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What Enables Rapid Economic Progress: What Are the Needed Institutions?
Abstract
In recent years “institutions” have again become a central focus of economists and other scholars studying the processes of economic growth, and the reasons why nations have differed so greatly in their achievements on this front. However, with few exceptions the exploration of the role of institutions has not been connected with a coherent analysis of the relationships between institutions and institutional change and technological advance. This paper proposes a way of analyzing these relationships. The concept of “social technologies” which support “physical technologies” plays a key role in the analysis.
... In fact, the field of law and public policy has a strong interface with the innovation policy literature, mainly in the debate about institutions. Dosi (1988) and Nelson (2008) argue that institutions are an important part of understanding technical progress and innovation systems. Nelson (2008) states that the term 'institution' is used to denote structures and forces that support social technologies. ...
... Dosi (1988) and Nelson (2008) argue that institutions are an important part of understanding technical progress and innovation systems. Nelson (2008) states that the term 'institution' is used to denote structures and forces that support social technologies. Social technologies, in opposition to physical technologies, are those related to the way we divide and coordinate the work of economic activities. ...
... Social technologies, in opposition to physical technologies, are those related to the way we divide and coordinate the work of economic activities. Nelson (2008) also recognizes that institutions often evolve in erratic ways and that their process of design is much harder when compared to those of physical technologies. However, even if it can be hard to design institutions, the literature has also shown how institutional design conditions policy effectiveness (Breznitz, Ornston and Samford 2018). ...
Recent scholarship emphasizes the need for mission-oriented innovation policies (MOIPs) to tackle grand challenges and the importance of dynamic capabilities in innovation agencies for their implementation. However, the development of dynamic capabilities in innovation agencies, especially in relation to the legal and institutional design of such agencies, remains understudied. We propose a framework integrating research on innovation policy, dynamic capabilities, and legal institutionalism, adapting the three high-order dynamic capabilities—sense, seize, and transform—into nine more concrete low-order capabilities for implementation of MOIPs. We also look at rules and institutional design related to five groups of routines affecting the development of dynamic capabilities: (1) governance, (2) organizational design, (3) budget and finance, (4) public procurement and partnerships, and (5) human resources. We conclude by outlining the analytical and policy implications for (re)designing innovation agencies to implement MOIPs.
... Nelson and Winter (1982) initiated a great revival of evolutionary economics and motivated research applying Schumpeter's insights to the study of technological and economic catch-up. Such research includes a series of works, including those of Verspagen (1991), Nelson (2008aNelson ( , 2008b, Fagerberg and Godinho (2005), Lee (2013Lee ( , 2019a, and Mazzoleni and Nelson (2007). A distinctive feature of these works by Schumpeterians is the emphasis on innovation and technological capabilities as the enabling factors of catch-up. ...
... A typical sequence of catch-up by latecomers starts with learning from forerunning countries before moving into the innovation phase (Nelson 2008a(Nelson , 2008b. Therefore, a successful catch-up should consider the institutions of knowledge learning and creating and the modes for access to the foreign knowledge base. ...
... This chapter employs the Schumpeterian economics of catch-up as its theoretical framework, which considers innovation as the fundamental force of economic change. A typical sequence of catch-up by latecomers starts with learning from forerunning countries before moving into the innovation phase (Nelson 2008a(Nelson , 2008b. Thus, our primary objective in this chapter is to provide a comparative analysis of China and other catch-up countries in terms of the modes of learning and access. ...
... Therefore, careful attention should be given to the position of Nelson (2008) about the need to integrate institutional and technological determinism in the theory of economic growth. He offers two-class technology to differentiate, "resuscitating" the classification of North and Wallace (1994). ...
... The downside can be considered a metaphor of the concept of "physical" technology, shielding their chemical, biological and converged species groups. In addition, reduction of institutions to social technologies distort their actual content, that recognizes Nelson (2008) itself, separating finally the concept of "social evolution of technology and institutions that support them is a much more complicated and uncertain process than the evolution of the physical technologies. The stranger is that evolutionists ignore the tremendous role of management, 4 We continue to insist on the need of the categorical differentiation of institutes and of institutions (Inshakov and Frolov, 2010;Inshakova, 2010;Frolov 2008 marketing, brokering and financial technology in the progress of the market economy. ...
... Through the idea of "compromise Nelson" the principle of co-evolution of "natural" and social technologies (Nelson, 2008) in fact implies conventional preserving of the dominant status of technological determinism in the theory of evolution in its substantive institutional expansion. But the technology in a general sense are interrelated ways to use the methods and tools to improve the efficiency of certain activities, from the nature of which should come their classification. ...
... Policy targets for the development of the "catching up" industries in emerging countriesa "macrolevel" perspective Since many factors influence the dynamics of institutions, innovation policies are better understood when focused on particular sectors and time (Schumpeter, 1942, Nelson, 2008. By assessing the main targets of industrial innovation policies for the emerging countries of our time, Bell (2009) suggested that their governments should (1) Rebalance the incentives from R&D activities to non-R&D capabilities activities found inside the firms and (2) Overcome the paradigm of "importing versus developing technology locally" and assume the potential of complementarity of innovation capabilities. ...
... They also implement them through specific instruments designed and coordinated by agencies or bureaus formed by diverse stakeholders (Edler & Fagerberg, 2017). Due to the complexity involving their dynamics (Nelson, 2008, Weber & Truffer, 2017, Flanagan & Uyarra, 2016, there may be gaps (1) in the policy formulation, (2) in the operationalization of the policy and (3) related to the characteristics and behavior of stakeholders . ...
... (2) Gaps in operationalization of the innovation policy Scholars, experts and people in charge carry out the innovation policies through incentives and constraints that must be (re)allocated according to policy plan and progress and local context transformation (Nelson, 2008, Edler & Fagerberg, 2017. Their deployment may be ineffective due to the lack of flexibility for the necessary adjustments (Nelson, 2008, Xu & Su, 2016, Edler & Fagerberg, 2017, Ibusuki et al., 2020; measurement or execution difficulties (Edler & Fagerberg, 2017) or the lack of capacity or proactivity of the institutions in charge of deploying them (Ibusuki et al., 2020). ...
Purpose
Due to dramatic transformation of the auto industry, governments are implementing innovation policies to ensure the domain of sustainable technologies. According to the literature, developing countries that depend on multinational subsidiaries must invest in complementary innovation to be part of their research and development (R&D) headquarters' long-term plans. This study analyses the Brazilian auto industry innovation policy (Rota 2030) to evaluate if it targets complementarity with the German's one (NPE). It also compares the institutional arrangements of the former against the latter to check for governance gaps.
Design/methodology/approach
It applies a case-oriented comparative method (Ragin, 2014) for the analysis of qualitative evidence on secondary data. It investigates evidence of complementarity between Rota 2030 and national platform for electric mobility (NPE) objectives and checks for governance gaps in Rota 2030 using NPE as a reference.
Findings
The results confirmed a loose fitting between the innovation policies mainly for a lack of determinism of Rota 2030 objectives. Governance gaps were also found on Rota 2030 policy formulation and operationalization.
Practical implications
It contributes for the improvement of Rota 2030, and its analytical frame may be used for the formulation or adjustment of other developing countries' innovation policies.
Originality/value
It contributes with innovation system and policy field development with a theoretical extension coming from the New Institutional Economics (NIE) (Menard, 2018). By examining the performance of “institutional arrangements” during the process of formulation and operationalization of innovation policies, it shows the importance of coordination for their effectiveness.
... Essa abordagem é teoricamente fundamentada na suposição de que o comportamento inovador, além de sinais estritamente econômicos e incentivos privados, está inserido em contextos institucionais específicos (DOSI, 1988). Desta forma, a análise está em consonância com a perspectiva de que as atividades econômicas em geral requerem o envolvimento de tecnologias físicas e sociais, o que implica algum tipo de mecanismo de coordenação para garantir que os diversos aspectos dessas atividades sejam realizados de forma satisfatória (NELSON, 2008). As mudanças nas tecnologias físicas são acessíveis e consideradas encorajadoras apenas se as tecnologias sociais puderem ser adaptadas para explorá-las de forma eficaz. ...
... 316 desempenhado pelas instituições. As instituições geralmente são definidas como as "regras do jogo" (HODGSON, 2006;NELSON, 2008). De modo mais específico, considerando a coexistência de diferentes tipos de instituições, pode-se examinar esses modelos mentais compartilhados em termos de convenções. ...
... Além disso, houve também um número significativo de organizações e programas de financiamento da inovação (STEIN; HERRLEIN JÚNIOR, 2015). No entanto, as tentativas de orientar uma convenção alternativa enfrentaram várias dificuldades, em linha com o argumento de que as tecnologias sociais são muito estáveis ao longo do tempo (NELSON, 2008;NELSON;SAMPAT, 2001). O legado da década de 1990 foi a extinção de programas e mecanismos de política industrial, aliada à falta de capacitação dessas instituições, com dificuldades crescentes em qualquer ação voltada para o desenvolvimento industrial e tecnológico. ...
O debate do processo de consolidação e concentração nas estruturas de mercado provocado pelas operações de F&A de corporações, a partir da atuação mais ativa dos investidores institucionais é objeto do capítulo. O trabalho contribui para o debate dos impactos da financeirização no âmbito corporativo e na estrutura de mercado. O trabalho
traz a discussão sobre as características, determinantes e efeitos da atuação dos investidores institucionais em países em desenvolvimento, a partir da análise da experiência brasileira. Em particular, procura avaliar a crescente importância que os investidores institucionais, em especial os fundos de private equity, mas também as estratégias de capitalização em bolsa, tem sobre processo de Fusões e Aquisições (F&A), provocando mudanças relevantes na estrutura de mercados e no processo de concentração de setores importantes da economia. Os resultados mostraram que a participação desses fundos foi fundamental no Brasil para a consolidação de setores como os de educação e saúde.
