No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds
Abstract
A crisis has arisen in the prawn industry in many regions with the onset of disease, with Vibrio spp. being important major causal factors. The value of adding selected strains of Bacillus as probiotic bacteria to control the Vibrio is shown by comparing farms in Indonesia using the same water sources, which contained luminous Vibrio strains. The farms that did not use the Bacillus cultures experienced almost complete failure in all ponds, with luminescent Vibrio disease killing prawns before 80 days of culture were reached. In contrast, a farm using the probiotics was culturing prawns for over 160 days without problems, by using Bacillus at abundances of about 1×104 to 1×105/ml. The bacterial species composition was different in the pond water on the two farms and demonstrates that it is possible to change bacterial species composition and improve prawn production in large water bodies. Vibrio numbers, especially luminous Vibrio numbers were low in ponds where a large abundance of specially selected Bacillus species was maintained in the water column. Vibrio numbers were also low in sediments and no luminous Vibrio occurred in sediments where the probiotic Bacillus were used.
... The term "viable mono-or mixed culture of microorganisms, which applied to animal or man, beneficially affects the host by improving the properties of the indigenous microbiota" was later expanded by Havenaaer and Huis in't Veld (1992) with reference to the host and habitat of the microbial flora. As defined by Moriarty (1998), probiotics in the context of aquaculture are defined as bacteria that, when added to water, enhance its quality or prevent disease growth. As "microbial cells administered in a certain way, which reaches the gastrointestinal tract and remain alive to improve health," (Gatesoupe, 1999) was how they were described. ...
... The mechanisms via which probiotics regulate microbiota, increase feed efficiency, or provide disease resistance have been the subject of several investigations. (Moriarty, 1998). Probiotics caused a pH decrease and enough organic acid production to combat numerous harmful bacteria. ...
... Probiotics are frequently added to feed in aquaculture with the goal of introducing live probiotic cells into the host animal's gut to create a balanced gastrointestinal microbial flora, enhance immune system responses, and improve digestion. Furthermore, probiotics have been added straight to culture ponds to enhance water quality and increase the longevity of the animals housed there (Boyd and Cross, 1998;Moriarty, 1998). The microbial ecology of the water and sediment is enhanced by bioaugmentation or biocontrol mechanisms, which account for the effectiveness of probiotics . ...
Welcome to "Futuristic Trends in Aquaculture." This book delves into the dynamic and evolving landscape of aquaculture, exploring the innovative trends, technologies, and practices shaping the future of this vital industry. As global demand for food continues to rise, aquaculture emerges as a crucial solution to meet the needs of a growing population while mitigating pressure on wild fish stocks and marine ecosystems. In these pages, readers will embark on a journey through the forefront of aquaculture, where traditional methods converge with cutting-edge advancements in science and sustainability. From precision aquaculture and automated monitoring systems to the utilization of artificial intelligence and the possibilities for enhancing productivity, efficiency, and environmental stewardship are vast. Through insightful contributions from experts across various disciplines, this book illuminates the potential of aquaculture to revolutionize food production, promote economic development etc. By examining emerging trends such as land-based aquaculture, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), and the utilization of alternative protein sources, readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the diverse pathways toward a more resilient and sustainable aquaculture sector. Furthermore, this book explores the intersection of aquaculture with key global challenges, including climate change, food security, and social equity. By embracing innovation and fostering collaboration, the aquaculture industry can play a pivotal role in addressing these pressing issues and shaping a more equitable and prosperous future for all. As we stand on the brink of unprecedented technological advancement and ecological transformation, "Futuristic Trends in Aquaculture" serves as a beacon of insight and inspiration for researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and stakeholders alike. Together, let us embark on this journey into the future of aquaculture, where innovation meets sustainability, and where the boundless potential of our oceans and freshwater resources is realized
... Probiotics can also play a significant role in enhancing rearing water quality in aquaculture systems [3]. By promoting the decomposition of organic matter and reducing harmful substances like ammonia and nitrite, these beneficial microorganisms help maintain a healthier aquatic environment [10]. Improved water quality not only fosters better growth conditions for aquatic organisms but also reduces the incidence of disease outbreaks, contributing to more sustainable and productive aquaculture practices [11]. ...
... For fish, prawns, and mollusk farming operations, probiotics are produced commercially in a variety of specialized preparations [58]. By removing harmful elements from the water, living probiotic cells in the waterbodies enhance water quality and aquatic animal health [10]. As a result, probiotics for aquaculture are offered in a variety of forms, such as water additives and feed supplements. ...
Probiotics play a pivotal role in enhancing the health and growth of aquatic animals in aquaculture. These beneficial microorganisms contribute to improved digestion and nutrient absorption by producing digestive enzymes such as amylases, proteases, and lipases, besides providing essential nutrients. By creating a favorable microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), pro-biotics reduce harmful microorganisms and promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobac-terium spp. This modification of gut microflora leads to more efficient digestion and significantly enhances overall health and growth performance in fish. Additionally, probiotics produce antimicrobial substances, such as bacteriocins and organic acids, which inhibit pathogenic bacteria and bolster disease resistance. They also play a crucial role in improving water quality in aquaculture systems by aiding in the turnover of organic nutrients and reducing toxic substances. Incorporating probiotics into aquaculture practices has demonstrated considerable potential in boosting the productivity and health of aquatic animals, making them an essential component of sustainable aquaculture. This review delves into the multifaceted benefits of probiotics, including enhanced feed utilization, immune responses, and pathogen resistance, and elucidates the mechanisms underlying these effects. Furthermore, it includes a bibliometric analysis of the past 30 years, providing a comprehensive overview of research trends and advancements in this field.
... The TVC of sediment samples collected from different ponds of Varavade farm ranged from 4.64 to 6.56 log10 CFU g − 1 , while in Chinchkhari farm, the values ranged from 5.16 to 6.70 log10 CFU g − 1 . The presence of vibrios ranging from 3.0 × 10 3 to 1 × 10 6 CFU g − 1 at 80 DOC was reported in sediments of different farms in Indonesia [46]. Ganesh et al. [47] reported the values of Vibrio cholerae as 1.9 × 10 7 CFU g − 1 at DOC 25 and 2.3 × 10 7 CFU g − 1 at DOC 150 and for Vibrio parahaemolyticus as 1.3 × 10 7 CFU g − 1 at DOC 25 and 5.5 × 10 7 CFU g − 1 at DOC 150 in the sediment samples in the brackishwater aquaculture ponds from Tamilnadu. ...
... Ganesh et al. [47] reported the values of Vibrio cholerae as 1.9 × 10 7 CFU g − 1 at DOC 25 and 2.3 × 10 7 CFU g − 1 at DOC 150 and for Vibrio parahaemolyticus as 1.3 × 10 7 CFU g − 1 at DOC 25 and 5.5 × 10 7 CFU g − 1 at DOC 150 in the sediment samples in the brackishwater aquaculture ponds from Tamilnadu. In the sediment samples, a relatively low vibrio count (10 4 -10 6 ) was seen in both farms compared to the study of Moriarty [46]. ...
