Article

Individual differences in the relationship between pleasure and arousal

August 2008
Journal of Research in Personality 42(4):1053-1059

DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.10.007

Authors:

KU Leuven

The two fundamental dimensions assumed to underlie emotional experience—pleasure and arousal—are considered to be independent across individuals. We present evidence from an experience sampling study demonstrating that this independence does not necessarily hold when considering the affective experiences of a single individual. Participants (N = 80) reported how they were feeling in terms of pleasure and arousal nine times a day for seven days. The data showed that, although on average pleasure and arousal were independent, within-person pleasure–arousal associations substantially varied and ranged from strongly positive to strongly negative. This finding demonstrates that pleasant/unpleasant feelings usually co-occur with high arousal for some (reflecting joy/stress), but with low arousal for others (reflecting relaxation/sadness) and that persons differ in whether arousal is usually pleasant or unpleasant. These differences were found to be related to dispositional reward responsiveness, with high reward responsive individuals being characterized by a positive relation between pleasure and arousal and vice versa.

Analyzing the role of customers’ experiences and emotional responses in shaping Generation Z’s impulse buying behavior on Shopee video platform

Article

Full-text available

May 2025
PLOS ONE

The swift growth of e-commerce has markedly changed how consumers shop, especially among Generation Z, which is called Digital Natives. This study examines how product presentation videos on the Shopee video platform influence impulse buying behaviors in this group, focusing on how internal stimuli, including entertainment experience (ET), educational experience (ED), escapist experience (ES), and esthetic experience (EH) influence online impulse buying (OIB) through the mediation of arousal (AR) and pleasure (PL). In addition, demographic factors, including age, gender, and income, are treated as control variables. This research adopts a quantitative methodology, and data was gathered using a Likert scale questionnaire and a non-probability sampling method, while the SmartPLS statistical tool was used to analyze the interactions of these stimuli and their effect on the impulse buying behavior of Generation Z on digital platforms. Research indicates that entertainment and recreational activities boost emotional engagement by eliciting arousal and pleasure. Educational experiences increase knowledge and also stimulate these feelings. Escapist activities provide temporary relief from daily stresses, increasing arousal, but can also highlight personal insecurities, possibly reducing pleasure. Esthetic experiences, subject to personal tastes, provoke emotional reactions that may vary in pleasure. For Generation Z, arousal and pleasure significantly influence impulsive buying decisions. The insights indicate that effectively managing internal factors can trigger emotions leading to impulsive purchases, offering strategic marketing tactics for optimizing e-commerce on platforms like Shopee video. This research advances the understanding of consumer behavior theories in the digital era, emphasizing the intricate roles of arousal and pleasure in online impulse buying.

Culture and Pedagogy of MEQs

Article

Full-text available

May 2021

Junko Winch

It is claimed that MEQ is multidimensional and it is complex to agree on what those dimensions are and how they interrelate. The main objective of this study is to investigate the culture and Pedagogy of MEQs. Using four dimensions of cultural framework, the underlying pedagogies for the MEQ was identified. The results of the literature reviews show that the cultures of the MEQ are individualist, weak uncertainty avoidance and small power distance, which indicates the Western concept. It has also uncovered that MEQs interrelates to the concept of motivation and enjoyment. The recommendation is for university to have a permanent MEQ staff to give staff development opportunity on the MEQ pedagogy and culture to improve their quality assurance and accountability. It is also recommended to create MEQ software which incorporates additional quantitative data such as class attendance rates and other descriptive statistics which describe the class (i.e. minimum, maximum and average) to minimise the bias effect of the teaching staff and students and increase validity and reliability of MEQs. This paper may be of use for MEQ designers, teaching staff, quality assurance staff, student experience staff, HR staff and executive board members.

How do high trait anger people feel about rewards high and low in arousal? Disentangling the association between trait anger and subjective pleasantness of rewards

Article

Jan 2021
PERS INDIV DIFFER

The primary goal of the present research was to investigate the association between trait anger and subjective pleasantness of rewards that differed in terms of evoked arousal. In the first study (n = 124), we assessed trait anger and liking rewarding cues related to either a high- or a low-arousal emotional response. To this end, we used Polish words from the Nencki Affective Word List classified as representative for happiness. In study 2 (n = 224), we extended this analysis by assessing individual differences in approach motivation and hedonism. The former was assessed with the BIS/BAS scales while the latter was measured with the Present Hedonism subscale from the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. The results revealed that trait anger was positively related to liking rewards, and this relation was more pronounced for high-arousal stimuli. Moreover, reward responsiveness (BIS/BAS subscale) mediated the association between trait anger and liking both high- and low-arousal rewarding cues, while the role of hedonism was significant for liking high-arousal stimuli. The obtained findings demonstrate that in case of high trait anger individuals, the intensity of pleasant feelings associated with the reward might be a function of the arousal evoked by the reward.

The influence of audience characteristics on the effectiveness of brand placement memory

Article

Sep 2018
J Retailing Consum Serv

The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of audience characteristics (who engage with the media content and characters) on brand placement memory. A theoretical framework was empirically tested to examine the influence of predictor variables that includes cognitive and affective reactions, star liking and identification with character on brand recall, from 420 responses gathered from a stimuli-based questionnaire administered to 18-34 age group audiences. To validate the hypotheses, PLS analysis (a variance-based structural equation modelling technique) was conducted using Smart-PLS. The results demonstrate that pleasure, arousal, cognitive effort and star liking do not have a direct influence on brand recall. However, it has indirect influence on brand recall through identification with a character that plays a significant role in memory of brand placement. Audiences who are highly involved in entertainment content and with characters hold the ability to recall brands placed in entertainment content. This engagement with the content and character ultimately results in brand recall and thereby marketers, production houses and brand placement agencies may target the Indian audiences’ memory of brands movies through media characters.

Brand Placements in Bollywood Industry

Presentation

Mar 2018

The study explores the factors that are responsible for efficacy of brand placements, which will help the production houses to allocate their resources and time for successful execution of brand placements.

Is Enjoyment Still Important in University Second Language Education?

Article

Sep 2017

Junko Winch

This study investigates if undergraduate students majoring in Science, Technology, Engineering and Medicine (STEM) who have studied Japanese in the Institution-Wide Language Provision (IWLP) context experienced enjoyment in Japanese language learning. This research was held at a British STEM university in London. Questionnaires were used to generate the quantitative and qualitative data. The participants were STEM undergraduate students who were studying Japanese in the 2015/16 academic year. The results showed that the majority of students experienced enjoyment and flow in Japanese language learning. These results show that the general assumption that all learning is grim and unpleasant is not necessarily true and that the assumption may be changed. Furthermore, language learning may be considered as the same as a leisure activity such as games, shopping or hobbies. As an implication for professional practices, language teachers are encouraged to be familiar with the concept of enjoyment and flow so that they are able to manipulate to invoke students’ enjoyment and flow.

Exploring user motivations to proactive stickiness through pleasure-arousal-dominance model towards online games

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2024
INFORM TECHNOL MANAG

As the gamers market has a positive outlook in the post-pandemic period, the revenue of online games is expected to increase. User motivations and the pleasure-arousal-dominance (PAD) model are adopted in this study to explain why individuals continue to play a particular online game. User motivations (achievement, immersion, and social components) are utilized as antecedents of the PAD model, where achievement includes advancement and mechanics; immersion includes role-playing; and social includes socializing and relationship. Social influence and sunk costs act as moderators to examine the relationships between pleasure and players’ proactive stickiness. A total of 801 valid responses from online game players were collected and used for data analysis. The results revealed causation relationships among advancement, mechanics, escapism to dominance, and energetic arousal. Socializing influenced dominance with the relationship affecting energetic arousal. Furthermore, dominance influenced energetic arousal, and both affected pleasure, leading to the effect of proactive stickiness. Social influence and sunk costs were also proven to have moderating effects. It is suggested that gaming companies can utilize the proposed motivations to design the games in order to stimulate gamers’ emotional states and further increase their online game proactive stickiness.

Emotional Prototypicality Ratings for 636 Chinese Words: A Database of Chinese Words with Affective Information

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2023
J PSYCHOLINGUIST RES

Exemplars of concepts vary in their degree of prototypicality. This is also true for emotion concepts. This study presents prototypicality ratings for a large set of Chinese words. The database contains 636 potential Chinese emotion words (i.e., words that directly express particular emotions, like “高兴 happy” and “哀愁 sad”), from different grammatical categories. Native Chinese speakers rated the words in terms of emotional prototypicality. The database also contains values for valence, arousal, and emotionality. The analyses of the ratings revealed that 502 out of 636 words had a high prototypicality value (value equal to or above three on a 1-to-5 scale), the most prototypical words being negative and high-arousal words. The analyses also indicated that the emotional prototypicality of a word was positively related to both arousal and emotionality, and negatively related to valence. Among these variables, arousal was the most important contributor. Similar results have been found in studies conducted in other languages. This will be a useful resource for researchers interested in studying emotion words in the Chinese language and for those interested in cross-linguistic comparisons.