... Essa abordagem é teoricamente fundamentada na suposição de que o comportamento inovador, além de sinais estritamente econômicos e incentivos privados, está inserido em contextos institucionais específicos (DOSI, 1988). Desta forma, a análise está em consonância com a perspectiva de que as atividades econômicas em geral requerem o envolvimento de tecnologias físicas e sociais, o que implica algum tipo de mecanismo de coordenação para garantir que os diversos aspectos dessas atividades sejam realizados de forma satisfatória (NELSON, 2008). As mudanças nas tecnologias físicas são acessíveis e consideradas encorajadoras apenas se as tecnologias sociais puderem ser adaptadas para explorá-las de forma eficaz. ...
... 316 desempenhado pelas instituições. As instituições geralmente são definidas como as "regras do jogo" (HODGSON, 2006;NELSON, 2008). De modo mais específico, considerando a coexistência de diferentes tipos de instituições, pode-se examinar esses modelos mentais compartilhados em termos de convenções. ...
... Além disso, houve também um número significativo de organizações e programas de financiamento da inovação (STEIN; HERRLEIN JÚNIOR, 2015). No entanto, as tentativas de orientar uma convenção alternativa enfrentaram várias dificuldades, em linha com o argumento de que as tecnologias sociais são muito estáveis ao longo do tempo (NELSON, 2008;NELSON;SAMPAT, 2001). O legado da década de 1990 foi a extinção de programas e mecanismos de política industrial, aliada à falta de capacitação dessas instituições, com dificuldades crescentes em qualquer ação voltada para o desenvolvimento industrial e tecnológico. ...
O capítulo trata do desenvolvimento industrial e tecnológico da China. Os autores procuram destacar a coevolução entre as transformações na estrutura produtiva chinesa, no aparato de políticas industriais e as diferentes fases da estratégia de desenvolvimento
do país. Os autores mostram que as transformações nesta estratégia desde o último quartel do século XX não podem ser compreendidas como desdobramentos da emulação de um modelo típico do Estado Desenvolvimentista Asiático. Isso porque a suposta organização lógica de avanço produtivo em direção a atividades mais nobres e o conseguinte abandono de manufaturas de baixa e média intensidade tecnológica encontra limites para ser replicada na China. Tais limites decorrem do elevado grau de heterogeneidade estrutural doméstica e da dificuldade de se estender os frutos do progresso técnico ao gigantesco contingente populacional chinês a partir de uma inserção especializada em segmentos de alta intensidade tecnológica nas cadeias globais de valor. Neste contexto, o capítulo sugere a coexistência de diferentes fases (no
plano lógico, e não cronológico / etapista) da estratégia de desenvolvimento chinesa em diferentes setores e regiões do país. E, para melhor compreendê-las, apresenta uma tipologia de política industrial e tecnológica segundo essas diferentes fases.
... Essa abordagem é teoricamente fundamentada na suposição de que o comportamento inovador, além de sinais estritamente econômicos e incentivos privados, está inserido em contextos institucionais específicos (DOSI, 1988). Desta forma, a análise está em consonância com a perspectiva de que as atividades econômicas em geral requerem o envolvimento de tecnologias físicas e sociais, o que implica algum tipo de mecanismo de coordenação para garantir que os diversos aspectos dessas atividades sejam realizados de forma satisfatória (NELSON, 2008). As mudanças nas tecnologias físicas são acessíveis e consideradas encorajadoras apenas se as tecnologias sociais puderem ser adaptadas para explorá-las de forma eficaz. ...
... 316 desempenhado pelas instituições. As instituições geralmente são definidas como as "regras do jogo" (HODGSON, 2006;NELSON, 2008). De modo mais específico, considerando a coexistência de diferentes tipos de instituições, pode-se examinar esses modelos mentais compartilhados em termos de convenções. ...
... Além disso, houve também um número significativo de organizações e programas de financiamento da inovação (STEIN; HERRLEIN JÚNIOR, 2015). No entanto, as tentativas de orientar uma convenção alternativa enfrentaram várias dificuldades, em linha com o argumento de que as tecnologias sociais são muito estáveis ao longo do tempo (NELSON, 2008;NELSON;SAMPAT, 2001). O legado da década de 1990 foi a extinção de programas e mecanismos de política industrial, aliada à falta de capacitação dessas instituições, com dificuldades crescentes em qualquer ação voltada para o desenvolvimento industrial e tecnológico. ...
O trabalho avalia os impactos da adoção da estratégia de maximização do valor do acionista (MVA) por parte das grandes corporações globais sobre os investimentos e as atividades inovativas. O estudo de caso da empresa Vale se deu em função da elevada
lucratividade, da estrutura de propriedade concentrada em investidores institucionais e da adoção de uma política agressiva de distribuição de dividendos aos acionistas. Os resultados do trabalho apontam que a adoção da estratégia de MVA na Vale teve impactos negativos sobre os investimentos e os gastos em P&D. Em contrapartida contribuiu para valorizar o preço das ações da empresa e reforçar os ganhos dos acionistas e de seus executivos
... Essa abordagem é teoricamente fundamentada na suposição de que o comportamento inovador, além de sinais estritamente econômicos e incentivos privados, está inserido em contextos institucionais específicos (DOSI, 1988). Desta forma, a análise está em consonância com a perspectiva de que as atividades econômicas em geral requerem o envolvimento de tecnologias físicas e sociais, o que implica algum tipo de mecanismo de coordenação para garantir que os diversos aspectos dessas atividades sejam realizados de forma satisfatória (NELSON, 2008). As mudanças nas tecnologias físicas são acessíveis e consideradas encorajadoras apenas se as tecnologias sociais puderem ser adaptadas para explorá-las de forma eficaz. ...
... 316 desempenhado pelas instituições. As instituições geralmente são definidas como as "regras do jogo" (HODGSON, 2006;NELSON, 2008). De modo mais específico, considerando a coexistência de diferentes tipos de instituições, pode-se examinar esses modelos mentais compartilhados em termos de convenções. ...
... Além disso, houve também um número significativo de organizações e programas de financiamento da inovação (STEIN; HERRLEIN JÚNIOR, 2015). No entanto, as tentativas de orientar uma convenção alternativa enfrentaram várias dificuldades, em linha com o argumento de que as tecnologias sociais são muito estáveis ao longo do tempo (NELSON, 2008;NELSON;SAMPAT, 2001). O legado da década de 1990 foi a extinção de programas e mecanismos de política industrial, aliada à falta de capacitação dessas instituições, com dificuldades crescentes em qualquer ação voltada para o desenvolvimento industrial e tecnológico. ...
O objetivo do capítulo é analisar as mudanças nas estratégias de concorrência e de acumulação da grande corporação não financeira no contexto das transformações das estruturas globais de produção e comércio, das inovações tecnológicas, da crescente
importância dos ativos intangíveis e do aprofundamento e difusão do regime
de acumulação capitalista sob a dominância das finanças.
... On the other hand, the evolutionary economists associate the term institution with habits or behaviors in certain contexts. The ways to do things are more important than broad rules or governing structures constraint behaviors (Nelson, 2008). These economists acknowledge the role of institutions in technological change. ...
... The institutional environment can be divided into political and regulative institutions. The first group attempts to analyze the capacity of governments to implement and formulate effective policies to stimulate economic progress (Nelson, 2008). The second includes the rules that determine the interactions between the various actors in society (North, 1990). ...
The Moroccan economy has undergone significant structural changes since the 1980s. Attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been a key strategy for the country’s economic growth and development, particularly in some specific high value-added sectors, such as the automotive supply industry. This paper uses the results of a survey to examine the reasons why multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the automotive supply sector set up in Morocco. Our findings show that proximity to Europe and labor costs and skills are the most important considerations for investing in this sector in Morocco. However, some institutional issues are still of concern to these MNEs.
... Rotina, de um ponto de vista evolucinário, é todo o padrão comportamental regular e previsível de uma firma(NELSON, R.;WINTER, 2005WINTER, [1982). "Utilizamos esse termo para incluir características das firmas que variam de rotinas técnicas bem específicas para a produção de coisas, procedimentos para contratações e demissões, encomendas de novos estoques, ou aumentar a produção de itens de alta demanda, até as políticas relativas ao investimento, à P&D ou publicidade, e estratégias empresariais relativas à diversificação da produção e ao investimento no exterior" (NELSON;WINTER, 2005WINTER, [1982, p. 32-33). ...
... O processo de busca é a habilidade das empresas de sondarem instantaneamente um grande conjunto de decisões alternativas, no entanto, o processo é lento. As empresas buscam ativamente e seus resultados são influenciados pelas rotinas que serão encontradas na busca, provavelmente condicionadas pelas rotinas vigentes(NELSON, R.;WINTER, 2005WINTER, [1982). 124 Cumpre destacar que a aptidão tecnológica nacional não é a mera soma dos conhecimentos e habilidades dos agentes envolvidos neste processo, já que o aprendizado está sujeito a sinergias e transbordamentos decorrentes das interações entre os agentes, assim como de todo o aparato institucional onde eles operam e aprendem. ...