Intensification of shrimp farming practices has increased the number and severity of disease outbreaks globally. As a result, diseases have become a significant barrier to profitable and sustainable shrimp production. Shrimp farming practices are reviving in India after its downfall in the late 90s. However, these farming practices also witness disease outbreaks due to viral and bacterial infections. Among the bacterial infections, Vibrios are the most important bacterial causative agents found in shrimp farms. They are ubiquitous and invariably seen in shrimp production conditions as opportunistic pathogens. The present study was conducted to identify the bacterial pathogens associated with the shrimp Penaeus vannamei farming systems along the Ratnagiri coast. In all, two farming units were selected: Varavade farm - a six-year-old farm, and Chinchkhari farm, a new virgin farm. The water and sediment samples were collected from January to May 2022 throughout culture period of one crop. The total plate count (TPC) of the shrimp farm water samples of the Varavade farm varied from 4.35 to 6.32 log10 CFU mL−1. In the sediments, the minimum value of TPC was 4.99 log10 CFU g−1, while the maximum value observed was 7.25 log10 CFU g−1. The Total Vibrio count (TVC) of water samples from Varavade farm varied from 4.01 to 5.63 log10 CFU mL−1. In the sediments, the minimum value of TVC was 4.64, while the maximum value observed was 6.56 log10 CFU g−1. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference in TPC and TVC (p < 0.05) among different days of culture.
The TPC of the shrimp farm water samples of the Chinchkhari farm varied from 5.22 to 8.17 log10 CFU mL−1. In the sediment, the minimum value of TPC was 5.87, while the maximum value was observed at 8.45 log10 CFU g−1. The TVC of water samples from the Chinchkhari farm varied from 4.75 to 6.89 log10 CFU mL−1. In the sediment, the minimum value of TVC was 5.16, while the maximum value observed was 6.70 log10 CFU g−1. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference in TPC and TVC (p < 0.05) among different days of culture. The bacterial load was observed to increase with the progression of the culture period on both farms. The usage of probiotics, chemicals, and water exchange was observed to promote a decrease in the bacterial community.
... Additionally, certain probiotics have the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Moriarty determined the ability of Bacillus spp. to reduce the proportion of Vibrio spp. in shrimp ponds, especially in sediments (Moriarty, 1998). Further research has emphasized the ability of probiotics to stimulate appetite, increase nutrient absorption, and strengthen the host immune system (Wang et al., 2008;Irianto and Austin, 2002). ...
... Bacteria, especially members of the genus Bacillus, secrete various exo-enzymes (Moriarty, 1998). Exogenous enzymes produced by probiotics represent only a small contribution to total intestinal enzyme activity (Ziaei-Nejad et al., 2006), and the presence of probiotics may stimulate endogenous enzyme production by shrimp. ...
Average consumption of aquaculture products increases every year. To meet these needs, cultivation activities have been developed into intensified cultivation systems. Unfortunately, intensification of cultivation often causes a decline in environmental conditions which ultimately causes problems in the form of disease. Continuous use of antibiotics can cause pathogenic bacteria to become resistant. So now probiotics have been developed in the field of aquaculture. Probiotics are live microorganisms which, when given in adequate quantities, provide health benefits to the host. This review will discuss the application of probiotics in the field of aquaculture. Several studies have shown the benefits of probiotics, namely as a good growth promoter, inhibiting the growth of pathogens, increasing intestinal absorption and digestion, improving water quality, effects on fish reproduction.
... In this, the probiotic bacteria compete for nutrition, sites of attachments in the mucosa, and produce inhibitory substances to hinder replication and/or destroy the pathogen, hence minimizing colonization (Moriarty, 1998) [13] . ...
... In this, the probiotic bacteria compete for nutrition, sites of attachments in the mucosa, and produce inhibitory substances to hinder replication and/or destroy the pathogen, hence minimizing colonization (Moriarty, 1998) [13] . ...
Prebiotics and probiotics play crucial roles in aquaculture by promoting the growth and health of beneficial gut microbiota in aquatic species. Prebiotics, such as inulin and fructooligosaccharides, are non-digestible compounds that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria. On the other hand, probiotics, including various bacterial and yeast strains, directly contribute to intestinal microbial balance and host health. They act through mechanisms such as competitive exclusion, inhibitory compound production, immune response enhancement, and digestive enzyme production. While these interventions show Promise in improving aquaculture productivity and sustainability, further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and optimize their application.
... Probiotics are generally defined as live microbial food supplements which improve the balance of the host animal's intestinal flora (Fuller 1989). Probiotics as live or dead micro-organisms with health benefits to the host have been used in aquaculture for disease control and can be administered either as food supplements or as additives to the water (Moriarty 1998). Probiotics were also used to improve shrimp health by minimising disease incidence (Gatesoupe 1999;Senok et al. 2005). ...
... In our study a very low abundance or absence of luminous Vibrio was also observed in the treatment ponds. It was reported that abundance and virulence of luminous Vibrio strains decreased where probiotic strains of Bacillus species were added (Moriarty 1998). Ruangpan (1991) reported that the abundance of luminescent Vibrio is consistent with occurrence of disease and resulted in very poor harvest as found in our study. ...
... These microorganisms are used as probiotics in aquaculture due to their ability to alter pH and redox potential, exhibit antagonistic effects on pathogen development through the production of hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins, and neutralize pathogenic bacterial toxins and metabolites (Farzanfar 2006;Mota et al. 2006;Gatesoupe 2008;Askarian et al. 2011). The positive effect on fish growth is believed to result from the increased secretion of exoenzymes produced by lactic acid bacteria, particularly those from the Lactobacillus genus (Moriarty 1996;1998;Askarian et al. 2011). ...
This study aimed to assess individual and combined effects of candidate probiotic strains C. zeylanoides Y12-3 and L. sakei 2–3 on growth, hematological parameters, serum immunological parameters, serum biochemistry, histopathology, histomorphology, expression of immune and antioxidant enzyme genes, and disease resistance against L. garvieae in rainbow trout. The fish were fed four different feeds (control, L. sakei 2–3, C. zeylanoides Y12-3, and L. sakei 2–3 + C. zeylanoides Y12-3) for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, growth parameters, serum glucose levels, serum lysozyme activity, and expression of immune and antioxidant enzyme genes were significantly increased in the probiotic groups. Additionally, triglyceride levels decreased in the probiotic groups compared to the control group, whereas serum ALT levels did not change. The villus width and the number of goblet cells increased in the proximal intestines of the fish in C. zeylanoides and L. sakei + C. zeylanoides groups. L. sakei 2–3 showed higher superoxide anion production, expression of immune genes (IgM, IL-B1, lysozyme, TNF-α, HSP70) in the kidney, antioxidant enzyme genes (GPX, GST, SOD) in the liver compared to C. zeylanoides. TNF-α, HSP70), and antioxidant enzyme genes (GPX, GST, SOD) compared to C. zeylanoides. L. sakei and the combination of L. sakei + C. zeylanoides provided resistance to L. garvieae compared to the control group. However, C. zeylanoides was similar to the other two probiotic groups regarding disease resistance against L. garvieae. However, histopathological examinations revealed reversible changes in the proximal intestine, anterior kidney, and liver of fish in the C. zeylanoides and L. sakei + C. zeylanoides groups. Hence, future studies are still required to explore the effects of shorter-term use of the C. zeylanoides strain in rainbow trout to prevent undesirable effects on tissues. In brief, the findings, as mentioned above, showed that L. sakei 2–3 and C. zeylanoides Y12-3 could be potential probiotic candidates for use in rainbow trout farming. Moreover, the probiotic effects of both strains on different fish species should also be studied.