The Effect of Interaction between Followers and Influencers on Intention to Follow Travel Recommendations from Influencers in Indonesia Based on Follower-Influencer Experience and Emotional Dimension

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2022

Social media has become a very commonplace way for many people to have social interactions. The role of social media has changed from what was originally only a way to bridge social interactions, to becoming a business tool in various industries, one of which is the tourism industry. The interaction between social media users can create new ways to increase public awareness of existing tourist objects. One way to achieve that goal is by utilizing social media influencers. This study aims to identify the factors that influence the intention of the followers to follow the travel recommendations given by the influencer. This study uses the theory of follower-influencer experience and the theory of emotional dimensions, as well as their effect on the level of commitment and intention to follow the recommendation. This research was conducted by distributing surveys through social media and we managed to obtain a total of 203 valid respondents. The results of the study were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM), which showed that information experience and homophily experience had a significant effect on pleasure, arousal, and dominance. Pleasure and dominance have a significant effect on commitment, and commitment has a significant effect on the intention to follow the recommendation.

An investigation of students’ preferences in Japanese teaching and learning

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2020

Junko Winch

The teachers in the individualist country usually teach students using individualist approach while teachers in the collectivist countries teach students using collectivist approach. However, teachers and students do not usually share the same educational culture in language classrooms. The purpose of this study has two: first, to examine individualist and collectivist characteristics; second, to ascertain the students’ teaching preference whether it is individualist or collectivist approach in a British university. Participants were 19 students who study Japanese language through institution wide language program at a British university in the South of England. The collected data consist of two: questionnaire and an informal interview, both of which were conducted at the end of spring term 2019. The data were analysed using mixed methods. The quantitative results showed that students preferred a mixture of both educational cultures. The ratio of individualist:collectivist:neutral position was 74:11:16 in spite of the fact that this study was conducted in an individualist education culture. Keywords: Collectivist, educational culture, higher education, individualist, Japanese learning.

Applying Effective Sensory Marketing to Sustainable Coffee Shop Business Management

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2019

This study focused on sensory marketing that appeals to the five senses of coffee shop customers (“sight,” “smell,” “sound,” “taste,” and “touch”) to provide a sustainable growth model for the saturated coffee shop market. The study identified the relationships among coffee shops’ sensory marketing factors, the “PAD” emotions (pleasure, arousal, and dominance), flow, and behavioral intentions. It employed an online survey of coffee shop customers aged 20 years and older. A total of 608 surveys were used for the final analysis. The results showed that there are statistically meaningful relationships between “sight” and dominance, “sound” and arousal, “taste” and dominance, “taste” and arousal, “touch” and dominance, and “touch” and arousal. In addition, it was confirmed that there are significant relationships among the PAD emotions; pleasure also has positive effects on flow and behavioral intentions. Finally, this study found significant moderating effects of hedonic and utilitarian usage motivations on the hypothesized relationships. Based on our findings, several important academic and business implications are provided, which can contribute to the sustainability of coffee shops.

The effect of information presentation modes on tourists’ responses in Internet marketing: the moderating role of emotions

Article

Jan 2017

In order to enhance our understanding of the effectiveness of information transmission through virtual reality (VR), this study used a modified stimulus–organism–response framework to examine the relationships between information presentation modes (VR versus picture), emotions (pleasure and arousal), and tourists’ responses, namely attention, interest, desire, and action (AIDA) in the context of Internet tourism marketing. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) were employed to analyze data gathered from 184 respondents participating in a factorial experimental design. The results indicated that compared with the picture mode, the VR mode had superior effects on tourists’ responses, but these superior effects were moderated by arousal. High-arousal tourists had stronger AIDA responses in the VR mode than in the picture mode. However, the stronger effects of the VR mode on tourists’ AIDA responses disappeared in the low-arousal group. The findings of this study provide several important theoretical and practical implications for Internet tourism marketing.

The Effects of Physical -Spatial Measures of Urban Streets on Pedestrians Emotional Responses Using EEG

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2024

Highlights-The curvature in the street makes it more exciting, and greater variety in curvature causes more arousal and pleasure.-Streets with medium enclosure (1:2 and 1:1) exhibit the most desirable values of size and enclosure.-The presence of a square or a prominent building, the permeability of the street, and the variation in its landscape increase the pleasantness and arousal.-The three-dimensional rhythms of the street walls exhibit greater pleasure and arousal than the two-dimensional rhythms.-The portable EEG devices (MindWave MW001 headset) are suitable for evaluation of environmental design interventions in the field of architecture and urban development. Extended abstract Introduction The environment can cause positive and negative emotions in citizens. Emotions are important due to their impacts on people's behaviors, because emotions make up a main component of social behavior, and extraction of emotional responses is one of the best ways to understand different fields of experience and perception. Nowadays, mental health problems and the emphasis on increasing social interactions have led to more and more concern for the subject of emotions, but the impact of physical-spatial factors has received less attention from the conducted studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the physical-spatial measures of urban streets on pedestrians' emotional responses by placing the individual in a pseudo-real environment. Moreover, this study makes possible the use of a new neural measurement tool in urban studies and evaluates its accuracy. Theoretical Framework The review of previous studies demonstrated that the environmental parameters that can affect emotion include non-physical human factors on the one hand and physical ones on the other. The physical factors that make up the subject of this research can be divided into two categories: 1-non-artificial factors, i.e. green space, and 2-artificial factors, which include the size and enclosure of the space, the shape and form of the space, the characteristics of the surfaces including architectural style, the color and texture of materials, and the variation in spatial sequences. Given the number of studies conducted on the effect of natural factors and certain characteristics of surfaces in the field of architecture, the present research examined four physical parameters. 1 Responsible author: pourja_m@modares.ac.ir doi J MS Paikan, et al Methodology Ten of the most important physical-spatial variables that make up different states and types of the spatial structure of an urban street, which can affect the individual emotions of pedestrians, were selected for investigation and used to design 18 tests. The research was conducted with a combined method consisting of: 1-a self-report method of Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) images and 2-a neurological method using electroencephalography. In the EEG method, the single-channel MindWave MW001 headset, produced by Neurosky, was used as the instrument. The research population included 50 students of Tarbiat Modares University. The research was conducted with the help of controlled experiments using the mobile digital 3D modeling technique, which makes it possible for people to navigate the virtual street in the city. After the data extracted by the health and Stroop tests were confirmed, the data analysis was made using a quantitative-statistical method. Results and Discussion The findings regarding the shape and form of the space demonstrated that people feel more pleased in curved streets than in straight streets, and there is greater arousal in streets of the former than the latter shape. However, the level of control in a straight street is higher than that in a curved or spiral street. As for the size and enclosure of the urban space, the results indicated that there is greater pleasure in a street with medium enclosure (1:2 and 1:1) than in one with low or high enclosure (1:4 and 1:1.2), but streets with medium enclosure exhibit less arousal. Spaces with less enclosure cause people to have more control over the space. The results also demonstrated that the pleasure and arousal experienced by people is increased by the existence of the square as a spatial element and a landmark building as a physical element, permeability in the spatial structure of the street and brokenness in the path, and variation in the landscape of the street. It was only in the street with physical retraction and protrusion that no effect on arousal was observed, although the level of pleasure should increase. Moreover, the results indicated that the pleasure in the street with the curved corner was greater than that with the other forms. However, the shape of the street corner exhibits no effect on the arousal. Furthermore, the walls that are completely three-dimensional exhibit greater pleasure and arousal than those featuring walls with two-dimensional and three-dimensional rhythms. Finally, the walls that are completely two-dimensional have the least pleasantness and arousal. There is a higher level of control in the street with 2D rhythms than in that with 3D rhythms. The results also showed that visual permeability in the physical structure of the street increases the arousal and control of the space, but it has no effect on the pleasure. Another result of this research is that there is 75% conformity in the results obtained from the two methods of SAM and EEG, which demonstrates that the data (EEG) extracted from the device can extract people's emotions well. Conclusion In general, the current research confirms the results of previous studies, but it precisely demonstrated by measuring the extracted neural data that the levels of emotional pleasure, arousal, and control are affected by the shape and form of the street, the size and enclosure of the street space, the presence of a spatial and physical element that creates attention and emphasis in the street, permeability in the spatial structure of the street, rotation along the street and perspective change along the path, two and three-dimensional wall street rhythms, and the shape and form of the corners of the street intersection. However, physical indentations and protrusions exhibit no effect on arousal, and visual permeability has no effect on pleasure. In addition, the results showed that the EEG data extracted from the headset (MindWave MW001) used in this study could well capture the emotions of individuals, thus making up a proper potential tool for evaluation of environmental design interventions in the field of architecture and urban planning. The results of the present study, which indicate the psychological effects of urban design of a street, help to select and design the appropriate elements and physical characteristics of the space, increase positive emotions and reduce negative emotions, and ultimately improve the mental health of citizens. Acknowledgment This article is taken from the doctoral thesis of urban planning with the title "Explaining the effects of the physical-spatial components of an urban street on the emotional stimulation of pedestrians with an emphasis on the use of neuroscience" which was defended by the first author with the guidance of the second author and the advice of the third author in the Tarbiat Modares University.