Relatively backward nations deliberately sought technology available in other relatively more advanced nations in order to accelerate their growth and economic development, especially when they realized that technology was a source of monopolistic advantages. Efforts of National States in this direction were performed, as measures that encouraged theft, smuggling, imitation, cutting-edge knowledge purchases that could be adapted, modified, improved and internalized. In this context, relatively more backward nations have achieved leaps in productivity when using technology developed by relatively more advanced nations, however, this was not an automatic process. Stimuli to the construction of technological capabilities were decidedly undertaken and a process of domestic learning was stimulated. In order to maintain the relative position and the benefits, relatively more advanced nations created barriers to impeach technology transfer. From a historical-deductive analysis, taking as a guideline the three main technological paradigms (English Industrial Revolution, Fordist and ICT Paradigms), we present the role of technology transfer in a technological catching up process in different technological revolutions. We give emphasis particularly on the third technological paradigm, which serves as a background for the Brazilian case from an exploratory analysis of three channels of technology transfer: trade of high technological content products, inflows of foreign direct investment and payments for the use of intellectual property. The proposition we make here is that, in the current technological paradigm, the international transfer of technology is relatively weakened, either by changing the nature of technology, and by the contemporary transformations engendered by capitalism itself. Furthermore, we speculate on the process of technology transfer to Brazil, which in her case has helped to increase technological dependence. There are indications that the country could not build an industrialization process that could result in exports of high technological content products and the economic opening undertaken by the country in the 1990s did not provide a dynamic technological learning process but expanded Brazil¿s dependence on foreign technologies, what is confirmed, among others, by the increasing volume of payment for the use of intellectual property rights
... The 'rules of the game' are a main part of IS (Nelson and Nelson, 2002). The way in which actors are organized will boost or delay the possibility of using knowledge (Nelson, 2008). These rules determine how social technologies emerge and possible new avenues to incorporate STI solutions in different contexts. ...
... Context consideration is necessary to observe local specificities (social, cultural, geographical conditions) and thus to achieve a successful insertion of products and services in ways of living. Innovation is described as a process in which physical technologies and social technologies co-evolve (Nelson and Sampat, 2001;Nelson, 2008). 2 According to Chataway et al. (2010), knowledge embedded in physical technologies is normally produced following Gibbons's Mode 2 (Gibbons et al., 1994). ...
Health innovation studies and the health disciplines highlight the importance of using knowledge to improve human welfare. However, these disciplines rarely yield discussion about this issue. The objective of this paper is to establish a dialogue between health innovation studies and the health disciplines, and to reveal the complementarities between these approaches. We present a revision of selected models of health knowledge use. From health innovation studies, we consider two models focused on the nature of health innovation, and two others that orient health innovation studies towards addressing inclusive development issues. From the health disciplines, we analyse translational research and knowledge translation models. Using a systemic perspective, we structure our analysis of complementarities on four analytical dimensions:
(i) The actors, proposing the recognition of the public sector, the productive sector, the scientific community, and health services providers. We also define two dynamic actors: knowledge users and knowledge beneficiaries.
(ii) The interactions, considering them as asymmetrical to facilitate knowledge flows.
(iii) The process, based on specific models of healthcare activities and a broad set of validation mechanisms (not only market-related).
(iv) The institutional framework, proposing consideration of formal institutions (e.g. regulations) and informal institutions (e.g. socio-cultural background).
... Closer to such a perspective, Nelson (1994) and Nelson and Sampat (2001) have suggested that a socio-economic perspective on innovations would have to understand the "co-evolution" of technologies and institutions. Nelson (2008) concedes that the evolution in, in their words, "social technologies" that corresponds to shifts in "physical technologies" is a widely erratic process that combines both intended and unintended, planned and contingent elements, emphasizing that the evolution of "social technologies" may very well cumulate in inefficient or ineffective rather than functionally useful outcomes (ibid.). Still, none of these approaches addresses more finegrained, subtle forms of institutional work beyond the effects of "mismatch," as much as they struggle to integrate the whole diversity of types of institutions into their argument. ...
Although innovation is a core element of capitalist dynamics, it turns out that, to date, there is no coherent Economic Sociology of innovation, leaving the discipline oblivious to explaining fundamental economic dynamics. Nor has the enormous importance of novelty and innovation in current societal transitions evoked a corresponding research program in Economic Sociology, meaning that Economic Sociology struggles to grasp contemporary societal change. The article reviews the rather disparate diversity of approaches that could speak to a remedy, stepwise assembling and integrating them to establish the principles of an Economic Sociology approach to innovation. First, resonating with ‘embeddedness’ as the core paradigm of Economic Sociology, it spells out the embeddedness of innovation processes in social institutions. Next, it reviews innovation in relation to the diversity of normative, cultural‐cognitive, regulative, and relational institutions, carving out the relevance of the combination of institutions in ‘fields.’ It then determines ‘valuation’ as the overarching mechanism of how institutional frameworks interact with innovation processes. Eventually, discussing ‘institutional work’ as a major property of institutional frameworks, it raises awareness for the mechanisms of the ‘co‐evolution’ of institutions and innovations.
... Despite professing to understand innovation processes as nonlinear (Etzkowitz 2008), complex (Magro and Wilson 2013) and networked (Pyka and Scharnhorst 2009) then, a variety of disciplines typically find themselves emphasising technical understandings that may mention 'direction', but which fail fully to engage with issues of directionality -so tending further to entrench an underlying simple one-track metaphor for innovation as a race to advance technology (Broers 2005). Such linear understandings are often deprecated (Edgerton 2004), but their influence cannot easily be denied in specialist analytic frames like advance (Nelson 2008), diffusion (Rogers 1983), early movers (Easterby-Smith and Lyles 2011), first movers (Lieberman and Montgomery 1988), catching up (Silverberg and Verspagen 1995), latecomers (Tellis and Golder 2002), forging ahead (Abramovitz 1986), leapfrogging (Brezis, Krugman, and Tsiddon 1993) and falling behind (Verspagen 1991). All such ideas make sense only under an imagination that research or innovation in any setting is satisfactorily characterised according to a singular focal dimension: 'forward' or 'back'. ...
Developing earlier work, this paper explores analytic and political implications of ideas about direction in innovation. Unduly hidden in mainstream innovation and sustainability transformations literatures, crucial issues arise for responsible innovation. Although essential to both rigour and effectiveness, key realities tend to be concealed by general hegemonic forces in contemporary global colonial modernity, as well as by more specific expediencies to power and privilege in particular settings. To help resist these obscuring pressures, three contrasting (frequently conflated) meanings are distinguished. Directing innovation involves driving narrow motivating processes towards some given end. The direction of innovation concerns broader steering of pathways towards more openly chosen ends. Directionality of innovation entails grasping deeper political potentialities spanning pluralities of ends. Seriously eroding innovation policy and research alike, much current governance activity fails appropriately to focus or act on these distinctions. To assist greater policy robustness and legitimacy, this paper points to important (but often neglected) practises in each regard. To properly address social and ecological sustainability imperatives, greater attention is advocated to irreducibly political aspects of responsible innovation. This entails renewed emphasis not only on precaution, participation and accountability, but on actively supporting emancipatory struggle towards plural ‘directions for progress’ in innovation democracies.
... Este aspecto está em conexão com o trabalho apresentado dos dois autores estudados acima. Isso porque ele entende que as instituições econômicas "apropriadas" (leia-se adaptadas a seu contexto histórico e social) não evoluem por si mesmas.Nelson (2008) argumenta que há dois obstáculos fundamentais (e que devem ser esclarecidos) a fim de compreender como as instituições e as mudanças institucionais relacionam-se às transformações tecnológicas no processo de crescimento econômico. O primeiro refere-se ao significado do conceito de instituição e o segundo à forma como elas são tratadas n ...
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as principais contribuições teóricas elaboradas por três autores com destacada influência no pensamento heterodoxo contemporâneo sobre desenvolvimento, quais sejam: Geoffrey Hodgson, Ha-Joon Chang e Richard Nelson. Sabe-se que suas produções científicas têm características teóricas e metodológicas distintas, contudo esta diversidade contribui para a interpretação interdisciplinar proposta neste artigo. As pesquisas elaboradas por eles possuem importantes complementariedades que contribuem para interpretar aspectos teóricos e históricos complexos que se cruzam na explicação do tema. Fazer este tipo de análise é o objetivo fundamental deste estudo. Propõe-se que as instituições desempenham um papel fundamental na dinâmica da atividade econômica na medida em que moldam e são moldadas pelo comportamento dos agentes, afetando assim os fundamentos econômicos, sociais, culturais e tecnológicos do desenvolvimento econômico. As principais conclusões do artigo são: i) a coevolução deste conjunto de fatores constituem os elementos essenciais para o desenvolvimento, uma vez que a sociedade é concebida como um organismo complexo que evolui a partir de mudanças que ocorrem em um ambiente em constante transformação; ii) as interconexões entre as abordagens destes autores estabelecem elementos teóricos fundamentais para uma interpretação institucionalista evolucionária do desenvolvimento econômico.
... As has been analyzed byNelson (1994Nelson ( , 2000Nelson ( , 2008 andNelson and Sampat (2001). ...
The present research aims to analyze two archetypal 20th century development strategy cases: Brazil’s and South Korea’s. During the last century, both countries had been experiencing catching up processes, but by the 1980’s Brazil started to lag behind while South Korea began to technologically and productively forge ahead. In light of this, this paper sustains that industrial policy choices and distinct institutional arrangements, set during the initial years of each country’s late industrialization process, were responsible for defining their different long term economic trajectories. A dialogue with Amsden’s work (2001) is proposed, through which we discuss her industrial policy bifurcation hypothesis regarding the so-termed countries of the “rest” in the 1980’s. By electing two emblematic members of such group, we seek to show how industrial policy choices made in the past still condition the two countries’ economic trajectories, especially so with regards to the degree with which knowledge intensive assets have been accumulated.