... They promote growth parameters of aquatic organisms such as weight gain, SGR, viscera somatic index (VSI), hepato somatic index (HSI), FCR and survival (Apún-Molina et al., 2009;Mujeeb Rahiman et al., 2010;Silva et al., 2021;Wang and Gu, 2010); improved immunity or disease resistance (Aly et al., 2008;Mohammadi et al., 2021;Panigrahi et al., 2007;Ridha and Azad, 2012); and ensured better gut morphology (Standen et al., 2015) in different fishes and shellfishes. Besides that Moriarty (1998) used commercial probiotic containing Bacillus sp. and recorded increased shrimp viability in ponds. Another supplementation of commercial probiotics named 'Biogen' containing B. subtilis spp., Allicin and enzymes in tilapia (Orechromis niloticus) culture anticipated enhanced growth and feed utilization (EL-Haroun et al., 2006). ...
... Probiotics also improved water quality by lowering the quantity of dangerous bacteria (Bahnasawy, 2020) as well as by reducing nitrogen (Wang, 2005). According to Moriarty (1998) and Skjermo and Vadstein (1999), fish can receive probiotic feed supplements either through water circulation or dietary supplements. ...
The goal of the current study was to determine how probiotic bacteria (Latiplantibacillus plantarum and Bacillus toyonensis) as water additives affected growth performance, immune response, antioxidant indices, water quality and intestinal bacterial counts of Nile tilapia. A total of 120 monosex fingerlings of Nile tilapia (mean weight of 17.4 ± 0.1 g) after two weeks of acclimatization were divided into four groups, each with 30 fish (3 replicates). The first group served as a control (T1), whereas the second, third and fourth groups were exposed to B. toyonensis (T2), L. plantarum (T3) and L. plantarum and B. toyonensis (T4) at doses of 1.0 ml/L water. L. plantarum and B. toyonensis cultures significantly affected the growth performance, immune responses, antioxidative status, and intestinal bacterial counts of Nile tilapia. Latiplantibacillus plantarum-exposed fish showed the best values of feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio during the overall experiment. Total coliform, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. (TC) were decreased (P<0.001) by probiotic-treated water. Latiplantibacillus and/or Bacillus enhanced growth performance and diminished microorganisms' proliferation in the water and fish intestine. Supplementing the water with probiotic reduced triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and improved immune indices (IgG, IgM, IgA, and lysozyme). Finally, adding the probiotics to water may improve the performance, antioxidant indices, immunity, and intestinal pathogen mitigation.
... They are considered the main organisms in biofloc systems [9,40,57,104]. The authors state that there is an intense interaction between the culture environment and the aquatic organisms produced, i.e. the balance of the bacterial community in the water is directly related to the colonization of the shrimp gut [47,105]. The ability to colonize the gut provides numerous benefits to the host, such as the adhesion, survival and multiplication of bacteria in the gut, competition with pathogenic bacteria, better absorption of nutrients, stimulation of the immune system, the ability to secrete antagonistic substances and bacteriocins [106][107][108][109]. ...
In biofloc shrimp production systems, probiotics are crucial for managing microorganisms, outcompeting pathogens, colonizing the gut of shrimp, and enhancing their immune systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of using a probiotic mix (composed of multi-species Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici) in marine shrimp nursery in biofloc system through different applications and its relationship with the microbial community, water quality and zootechnical performance. The FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique was used to analyze the bacterial abundance present in the water and in the gut of the shrimps, as well as the analysis of the microorganisms present in the system. The treatments were divided into two systems, clear water (CW) and biofloc (BFT), where the probiotics were added only to the feed (PF), only to the water (PW) and both feed and water (PFW), and controls where probiotics were not included. Then, the experiment was carried out with eight treatments. The nursery experiment lasted 35 days, with a stocking density of 2,000 shrimps/m2. No significant differences were found for water quality data (p>0.05) among treatments. The diversity and abundance of microorganisms was higher in the treatments with biofloc and two routes of probiotic application, as was the bacterial abundance in the water and in the gut of shrimp. The colonization of the shrimp gut was evidenced by the presence of hybridized, quantified, and classified probiotic bacteria, which were directly related to the rearing water. Zootechnical performance data were significantly (p<0.05) better in the treatment with the addition of probiotics in the feed and water in the biofloc system (BFT-PFW), where all of the indices were higher than the other treatments. Survival rates were over 89%, except for the control treatment (79%). Other treatments with at least one way of application showed satisfactory zootechnical performance compared to the control, including the clear water system which came close to the biofloc system without the addition of probiotics (BFT-CTL). The use of the probiotic mix was efficient and showed a positive effect on the culture of Penaeus vannamei in the nursery phase.
... Some other studies reported that the probiotic LAB can electively provide protection for aquatic animals against the pathogens [23] . The reason why the mortality of fish decreased may be that probiotic, are able to out-compete other bacteria for nutrients and space and can exclude other bacteria through the production of antibiotics [24,25] . ...
The effects of a commercially available probiotic product containing Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp. and Arthrobacter spp. on the growth performance, and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rohu was studied. Fish were fed diets containing five graded levels of probiotic (0.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 g/kg diet) for 60 days. Dietary probiotic significantly increased the specific growth rate (SGR) as compared to the control diet. Moreover, feeding of supplemented diets containing probiotic resulted in significantly lower mortality (10-30%) against the pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila compared with the control group (90%).
... This process involves the synthesis of essential digestive enzymes such as amylase, protease, and lipase, which play vital roles in breaking down and absorbing nutrients. In aquaculture, probiotics can be introduced either through dietary supplements via live food and/or extruded diets or by adding them directly to the aquatic environment (Moriarty 1998 ). ...