Allurement of Augmented Reality on Behavioral Intention: Delineating the Role of Visual Appeal and Arousal Using Information System Success Model

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2024

Augmented Reality serves as a marketing strategy for businesses but investigation of the quality factors of AR in the beauty industry of developing countries, is still in its early stages. The motive is to investigates the impact of the quality characteristics of Augmented Reality on customers’ behavior intentions, considering parallel and serial mediation of Visual appeal and Arousal, using Information System success model. Data has been obtained from 594 respondents and analyzed using SPSS22.0 and AMOS.V.24. Structural equation modelling analysis was used to uncover the hypothesised relationships in the research model. System quality and Vividness strongly influence behavior intention. Visual appeal and Arousal both parallelly and serially mediated AR quality elements’ effect on Behavior intention. The results demonstrated full mediation between content quality and behavior intention and partial mediation between quality characteristics (system quality and vividness) and behavior intention. Study can be implemented in the fashion industry of developing countries, that have their websites and use AR technology to have a positive behavior intention of consumers towards their products. Through AR, consumers will have an enhanced and captivating experience as a consumer will feel how after applying these products she will look. Study can assist beauty brands in the fashion industry in promoting their products and engaging consumers towards their brand products. Study adds to the pertinent body of knowledge as the use of AR technology has been undergoing a significant shift specifically in fashion industry in emerging nations like India. Study evaluates the parallel and serial mediating effect of visual appeal and arousal on AR quality factors and behavior intention using IS success model. This study closes the gap between improving AR qualities and providing industry implications aimed at enhancing AR features to boost positive consumer behaviors.

A Comprehensive Study on Factors Influencing Online Impulse Buying Behavior: Evidence from Shopee Video Platform

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2024

The rapid expansion of online commerce has significantly altered consumer behavior, particularly among digitally-savvy Generation Z individuals. This research analyzes the influence of product presentation videos on online impulsive buying behaviors in this demographic, using the Shopee video platform as a case study. The study aims to investigate how various external factors, including time pressure (TP), quantity pressure (QP), economic benefits (EB), social influence (SI), visual (VS), and sound (SO), affect online impulse buying by mediating emotions of arousal (AR) and pleasure (PL). This study employed a quantitative approach, and data was collected through a Likert scale questionnaire using a non-probability sampling technique. PLS-SEM statistical analysis was utilized to assess the research model, exploring the interplay of these stimuli in shaping impulsive buying behavior on the Shopee platform, among 438 Vietnamese Generation Z. The study's results indicate significant impacts of all factors on arousal, while time pressure, quantity pressure, and economic benefits did not significantly influence pleasure. Notably, arousal and pleasure emerged as mediators shaping impulsive buying decisions among Generation Z. These findings indicate that strategic use of external factors can effectively trigger emotions, leading to impulsive buying among digital natives. This also offers valuable insights for marketers looking to enhance e-commerce strategies on platforms such as Shopee video. Marketers can trigger customers' impulsive buying by creating a sense of urgency (e.g. flash sales, limited quantities), useful online reviewing, and personalizing discounts. Additionally, using visual and sound strategies in a positive online experience can further enhance this behavior and shape preferences. This study's findings contribute to a deeper understanding of consumer behavior theories in the digital era, highlighting the intricate roles of arousal and pleasure in online impulse buying.

Does approach motivation account for the impact of locomotion on positive affect?

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2014

Jeffrey Miller

Impact of Sensory Perceptions on the Urge to Buy Impulsively

Article

Jun 2023

E-commerce retailers use augmented reality (AR) based apps for product presentations. This study investigates the influence of sensory perceptions in an urge to buy impulsively (UBI). This study further examines the mediating role of emotional states in the relationship between sensory perceptions and UBI. It also examines whether involvement moderates the impact of emotional states on the UBI. Data were collected from users who have used augmented reality (AR) features in Lenskart App and purchased products at least once during the last two months. Overall, the sensory perceptions elicited by AR apps significantly influence customers’ emotional states, driving the UBI. The influence of emotional states on the UBI was also considerably moderated by product involvement. Several practical and theoretical implications for e-commerce retailers are also discussed.

Motivation to learn science, emotions in science classes, and engagement towards science studies in Chilean and Spanish compulsory secondary education students

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023
SCI EDUC

Important factors in learning science include motivational variables (relevance of science learning for personal goals, self‐efficacy for learning science, and interest in a scientific career), emotional variables (boredom and enjoyment in science classes), and engagement variables (vigor, dedication, and absorption towards science studies). Data from 3034 Chilean and Spanish compulsory secondary education students was used to study the relationships between these variables, by means of a self‐report questionnaire analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The model, tested for goodness of fit, showed that motivational variables predict emotions in science classes and explained 43% of boredom variance and 67% of enjoyment variance. Motivational and emotional variables explained the 73% variance in engagement toward science studies. Also seen is the essential role played by emotions that mediate between motivational variables in science learning and engagement towards science studies. When promoting engagement towards science studies, these results can be used to increase relevance of science learning to personal goals, self‐efficacy for learning science, and interest in a scientific career, besides reducing boredom, increasing enjoyment in science classes, and enhancing engagement towards science studies.

Emotional experiences of service robots’ anthropomorphic appearance: A multimodal measurement method

Article

Feb 2023

Anthropomorphic appearance is a key factor to affect users’ attitudes and emotions. This research aimed to measure emotional experience caused by robots’ anthropomorphic appearance with three levels – high, moderate, and low – using multimodal measurement. Fifty participants’ physiological and eye-tracker data were recorded synchronously while they observed robot images that were displayed in random order. Afterward, the participants reported subjective emotional experiences and attitudes toward those robots. The results showed that the images of the moderately anthropomorphic service robots induced higher pleasure and arousal rating, and yielded significantly larger pupil diameter and faster saccade velocity than did the low or high robots. Moreover, participants’ facial electromyography, skin conductance, and heart-rate responses were higher when observing moderately anthropomorphic service robots. An implication of the research is that service robots’ appearance should be designed to be moderately anthropomorphic; too many human-like features or machine-like features may disturb users’ positive emotions and attitudes. Practitioner summary: This research aimed to measure emotional experience caused by three types of anthropomorphic service robots using a multimodal measurement experiment. The results showed that moderately anthropomorphic service robots evoked more positive emotion than high and low anthropomorphic robots. Too many human-like features or machine-like features may disturb users’ positive emotions.

Exploring the impact of functional, symbolic, and experiential image on approach behaviors among state-park tourists from India, Korea, and the USA

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

This study provides insights into the influence of state park image, visitor emotions, and place identity on visitors’ revisit intentions by considering the moderating impact of national culture. A quantitative process with the data collected in India, Korea, and the US was used. Hierarchical regression analysis evidences the moderating role of national culture, which is hardly explored in the state park context. Results confirm that most hypotheses are fully or partially accepted, which suggests that brand image and national culture influence visitor intention. This study helps practitioners better understand the relevance of national culture in developing appropriate visitor attraction/retention strategies.

Historical and contemporary patterns of emotional expression in written texts

Preprint

Full-text available

Aug 2022

Written texts reflect the emotional state of humans that create them. It is however not always obvious how to interpret the observed trends and patterns. Here we use statistical analysis to extract information about emotions, and focus on the valence-energy space to ask the questions: (1) Can we detect a temporal change in emotional characteristics of texts? (2) Are there measurable differences of these emotional characteristics among different groups of people? To determine trends in emotion through writing, a searchable online Corpus of Historical American English was used (400 million words from 1810–2000), as well as a collection of 180 contemporary posts grouped by gender, age, and occupation. Sentiment analysis tools were applied to measure levels of positivity/negativity and energy of writing. It was found that through written text, energetic words decreased in frequency and less energetic words increased, indicating a decrease of strong feelings and a rise of apathy in the texts over time. In the present day’s blog texts, three pairwise comparisons were performed: males vs females, older vs younger age-groups, and individuals with background in arts vs those with backgrounds in science. While no statistically significant difference in energy levels were detected, there was a clear separation in the valence of these groups, with females, younger people, and those with a background in the arts displaying the most negativity. Mathematical modeling was used to interpret the findings of the historical analysis. It was shown that a flattening of emotions, or a rise in apathy, may not necessarily be caused by a corresponding population trend, but could be a simple consequence of a bell-shape curve in emotion distribution and imitation dynamics governing the production of written texts.

Machine learning to model health with multimodal mobile sensor data

Thesis

Jul 2021

Dimitris Spathis

The widespread adoption of smartphones and wearables has led to the accumulation of rich datasets, which could aid the understanding of behavior and health in unprecedented detail. At the same time, machine learning and specifically deep learning have reached impressive performance in a variety of prediction tasks, but their use on time-series data appears challenging. Existing models struggle to learn from this unique type of data due to noise, sparsity, long-tailed distributions of behaviors, lack of labels, and multimodality. This dissertation addresses these challenges by developing new models that leverage multi-task learning for accurate forecasting, multimodal fusion for improved population subtyping, and self-supervision for learning generalized representations. We apply our proposed methods to challenging real-world tasks of predicting mental health and cardio-respiratory fitness through sensor data. First, we study the relationship of passive data as collected from smartphones (movement and background audio) to momentary mood levels. Our new training pipeline, which combines different sensor data into a low-dimensional embedding and clusters longitudinal user trajectories as outcome, outperforms traditional approaches based solely on psychology questionnaires. Second, motivated by mood instability as a predictor of poor mental health, we propose encoder-decoder models for time-series forecasting which exploit the bi-modality of mood with multi-task learning. Next, motivated by the success of general-purpose models in vision and language tasks, we propose a self-supervised neural network ready-to-use as a feature extractor for wearable data. To this end, we set the heart rate responses as the supervisory signal for activity data, leveraging their underlying physiological relationship and show that the resulting task-agnostic embeddings can generalize in predicting structurally different downstream outcomes through transfer learning (e.g. BMI, age, energy expenditure), outperforming unsupervised autoencoders and biomarkers. Finally, acknowledging fitness as a strong predictor of overall health, which, however, can only be measured with expensive instruments (e.g., a VO2max test), we develop models that enable accurate prediction of fine-grained fitness levels with wearables in the present, and more importantly, its direction and magnitude almost a decade later. All proposed methods are evaluated on large longitudinal datasets with tens of thousands of participants in the wild. The models developed and the insights drawn in this dissertation provide evidence for a better understanding of high-dimensional behavioral and physiological data with implications for large-scale health and lifestyle monitoring.

