misallocations and inefficiencies in the economic system. Some further implications for alternative forms of economic organization are offered. Optimal and efficient allocation of invention could require government or other non-profit finance, and provisions for innovation by individual talents (rather than by firms) could be devised; problems with these approaches are also noted. (TNM)
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Incl. index, bibliographical references
Revision of thesis, University of California, Berkeley. Includes bibliographical references and index. Rival conceptions of the higher learning, 1865-1910 -- Discipline and piety -- Utility -- Research -- Liberal culture -- The price of structure, 1890-1910 -- The pattern of the New University -- The tendency to blend and reconcile -- The problem of the unreconciled.
The rapid commercialization of applied genetics in the mtd-1970s, accompanied by a sudden rise in academic-corporate partnerships, raised questions about the impacts these linkages have had on the social and professional norms of scientists. The extent and pattern of faculty tnvolvement in commercialization of biological research is largely an unexplored area. This article provcdes a quantitative assessment of the linkages between biology faculty in American uncverscties and the newly formed biotechnology industry. The results of thes study, covering the period 1985-88, show that academic scientists responded en masse to participating in the commercialization of genetecs research by estabhshmg formal associations with many of the new biotechnology compances. A data base consisting of 889 U.S. and Canadian biotechnology companies and 832 sccentcsts who had formal ties to them was developed over a four-year period. The patterns of academic-corporate Icnkages are revealed by institution. Three universities with the most commercially active faculty are Harvard, Stanford, and MIT. Of the 359 bcomedeca! scientists and geneteccsts who were members of the Nateonal Academy of Sceences (en 1988), at minimum, 37% had formal ties with the biotechnology industry.
Examines the growth and development of the biotechnology industry, looking at the effects of individual scientists, universities, and federal research support. Specific focus is on the development of the underlying science in biotechnology and the location of those individuals involved in the development of this science. Data used in this analysis were collected from 751 firms that existed in 183 economic regions of the United States for a fourteen year period (1976-1989). A set of 327 star scientists were also identified. These scientists accounted for approximately 17.3% of published articles in this field as of early 1990. The data is analyzed both over the long-run and on an annual basis. Results using the long-run model show that location of the development of the biotechnology industry in the 1980's was strongly influenced by intellectual human capital variables. Star scientists that play an important role in the process of spillover and geographic agglomeration are able to be identified. Results of the annual model also show support for the strong role that intellectual human capital played in determining the direction of the biotechnology industry. Basic scientific research is shown to be extremely valuable in this industry. Although there was a tendency for intellectual human capital to thrive around universities, the stronger determinant of industry location was the positioning of scientists with high research productivity. (SRD)
The pattern of growth of the United States electronics industry on each of the two coasts is decidedly different. In the years 1920 to 1940, while the large eastern firms controlled the electronics market, a small group of entrepreneurs laid the basis for the present electronics industry on the Pacific Coast. The background to and the growth of this industry can be viewed as a four-stage process-developing out of an area with a colonial economy controlled by eastern United States firms to the present mature position of the electronics industry. The first three stages are discussed in this paper. Several of the most important companies in northern Calfornia have been selected for emphasis and these include both wireless and electronics companies. Stress is placed on the vertical and horizontal time relationships among these companies and the technology they relied on and modified.
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