The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of commercial probiotic Bacillus sp. supplementation on seabream Sparus aurata larviculture under culture conditions. In this context, Bacillus was supplemented via rotifer feeding and water and its effects on pancreatic and intestinal enzyme activities as well as aquaculture parameters were evaluated during early life development. In the experimental group, as probiotic three Bacillus sp. spores was introduced via rotifer and larval culture tanks, while the larvae in control group did not feed any probiotic supplementation. At the end of the experiment on 40 days after hatching (DAH), the probiotic-supplemented group exhibited better growth performance and there were statistically differences between in groups of probiotic-treated and control regarding growth parameters (p < 0,01), despite insignificant of survival rate (p > 0.05). In terms of enzymatic expressions, S. aurata larvae receiving probiotic supplementation through rotifers demonstrated noteworthy (p < 0.05) enhancements in specific activities of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes, except for amylase (p > 0.05), when compared to the control group. It is concluded that the administration of Bacillus sp. as probiotic bacteria through rotifer supplementation and water intake demonstrates significant positive impacts on both growth parameters and specific activities of main pancreatic and intestinal enzymes of seabream larvae.
... Probiotics also improved water quality by lowering the quantity of dangerous bacteria (Bahnasawy, 2020) as well as by reducing nitrogen (Wang, 2005). According to Moriarty (1998) and Skjermo and Vadstein (1999), fish can receive probiotic feed supplements either through water circulation or dietary supplements. ...
The goal of the current study was to determine how probiotic bacteria (Latiplantibacillus plantarum and Bacillus toyonensis) as water additives affected growth performance, immune response, antioxidant indices, water quality and intestinal bacterial counts of Nile tilapia. A total of 120 monosex fingerlings of Nile tilapia (mean weight of 17.4 ± 0.1 g) after two weeks of acclimatization were divided into four groups, each with 30 fish (3 replicates). The first group served as a control (T 1), whereas the second, third and fourth groups were exposed to B. toyonensis (T 2), L. plantarum (T 3) and L. plantarum and B. toyonensis (T 4) at doses of 1.0 ml/L water. L. plantarum and B. toyonensis cultures significantly affected the growth performance, immune responses, anti-oxidative status, and intestinal bacterial counts of Nile tilapia. Latiplantibacillus plantarum-exposed fish showed the best values of feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio during the overall experiment. Total coliform, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. (TC) were decreased (P<0.001) by probiotic-treated water. Latiplantibacillus and/or Bacillus enhanced growth performance and diminished microorganisms' proliferation in the water and fish intestine. Supplementing the water with probiotic reduced triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and improved immune indices (IgG, IgM, IgA, and lysozyme). Finally, adding the probiotics to water may improve the performance, antioxidant indices, immunity, and intestinal pathogen mitigation.
... These results underscored that Bacillus supplementation effectively reduced Vibrio bacterial density within the aquaculture system (refer to Figure 6). This finding is consistent with Moriarty's(1998) report suggesting that Bacillus supplementation can enhance shrimp survival by controlling Vibrio pathogens in water. Moriarty (1999) also noted that Vibrio densities exceeding 10 3 CFU mL -1 could be detrimental to shrimp. ...
Probiotics are vital in aquaculture for maintaining water quality, boosting aquatic species' health, and enhancing growth rates. This study investigated the effects of probiotics, namely salt-tolerant Bacillus velezensis MT50 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MT51, on the water quality and performance of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei PL) cultured in tanks. The experimental design included two bacterial treatments and one control treatment (without Bacillus), with each treatment replicated three times. The results indicated that temperature, pH, and total alkalinity varied within the ranges of 27.8 to 28.9°C, 7.81 to 7.94, and 98.5 to 114.7 mg CaCO3 L-1, respectively, and all were maintained at appropriate levels. Additionally, other parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) exhibited less fluctuation in the treatments supplemented with Bacillus sp. compared to the control. Furthermore, the densities of pathogenic agents (e.g., Vibrio) in tanks with the addition of MT50 and MT51 bacteria (102 and 101 CFU mL-1, respectively) were significantly lower than in the control tanks (104 CFU mL-1). The survival rates of shrimp treated with MT50 (70.0 ± 5.3%) and MT51 (86.7 ± 3.1%) were significantly higher (P <0.05) compared to the control group (65.3 ± 3.1%). These findings suggest the potential application of B. velezensis MT50 and B. amyloliquefaciens MT51 as probiotics for sustainable aquaculture practices.
... Moriarty discovered that Bacillus spp. can reduce the amount of Vibrio spp. in prawn ponds, particularly in sediments [8]. Probiotics' capacity to increase hunger, enhance nutritional absorption, and fortify the host immune system has been highlighted in many investigations [9,10]. ...
The growth of aquaculture as an industry has accelerated over the past decades, resulting in environmental damages and low productivity of various crops. The need for increased disease resistance, growth of aquatic organisms, and feed efficiency has brought about using probiotics in aquaculture practices. The first application of probiotics occurred in 1986 to test their ability to increase the growth of hydrobionts (organisms that live in water). Later, probiotics were used to improve water quality and control bacterial infections. Evidence shows that probiotics can improve nutrient digestibility, increase stress tolerance, and encourage reproduction. Commercial probiotic products are made from different bacterial species, including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Enterococcus sp., and Carnobacterium sp. Stringent management recommendations control their usage.
... These microorganisms are used as probiotics in aquaculture due to their ability to alter pH and redox potential, exhibit antagonistic effects on pathogen development through the production of hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins, and neutralize pathogenic bacterial toxins and metabolites (Farzanfar 2006;Mota et al. 2006;Gatesoupe 2008;Askarian et al. 2011). The positive effect on fish growth is believed to result from the increased secretion of exoenzymes produced by lactic acid bacteria, particularly those from the Lactobacillus genus (Moriarty 1996;1998;Askarian et al. 2011). ...
... The term probiotic was introduced by Parker (1974). Moriarty (1998) proposed to extend the definition of probiotics in aquaculture to microbial water additives. According to his original definition probiotics are "organisms and substances which contribute to intestinal microbial balance". ...
... The use of Bacillus sp. help to filter the water in the hatchery, promoting the survival and development of prawn larvae [10] . ...
Aquaculture is a rapidly growing and promising food production sector, with an estimated 58.5 million people engaged in the industry in 2020. It contributes significantly to world food production, raw materials for industry, pharmaceuticals, and aquatic organisms. Aquaculture faces problems such as combating disease, epizootics, feeding mechanisms, hatchery and grow-out technology, water quality management, and environmental deterioration. The use of antibiotics as a conventional approach for disease control has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria due to their excessive and non-selective application. As an alternative treatment method, probiotics can be used to improve aquaculture production in a sustainable manner. A probiotic is live beneficial bacteria that are introduced to the digestive tract through water or food, thereby promoting good health by optimizing the microbial balance within. Currently, there are commercial probiotic products prepared from various bacterial species such as Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Enterococcus sp. and L. plantarum and their use is regulated by careful management recommendations. Feed additives, water additives, and injections are popular techniques for administering probiotics in aquaculture systems. Probiotics provide several advantages in aquaculture and are crucial for better growth performance, feed utilization, immune response augmentation, disease resistance and water quality. Probiotics alter enzymes, leading to better feed utilization in various species of fish and shellfish. They also improve growth performance by increasing amylase, alkaline phosphatase, and protease activity. In order to improve the economic performance of the aquaculture species, probiotics can be applied at the farm level. Probiotics are an alternative to conventional medications and antibiotics in aquaculture, as they can help reduce antibiotic resistance and environmental pollution.