... But the purpose is to shed light on some concrete/ particular institutions which once placed well in a country, enhance cooperation in research and development. Economists like Veblen (1899Veblen ( , 1915 and Hodgson (1988Hodgson ( , 2006 relate the 'institutions' with customs, standard and expected patterns of behavior in particular contexts (Nelson, 2008). While considering 'R&D Cooperation' we note that there is need to study some particular institutions that affect the patterns of cooperation among organizations. ...
La bibliografía sobre los factores que determinan la cooperación en investigación y desarrollo (I+D) estudia principalmente los factores que son especí?cos de la organización. Pero los aspectos relacionados con el entorno institucional, en el que tales interacciones tienen lugar, permanecen relativamente menos estudiados. Este trabajo identi?ca algunas instituciones especí?cas como “centros de investigación y de transferencia de tecnología” y las instituciones regulatorias que promocionan la cooperación en I+D en un país. El estudio está limitado a algunas instituciones especí?cas pero formales que ayudan a mejorar la cooperación en I+D. Las conclusiones del estudio pueden tener implicaciones políticas importantes para los países en vías de desarrollo que pueden mejorar los recursos de I+D de sus organizaciones atrayendo a las organizaciones externas por medio del establecimiento de las instituciones necesarias para la cooperación de I+D.
... More specifically, when we discuss institutions, we are referring to their dual nature as abstract constraints including widely diffused norms that constrain behavior, legal frameworks, and the mechanisms by which they are enforced. Additionally, institutions can be understood in a more concrete sense, encompassing the patterns of cooperation and competition among firms (Eggertsson 2005;Nelson 2008). These institutional dynamics impact the external challenges faced by sustainability managers and influence their actions beyond the boundaries of the firm. ...
Studies on corporate social performance advocate that interrelated yet conflicting goals, such as sustainability and profitability, give rise to specific dynamics and inherent tensions, and call for more research to investigate how the duality of goals is managed by specific individuals in organizations. Through a micro-foundational view of ambidexterity for corporate social performance, and by relying on a qualitative data analysis of 41 interviews with sustainability managers and their immediate stakeholders, both internal and external to their organization boundaries, we developed a multilevel model of sustainability managers' responses to conflicting goals. We discovered how sustainability managers enacted internal and external, long term and short term brokering behaviors, enabled by their individual values, multidisciplinary knowledge, and relational abilities and skills, although constrained by their organizational and institutional contexts. By taking into account simultaneously contextual forces and individual cognitive characteristics, we thus advance our understanding of sustainability managers' behaviors towards ambidexterity for corporate social responsibility and of microfoundations for ambidexterity.
... Development is understood here as an evolutionary process of change aimed at increasing Schumpeterian efficiency. 4 To this end, according to authors such as Nelson and Sampat (2001) and Nelson (2008), the institutionality and transformations of the selection environment are key elements to create feedback flows of interaction and knowledge exchange, thus stimulating the emergence of the creative destruction process. ...
The aim of this paper is to propose a typology of industrial policy based on the dialogue between neo-Schumpeterian and developmentalist frameworks that incorporates in its normative guidelines the transformations in the techno-productive paradigm in recent decades and their consequent impacts on the competitive, innovative and accumulation dynamics of industrial activities. The article proposes a theoretical discussion with normative implications based on the analysis of the literature on the transformations in the nature of two objects: the changes in the techno-productive paradigm from the 2000s to the efforts towards the promotion of Industry 4.0. As a result, an attempt is made to theoretically justify the design of industrial policies that shift from overly general normative guidelines towards the ones based on the simultaneous understanding of the combination of three specificities of activities supported: (i) levels of capabilities of agents-technological, productive and organizational, (ii) the analysis of the potential degree of effectiveness of industrial policies and (iii) the degree of transversality of the promoted activities.
KEYWORDS:
Industrial policy; development; productive structure; innovation; industry 4.0
... Para la planificación del cuestionario se tomaron en cuenta datos oficiales sobre empresas de la AMPYME, bibliografía relativa a residuos electrónicos, como la de (Baldé et al., 2015;Baldé at al., 2017), las descripciones de empresas y RAEE incluidas en el R.D. 110/2015, de 20 de febrero, del Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente de España, y varios estudios sobre colaboración entre entidades, como los de (Castro y Fernández, 1995;Pérez, 1996;Etzkowitz y Leydesdorff, 2000;Nelson, 2008, Zazo et al., 2015Graça & Camarinha-Matos, 2017). ...
Este artículo describe los resultados de una investigación exploratoria llevada a cabo para identificar las relaciones que las empresas que se dedican a la recolección y/o reciclado de residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos (RAEE) en la República de Panamá mantienen con diferentes entidades del país y extranjeras. A partir de las respuestas dadas a un cuestionario se han aplicado dos enfoques distintos: el análisis de redes sociales (ARS) y el análisis reticular de coincidencias (ARC). Las pocas relaciones obtenidas aplicando el ARS nos muestran que la transferencia de conocimiento, información y recursos entre entidades, que sería deseable, es, lamentablemente, muy escasa. Con el ARC hemos analizado cuáles son las características de las relaciones que han mantenido las empresas de desechos tecnológicos, su relación con el tipo de entidad con la colaboran, la pertenencia a grupos de empresas nacionales o extranjeros y cómo se gestiona esa colaboración. Se ha evidenciado que existe una escasa concienciación sobre la recolección y reciclado de los desechos tecnológicos y que es necesaria la implicación gubernamental en el desarrollo de leyes y normativas sobre los RAEE, que regulen los procesos técnicos y las vinculaciones entre todos los actores que intervienen en el proceso, así como medidas que faciliten la colaboración entre las empresas, tanto en los aspectos administrativos y regulativos como mediante incentivos adecuados para su impulso.
... On the one hand, some authors defend a relationship between both facts, without reaching consensus on whether economic growth favors equality (Kakwani 1993;Shatkin 2007) or not (Lundberg and Squire 2003). On the other hand, other economists believe that both alternatives are possible, as shown by empirical data, and thus the relationship between development and inequality reductions depends on the social framework, besides marginal productivities and productive conditions (Bourguignon 1990;Hodgson 1999;Nelson 2008). ...
The way income is distributed in an economy is perhaps the most notable result of its growth patterns. Understanding the joint persistence of economic crises and changes in social inequality since 1929 is considered a great challenge. This paper tries to analyze growth and income distribution in the long run using the concept of long waves, the evolutionary concept of ‘systems’, and empirical information. We conjecture that the social system is in turn an outcome of the co-evolution of four partially autonomous subdomains: (i) technology, characterized by a paradigm whose evolution follows the shape of a ‘Schumpeterian boom’; (ii) the economy or productive system, essentially defined as the succession of intermediate-length fluctuations in investments, and strongly associated to sectoral and structural changes; (iii) science, which contributes to development by generating innovations; and (iv) institutions, which set the rules in which income distribution is framed. Following this scheme, the data reveal that income distribution is an emerging result from this ‘global social system’ and not only the result of economic productivity and technology; apparently, the weight in the income distribution of institutional factors is as relevant as economic and technological factors. Second, the long-run growth trends are most possibly non-linear and, to great extent, non-deterministic, which would support the representation of long-run phenomena as long waves. Finally, we have found that in the long period 1929–2010 and afterwards, two sub-periods are manifested, with very different regimes of income distribution: (1) 1929–1975, when inequality decreased, and (2) from 1975 to present time, when inequality increased. Concerning the years after 2010, two alternatives follow: either these correspond to the recovery phase of a new long wave, or to the end of the depression phase of our second period. In both cases, we are currently moving towards the expansionary phase of a new long wave, which will have important implications for contemporary economic policies.
... Besides this, as Metcalfe (2001) and Nelson (2008) strongly emphasized during those years, economic growth and technological advance cannot be understood without considering the contribution of supporting institutions during the process. Nelson (2018) have been insisting for decades in that the role of science and Universities in economic change is more complex that the characterization they receive in endogenous growth theory (compare Lucas 1988, with Almudi et al. 2012, 2021. ...
... Para gran parte de los autores encuadrados en él, los sistemas estarían compuestos de "organizaciones" e "instituciones" especializadas en la producción, distribución y aplicación de conocimiento (universidades, agencias, empresas, etc.). La asunción principal es que sus configuraciones específicas determinan la capacidad de innovación de los países (Nelson, 2008). Otro enfoque relacionado es el de los Sistemas Regionales de Innovación. ...
Este artículo propone un marco analítico y una metodología para investigar el funcionamiento de la calidad institucional en las universidades y los centros públicos de investigación de un país o área geográfica. La calidad institucional se define como un conjunto de rasgos de las instituciones que influyen en su funcionamiento y que condicionan el cumplimiento de las misiones para las que han sido creadas. Comprende varias dimensiones: condiciones contextuales relacionadas con aspectos socioeconómicos y legales (autonomía y burocracia), de carácter interno (meritocracia, intereses y grupos organizados) y externo (proactividad, innovación y alianzas con actores influyentes). La principal asunción de partida es que las configuraciones específicas de estos condicionantes inciden en la gobernanza y en el desempeño de las instituciones. El artículo contribuye a la elaboración de una teoría de alcance medio que ayude a estudiar empíricamente cuáles son los factores de carácter sociológico que explican los resultados de un sistema de producción de conocimiento en su conjunto. Ayuda a contrastar hipótesis habituales sobre la calidad institucional y ofrece recomendaciones metodológicas para observar y comparar conjuntos complejos de instituciones.
... However, it is also worth mentioning that, despite the relative stability of the productive structure in the period, there is a continuous trend of reduction in the productivity gap of all sectors in relation to the US economy. are instrumental to the challenges that emerge along the Chinese catching-up trajectory as they are reshaped from a dynamic that combines institutional learning and embeddedness in society (Nelson, 2008;Perry, 2020). ...