Introduction

Chapter

Full-text available

Mar 2021

The Joyful Life: An Existential-Humanistic Approach to Positive Psychology in the Time of a Pandemic

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Brent Robbins

In the midst of a global pandemic, psychology has a duty to identify dispositional or character traits that can be cultivated in citizens in order to create resiliency in the face of profound losses, suffering and distress. Dispositional joy holds some promise as such a trait that could be especially important for well-being during the current pandemic and its consequences. The concept of the Joyful Life may operate as bridge between positive psychology and humanistic, existential, and spiritual views of the good life, by integrating hedonic, prudential, eudaimonic and chaironic visions of the good life. Previous phenomenological research on state joy suggests that momentary states of joy may have features that overlap with happiness but go beyond mere hedonic interests, and point to the experience of a life oriented toward virtue and a sense of the transcendent or the sacred. However, qualitative research on the Joyful Life, or dispositional joy, is sorely lacking. This study utilized a dialogical phenomenological analysis to conduct a group-based analysis of 17 volunteer students, who produced 51 autobiographical narrative descriptions of the joyful life. The dialogical analyses were assisted by integration of the Imagery in Movement Method, which incorporated expressive drawing and psychodrama as an aid to explicate implicit themes in the experiences of the participants. The analyses yielded ten invariant themes found across the autobiographical narrative descriptions: Being broken, being grounded, being centered, breaking open, being uplifted, being supertemporal, being open to the mystery, being grateful, opening up and out, and being together. The descriptions of a Joyful Life were consistent with a meaning orientation to happiness, due to their emphasis on the cultivation of virtue in the service of a higher calling, the realization of which was felt to be a gift or blessing. The discussion examines implications for future research, including the current relevance of a joyful disposition during a global pandemic. Due to the joyful disposition’s tendency to transform suffering and tragedy into meaning, and its theme of an orientation to prosocial motivations, the Joyful Life may occupy a central place in the study of resiliency and personal growth in response to personal and collective trauma such as COVID-19.

Case Studies of Iranian Migrants’ WTC Within an Ecosystems Framework: The Influence of Past and Present Language Learning Experiences

Chapter

Full-text available

May 2021

Denise Cameron

This chapter reports on a qualitative and longitudinal investigation into the willingness to communicate (WTC) of Iranian migrants in their past Iranian English classrooms, in their present New Zealand pre-university classrooms, and in the community outside. By means of questionnaires, observations, stimulated recall, and multiple interviews with these learners and their classroom teachers, the question is addressed as to whether their past learning experiences affected their present WTC, and which elements of classroom and community context facilitate or inhibit their readiness to speak. In the process of this investigation, the relevance of dynamic systems theory and the usefulness of an ecological framework are explored in order to describe the nature of their WTC, ranging from the micro context of the classroom to the macro context of the wider society of Iran and New Zealand. Factors which affect their past English language learning experiences in Iran were family influence, type of school, and teacher expertise, whereas now in New Zealand their relationships with their classmates, opportunities to speak in and out of class, and the effect of different types of curriculum are revealed.

Reka bentuk ekspresi wajah dan tahap realistik Talking-Head dan kesannya terhadap emosi pelajar

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2021

Muhammad Ihsan

The talking-head animation is an instructional approach that can be utilized to represent teachers or pedagogical agents in the digital learning medium. However, talking-head animation can potentially become a source of distraction in learning due to insufficient design of the talking-head characters. Therefore, this article will discuss and suggest a conceptual framework as a guidance for studies related to such problems. This conceptual framework is constructed based on the theories, principles and relevant literature reviews. This article also outlines future research suggestions to further strengthen the conceptual framework that has been developed.

The practice of moving image education in preschool: children’s attitudes toward and impressions of slowmation

Article

Jan 2021

The study investigated children’s attitudes toward and impressions of a narrated stop-motion animation called “slowmation” and the relationship between the variables when learning with slowmation. An analogue scale and an ordinal scale were used respectively to collect children’s learning attitude and learning impression data. A total of 30 preschool children aged 5–6 participated in this slowmation activity. The results revealed that most of the children had positive attitudes when learning with the activity. Nevertheless, some boys indicated that they experienced no delight at all. Regarding the children’s impressions, the results showed that most of them highly agreed with the joyfulness and enjoyment that slowmation brought to their learning. There was a positive relationship between their delight level and their learning joyfulness and enjoyment. The findings suggest that slowmation could be utilized in a creative learning process and could also be used as an interesting learning medium. If the teacher plans the learning materials properly, children could benefit from the moving image education by slowmation.

Influences of Color Salience and Location of Website Links on User Performance and Affective Experience with a Mobile Web Directory

Article

Oct 2020

We investigated the impact of color salience and location of a website link on users' performance, affective experiences and approach-avoidance tendencies with 10 mock mobile Web directories. Task completion times were recorded by a computer program, and users' affective experiences and approach-avoidance responses were reported in questionnaires. Results implied that visual attention in the display area on a mobile Web directory is directed by a combination of bottom-up and top-down processes, which is different from the primarily top-down process implicated in a similar study of PC Web directories. A salient color of the website link helped attract users' attention and increase users' sense of control over the process. Also, users are likely to search webpages from top left to bottom right. Our findings suggest that a target website link placed in the top left corner or displayed in a distinct color in the center area not only attracts users' attention but also results in a more highly rated affective experience. Color of the target website link can be changed to increase users' sense of control of a Web directory and approach behaviors.

Validation française du Big Five Inventory à 10 items (BFI-10)

Article

Apr 2020

Musik Dalam-Toko dan Perilaku Pembeli: Kajian Empiris di Minimarket

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020

This study experimentally tests the effects of in-store background music on the shopping behavior of its customers. Field experiments employ pre-experiment the one group pretest-posttest. The researcher chooses a kind of musics tempo and volume as structural characteristics (2 x 2 factorial experiment). The analysis technique used is the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the analysis found that tempo and volume of music did not play a significant role in the amount of money spent, but influence significantly on shopping time and mood change. The research answered urgency for designing the musical environment in the retail stores to influence shopping experience and consumer responses, especially for a small store (minimarket).

Moments That Matter? On the Complexity of Using Triggers Based on Skin Conductance to Sample Arousing Events Within an Experience Sampling Framework

Article

Full-text available

May 2020

To sample situations that are psychologically arousing in daily life, we implemented an experience sampling strategy in which 82 Dutch young adults (Mage = 20.73) were triggered based on random time intervals and based on physiological skin conductance scores across a period of 5 days. When triggered, participants had to fill in short surveys on affect, situational characteristics and event characteristics on their smartphone. We found theoretically expected relationships between the skin conductance signal on the one hand and self‐reported arousal and positive energy (e.g. energetic and enthusiastic) on the other hand, although effect sizes were small. Unexpectedly, none of the negative affective scales (i.e. irritation, anxiety, and negative valence) were predicted by skin conductance levels. Despite the (partial) validity of the signal, a simple algorithm that triggered the survey based on relative increases of skin conductance levels produced counterintuitive results due to a dependence between level and slope. Additional exploratory analyses highlighted other skin conductance signal characteristics (i.e. autocorrelation, number of peaks, and change points) that might be worth examining when designing future algorithms to sample arousing moments. Overall, our experiences highlight not only the promise but also the complexity of real‐time measurement of physiological processes in daily life. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

Do-it-Yourself Activities and Subjective Well-Being

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2020

We examined predictors of subjective well-being (SWB) associated with do-it-yourself (DIY) activities in a sample of 525 self-identified DIYers through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. We hypothesized that positive mood, feeling energized or aroused, and experiencing flow during DIY activities, would each contribute to subjective well-being (SWB), and, that negative self-focus would not. We also controlled for individual differences that could affect the experience of negative self-focus and flow: quiet ego and depression/anxiety. Overall, participants identified most with DIY activities that involved aesthetics, repair, upkeep and maintenance, and landscape or gardening, and construction; they reported these activities were challenging and utilized their skills. Using structural equation modeling, we examined our hypothesized model and two alternate models. Our amended hypothesized model accounted for 61% of the variance in SWB. Positive mood/arousal was positively associated with SWB. Quiet ego facilitated SWB, both directly and indirectly through the positive mood/high arousal pathway. Depressed and anxious mood was negatively associated with flow during DIY activities and SWB; it was also positively correlated with excessive self-focus during DIY activities. Our results lend credence to the idea that DIY activities that induce positive mood and high arousal may benefit SWB. Having a strong quiet ego identity may enhance the benefits associated with DIY activities. Our study contributes to the literature by describing the mechanisms responsible for how DIY activities promote SWB, as well as by explaining the factors that optimize the impact of these experiences.