... The microbiome is defined as a microbial community in a distinct habitat [5]. Microbial studies in aquaculture initially focused on protection against pathogens and the identification of probiotics [6][7][8]. Recent research has focused on understanding gut microbial diversity, community structure, and their influencing factors [9][10][11][12][13]. In particular, there has been growing interest in identifying strategies to modulate the fish gut microbiome to enhance fish health, production, and sustainable aquaculture [14,15]. ...
The increase in the body weight of animals, a pivotal indicator closely tied to production, is important to the aquaculture industry. Despite remarkable variability in gut microbiomes, which are intricately associated with their hosts and affect overall performance, fitness, and physiological outcomes, across individuals and species, the development and practical application of gut microbiota modulation in aquaculture remain underdeveloped. In this review, we systematically examine the advancements with a focus on the gut microbiomes of aquatic animals with different growth rates by literature search, summarizing the existing knowledge regarding the diversity, composition, and significance of the microbiome in individual growth. The comparative analysis reveals substantial alterations in the gut microbiome that correspond to changes in the growth rate of aquatic animals, with a species bias toward more carnivorous fish, and shrimps and sea cucumbers in nonfish species. The present review also discusses comparative gut microbiome research in aquaculture as an emerging field with great potential for advancing our understanding of animal growth, screening candidate probiotics, and facilitating microbiome modulation strategies. Besides, the present gaps in the knowledge of the gut microbiome associated with the growth and production of farmed animals have been highlighted. We propose potential directions to address emerging challenges and opportunities in this field, such as priority effects on gut microbiome establishment, especially in the early stage, and screening of host‐derived probiotics across various aquatic animals. Finally, we provide a conceptual framework for enhancing animal farming practices in aquaculture through intensified gut microbiome research.
... The current approach used to enhance water quality in aquaculture involves the addition of microbes/enzymes to ponds, commonly referred to as 'bioremediation'. When macro and microorganisms and/or their products are utilized as additives to improve water quality, they are known as bioremediators or bioremediating agents (Moriarty, 1998). Bioremediation in aquaculture is an emerging technology that offers new opportunities for improved and more sustainable production while causing minimal disruption to the surrounding ecosystem. ...
... Heterotrophic bacteria are prevalent in the marine ecosystem and exhibit high taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity (Hou et al., 2015;Torsvik et al., 2002). Vibrio, a typical heterotrophic bacterium with salt tolerance that is widely distributed in marine environments, plays a crucial role in marine food webs and nutrient cycling (Farmer et al., 2015;Moriarty, 1998;Thompson, Iida, & Swings, 2004;Westrich, 2015). Vibrio species, such as V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus, can be pathogenic to aquatic animals and humans via the consumption of contaminated seafood (Chiang & Chuang, 2003;Colwell & Spira, 1992;Guin et al., 2019). ...
Vibrio is a salt‐tolerant heterotrophic bacterium that occupies an important ecological niche in marine environments. However, little is known about the contribution of resource diversity to the marine Vibrio diversity and community stability. In this study, we investigated the association among resource diversity, taxonomic diversity, phylogenetic diversity, and community stability of marine Vibrio in the Beibu Gulf. V. campbellii and V. hangzhouensis were the dominant groups in seawater and sediments, respectively, in the Beibu Gulf. Higher alpha diversity was observed in the sediments than in the seawater. Marine Vibrio community assembly was dominated by deterministic processes. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that nitrite (‐N), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), ammonium (‐N), and pH were the main factors affecting marine Vibrio community stability in the surface, middle, and bottom layers of seawater and sediment, respectively. Partial least‐squares path models (PLS‐PM) demonstrated that resource diversity, water properties, nutrients, and geographical distance had important impacts on phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity. Regression analysis revealed that the impact of resource diversity on marine Vibrio diversity and community stability varied across different habitats, but loss of Vibrio diversity increases community stability. Overall, this study provided insights into the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of Vibrio diversity and community stability in marine environments.
... Another problem related to the use of antibiotics is the development of resistant bacteria. The use of large amounts of antibiotics in an effort to prevent pathogenic infections is inappropriate (Moriarty 1998). Bacterial strains that are resistant to one type or several types of antibiotics found in marine environments, such as those found in four marine fish farming locations in the Adriatic Sea, Italy (Labella et al. 2013) and on intensive shrimp farms in Vietnam , have become a concern of many animal and human health researchers. ...
Vibriosis is a disease that frequently infects shrimp and financially devastates the shrimp industry worldwide. Because of the detrimental effects of antibiotic use in shrimp disease management, such as the emergence of various antibiotic-resistant bacteria, decreased antibiotic efficacy due to long-term use, and residues remaining in sediments, water, and shrimp body tissues, researchers are developing alternatives to vibriosis disease control through biocontrol technologies that are more effective, economical, and environmentally friendly. Biological agents such as microalgae, viruses, fungi, and bacteria are used in several biocontrol technologies. Despite its widespread use, several aspects of bacteria-based Vibrio biocontrol remain poorly known, including the most effective pathogen suppression mechanism and how it interacts with shrimp as a host. In this review, the development of biocontrol technologies for vibriosis in shrimp, especially those that use bacteria as agents, such as green water technology, biofloc, probiotics, and synbiotics, as well as the biocontrol mechanism of action and its interactions with the host and opportunities for further studies, are discussed to enrich our understanding of controlling Vibrio in shrimp in the future.
... In aquaculture, probiotics can be admitted either as feed added substances or as added substances to the water (38,39). The shape and span of prebiotic and probiotic administration can impact their viability on fish health (8). ...
This study aimed to evaluate the potential benefits of Biomos® and Agrimos® as prebiotics in Nile tilapia diets. Seven experimental treatments were formulated from 30% protein basal diet to contain Biomos® and Agrimos® at levels of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 % for each, in addition to the control diet without any additives. Three hundreds and fifteen fingerlings of Nile Tilapia (O. niloticus) with average initial weight (7 ± 0.5 g), were randomly allocated into 7 treated groups allotted into 21 glass aquaria (three replicates of 15 fish / each treatment). Each aquarium measured 60× 35× 40 cm2. The fish were fed at 3% fish biomass along the experiment which lasted for 15 weeks. The results revealed significant improvements in growth and all feed utilization parameters in the prebiotic supplemented groups. The diets containing Biomos® (0.1%) and Agrimos® (0.2%) revealed the highest growth and protein utilization parameters values. Experimental fish carcass composition was relatively affected by the different dietary treatments. The hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters of the experimented groups indicated significant increase in Biomos® and Agrimos® treated groups. The achieved results demonstrated that Biomos® and Agrimos® at levels of 0.1% and 0.2%, respectively could be used in Nile tilapia diets without negative effects on growth, feed utilization, blood and immunological parameters. Hence, Biomos® and Agrimos® could be added to commercial diets to improve tilapia fingerlings immune response.