: This paper analyzes the co-evolution of the transformations in the Chinese institutional matrix and in its productive development policies based on a dialogue between institutionalist, developmental state and neo-Schumpeterian literature. This paper hypothesized that the synergy of this co-evolution in the Chinese case rests on two pillars. The first refers to the specificity of the process of institutional change and the formulation of Chinese productive development policies in the face of other historical materializations of Developmental States. These would result from (i) structuring its political and institutional system based on a logic that combines fragmentation and hierarchy (CHEN, 2020; LIEBERTHAL AND OKSENBERG, 1988; MERTHA, 2006), (ii) constructing policies and institutional innovations based on a high tolerance for experimentation and orientation toward pragmatism (HEILMANN, 2008), (iii) organizing State actions for economic coordination based on what Pearson (2015) and others call a multi-layered structure, and (iv) Chinese originality when compared to other historical catching-up strategies of simultaneously seeking to match the current paradigm and dispute leadership in an emerging techno-economic paradigm (DIEGUES AND ROSELINO, 2023 and NAUGHTON, 2021). The second pillar that would positively contribute to the synergy in the co-evolution between institutional changes and productive development policies refers to the coexistence of traits from different stages of development, which combine in regions of the country, sectors and technologies qualitatively as different productive policies. From these pillars, our contribution aims to show that one of the main virtuous elements that explains the success of the Chinese development strategy after the beginning of its 1978 Economic Reforms is its capacity for co-evolution between the transformations in its institutional matrix and its productive development policies. The pace of transformation and the morphology of this co-evolution, in turn, would ultimately be determined by the challenges and contradictions that emerge from the transitions between the different phases of Chinese development.
Keywords: China; Institutional Change; Development; Innovation; Productive Development Policy.
JEL: O25, O17, O43.
... In other terms, all the actors within the regional innovation system seem to be embedded in a territorial institutional network that could favor or deter innovation processes amongst them [31,55]. Such a network consists of both formal (laws, regulations) and informal (routines, habits, lifestyle, culture) institutions which are thought to key factors in shaping the relations and interactions amongst the actors, and which are, in fact, crucial for knowledge flow and innovation emergence [5,37,56]. The capacity of the regional network to act as a synergist depends on the institutional, relational and social combination of conditions within the system, better known as a "social filter" [31,57]. ...
The aim of this research is to create a theoretical framework for a local energy innovation system based on renewable energy sources. For this purpose, four types of clusters were outlined based on energy-generation capacity and socio-economic factors such as “local wealth”, “relational capital”, “scientific and research capital” and “energy demand”. This classification revealed areas of Poland that have diverse features in terms of energy-generation capacity and innovation abilities. For each type of area, energy potentials combined with innovation abilities were established. To understand how areas with insufficient energy and innovation capacities could be supported in their development of local energy sovereignty, the concept of the regional innovation system has been adjusted. The results of the research can serve as an aid in the development of national and regional energy policies focused on the specificity and capacity of energy generation and innovation of each area.
... Institutions have been frequently subjected to various analyses confirming their role in economic growth and development (Acemoglu & Robinson, 2013;Acemoglu et al., 2001;Kuncic, 2014;North, 1990;Rodrik et al., 2004). However, it is difficult to identify a complete list of necessary institutional arrangements that affect the region's developmental processes (Nelson, 2008). Regarding the whole group of S-SA countries, institutional quality is considered crucial for economic development (Tinta, 2022;Wandeda et al., 2021). ...
Motivation: Institutions play a significant role in development processes, contributing to understanding the economic backwardness of Sub-Saharan Africa. There is no consensus in the literature on the specific set of institutions that significantly influence developmental processes. Furthermore, there is no convincing evidence that institutions create the proper environment for long-term growth or result from increased development due to advances in human capital and investments. Therefore, the article examines overcoming the developmental backwardness of those countries following sustainable development.
Aim: The article aims to analyze whether institutions contribute to the development processes of Sub-Saharan African countries. The paper identifies the differences in channels
of institutions’ impact on the two development measures, GDP per capita and the Human Development Index (HDI). Regarding the high diversity in the level of development of countries in the region and the differences in their institutional systems, thirty-two countries in Sub-Saharan Africa were grouped regarding HDI level.
Results: The heterogeneous panel Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) models revealed that in the lower developed countries, financial aid in the form of grants or very low-interest loans from the World Bank and OECD is of particular importance. They show that increased use of CO2 is a proxy for driving forces of African economies (production, investments, etc.). Indicators referring to institutions’ measurement like government effectiveness, political stability, economic freedom, or the number of days for establishing a business play important roles in continuing development.
Keywords: institutions; economic development; Sub-Saharan Africa; panel cointegration;
panel ARDL
JEL: B52; O11
... In this sense, the creation of knowledge leads to constant innovation, not only digesting information with the intention of solving existing problems and surviving in an environment full of changes, but also generating new knowledge and information with the aim of solving both the problems as well as reformulating solutions (Nelson, 1994(Nelson, , 2001(Nelson, , 2008Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1997). ...
ABSTRACT
One of the most important tasks facing every sports organization or company that produces sports goods, services and information is the task of successful business implementation. How to ensure the fulfillment of such a complex and multifaceted task in a competitive and dynamically changing market, a rapidly changing conjuncture and changes within a sports organization?
Many years of work experience of many sports organizations and companies show that it is possible to conduct business successfully under certain conditions. One of the most important conditions is the qualified management of the sports organization based on the constant collection and analysis of information about the target markets and consumers, with the subsequent adjustment of the activities of the sports organization in the areas of personnel, sales, advertising and other policies.
The methods and sources of financing sports organizations in our country and abroad are very diverse: financial resources for the development of physical education and sports are allocated by state bodies, trade unions, off-budget funds, municipalities and educational structures.
In addition, funds for physical education and sports come from international sports, charity, scientific and other organizations, as well as individual patrons and sponsors. Many sports clubs and organizations carry out their entrepreneurial activities: they publish newspapers, magazines, information booklets, issue souvenirs, badges, pennants and other products with sports symbols, sell rights to television and radio broadcasts of competitions and interviews, transfer or buy athletes. , other commercial activities are carried out
Keywords: financing of sports, financial problems, sponsorship in sports, financial business, financing of sports organizations.
... Besides this, as Metcalfe (2001) and Nelson (2008) strongly emphasized during those years, economic growth and technological advance cannot be understood without considering the contribution of supporting institutions during the process. Nelson (2018) have been insisting for decades in that the role of science and Universities in economic change is more complex that the characterization they receive in endogenous growth theory (compare Lucas 1988, with Almudi et al. 2012, 2021. ...
... Besides this, as Metcalfe (2001) and Nelson (2008) strongly emphasized during those years, economic growth and technological advance cannot be understood without considering the contribution of supporting institutions during the process. Nelson (2018) have been insisting for decades in that the role of science and Universities in economic change is more complex that the characterization they receive in endogenous growth theory (compare Lucas 1988, with Almudi et al. 2012, 2021. ...
This is an analysis of the wide theoretical context and consequential work of Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter. We assume as a norm for this chapter that we must do an embryological analysis of their texts, and those of contemporary thinkers. We begin by disentangling the avalanche of new ideas in the early individual works of Nelson and Winter. This flow of frames and concepts evolving, and the torrent of new questions that they pose, become interlaced and crystalize during their joint contributions in the 1970s and 1980s. In these decades we can distill the essence and critical development of Nelson and Winter in dialectic opposition with 20 th Century standard economics. The advances achieved during the 1990s and 2000s, with new protagonists coming to the front, lead us to the frontier of evolutionary economics. Then, the sudden irruption of the recession in 2008, and the sequence of shocks that have transmuted the global economy during the last decade, have unchained crucial innovations in evolutionary economics that expand the field far beyond the consolidated "beachhead".
... In the green Solow model, economic activity generates emissions that increase linearly the stock of pollution, with Z denoting the degree of environmental inefficiency of economic activities. However, publicly funded abatement activities (Ab) initiated by government policies and regulations, decrease a portion, Ab(1, F Ab /F)], of the pollution generated by economic activity (Nelson, 2008;Wing, 2006). ...
We examine the impact of political risk, macroeconomic policy uncertainty, and social risk on sustainable development for a panel covering 47 developing economies from 1991 to 2020. We present an augmented green Solow growth model linking policy risk and uncertainty to sustainable development through their interaction with pollution abatement activities. We employ a political risk index that captures the composite impact of risk factors relevant to political rule and regulation, a macroeconomic policy index to capture the uncertainty associated with inflation, exchange rate, and fiscal policies and an index of ethnic fractionalization to capture social risk. The empirical results confirm that all the risk and uncertainty factors examined exert significant negative short- and long-run impacts on sustainable development. The findings highlight the importance of risk management as a key control policy when designing sustainability policies promoting pollution emissions abatement.
... Governance, and institutional factors more generally, are usually strongly linked to innovation (Nelson, 2008). In fact, investments in innovation activities are long-term ones. ...