Validation française du Big Five Inventory à 10 items (BFI-10) [Validation of the French version of the 10-item Big Five Inventory]

Article

Apr 2020
ENCEPHALE

L'objectif de cette étude est de valider une adaptation française de la forme très courte du Big Five Inventory (BFI) qui comporte 10 items (BFI-10). Notre but était d'examiner en profondeur, en plus de la structure factorielle et de la fiabilité, la validité de cet instrument, afin de déterminer s'il mesure de manière adéquate les domaines de la personnalité ou seulement certains de leurs aspects. Nous avons recruté 4 échantillons différents (respectivement n = 2499, 13 306, 143 et 360 participants) pour étudier la structure factorielle, la fidélité test-retest et la validité externe du BFI-10. Les instruments utilisés étaient le BFI (échantillons 1, 3 et 4), le BFI-10 (échantillon 2) et le NEO PI-R (échantillon 4). Nous avons étudié la structure factorielle du BFI-10, la fidélité test-retest et la validité externe avec les échelles du NEO PI-R. Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires ont confirmé la pertinence de la structure en cinq facteurs, avec des indices d'ajustement sat-isfaisants, ainsi que l'invariance selon le sexe des coefficients de saturation et des intercepts, ce qui rend valide la comparaison des scores des femmes et des hommes. La comparaison avec le NEO PI-R montre que les échelles du BFI-10 fournissent une estimation suffisamment large des domaines. Les femmes ont des scores de Névrosisme plus élevés que les hommes (d = 0,55), alors que les différences aux autres échelles sont négligeables. Le BFI-10 présente des qualités psychométriques intéressantes qui permettent une évalua-tion raisonnablement fiable et valide de la personnalité dans des circonstances où l'emploi d'instruments plus longs n'est pas envisageable. // ABSTRACT Objective Our primary objective was to validate the French version of the BFI-10, an ultra-short ten-item version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John et al., 1991), which allows for a reasonably accurate assessment of personality in circumstances in which more in-depth assessment is not possible. In order to reach a thorough evaluation of the external validity, we also aimed to examine the bandwidth of the BFI-10 scales with reference to the study by De Young, Quilty and Peterson (2007) who distinguished between two aspects in each of the Big Five: Assertiveness and Enthusiasm for Extraversion; Compassion and Politeness for Agreeability; Orderliness and Productiveness for Conscientiousness; Withdrawal and Volatility for Negative Emotionality, and finally Openness to Aesthetics and Openness to Ideas for Open-Mindedness. Our concern with regard to bandwidth was to examine whether the BFI-10 scales have strong enough correlations with both aspects of each domain. ⁎ Auteur correspondant. Département de psychologie, EA 2114, université François-Rabelais, Methods Participants. Data from four samples were analysed: Sample 1 comprised 2499 undergraduate students (1654 women) who completed the full BFI in university classes; Sample 2 comprised 13,306 participants (8471 women) who filled out the BFI-10 ten items online via Internet; Sample 3 comprised 143 undergraduate students (115 women) who completed the full BFI twice with a two-week interval; Sample 4 comprised 360 undergraduate students (183 women) who filled out the BFI and NEO PI-R. Instruments. The French version of the Big Five Inventory is a 45-item inventory, which measures the five broader domains of personality. The ultrashort Ten-item Big Five Inventory (BFI-10) was developed simultaneously in German and English by Rammstedt and John (2007); it comprises five two-item scales measuring the big five domains. The Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory Revised (NEO PI-R; Costa et McCrae, 1992) is a 240-item questionnaire which assesses the big five domains and 30 lower-order facets, i.e. six facets per domain. Statistical analyses. Factor structure and reliability of the five two-item scales were first investigated on samples 1 and 3. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted on samples 1 and 2, and discrimi-nant validity was assessed via comparison with the NEO PI-R (sample 4). In order to examine the bandwidth of the BFI-10 two-item scales, we studied their correlation not only with the NEO PI-R domains but also with the 30 facets. Results The CFAs showed the good fit of the five-factor structure, with RMSEA = .077 (.072), CFI = .974 (.956), and SRMR = .029 (.027) in samples 1 and 2 respectively. Multigroup CFA conducted in groups 1 and 2 showed invariance across gender of factor loadings and item intercepts. Test-retest reliability was satisfactory with rs ranging from .68 (Open-Mindedness) to .86 (Extraversion and Negative Emotionality). The comparison of the two-item scales with the NEO PI-R scales showed high correlations not only with the NEO domain scales, but also with several facets: Four BFI-10 two-item scales (Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Negative Emotionality, and Open-Mindedness) were highly correlated with at least three of the six NEO facet scales in each domain. For Agreeableness, the magnitude of correlations was smaller, but the pattern of correlations was the same. All BFI-10 scales had at least moderate correlations with both aspects of each domain, with the exception of Negative Emotionality, which measured the NEO Withdrawal aspect better than Volatility. Conclusion The French version of the BFI-10 demonstrated the expected five-factor structure, satisfactory reliability, and broad bandwidth. It could be a valuable tool for the assessment of personality in circumstances in which it is not possible to use a longer and more in-depth instrument, especially when personality is not the main focus of research but one of the variables to be controlled. © 2020.

How do psychotherapist keep en interested in long-term relationship?

Book

Full-text available

Jul 2014

Yuliya Vlasova

How do therapist keep men interested in long-term relationship?

Enhancing and Explaining Art-Making for Mood-Repair: The Benefits of Positive Growth-Oriented Instructions and Quiet Ego Contemplation

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2019

Although research supports the use of positively focused art-making activities in laboratory settings to improve mood, the literature is fraught with methodological issues and few investigators have developed a theoretical model to explain why it is psychologically beneficial. Through previous research, we developed a model outlining critical factors associated with well-being in the context of a personalized art-making task (P): it must be engaging (E), arousing (A), reduce rumination/self-focus (R), and increase life satisfaction (LS) or positive mood (PEARLS). We randomly assigned 216 participants to one of four art-making conditions, designed to either enhance negative or positive mood through a focus on rumination or growth. We found that a growth orientation during art making supported immediate mood repair, and, that this was not simply because of distraction. Planned comparisons confirmed the prediction that brief exposure to the quiet ego contemplation (QEC) intervention prior to growth-oriented art making was significantly more successful at enhancing positive mood than when no QEC was given and art making had a ruminative focus. Our findings suggest that clinicians should consider the benefits of priming activities, such as the QEC, before having clients engage in art-making activities to decrease self-focus. Our experimental study further supports our theoretical PEARLS model: in the context of personalized art-making activities, high flow, high arousal, and low rumination are essential for mood-repair to occur; positive mood may be facilitated by activities and mindsets that reduce self-focus and orient the individual toward growth and transcendence.

Sequence Multi-task Learning to Forecast Mental Wellbeing from Sparse Self-reported Data

Conference Paper

Full-text available

May 2019

Smartphones have started to be used as self-reporting tools for mental health state as they accompany individuals during their days and can therefore gather temporally fine-grained data. However, the analysis of self-reported mood data o"ers challenges related to non-homogeneity of mood assessment among individuals due to the complexity of the feeling and the reporting scales, as well as the noise and sparseness of the reports when collected in the wild. In this paper, we propose a new end-to-end ML model inspired by video frame prediction and machine translation, that forecasts future sequences of mood from previous self-reported moods collected in the real world using mobile devices. Contrary to traditional time series forecasting algorithms, our multi-task encoder-decoder recurrent neural network learns patterns from different users, allowing and improving the prediction for users with limited number of self-reports. Unlike traditional feature-based machine learning algorithms, the encoder-decoder architecture enables to forecast a sequence of future moods rather than one single step. Meanwhile, multi-task learning exploits some unique characteristics of the data (mood is bi-dimensional), achieving better results than when training single-task networks or other classifiers. Our experiments using a real-world dataset of 33, 000 user-weeks revealed that (i) 3 weeks of sparsely reported mood is the optimal number to accurately forecast mood, (ii) multi-task learning models both dimensions of mood –valence and arousal– with higher accuracy than separate or traditional ML models, and (iii) mood variability, personality traits and day of the week play a key role in the performance of our model. We believe this work provides psychologists and developers of future mobile mental health applications with a ready-to-use and effective tool for early diagnosis of mental health issues at scale.

Fitness and Musical Taste: Do Physically Fit Listeners Prefer More Stressful Music?

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2019

Research suggests that person-based dispositional factors, as well as properties of the music, influence a person's musical taste. In this study, we examined the possibility that the interaction between the stressfulness of the music and a listener's capacity for handling stress contributes to that listener's musical preferences. The key prediction relating fitness to musical preference is that the stressfulness of the music should tend to reflect the person's capacity for handling stress, including his or her physical fitness. The study method made use of an online questionnaire to assess physical fitness, impulsivity and sensation-seeking tendencies, and musical preferences. To create an independent index for estimating musical stressfulness, a parallel study was conducted, where an independent group of judges assessed the stressfulness of the music identified by participants in the main study. The stressfulness of the music was predicted using the survey-based dispositional factors in two regression models, where sex, current age, education, current fitness, and age at the time of musical preference were found to predict the stressfulness of the preferred music. The results suggest that males, younger participants, people with fewer years of education, and those who are more physically fit tend to prefer more stressful music.

Measuring child and adolescent emotional lability: How do questionnaire-based ratings relate to experienced and observed emotion in everyday life and experimental settings?

Article

May 2018

Objectives Emotional lability (EL) is an important trans‐diagnostic concept that is associated with significant functional impairment in childhood and adolescence. EL is typically measured with questionnaires, although little is known about the ecological validity of these ratings. In this paper, we undertook 2 studies addressing this issue by examining the relationship between rating‐based measures of EL and directly measured emotional expressions and experiences. Furthermore, the associations between directly measured emotional expressions and experiences and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology were also examined, given the clear association of EL with ADHD in former research. Methods In Study 1, we examined the relationship between parental report of children's EL and ADHD, and children's emotional expressions in an experimental context (N = 67). In Study 2, we examined the relationship between parental ratings and real‐time measures of emotional experiences in daily life in adolescents (N = 65). Results EL ratings were associated with different elements of real‐time emotional experiences and expressions. Elements of emotional expressions but not emotional experiences were also associated with ADHD symptom reports. Conclusions These studies provide evidence for the ecological validity of EL ratings. Furthermore, they add evidence for the associations between EL and ADHD.