... At the same time, they also act as opportunistic pathogens (Vandenberghe et al., 2003;Möller et al., 2020;Lee et al., 2015;Li et al., 2019). In the context of shrimp aquaculture, different species of Vibrio show varying degrees of pathogenicity towards shrimp (Moriarty, 1998;Arunkumar et al., 2020). Research indicates that the majority of pathogenic Vibrio species proliferate and cause vibriosis in shrimp only under adverse environmental conditions or when the physiological resistance of the shrimp is compromised (Kong et al., 1998;Saulnier et al., 2000). ...
... strain NM 12 an intestinal bacterium of Japanese coastal fish was thoroughly assessed by Sugita et al. (1998). Moriarty (1998) reported from shrimp culture ponds in Indonesia a mixture of several strains of Bacillus spp. with antibiotic activity against luminous Vibrios when added to pond water. The addition of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus bulgaricus) to rotifers and Artemia spp. ...
The research for the need of probiotics in aquaculture is increasing with the demand for environment friendly aquaculture. The present study aimed at to isolate probiotic strains from the gut of carps cultured in sewage-fed ponds. The fish gut was dissected longitudinally and the entire gut content was plated onto deMann Rogosa Sharp (MRS) Agar for allowing the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) to manifest itself as white pinpoint colonies. The MRS Agar plates containing LAB were then over-layed with osft Tryptone Soya Agar (TSA) containing pathogenic Pseudomonas cells at 105 nos/ml. Those LAB which produced a clear inhibitory zone with a diameter more than 1 mm larger than that of the colony itself was judged to be a tentative probiotics strain. During the present study, four strains (SM1, SM2, ST1 and ST2) gave a clear inhibitory zone and were classified as tentative probiotic strains. The four tentative probiotic strains were further confirmed of its probiotic effect against three pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and Edwardsiella by antagonistic assay by cross streak method and among four only two strains SM2 and ST1 exhibited an inhibition of 2 mm and 1 mm, respectively against the three pathogenic test strains and confirmed their status as probiotic strains.
... In this study, Streptomyces spp. of marine origin was used. Exclusion of luminescent vibrios using probiotic Bacillus and Streptomyces has been already reported [36][37][38][39][40]. Kumar et al. [41] observed the antiviral effect of actinomycetes while applied in feeds of P. monodon. ...
Indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant microbes and the loss of natural flora in aquaculture systems necessitating the ban of many of these chemotherapeutants in aquaculture. Actinobacteria play a profound role in the biogeochemical cycling in the marine environment and represent the principal source of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial property. In the present study, 98 marine‐derived actinomycete isolates were screened for antimicrobial activity against the common aquatic pathogens. A potent actinomycete isolate S26, identified as Streptomyces variabilis based on 16 S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing was then checked for the production of antibiotic in five different fermentation media and the one which showed maximum production was chosen for further study. Optimization of the fermentation medium for secondary metabolite production was carried out by response surface methodology (RSM) using DESIGN EXPERT. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the quadratic regression model demonstrated that the model was highly significant for the response concerned that is, antimicrobial activity as evident from the Fisher's F ‐ test with a very low probability value [( P model> F ) = 0.0001]. Of the 10 different solutions suggested by the software, the most suitable composition was found to be starch, 1.38%; soy powder, 0.88%; ammonium sulfate, 0.16% and salinity, 27.76‰. S. variabilis S26 cultured in the optimized production medium was applied in the Penaeus monodon larval rearing system and the total Vibrio count and survival rate were estimated. S. variabilis S26 treatment showed a significant reduction in vibrios and conferred better protection to P. monodon in culture system compared with control.
... Vibrio species are normal bacteria living both in freshwater aquaculture and mariculture environment and aquatic animals, and they can also act as opportunistic pathogens (Vandenberghe et al., 2003;Möller et al., 2020;Li et al., 2019;Lee et al., 2015). The pathogenicity of different Vibrio species varies in the process of aquaculture animal culture (Moriarty, 1998;Arunkumar et al., 2020). Vibrio species that have been isolated from diseased shrimp include V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. algosus, V. fluvialis, V. campbelli, V. nereis, V. furnissii, V. harveyi, V. vulnificus, V. splendidus, V. damsela (Ishimaru et al., 1995;Song et al., 1993;Amatul-Samahah et al., 2020;Flegel, 2012;Ina-Salwany et al., 2019;de Souza Valente and Wan, 2021). ...
... The probiotics may suppress externally attached Vibrio by secretion of enzymes or antimicrobial substances [28,60,65,70,71]. For example, Bacillus and Lactobacillus can produce antibiotic compounds [72], such as organic acids [73], or extracellular enzymes [61,74] to compete for nutrients and loading sites. Successful adhesion of microbes to the copepod's exterior may outcompete and suppress externally attached Vibrio (Table 1). ...
The use of beneficial microbes, i.e., probiotics, to reduce pathogens and promote the performance of the target species is an important management strategy in mariculture. This study aimed to investigate the potential of four microbes, Debaryomyces hansenii, Ruegeria mobilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Bacillus subtilis, to suppress Vibrio and increase survival, population growth and digestive enzyme activity (protease, lipase, and amylase) in the harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus japonicus. Copepod, T. japonicus stock culture with an initial mean density of 50 individual/mL (25 adult male and 25 adult female) was distributed into five treatments (i.e., four experimental and a control, each with four replicates; repeated twice) using 20 beakers (100 mL capacity each). The copepods were fed a mixture of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense and the diatom Phyaeodactylum tricornutum (3 × 104 cells/mL-1). Each microbe’s concentration was adjusted at 108 CFU/mL-1 and applied to the culture condition. D. hansenii, L. plantarum, and B. subtilis all improved the copepods’ survival and population growth, likely by including a higher lipase activity (P < 0.05). In contrast, using R. mobilis did not improve the copepod’s culture performance compared to control. B. subtilis was the most effective in decreasing the copepod’s external and internal Vibrio loading. The probiotic concentrations in the copepod decreased within days during starvation,
suggesting that routine re-application of the probiotics would be needed to sustain the microbial populations and the benefits they provide. Our results demonstrated that D. hansenii and B. subtilis are promising probiotics for mass copepod culture as live food for mariculture purposes.
... The concept of competitive exclusion occurs when an existing microflora blocks or decreases the colonisation of a competing bacterial challenge for the same site on the gut. The goal of competitive exclusion probiotic products is to obtain: stable, agreeable and controlled microbiota in cultures based on the following: competition for attachment sites on the mucosa, competition for nutrients and production of inhibitory substances by the microflora that prevents replication and/or destroys the challenging bacteria, thereby reducing colonisation [73] . Bacterial antagonism is a typical occurrence in nature; hence, microbial interactions play an important part in the balance of competing helpful and possibly dangerous microbes [74] . ...