A stream of literature has been developed on the measurement of the efficient production of innovation, that is, innovation technical efficiency. However, the efficiency measured is quite fuzzy as no distinction is made between innovation short-run and long-run efficiencies. Also, African economies have been heavily neglected, despite the need to explore ways to improve the poor levels of innovation they usually exhibit. In this paper, we measure innovation technical efficiency by separating short-run and long-run efficiencies. Overall technical efficiency, that is, efficiency both in the short and long run is also assessed. The empirical evidence makes use of data from countries from the Economic Community of West African States, one of the most important economic areas in Africa. To obtain efficiency scores, we carry out a stochastic frontier analysis. Results show that research and development, market sophistication and human capital significantly influence innovation output. No country is found to be efficient following one of the types of efficiency. The long-run and average short-run efficiencies over the study period are not similar, which shows the need to separate the types of efficiency. Domestic credit to private sector and governance are highlighted as determinants of innovation efficiency. Some policies are suggested based on these findings. JEL classification: E23, O11, O30, O55
... O processo de inovação, no seu aspecto macroeconômico, pode ser entendido como baseado na evolução de um sistema institucional de suporte originalmente público; já sua complementação, tem base em uma estrutura organizacional do setor privado (Cooke, 2001;Nelson, 2008). A abordagem para a análise do processo de inovação, nesta investigação sobre a introdução da tecnologia da videoconferência no mercado da saúde brasileiro, consiste na aplicação do conceito de Sistema Setorial de Inovação e Produção (SISP) (MALERBA, 2002). ...
Nas últimas décadas observa-se um aumento da aplicação das tecnologias da informação e da comunicação nas variadas áreas da assistência à saúde. Faz-se importante conhecer o cenário da proteção intelectual deste setor tecnológico. Para tanto foi realizada a revisão da literatura de patente em telessaúde – em particular, a videoconferência. O cenário mundial de proteção por patente se apresenta em franco crescimento. Quanto às empresas, verifica-se a predominância da presença das multinacionais, no Brasil. A série temporal denota crescimento de depósitos na mesma época de altos investimentos públicos em telessaúde no Sistema Único de Saúde. Os resultados da análise no cenário internacional evidenciaram que há poucos depósitos no Brasil, o que denota a impossibilidade de a indústria local reproduzir a tecnologia. A aliança entre empresas brasileiras e universidades, com os gestores do setor saúde emerge como possível caminho estratégico para o desenvolvimento tecnológico e a inovação, através do qual o poder de compra do Estado induziria a indústria local.
... No que se refere ao desenvolvimento das tecnologias sociais focadas em resolver desafios importantes, o elevado grau de incerteza muitas vezes torna mais difícil a evolução das instituições que as apoiam e a mensuração dos resultados, em relação aos de tecnologias físicas, conforme apontado por Nelson (2008). Ainda segundo o autor, o desenvolvimento da biotecnologia no EUA, por exemplo, foi claramente impulsionado por ações públicas e privadas. ...
This study examined the processes and channels of technology upgrading of knowledge-based firms (KBF) in Nigeria. The study adapted OECD (2004) classification of knowledge-based industry in Nigeria context such as low technology-based and high technology-based firms. Questionnaires were administered on fifty (50) selected knowledge firms and 72% of the questionnaires retrieved were used for the analysis of this study. The results revealed that low-tech based firms (47.8%) and high-tech based firms (21.1%) upgraded technology through the process of technology spillover; likewise, low-tech based firms (46.8%) and high-tech based firms (52.4%) upgraded technology through the process of technology transfer. The study further indicated that low-tec based firms (46%) and high-tech based firms (81%) upgraded technology through trading channels. Also, low-tech based firms (47.9%) and high-tech based firms (95.5%) upgraded technology through foreign direct investment channels, likewise, low-tech based firms (38.9%) and high-tech based firms (29.9%) upgraded technology through technology development alliance. The study concluded that low-tech based firms in Nigeria need to improve more on their technology transfer process while high-tech based firms also need to improve on their technology spillover technologies through different systems that are customers’ driven.
In recent decades, start-up businesses have played a significant role in creating jobs, creating wealth and increasing the gross domestic product of countries and have attracted the attention of many policy makers and decision makers. In order to develop start-up businesses in the country, it is necessary to have an effective ecosystem in accordance with the nature and needs of the society and in line with the national development plans. The purpose of this research is to analyze the role of hard and formal institutions in the development of the ecosystem of start-up businesses in the country. In this regard, the current research is practical from the perspective of goal, descriptive-exploratory and research orientation. Also, qualitative approach and content analysis method using MAXQDA software have been used. The required secondary data were extracted from documents, reports, articles, etc. Primary data was also collected through semi-structured interviews with 14 experts in the field of technology and innovation, and especially experts with experience and knowledge in the field of developing start-up businesses in the country in the second half of 1401. The results indicate that the most attention has been given to the ten dimensions of the ecosystem of new businesses in the laws of the fourth and fifth development programs among the 13 laws proposed in the present study. Also, the minimum amount of attention to these dimensions is in the Law on the Implementation of the Policies of Article 44 of the Constitution and the Law on Patents, Industrial Designs and Trademarks. Also, the most dimensions that are addressed in the thirteen laws, including financing dimensions; Education and Research; innovation and technology; And it is the government. In addition to the dimensions of counseling and support; Promotion; and the market have had the least importance in the mentioned laws. The findings of this research have practical and policy implications and suggestions for policymakers and legislators in this field.
How has the spatial structure of the development of technological knowledge in international business (IB) shifted over time, moving between paradigms for IB and society? To answer this research question, we use the method of historical analysis and attempt to synthesize literature streams on international business history and
technological paradigms to trace this evolution. Drawing insights from this synthesis and building on evolutionary theoretical approaches in IB, we argue that three elements - (i) technological (T), (ii) global institutional (G), and (iii) local institutional (L) – are key to understanding the spatial development of technological
knowledge in IB, as these elements enable, expedite, or constrain technological and organizational change in MNEs within a paradigm and during periods of paradigmatic shifts. We conclude with a case illustration of a firm founded in the 1700s to assess its responses to (and actions that may have prompted) the shifts in the T, G, and L elements across the three technological paradigms – mechanical (1780–1880), electromechanical (1880–1980), and digital (1980-present).
L’Agence de l’innovation de défense (AID) est créée en 2018. Il s’agit d’une innovation institutionnelle dans un domaine, celui de la défense, structuré et stable. L’agence créée a pour objectif de regrouper au sein d’une même structure les anciens dispositifs de gestion épars au sein du ministère en matière d’innovation, ainsi que les nouveaux dispositifs d’innovation « ouverte ». Ces derniers visent à capturer et exploiter rapidement les innovations issues d’acteurs du domaine civil. Comment analyser le processus ayant conduit à une telle innovation ? Dans cet article, nous nous proposons, à partir d’une narration de la création de l’AID et d’une série d’entretiens menés auprès d’acteurs du milieu de la défense, de montrer, d’une part, que cette innovation est le résultat d’une cristallisation, et, d’autre part, de mettre en évidence trois dilemmes, en écho au titre du livre de Christensen (Christensen, 1997), propres à une innovation institutionnelle : celui de la création subtile ou restructurante ; celui de l’adaptation ou de la création ; celui, enfin, de l’attèlement. L’étude de cas permet d’enrichir la théorie de l’innovation institutionnelle formulée par Van de Ven et Hargrave (Van de Ven et Hargrave, 2004 ; Hargrave et Van de Ven, 2006), qui n’identifiait qu’un de ces dilemmes (adaptation versus création) repensé à partir de la notion d’innovation subtile.
Waste output have risen sharply in Malaysia due to economic growth, population growth, and urbanization, which threatens to exhaust existing landfills in the country. This study seeks to examine the factors that encourage millennial households’ green disposal conduct using the extended Theory of Planned Behaviour model by incorporating institutional motivation variables. Using 671 responses collected from urban and rural millennial households in Perak, the study deployed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to identify the institutional factors that correlate with green disposal practices. The results show that millennials’ intention to practise green disposal is significantly influenced by perceived behavioural control, attitude, subjective norms, and institutional motivation. In addition, the follow-up with an in-depth investigation into the dimensions of institutional motivation found that informal institutional support significantly influences millennials’ intention. In contrast, the formal institution of sanction on its own showed an insignificant direct impact, and only significantly impacted intention indirectly through attitude. Such a finding is augmented by the significant mediating effect of attitude on the relationship between institutional motivation and green disposal intention. Overall, the findings show that perceived behavioural control, positive attitude, and informal institutions can influence millennials’ intention to adopt green disposal practices, which indirectly has the potential to divert considerably municipal waste away from landfills.
This review article aims to analyze some of the main contributions regarding evolutionary economics and innovation made by Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter. We reviewed, in particular, the main issues covered in the books published in 1982, such as search, routine, and selection, and 2018, such as the new and important elements of the debate that are still poorly addressed by evolutionary theory. We also focus on the discretionary firm differences and the mechanisms of appropriability, which are themes related to sector and company levels, and investigate the relationship between science, innovation, and economic development, which are themes at macro level.
The energy transition toward decarbonization is expected to impact producers of fossil fuels. However, oil-exporting countries are currently key players in the modern economy. Thus, the energy transition will not be successful if state revenues in these countries are not stably maintained. These countries can protect themselves against revenue volatility and mitigate carbon risk by diversifying their economies. However, export diversification appears to be particularly challenging for many oil-producing countries. It is natural to ask why some oil-exporting countries have managed to diversify their economies whereas others have not. We hypothesize that the differences in oil producers' diversification patterns may be associated with differences in their structural characteristics. Such differences may cause countries' diversification trends to diverge. To investigate this hypothesis, we examine whether all countries converge toward the same diversification level. We also check whether their diversification efforts diverge overall but create separate convergence clubs. The results show that structural and institutional factors play a central role in the diversification process. In particular, countries with higher quality infrastructure, human capital and research and development efforts are more likely to converge toward high diversification. Thus, these factors provide greater economic stability in turbulent times and promote a successful energy transition.