The Impact of Environmental and Architectural Design on Users’ Affective Experience

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2018

This study examines the impact of environmental design on user experiences in the educational spaces of Tabriz Islamic Art University in Iran. In the research area, the affective assessment of four different spaces, which have been changed their function, was made. The research hypothesis is that users' affective experience is influenced by environmental and architectural design. The method applied is the interpretation of the data obtained by the scores of the pleasure-arousal diagram of the affective and perceptional experience of 100 students in 16 educational spaces belonging to Tabriz Islamic Art University in Iran. As a result of the research, it has been verified that space design style has an active role in the affective experience of students, and there is a meaningful relationship between user's spatial experience and the design style. In this context, it has been revealed that the spatial experiences of students in traditional spaces are positive and satisfactory in terms of interest, pleasuret and security, and that for the other three groups, many changes are required in the architectural design and spatial organization to provide positive motivation and emotional suitability.

Native and Non-native English Speaking Teachers’ Teaching Styles and Their Effect on Their EFL Saudi Students’ Achievement and Enjoyment of Learning English at Taif University

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2017

Nasrah Ismaiel

The present research is going to assess the discrepancies between native and non-native instructors working at Taif University. The subjects have been 609 Saudi men and women EFL learners presenting themselves in a great English language plan at the preparatory year Science, Humanities and Health at Taif University. Moreover, 51 teachers (20) males and (31) females who are teaching staff members of the Taif University English Language Centre (TUELC) participated during the research. The research followed a descriptive analytical method. The Conti (1990) Principles of Adult Learning Scales (PALS) was used. Learning English Enjoyment questionnaire (LEEQ) that was developed by the researcher was used, too. Primary areas of investigation were teaching styles, students’ achievement and students’ enjoyment of learning English. Collectively, results provide some strong evidence that show a positive connection between native English speaking teachers’ styles and the students’ achievement and enjoyment. The effect of instruction experience, like the periods of instructing was considered in the present research. In addition, native and nonnative instructors who speak English are regarded also various in such domains as instruction strategies in the classes, levels of teaching tactical effectiveness.

Positive Affective Functioning in Anhedonic Individuals’ Daily Life: Anything but Flat and Blunted

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2017

Background: Anhedonia, the decreased interest and pleasure, is often described as ‘flat’ or ‘blunted’ positive affect (PA). Yet, little is known about PA functioning in anhedonic individuals’ daily lives. The current study investigates PA reactivity to pleasurable experiences in anhedonia together with its relevant temporal dynamics (i.e., variability, instability, and inertia), and expands current knowledge by exploring the role of arousal therein. Methods: Using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), we collected 90 assessments of real-life PA experiences across 30 days in 18–24 year old individuals with anhedonia (N=69) and without anhedonia (N=69). Results: Multilevel analyses showed that anhedonia was associated with less intense pleasure experience, and lower levels of PA. Contrary to predictions from laboratory research and depression theory, individuals with anhedonia showed more variability and less stability in PA, and no signs of blunted PA reactivity. In fact, when exploring high and low arousal PA, individuals with anhedonia showed a slightly stronger reactivity to pleasurable experiences in high-arousal PA but not low-arousal PA. Limitations: We did not control for previous pleasure experiences and, instead of the last positive event, accumulation of positive events may have determined the change in high-arousal PA. Conclusions: Individuals with anhedonia are likely less ‘flat’ or ‘blunted’ than generally thought. Although replication is warranted, impairments in high-arousal positive emotions may be of particular interest in the clinical treatment of anhedonia.

Hiding in plain sight: The distinct importance of low-arousal positive affect

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2024
MOTIV EMOTION

Most past research on positive affect and emotion has focused exclusively on high-arousal positive affect (HAPA: e.g., excited), however, low-arousal positive affect (LAPA: e.g., calm) increasingly is included in emotion research. As such, there is a need to synthesize knowledge about the similarities and differences between LAPA and HAPA, the operationalization of LAPA and HAPA, and the distinct characteristics and importance of LAPA within emotional life. A systematic search identified 226 research papers comparing LAPA with HAPA from a broad spectrum of research topics; this review provides a narrative summary of their findings. Indications of differences between LAPA and HAPA were found in 89% of comparisons, with LAPA having a consistently distinguishable relationship to variables such as brain activity, cardiovascular health, decision-making, memory, mindfulness, personality, and solitude, among others. Other notable aspects of LAPA were found, including its role in stress, work, positive sociality, and well-being, as well as its importance in older adults and women. An analysis of items used to measure LAPA and HAPA revealed nuanced differences in conceptualizations, as well as emerging consensus around specific item usage. While considering item use in light of approach-avoidance motivation, we identified three possible LAPA subtypes: calm (a steady state of neither approach nor avoidance), satisfaction (having successfully approached), and relief (having successfully avoided). This review clarifies LAPA’s role in affective life, underscoring that LAPA’s differences from HAPA should be considered in research involving positive affect.

The Multisensory Nature of a Retail Store and Joint Effects of Cues

Chapter

Dec 2023

Arto Lindblom

This chapter delves into the multisensory nature of retail stores and discusses how our senses interact when we face multiple cues simultaneously. The chapter highlights the meaning of multisensory integration and cross-modal interaction while also explaining that excessive use of sensory cues can cause sensory overload. The chapter also demonstrates the idea of cue (in)congruence and introduces the seesaw effect, which refers to a situation where increasing pleasantness of the store by congruent cues decreases the arousal levels of consumers, while using incongruent cues to increase consumers’ arousal levels decreases the pleasantness of the store. The chapter emphasises the importance of holistic thinking in managing cue (in)congruence.

Consumer Psychology and Psychological Factors Affecting Our Choices

Chapter

Dec 2023

Arto Lindblom

This chapter introduces psychological factors such as motives, attitudes and emotions that largely drive our daily choices on either the conscious or unconscious level. The chapter starts by describing how our senses, like sight, hearing and touch, register sensory cues and convey this sensory information to our nervous system where the information is processed. An important part of information processing is interpretation. The way we perceive and process the incoming sensory information is affected by our psychological factors. The chapter points out that we only consciously process a small amount of the sensory information that we receive. Most of our behaviour is far from conscious and every day, we make an immense number of choices which we do not consciously deliberate, and which we could not articulate or justify to others.

Personality and Emotion

Chapter

Sep 2020

استخدام الإنفوجرافيك التفاعلي لتنمية جدارات الكاشير الإلكترونية فى مجال نقاط البيع والإستمتاع بالتعلم لطلاب المدارس الثانوية التجارية

Article

Jul 2023

محمد إبراهيم محمد علي

Varför är extraverta lyckligare? En överblick över konceptuella modeller för instrumentella och temperamentella medierande och modererande personlighetsprocesser [Why are extraverts happier? An overview of conceptual models for instrumental and temperamental mediating and moderating personality processes]

Thesis

Full-text available

Dec 2019

Pauliina Perkonoja

Ett av de mest robusta fynden inom personlighets- och välbefinnandeforskning är det starka sambandet mellan personlighetsdraget extraversion och positiva emotioner, lycka samt subjektivt och psykologiskt välbefinnande. Vad som kunde förklara varför extraverta är lyckligare har i årtionden ingående undersökts, om än osystematiskt och från skilda utgångspunkter. Detta har även noterats på fältet, och för att underlätta fortsatt forskning belyser denna litteraturöversikt hur frågeställningen undersökts till dags dato. Utifrån McCraes och Costas (1991) ursprungliga uppdelning i instrumentella och temperamentella modeller samt Hampsons (2012) indelning av medierande och modererande personlighetsprocesser identifieras, systematiseras och presenteras de huvudsakliga förklaringarna som förekommer i litteraturen för sambandet mellan extraversion och lycka. Resultatet består av ett konceptuellt diagram (se Figur 1 s. 20–21) med två övergripande förklaringsmodeller, sex distinkta mekanismer, tio personlighetsprocesser och tretton hypoteser som redovisas med tillhörande forskningslitteratur. Förutom en historisk överblick över tillvägagångssätt i forskningen presenteras även aktuell metodik för personlighetsprocesser. Vidare behandlas även hur resultaten är symptomatiska för den rådande problematiken kring konceptualisering, operationalisering samt metodologi inom personlighets- och lyckoforskning, samt resultatens och socialpsykologins relevans för fortsatt forskning och befrämjande av lycka och välbefinnande. [One of the most robust findings in personality and well-being research is the strong relationship between the personality trait extraversion and positive emotions, happiness, and subjective and psychological well-being. The factors explaining why extraverts are happier has been investigated in depth for decades, albeit unsystematically and from different points of view. This has also been noted in the field, and to facilitate further research, this literature review highlights how the issue has been investigated to date. Based on the original division into instrumental and temperamental models by McCrae and Costa (1991), and the division of mediating and moderating personality processes by Hampson (2012), the main explanations that appear in the literature for the relationship between extraversion and happiness are identified, systematized, and presented. The result consists of a conceptual diagram (see Figure 1, pp. 20–21) with two overall explanatory models, six distinct mechanisms, ten personality processes, and thirteen hypotheses, which are reported with associated research literature. In addition to a historical overview of research approaches, current methodology for personality processes is also presented. Furthermore, the issue of how the results are symptomatic of the prevailing problems around conceptualization, operationalization, and methodology in personality and happiness research is also discussed, as well as the relevance of the results and social psychology for continued research and the promotion of happiness and well-being.]