The Fate of Microfibers in the aquatic ecosystem is a critical
environmental issue that has gained significant attention in recent years.
Microfibers are tiny synthetic fibers that are shed from clothing, textiles and
other synthetic materials and they are a major contributor to the accumulation
of microplastics in the environment. These microfibers can enter water bodies
through various pathways, such as wastewater discharge, stormwater runoff,
and atmospheric deposition. Once they enter the aquatic ecosystem, they can
be ingested by aquatic organisms and can potentially cause harm to their
health and well-being. Furthermore, microfibers can also bioaccumulate in the
food chain, potentially leading to harmful effects on human health. Therefore,
understanding the fate of microfibers in the aquatic ecosystem is crucial for
developing effective strategies to mitigate their impact on the environment and
human health. This abstract provides an overview of the current knowledge
on the fate of microfibers in the aquatic ecosystem, highlighting the pathways
of entry, their distribution and persistence in aquatic environments, and their
potential impact on aquatic organisms and human health. The accumulation
of microfibers in the aquatic ecosystem is a growing concern due to their
potential impacts on aquatic organisms and the environment. Microfibers are
tiny fibers that shed from textiles, such as clothing, during washing and can
be found in various water sources, including rivers, lakes and oceans. They
can be ingested by aquatic organisms, causing physical and chemical harm,
and can also accumulate in the food chain, potentially affecting human health.
This paper reviews the current knowledge on the fate of microfibers in the
aquatic ecosystem, including their sources, distribution and impacts. It
highlights the need for more research to better understand the extent of the
problem and develop effective solutions to mitigate the environmental and
health impacts of microfiber pollution.
... They are also said to produce vitamin K and B12 (Rosvitz et al 1998). Gram-positive bacteria, including members of the genus Bacillus, secret a wide range of exoenzymes (Moriarty 1998), which might have supplied digestive enzymes and certain essential nutrients to promote better growth. So it can be suggested that administration of Bacillus bacteria to trout fry results in enhanced digestion of food and improved growth, including low food conversion ratio (FCR), and high specific growth rate (SGR) (Rosvitz et al 1998). ...
... Such pathogenic microorganisms as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Cavallo et al., 2009;Rubiolo et al., 2019), as well as hepatitis A virus and noroviruses (Schrader et al., 2003), have been previously found in other mussel species from the areas with high anthropogenic load. Interestingly, while vibrios are widespread in marine environments and are often revealed in the microflora of bivalves (Moriarty, 1998;Motiei, 2014;Rubiolo et al., 2019) Comparison of the biodiversity of cultured heterotrophic bacteria isolated from C. grayanus of the studied regions by means of the Venn diagram (Fig. 4) the Jaccard coefficient (К j ) revealed that the microbiome of the mollusks of each region was characterized by a specific set of bacterial taxa. The highest values of the similarity coefficient were obtained for the mollusks of the Ajax Bay and Vostok Bay (К j = 0.46) and for those of the Vostok Bay and Stark Strait (К j = 0.44), while the lowest values were found for the sets of the Matrosskaya Bay and Stark Strait (К j = 0.27) and for the Stark Strait and Ajax Bay (К j = 0.28). ...
—
Biodiversity of the bacterial communities in the digestive system of Crenomytilus grayanus inhabiting the coastal Sea of Japan waters with chronic anthropogenic pollution was investigated using metabarcoding. Apart from marine bacteria, the taxa typical under contamination with oil ( Rhodobacteraceae , Corynebacteriaceae ), heavy metals ( Asinibacterium ), and unprocessed municipal waste ( Cloacibacterium, Globicatella ) were revealed in the microbiota. A collection of 411 cultured heterotrophic bacterial strains isolated in the course of this study was characterized taxonomically. The intestinal microbiome of the studied mollusks was shown to have a unique composition, depending on their habitat. Ability of bacterial strains isolated from the C. grayanus digestive system to degrade various nutrient substrates (sugars, amino acids, and polysaccharides) and xenobiotics (oil hydrocarbons, bisphenol A, and atrazine) was studied. Most isolates degraded a broad range of organic substrates; 13% (54 strains) oxidized oil hydrocarbons; 1% (4 strains) oxidized bisphenol A; and 0.5% (2 strains) degraded atrazine. The possible role of the microbiome C. grayanus microbiome in symbiotic digestion and in detoxication of the mollusk is discussed.
Vibriosis, White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and Monodon Baculo Virus (MBV) cause up to 100% of shrimp mortality. This study aims to explore the microalgae used to avoid bacterial diseases in tiger shrimp. Using three treatments, the study used whole cells and microalgae extract from Phaedactylum tricornutum . Each treatment has three replications: A) control without the addition of microalgae, B) addition of whole microalgae cells, and C) addition of microalgae extract. Rearing of larvae was carried out for 19 days until postlarval 12. Microalgae were applied on the larvae in the phases of Zoea2, Zoea3, and Mysis2 to PL 10, with the density of whole cell microalgae and extracts 10 ⁴ -10 ⁶ cells / mL. The parameters measured were the microalgae density and Vibrio bacteria on rearing media. Bacterial density and water quality were observed at each larval phase change. The results showed that administering P. tricornutum , whole cells, and extracts can suppress the Vibrio population and Total Vibrio Bacteria (TBV) / Total Plate Count (TPC) ratio. The bacterial population in the larvae-rearing water was lower than the control, and tiger shrimp survival was higher with the application of P. tricornutum .
Aquaculture, a vital component of global food production, faces challenges such as antimicrobial residues and resistance due to the extensive use of antibiotics. This review explores sustainable alternatives to antibiotics in aquaculture. Vaccines play a critical role in disease prevention, significantly reducing antibiotic reliance. Phage therapy targets specific bacterial pathogens, offering an environmentally friendly solution, while quorum quenching disrupts bacterial communication, reducing virulence without promoting resistance. Probiotics and prebiotics enhance gut health and disease resistance, with synbiotics showing synergistic effects. Emerging technologies such as parabiotics and postbiotics, along with advances in metagenomics and next-generation sequencing, improve our understanding of microbiomes, leading to more effective disease control strategies. Medicinal plants provide cost-effective, natural antimicrobial and immune-stimulating properties, while nanoparticles degrade antibiotics, reducing pollution. A multifaceted approach that integrates these methods can mitigate antimicrobial resistance risks, ensuring the sustainability of aquaculture. Tailoring strategies to specific environmental conditions, species, and pathogens is crucial, emphasizing the need for continuous development and adaptation to maintain the long-term viability of the aquaculture industry.