Cities must embrace the transition towards sustainability, since they are intricately linked to the context of peri-urban agriculture – farming that provides food and competes for resources such as water and energy and is therefore a critical process in intensifying or mitigating climate change. Additionally, the city-rural borders are blurred and not easy to define. The governance of natural common-pool resources (the commons) is central to this urban transition to sustainability. To make this change happen, technological, organizational, social, financial and human behaviour innovations are needed. This chapter presents the context in which the Water-Energy-Food Nexus (WEF Nexus) concept can be considered a mission-oriented institution regarding the governance of the sustainability transition, within the evolutionary process to create urban systems. The WEF Nexus is used as a prime mover to prompt a transition in the innovation agenda – organized in a three-dimensional matrix composed of an ecosystemic services approach to the future sustainable commons ensembles, as follows: physical and material conditions of production systems, attributes of community, a sustainable perspective of desired economic behaviours concerning the use of commons and rules in use, the agreements that constrain the exploration and removal of commons.
The link between liberty and knowledge is neither static nor simple. Until recently the mutual support between knowledge, science, democracy and emancipation was presupposed. Recently, however, the close relationship between democracy and knowledge has been viewed with skepticism. The growing societal reliance on specialized knowledge often appears to actually undermine democracy. Is it that we do not know enough, but that we know too much? What are the implications for the freedom of societies and their citizens? Does knowledge help or heed them in unraveling the complexity of new challenges? This book systematically explores the shifting dynamics of knowledge production and the implications for the conditions and practices of freedom. It considers the growth of knowledge about knowledge and the impact of an evolving media. It argues for a revised understanding of the societal role of knowledge and presents the concept of 'knowledge societies' as a major resource for liberty.
Introduction: Nowadays, the global approach can be clearly seen in the movement of countries towards a "knowledge-based" economy. Knowledge and technology are the main factors in creating wealth in countries and are considered as powerful tools in national development. In this regard, science and technology parks support companies to develop knowledge and technological ideas and commercialize their products. They also span a bridge between academia, industry and government, leading to sustainable growth and development based on competitive advantages at the national level. Companies in these parks can use the norms and values in the environment through institutional factors to improve their performance, increase their market share, retain their current customers, attract new customers and ultimately improve their market performance. Constant environmental changes and the extent of competition have made market performance critical for corporate executives. In this context, there are not only tangible but also intangible factors involved institutional factors and organizational capabilities; these factors have great impacts on the market performance of businesses. Since improving market performance requires effective and stable communication with the institutional environment of the organization, companies in science and technology parks (especially Rasht Science and Technology Park) can make good use of institutional factors (i.e., institutional support, political management relations, and legal legitimacy). Knowledge and technological capability are considered as intangible organizational resources to achieve goals. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of institutional factors on market performance, in which the mediating role of organizational capabilities (knowledge capability and technology capability) is also emphasized.
Methodology: This research is descriptive in terms of the purpose, a survey in terms of strategies and questionnaire-based in terms of data collection. The study population consisted of companies located in Rasht Science and Technology Park. Cochran's formula was also used to determine the required number of samples. According to this formula and the 67 people in the study population, 57 were finally selected as the sample. Accordingly, after referring to the companies, 57 questionnaires were collected. The questionnaires were designed based on seven Likert options (1 = very low to 7 = very high). As for the characteristics of the respondents in this research, about 66.7% of them were men, 47.4% were bachelors, 36.8% were masters, and 12.3% were doctors. Also, 60.9% of the cases were from 30 to 35 years old.
Results and Discussion: According to the output of the Smart PLS 2 software, in the first model, "institutional support" explains 88%, "management political relations" 39% and "organizational legal legitimacy" 74% of the changes in institutional factors. Institutional factors explain 67% of the changes in knowledge capability and 62% of the changes in technology capability. These relationships are significant at the 95% significance level. At the same time, institutional factors account for 39% of the changes in market performance. Knowledge and technological capability explain 20% and 16% of the changes in market performance. These were confirmed at the significant level of 99.9%. According to the software output in the second model, "institutional support" explains 10% of the changes in market performance, 42% of the changes in knowledge capability, and 46% of the changes in technology capability. "Management political relations" explains 17% of the changes in market performance, 16% of the changes in knowledge capability, and 19% of the changes in technology capability. The legal legitimacy of the organization also explains 36% of the changes in market performance, 34% of the changes in knowledge capability and 17% of the changes in technology capability. At the same time, knowledge capability explains 14% and technology capability 16% of the changes in market performance.
Conclusion: The results show that the development and creation of organizational capabilities has had a great impact on improving the market performance of the companies in the Rasht Science and Technology Park. The research results also showed that institutional factors affect the creation of knowledge and technology capability, so companies must establish proper relationships with the institutional environment and government entities, correctly use this environment and its factors and acquire organizational capabilities. It was found that knowledge and technology have a mediating role in the relationship between institutional factors and market performance.
This chapter deals with a fundamental issue of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) dynamics: the industrial knowledge of ICTs. Four main knowledge approaches are introduced, in conjunction with a discussion on the extent to which these approaches contribute to our understanding of ICT innovation and diffusion. Three cases are further used to illustrate this linkage between knowledge traits and innovation based on evidence at both the sectoral and the micro (firm) levels.
Abstract: This review article aims to analyze some of the main contributions regarding evolutionary economics and innovation made by Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter. We reviewed, in particular, the main issues covered in the books published in 1982, such as search, routine, and selection, and 2018, such as the new and important elements of the debate that are still poorly addressed by evolutionary theory. We also focus on the discretionary firm differences and the mechanisms of appropriability, which are themes related to sector and company levels, and investigate the relationship between science, innovation, and economic development, which are themes at macro level.
Dans ce papier, nous établirons un diagnostic du système algérien de recherche scientifique et du développement technologique. Nous considérons que le système actuel ne peut jouer son rôle de système d’innovation. Il demeure distant et déconnecté des problèmes économiques et de la résolution des problèmes. Il fait face à un ensemble de contraintes qui entravent son fonctionnement et qui sont à l’origine de plusieurs défaillances. Ces contraintes sont principalement liées à la faiblesse des investissements dans la connaissance et au manque de synergie et d’articulation entre les acteurs du système
Explores a new approach to economic theory capable of incorporating technical and institutional change into the mainstream of economic analysis and policy making, rather than considering them as residual or exogenous factors. The study suggests possible explanations and interpretive hypotheses and attempts to fit historical evidence to them. After an introductory chapter raising some fundamental epistemological issues, and outlining the structure of the book and its arguments, there are six major sections on: a wider framework for economic analysis; an assessment of established theory; innovation and the evolution of firms; national systems of innovation; international diffusion of technology and international trade competition; and formal models, followed by a chapter discussing policy conclusions. -P.Hardiman
Lawson (2005) attempts to distinguish between heterodox and mainstream approaches in terms of their ontological presuppositions. By contrast he claims that different heterodox approaches are characterized not by their fundamental ontological presuppositions but more superficially by different 'concerns or questions of interest'. First I argue here that this proposed distinction between heterodox and mainstream approaches is unconvincing. Second, I propose that the ontological communality claimed by Lawson for heterodoxy ignores the specific ontological outlook of a 'Veblenian' branch of institutional and evolutionary economics that focuses on algorithms and rule systems.
There has recently been a resurgence of interest in how institutions affect economic performance. A review of this literature reveals that the concept of an “institution” means different things to different scholars, both within economics and across the social sciences. We discuss what factors unify the different definitions of institutions, and develop a concept of institutions useful for the analysis of economic performance, and economic growth in particular. Specifically, we develop the notion of institutions as standard “social technologies”. Economic growth results from the co-evolution of physical and social technologies.
The use of the term institution has become widespread in the social sciences in recent years, reflecting the growth in institutional economics and the use of the institution concept in several other disciplines, including philosophy, sociology, politics, and geography. The term has a long history of usage in the social sciences, dating back at least to Giambattista Vico in his Scienza Nuova of 1725. However, even today, there is no unanimity in the definition of this concept. Furthermore, endless disputes over the definitions of key terms such as institution and organization have led some writers to give up matters of definition and to propose getting down somehow to practical matters instead. But it is not possible to carry out any empirical or theoretical analysis of how institutions or organizations work without having some adequate conception of what an institution or an organization is. This paper proposes that those that give up are acting in haste; potentially consensual definitions of these terms are possible, once we overcome a few obstacles and difficulties in the way. It is also important to avoid some biases in the study of institutions, where institutions and characteristics of a particular type are overgeneralized to the set of institutions as a whole. This paper outlines some dangers with regard to an excessive relative stress on self-organization and agent-insensitive institutions. This paper draws on insights from several academic disciplines and is organized in six sections. The first three sections are devoted to the definition and understanding of institutions in general terms. The first section explores the meaning of key terms such as institution, convention, and rule. The second discusses some general issues concerning how institutions function and how they interact with individual agents, their habits,
When social structures are stable and social systems yield expected and desirable results, there is relatively less demand for institutional economics than during times of change. Surge of interest in institutional analysis usually comes during times when countries contemplate basic reform. The 1980s and early 1990s were such a period. NIE offered a fresh way of thinking about economic organization and its broader social context and immediately caught the attention of reformers. Yet the original contributions rarely dealt explicitly with institutional policy. This paper is concerned with the lessons of NIE for major reform or institutional policy. I particularly emphasize opportunities and limits for reform that reflect the knowledge problem as well as political and social responses to reform. Social science has not developed a comprehensive theory of social systems; rather we have accumulated bits of useful insights, often without explicitly knowing in what circumstances the insights apply. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the lessons of modern institutional theory for institutional reform.