Positive Predictive Value of Extraversion in Diagnosing L2 WTC

Chapter

May 2021

Ewa Piechurska-Kuciel

Willingness to communicate in a foreign/second language (L2 WTC) is now considered an influential variable underlying the second and foreign language learning processes. It is also perceived in terms of a fundamental goal of second language education, because its higher levels result in a greater desire to practise oral communication, bringing about successful language learning. According to the pyramid model of L2 WTC, it is rooted in personality which produces both distal and enduring influences on a student’s verbal behaviour. It can thus be expected that extraversion, a personality dimension identified with energy and enthusiasm and characterised by sensitivity to reward and sociability, is tightly connected with WTC. Indeed, recent empirical research tends to demonstrate that personality (e.g., extraversion) is directly related to L2 WTC, self-perceived proficiency and language anxiety (immediate antecedents of WTC). However, studies have been undertaken in which no direct effect of personality (extraversion) on L2 WTC can be confirmed. The research carried out for the purpose of this chapter demonstrates a modest predictive value of extraversion for L2 WTC levels, caused by a direct impact of this personality trait on the interpersonal nature of a learner’s readiness to communicate in a foreign langue. Its indirect effect, exercised by influencing the immediate WTC antecedents (self-perceived levels of foreign language skills and language anxiety), is also revealed.

PERSONAL VERSUS TEAM WORK ENGAGEMENT (OSOBISTE A ZESPOŁOWE ZAANGAŻOWANIE W PRACĘ)

Article

Jan 2018

The paper is devoted to an issue of work engagement. It draws two perspectives of its consideration: the individual and the team ones. It aims to present the di erences between personal and team work engagement as well as to indicate the determinants of these two categories. e paper is a literature review. For the purpose of implementing the goal set in it, three approaches were applied: the P.R. Sparrow & C.L. Cooper approach identifying antecedents of social climate which determines whether any personal work engagement is likely to be developed, the W.A. Kahn approach identifying psychological conditions of personal work engagement, and the model for the emergence of team work engagement by P.L. Costa, A.M Passos and A.B. Bakker. In the paper the thesis is supported that work engagement on the personal and team levels are two separate categories which are determined by di erent conditions. e fact that work engagement on the personal and team levels are two separate categories determined by di erent conditions should be taken into account when conducting empirical research devoted to work engagement as well as in business practice when taking conscious actions in order to improve work performance on individual and team levels.

Affective Evaluation of Educational Lexicon in Spanish for Learning Systems

Chapter

Mar 2018

In the last years, several educational systems integrate text-based affective feedback. However, the analysis of educational lexicon from the affective perspective is limited. Previous work classified words in three categories: positive, negative or neutral. For that reason, this work proposes the construction of an educational lexicon in the Spanish and the evaluation of its affectivity using the arousal-valence scale. The educational lexicon was setting up by the suggestions of 166 undergraduate students. Then another group of 185 undergraduate students evaluated each word/phrase in a valence and arousal scale. An analysis by student gender and personality was conducted. Also, a clusterization analysis was performed to categorize the words/phrases.

Core Affect and the Psychological Construction of Emotion

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2003

James A Russell

At the heart of emotion, mood, and any other emotionally charged event are states experienced as simply feeling good or bad, energized or enervated. These states - called core affect - influence reflexes, perception, cognition, and behavior and are influenced by many causes internal and external, but people have no direct access to these causal connections. Core affect can therefore be experienced as free-floating (mood) or can be attributed to some cause (and thereby begin an emotional episode). These basic processes spawn a broad framework that includes perception of the core-affect-altering properties of stimuli, motives, empathy, emotional meta-experience, and affect versus emotion regulation; it accounts for prototypical emotional episodes, such as fear and anger, as core affect attributed to something plus various nonemotional processes.

Valence Focus and Arousal Focus: Individual Differences in the Structure of Affective Experience

Article

Full-text available

Jul 1995

Lisa A. Feldman

The structure of affect is well represented as a circumplex. The results of a within-subject longitudinal study of self-reported mood indicate individual differences in the circumplex structure of affective experience. These differences can be captured by two constructs: valence focus and arousal focus. Valence focus is the degree to which individuals attend the hedonic component of their affective experience; arousal focus is the degree to which individuals attend the arousal component of their affective experience. In this study, differences in individuals' attention to the hedonic and arousal components of affective experience were related to observed correlations between specific affective elements, such as (a) ratings of anxious and depressed mood and (b) "Negative Affect" and "Positive Affect." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

The Two General Activation Systems of Affect: Structural Findings, Evolutionary Considerations, and Psychobiological Evidence

Article

Full-text available

May 1999

D. Watson and A. Tellegen (1985) proposed a "consensual" structure of affect based on J. A. Russell's (1980) circumplex. The authors' review of the literature indicates that this 2-factor model captures robust structural properties of self-rated mood. Nevertheless, the evidence also indicates that the circumplex does not fit the data closely and needs to be refined. Most notably, the model's dimensions are not entirely independent; moreover, with the exception of Pleasantness–Unpleasantness, they are not completely bipolar. More generally, the data suggest a model that falls somewhere between classic simple structure and a true circumplex. The authors then examine two of the dimensions imbedded in this structure, which they label Negative Activation (NA) and Positive Activation (PA). The authors argue that PA and NA represent the subjective components of broader biobehavioral systems of approach and withdrawal, respectively. The authors conclude by demonstrating how this framework helps to clarify various affect-related phenomena, including circadian rhythms, sleep, and the mood disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

A comparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary analysis and retrospective recall

Article

Full-text available

Jun 1998

Recent research suggests that retrospective coping assessments may not correspond well with day-to-day reports. The authors extended this work by examining the correspondence between short-term (within 48 hr) retrospective coping reports and momentary reports recorded via a palm-top computer close in time to when the stressor occurred. There was relatively poor correspondence between the 2 assessments. Some reports of momentary coping were not reported retrospectively, and some coping reported retrospectively was not reported at the time the stressor occurred. Cognitive coping was more likely to be underreported retrospectively; behavioral coping was overreported. Participants were consistent in their discrepancies, but there was no correspondence between discrepancy rates and demographic or personality variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Affect Grid: A Single-Item Scale of Pleasure and Arousal

Article

Full-text available

Sep 1989

This article introduces a single-item scale, the Affect Grid, designed as a quick means of assessing affect along the dimensions of pleasure–displeasure and arousal–sleepiness. The Affect Grid is potentially suitable for any study that requires judgments about affect of either a descriptive or a subjective kind. The scale was shown to have adequate reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity in 4 studies in which college students used the Affect Grid to describe (a) their current mood, (b) the meaning of emotion-related words, and (c) the feelings conveyed by facial expressions. Other studies (e.g., J. Snodgrass et al; see record 1989-13842-001) are cited to illustrate the potential uses of the Affect Grid as a measure of mood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation, and Affective Responses to Impending Reward and Punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales

Article

Full-text available

Aug 1994

J. A. Gray (1981, 1982) holds that 2 general motivational systems underlie behavior and affect: a behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and a behavioral activation system (BAS). Self-report scales to assess dispositional BIS and BAS sensitivities were created. Scale development (Study 1) and convergent and discriminant validity in the form of correlations with alternative measures are reported (Study 2). In Study 3, a situation in which Ss anticipated a punishment was created. Controlling for initial nervousness, Ss high in BIS sensitivity (assessed earlier) were more nervous than those low in BIS sensitivity. In Study 4, a situation in which Ss anticipated a reward was created. Controlling for initial happiness, Ss high in BAS sensitivity (Reward Responsiveness and Drive scales) were happier than those low in BAS sensitivity. In each case the new scales predicted better than an alternative measure. Discussion is focused on conceptual implications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

An introduction to computerized experience-sampling in psychology: How technology facilitates the study of conscious experience.

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2001
SOC SCI COMPUT REV

Experience-sampling procedures enable researchers to record the momentary thoughts, feelings, and actions of people in daily life. The authors explain how palmtop computers have expanded the repertoire of experience-sampling techniques and reduced or eliminated some traditional problems with pen-and-paper methods. As a running example, they illustrate the capabilities of the Experience Sampling Program (ESP), their configurable, freely distributable software environment for designing and running experience-sampling studies on Palm Pilots and Windows CE palmtops.

Discrete Emotions or Dimensions? Th e Role of Valence Focus and Arousal Focus

Article

Full-text available

Jul 1998

Lisa Feldman Barrett

The present study provides evidence that v alence focus and arousal focus are important processes in determining w hether a dimensional or a discrete emotion model best captures how people label their affective states. Indivi-duals high in valence focus and low in arousal focus ® t a dimensional model better in that they reported more co-oc currences among like-valenced affec-tive states, whereas those low er in v alence focus and higher in arousal focus ® t a discrete model better in that they reported fe wer co-occurrences betw een like-valenced affective state s. Taken together, these ® ndings sugge st that one static, nomothetic theory may not accurately describe the subjective affective experience of all individuals.