In this landmark work, a Nobel Prize-winning economist develops a new way of understanding the process by which economies change. Douglass North inspired a revolution in economic history a generation ago by demonstrating that economic performance is determined largely by the kind and quality of institutions that support markets. As he showed in two now classic books that inspired the New Institutional Economics (today a subfield of economics), property rights and transaction costs are fundamental determinants. Here, North explains how different societies arrive at the institutional infrastructure that greatly determines their economic trajectories. North argues that economic change depends largely on "adaptive efficiency," a society's effectiveness in creating institutions that are productive, stable, fair, and broadly accepted--and, importantly, flexible enough to be changed or replaced in response to political and economic feedback. While adhering to his earlier definition of institutions as the formal and informal rules that constrain human economic behavior, he extends his analysis to explore the deeper determinants of how these rules evolve and how economies change. Drawing on recent work by psychologists, he identifies intentionality as the crucial variable and proceeds to demonstrate how intentionality emerges as the product of social learning and how it then shapes the economy's institutional foundations and thus its capacity to adapt to changing circumstances. Understanding the Process of Economic Changeaccounts not only for past institutional change but also for the diverse performance of present-day economies. This major work is therefore also an essential guide to improving the performance of developing countries.
Examines the role that institutions, defined as the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction, play in economic performance and how those institutions change and how a model of dynamic institutions explains the differential performance of economies through time. Institutions are separate from organizations, which are assemblages of people directed to strategically operating within institutional constraints. Institutions affect the economy by influencing, together with technology, transaction and production costs. They do this by reducing uncertainty in human interaction, albeit not always efficiently. Entrepreneurs accomplish incremental changes in institutions by perceiving opportunities to do better through altering the institutional framework of political and economic organizations. Importantly, the ability to perceive these opportunities depends on both the completeness of information and the mental constructs used to process that information. Thus, institutions and entrepreneurs stand in a symbiotic relationship where each gives feedback to the other. Neoclassical economics suggests that inefficient institutions ought to be rapidly replaced. This symbiotic relationship helps explain why this theoretical consequence is often not observed: while this relationship allows growth, it also allows inefficient institutions to persist. The author identifies changes in relative prices and prevailing ideas as the source of institutional alterations. Transaction costs, however, may keep relative price changes from being fully exploited. Transaction costs are influenced by institutions and institutional development is accordingly path-dependent. (CAR)
How can we best understand the impact of revolutionary technologies on the business cycle, the economy, and society? Why is economics meaningless without history and without an understanding of institutional and technical change? Does the 'new economy' mean the 'end of history'?an we best understand the impact of revolutionary technologies on business organization and the business cycle? These are some of the questions addressed in this authoritative analysis of modern economic growth from the Industrial Revolution to the 'New Economy' of today. Chris Freeman has been one of the foremost researchers on innovation for a long time and his colleague Francisco Louca is an outstanding historian of economic theory and an analyst of econometric models and methods. Together they chart the history of five technological revolutions: water-powered mechanization, steam-powered mechanization, electrification, motorization, and computerization. They demonstrate the necessity to take account of politics, culture, organizational change, and entrepreneurship, as well as science and technology in the analysis of economic growth. This is an well-informed, highly topical, and persuasive study of interest across all the social sciences. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/0199251053/toc.html
In principle there is a clear divide between science and technology. In practice there isn’t. In principle, while practical inventions can be patented, scientific findings can’t be. In practice, increasingly scientific findings are being patented. The argument of this paper is that this is bad for the advance of science and for the advance of technology. However, because of the blurry lines, it will not be easy to deal with. The paper lays out a strategy that at least has some promise.
The concept of embeddedness has general applicability in the study of economic life and can alter theoretical and empirical approaches to the study of economic behaviors. Argues that in modern industrial societies, most economic action is embedded in structures of social relations. The author challenges the traditional economic theories that have both under- and oversocialized views of the conception of economic action and decisions that merge in their conception of economic actors atomized (separated) from their social context. Social relations are assumed to play on frictional and disruptive, not central, roles in market processes. There is, hence, a place and need for sociology in the study of economic life. Productive analysis of human action requires avoiding the atomization in the extremes of the over- and undersocialized concepts. Economic actors are neither atoms outside a social context nor slavish adherents to social scripts. The markets and hierarchies problem of Oliver Williamson (with a focus on the question of trust and malfeasance) is used to illustrate the use of embeddedness in explicating the proximate causes of patterns of macro-level interest. Answers to the problem of how economic life is not riddled with mistrust and malfeasance are linked to over- and undersocialized conceptions of human nature. The embeddedness argument, on the contrary, stresses the role of concrete personal relations and networks (or structures) in generating trust and discouraging malfeasance in economic life. It finds a middle way between the oversocialized (generalized morality) and undersocialized (impersonal institutional arrangements) approaches. The embeddedness approach opens the way for analysis of the influence of social structures on market behavior, specifically showing how business relations are intertwined with social and personal relations and networks. The approach can easily explain what looks otherwise like irrational behavior. (TNM)
This book studies the changing strategies and administrative structures of U.S. industrial companies after World War II. It traces the rise of the multidivisional (decentered) type of organization used by firms carrying out the most diverse economic activities. Presented in detail are case studies of du Pont, General Motors, Standard Oil of New Jersey, and Sears. Each firm developed their new structure independently; each thought they were unique in their problems and solutions. The new structures were characterized by autonomous, integrated operating divisions with managers who had authority and facilities to make day-to-day tactical decisions, and a coordinating general office whose senior officers carried on entrepreneurial activities and coordinated, planned, and appraised the work of the divisions. From study of the four firms, Chandler found that (1) analysis of the creation of the new administrative structure required knowledge of the firm's entire administrative former history; (2) changes in organization were related to the way the firm expanded; (3) the patterns of growth reflect changes in the over-all economy, and (4) reorganizations were affected by the state of administrative science at the time. In brief, structure follows strategy, where strategy is the planning and carrying out of different types of growth, and structure is the design of the organization through which the enterprise is administered. Strategy is determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives, and adoption of necessary courses of action and allocation of resources. Structure is the lines of authority and communication between offices and officers, as well as the information and data that flow through these lines. The most complex structures result from the convergence of several basic strategies. Expansion of volume or geographical distribution led to particular structures. The theoretical questions can be framed as, (1) why is there delay in developing new organizations to meet new strategies, and (2) why the new structure emerges in the first place. In summary, found that strategic growth resulted from an awareness of the needs and opportunities (created by exogenous change) to employ existing or expanding resources more profitably. The new strategy required a new structure if the enlarged firms were to be efficient. After detailed examination of the four case studies, which represent decision-making under pressure, the author summarizes by presenting four stages in the history of large U.S. industrial enterprise: initial expansion and accumulation of resources; rationalization of use of resources; expansion into new markets and lines; and development of new structures to allow continuing mobilization of resources to meet short- and long-term market demands and trends. (TNM)
Sumario: The Marxian doctrina -- Can capitalism survive? -- Can socialism work? -- Socialism and democracy -- A historical sketch of socialist parties -- Prefaces and comments on later developments
This volume represents the first section of Friedrich A. Hayek's comprehensive three-part study of the relations between law and liberty. Rules and Order constructs the framework necessary for a critical analysis of prevailing theories of justice and of the conditions which a constitution securing personal liberty would have to satisfy.
It is argued here that the basic assumptions of neoclassical growth theory inherently limit the ability of models within that
theory to cast light on economic growth as we have experienced it. This holds for ‘the new growth theory’ as well as the older
growth theory of the 1950s and 1960s. It is proposed that to make real headway with understanding economic growth a growth
theory needs the following elements: (1) the ability to treat technological advance as an essentiallly disequilibrium process;
(2) to incorporate a theory of the firm in which firm capabilities and differences across firms are central elements; and
(3) to incorporate into the theory a richer body of institutions than currently are treated in standard growth theory, including,
at the least, universities.
In this paper I advance a model in which institutional innovation is induced by changes in resource endowments, cultural endowments, and technical change. I also introduce the role of advances in social science knowledge as a source of institutional innovation. The sources of institutional innovation are illustrated by changes in land tenure and labor relations in Philippine agriculture, by the transition from command and control to market-based systems of resource management in the United States, and by the development of institutional design principles based on studies of small-scale resource management. In a final section, I elaborate a pattern model that maps the relationships among changes in resource endowments, cultural endowments, technology, and institutions.
Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy The Economist Innovation's Golden Goose. The Economist Bayhing For Blood or Doling for Cash
- J Schumpeter
- Rowe Harper
Schumpeter, J., 1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. Harper and Rowe, New York. The Economist (December 12, 2002). Innovation's Golden Goose. The Economist (December 24, 2005). Bayhing For Blood or Doling for Cash? p. 109.
Imperfect Institutions
- T Eggertsson
Eggertsson, T., 2005. Imperfect Institutions. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
Experimentation Matters
- S Thomke
Thomke, S., 2003. Experimentation Matters. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Per-formance Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Institute of Economic Affairs
- R Nelson
- S Winter
Nelson, R., Winter, S., 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. North, D., 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Per-formance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. North, D., 1999. Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Institute of Economic Affairs, London. Pisano, G., 2006. Science Business: Promise, Reality, and the Future of Biotechnology. Harvard Business School Press, Boston. Pratten, C., 1976. Labor Productivity Differentials Within International Companies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Economic Transformations
- R Lipsey
- K Carlaw
- C Bekar
Lipsey, R., Carlaw, K., Bekar, C., 2005. Economic Transformations. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Science Business: Promise, Reality, and the Future of Biotechnology
- G Pisano
Pisano, G., 2006. Science Business: Promise, Reality, and the Future
of Biotechnology. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
Innovation's Golden Goose. The Economist Bayhing For Blood or Doling for Cash
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