The co-occurrence of emotions in daily life: A multilevel approach

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2005

Zelenski and Larsen (2000) argued that a dimensional model may apply to emotional traits whereas a discrete model may apply to emotional states. This implies that between-subjects correlations among emotions of the same valence should be positive whereas within-subject correlations among these emotions should be negative. Zelenski and Larsen found (partial) support for such a distinction; however, their study suffered from some methodological shortcomings in terms of the data collection and data analysis. The present study remedied these problems by assessing momentary emotions using experience sampling methodology (ESM) and by analyzing the data using a multivariate random coefficient model that was able to estimate both between-subjects and within-subject correlations directly. The results suggest that a dimensional model applies to emotional traits. For emotional states, a discrete model applies to emotions of different valence whereas emotional blending occurs for emotions of the same valence.

Cultural Variation in Affect Valuation

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2006

The authors propose that how people want to feel ("ideal affect") differs from how they actually feel ("actual affect") and that cultural factors influence ideal more than actual affect. In 2 studies, controlling for actual affect, the authors found that European American (EA) and Asian American (AA) individuals value high-arousal positive affect (e.g., excitement) more than do Hong Kong Chinese (CH). On the other hand, CH and AA individuals value low-arousal positive affect (e.g., calm) more than do EA individuals. For all groups, the discrepancy between ideal and actual affect correlates with depression. These findings illustrate the distinctiveness of ideal and actual affect, show that culture influences ideal affect more than actual affect, and indicate that both play a role in mental health.

Activation (arousal): The shift from a single to a multidimensional perspective

Article

Jan 1985

R.E. Thayer

Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation, and Affective Responses to Impending Reward and Punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales

Article

Aug 1994
J PERS SOC PSYCHOL

Gray (1981, 1982) holds that 2 general motivational systems underlie behavior and affect: a behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and a behavioral activation system (BAS). Self-report scales to assess dispositional BIS and BAS sensitivities were created. Scale development (Study 1) and convergent and discriminant validity in the form of correlations with alternative measures are reported (Study 2). In Study 3, a situation in which Ss anticipated a punishment was created. Controlling for initial nervousness, Ss high in BIS sensitivity (assessed earlier) were more nervous than those low. In Study 4, a situation in which Ss anticipated a reward was created. Controlling for initial happiness, Ss high in BAS sensitivity (Reward Responsiveness and Drive scales) were happier than those low. In each case the new scales predicted better than an alternative measure. Discussion is focused on conceptual implications.

An Introduction to (Generalized (Non)Linear Mixed Models

Article

Dec 2007

In applied sciences, one is often confronted with the collection of correlated data or otherwise hierarchical data. This generic term embraces a multitude of data structures, such as multivariate observations, clustered data, repeated measurements (called ‘repeated observations’ in this volume), longitudinal data, and spatially correlated data. In particular, studies are often designed to investigate changes in a specific parameter which is measured repeatedly over time in the participating persons. This is in contrast to cross-sectional studies where the response of interest is measured only once for each individual. Longitudinal studies are conceived for the investigation of such changes, together with the evolution of relevant covariates.

The Complexity of Individual Emotional Lives: A Within-Subject Analysis of Affect Structure

Article

Jun 1996
J SOC CLIN PSYCHOL

Research on personality and emotion has emphasized individual differences in the amounts of various emotions experienced over time. In this study we take a different approach, one that focuses on individual differences in the structure of affective lives. In particular, we assess the structural complexity of daily affect ratings for each of our subjects, and then relate individual differences in affective complexity to aspects of personality. Affective complexity is defined as the number of within-subject factors needed to account for a given amount of variance in each subjects' daily mood ratings. Our study expands on the pioneering work of Wessman and Ricks (1966) by studying both males and females, employing a broader range of personality variables, and using measures of emotional lifestyle that are independent from the data which are used to generate the affect complexity score. We found that men and women did not differ in terms of mean levels of affect complexity. However, gender differences did emerge in the correlates of affect complexity. For men, affect complexity is associated with general unhappiness, introversion, neuroticism, and higher levels of psychosomatic complaints. These correlations were insignificant for women. For both men and women affect complexity is related to emotional stability and lowered emotional reactivity. The concepts of gender stereotypes, gender role stress, and feeling rules are employed to discuss our results.

The Structure of Current AffectControversies and Emerging Consensus

Article

Feb 1999

For some years now, emotion researchers have debated a series of issues related to the structure of consciously experienced affective states. The present article reviews evidence that current affective experience can be summarized by a structure that is anchored by two bipolar but independent dimensions of experience, pleasure and activation. Four issues have presented themselves as central to the nature of this structure: the number of dimensions necessary to describe the space, the bipolarity of the dimensions, whether the structure displays a circumplex shape, and the definition of the activation dimension. Points of consensus and the remaining controversies regarding each issue are presented.

Brain Systems that Mediate both Emotion and Cognition

Article

Jul 1990

Jeffrey A. Gray

Neurobiological research with animals strongly suggests that the brain systems which mediate emotion overlap with those that mediate cognition to such a degree that it is difficult, if not impossible, to maintain any clear distinction between them. Possible reasons for this overlap are discussed; and a model of brain systems that simultaneously subserve emotion and cognition is presented. The model postulates the existence of three fundamental systems of this kind in the mammalian brain: a behavioural approach system, a fight/flight system, and a behavioural inhibition system. The neuropsychology of each of these systems is briefly presented.

The Structure of Current Affect

Article

Feb 1999

From BIS/BAS to the big five

Article

Jun 2006
EUR J PERSONALITY

Gray (1987) proposed two systems that underlie much of our behaviour and personality. One system relates to avoidance or withdrawal behaviour, called the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS), whereas the other system relates to approach behaviour, called the Behavioural Approach System (BAS). In two samples, it was investigated whether individual differences in surface of personality as described by the Big Five can be explained by BIS/BAS. Neuroticism and Extraversion could be explained well by BIS/BAS, but also for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness consistent findings were obtained. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Distribution of Basic Emotions in Everyday Life: A State and Trait Perspective from Experience Sampling Data

Article

Jun 2000

We examine emotions in the ongoing daily lives of our research participants using an Experience Sampling Methodology. Participants report three times per day for a month on how much they are experiencing various basic emotions. Positive emotions clearly dominated our participants' experience, with mean intensities and frequencies that greatly exceeded the negative emotions. In terms of blends, anger and sadness, and anger and disgust correlated at high levels. Finally, a discrete emotions model fit the data for emotion states, but a dimensional model appeared more appropriate for portraying emotion traits.

A comparison of coping assessed by ecologic momentary assessment and retrospective recall

Article

Jul 1998

Recent research suggests that retrospective coping assessments may not correspond well with day-to-day reports. The authors extended this work by examining the correspondence between short-term (within 48 hr) retrospective coping reports and momentary reports recorded via a palm-top computer close in time to when the stressor occurred. There was relatively poor correspondence between the 2 assessments. Some reports of momentary coping were not reported retrospectively, and some coping reported retrospectively was not reported at the time the stressor occurred. Cognitive coping was more likely to be underreported retrospectively; behavior coping was overreported. Participants were consistent in their discrepancies, but there was no correspondence between discrepancy rates and demographic or personality variables.

A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Avoidance (Relative to Approach) Personal Goals

Article

Dec 2001

The results from this research supported our primary hypothesis that the adoption of avoidance (relative to approach) personal goals varies as a function of individualism-collectivism (across representations of this distinction). Interdependent self-construals were positively related and independent self-construals were negatively related to adoption of avoidance goals (Study 1), Asian Americans adopted more avoidance goals than non-Asian Americans (Study 2), andpersonsfrom South Korea and Russia adopted more avoidance goals than those in the United States (Studies 3 and 4, respectively). Studies 3 and 4 investigated andfound supportfor our secondary hypothesis that avoidance personal goals are a negative predictor of subjective well-being in individualistic (the United States), but not collectivistic (South Korea and Russia), countries. The findings are discussed in terms of other approach-avoidance constructs and motivational processes.

Core Affect and the Psychological Construction of Emotion

Article

Feb 2003

James A. Russell

At the heart of emotion, mood, and any other emotionally charged event are states experienced as simply feeling good or bad, energized or enervated. These states--called core affect--influence reflexes, perception, cognition, and behavior and are influenced by many causes internal and external, but people have no direct access to these causal connections. Core affect can therefore be experienced as free-floating (mood) or can be attributed to some cause (and thereby begin an emotional episode). These basic processes spawn a broad framework that includes perception of the core-affect-altering properties of stimuli, motives, empathy, emotional meta-experience, and affect versus emotion regulation; it accounts for prototypical emotional episodes, such as fear and anger, as core affect attributed to something plus various nonemotional processes.

Explanatory item response models. A generalized linear and nonlinear approach

Jan 2004
111-153

G Molenberghs
G Verbeke

Molenberghs, G., & Verbeke, G. (2004). An introduction to generalized (non) linear mixed models. In P. De Boeck & M. Wilson (Eds.), Explanatory item response models. A generalized linear and nonlinear approach (pp. 111-153). New York: Springer.

Predicting the dynamics of core affect

T Timmermans
I Van Mechelen
J B Nezlek

Timmermans, T., Van Mechelen, I., & Nezlek, J. B. (submitted for publication). Predicting the dynamics of core affect.

The experience sampling method: Measuring the context and content of lives

Jan 2002
233

Hektner

Hektner, J. M., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). The experience sampling method: Measuring the context and content of lives. In R. B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 233-243). New York: Wiley.

Individual differences in the relationship between pleasure and arousal

Abstract

No full-text available

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