Biodiversity of the bacterial communities in the digestive system of Crenomytilus grayanus inhabiting the coastal Sea of Japan waters with chronic anhropogenic pollution was investigated using metabarcoding. Apart from marine bacteria, the taxa typical under contamination with oil (Rhodobacteraceae, Corynebacteriaceae), heavy metals (Asinibacterium), and unprocessed municipal waste (Cloacibacterium, Globicatella) were revealed in the microbiota. A collection of 411 cultured heterotrophic bacterial strains isolated in the course of this study was characterized taxonomically. The intestinal microbiome of the studied mollusks was shown to have a unique composition, depending on their habitat. Ability of bacterial strains isolated from the C. grayanus digestive system to degrade various nutrient substrates (sugars, amino acids, and polysaccharides) and xenobiotics (oil hydrocarbons, bisphenol A, and atrazine) was studied. Most isolates degraded a broad range oforganic substrates; 13% (54 strains) oxidized oil hydrocarbons; 1% (4 strains) oxidized bisphenol A; and 0.5% (2 strains) degraded atrazine. The possible role of the microbiome C. grayanus microbiome in symbiotic digestion and in detoxication of the mollusk is discussed.
Hiện nay ứng dụng men vi sinh giúp cải thiện chất lượng nước, kiểm soát một số bệnh truyền nhiễm trên tôm đã góp phần giảm thiểu bùng phát dịch bệnh. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu là xác định khả năng ức chế của Bacillus (B1, S5) và Streptomyces X285 với vi khuẩn Vibrio parahaemolyticus gây bệnh ở tôm thẻ chân trắng (Litopenaeus vannamei). Kết quả ghi nhận, bổ sung 105 CFU/mL Bacillus và Streptomyces định kỳ 2 lần/tuần dẫn đến tỷ lệ sống của tôm cao hơn so với nhóm đối chứng và tỷ lệ bao hộ (RPS) là trên 70% sau 10 ngày gây nhiễm V. parahaemolyticus trong điều kiện in vivo. Hơn nữa, nghiên cứu tương tự đã được ứng dụng ở quy mô ao (600-700 m²), tôm được nuôi và theo dõi trong 120 ngày tại tỉnh Sóc Trăng. Bổ sung chế phẩm sinh học bao gồm Bacillus và Streptomyces 2 lần/tuần, có thể kiểm soát V. parahaemolyticus. Hơn nữa, các chỉ số môi trường nitrit, amonia đều tăng nhưng trong khoảng cho phép nuôi tôm nước lợ QCVN 02-19: 2014 /BNNPTNT. Mặt khác, ao đối chứng khi sử dụng chế phẩm vi sinh thương mại đã không mang lại hiệu quả và được thu hoạch sớm vào 45 ngày nuôi vì AHPND. Từ khóa: Bacillus, Streptomyces, AHPND, tỷ lệ chết bảo hộ RPS (%)
Cá tra là một trong những mặt hàng xuất khẩu chủ lực của ngành nuôi trồng thủy sản Việt Nam. Hiện nay, việc ứng dụng vi sinh vật có lợi để kiểm soát sự phát triển của các vi khuẩn gây bệnh, tăng đề kháng của cá và xử lý môi trường là một trong những biện pháp phòng bệnh đang được quan tâm. Nghiên cứu đã ghi nhận hiệu quả sử dụng của chủng Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AGWT 13-031 ở quy mô sản xuất cá tra giống khi xử lý trực tiếp vào môi trường nuôi. Chất lượng cá tra và nước ao được cải thiện. Sau 40 ngày nuôi, tỷ lệ sống của cá ở nghiệm thức thử nghiệm là 28,8%, kích cỡ cá 160 con/kg. Trong khi ở ao đối chứng là 7,2%, kích cỡ cá 150 con/kg. Trọng lượng và kích thước trung bình của cá thử nghiệm lần lượt là 1,45±0,52g và 53,27±7,1mm, tăng 12,40% và 5,55% so với nhóm đối chứng (1,29±1,18g; 50,53±11,16mm). Môi trường nước ao phù hợp cho động vật phù du sinh trưởng và phát triển, đảm bảo nguồn thức ăn tự nhiên cho cá tra sử dụng. Trong suốt quá trình ương, hộ nuôi hầu như không sử dụng thêm chế phẩm sinh học bên ngoài để cải thiện chất lượng nước. Từ khóa: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, cá tra, probiotic trong thủy sản
This study was conducted to determine the effect of probiotics, Lactobacillus acidophilus on the growth parameters of mugil sp. fish, their approximate biochemical composition and the environmental conditions of their culture for 12 weeks in floating cages. Six hundreds of fish were randomly distributed in two groups of 100 fish in each floating cages (length of 1 m, width of 1 m, depth of 2 m) with an initial weight of 39.5± 0.2 g. The first group was fed with the control diet and the second group with probiotics diet. The results showed significant differences (P <0.05) between fish fed on probiotics diet and fish fed on control diet in weight gain (WG), relative growth rate (RGR) and food conversion rate (FCR). The weight gain in probiotics group was 18.3 g, while in the control group was 12.2 g. There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) for the specific growth rate (SGR). The survival rate (SR%) was achieved at 100% in both groups. Also, there was significant difference for the approximate composition of fish protein, fat and ash between probiotics group and control group. From these results, it can be concluded that that probiotics group of mugil sp. was better with 15.7% than control group regarding to growth. Also, WG, RGR and FCR were better in probiotics group than control group. The environmental indicators revealed that culture waters exposed to organic pollutants have led to a decline in the ratio of the concentration of dissolved oxygen, affecting the growth of fish negatively.
Keywords: Mugil sp., floating cages, probiotics, Lactobacillus sp.
Actualmente la acuicultura produce la mitad de los organismos del medio acuático que se consume en el mundo, en México esta actividad debe de tender a la sustentabilidad, propiciando que los medios de producción y los productos obtenidos incrementen su calidad y cantidad, se diversifiquen y disminuyan su impacto ambiental. Por lo anterior en este trabajo se analizó información referente al uso de probióticos en la acuicultura y su perspectiva actual de desarrollo en México y el mundo; para ello se compiló la literatura disponible sobre probióticos en procesos relacionados con las técnicas acuícolas, con énfasis en la evaluación de los efectos positivos en la producción y sustentabilidad de los cultivos. La información analizada permite establecer que, la resistencia de los microorganismos patógenos a antibióticos se ha vuelto un problema en esta actividad cuando se desea prevenir o tratar enfermedades en las especies cultivadas, además de que en los cultivos se pretende lograr que los organismos crezcan en menos tiempo y con ello mejorar su medio, haciendo énfasis en la calidad de los suelos y del agua en donde se realizan dichos cultivos. Se ha demostrado que los probióticos en la acuacultura pueden tener grandes beneficios, como, por ejemplo: estimular la respuesta inmune, incrementar la sobrevivencia de las post-larvas, estimular el sistema digestivo para un mayor aprovechamiento de nutrientes, asimismo incrementar la resistencia a enfermedades de los organismos, estimular el crecimiento y por último reducir significativamente la producción de residuos contaminantes. Los probióticos más utilizados son las bacterias ácido lácticas, los géneros más utilizados son Bacillus y Streptomyces, además de microalgas y levaduras. En México se han realizado estudios del uso de probióticos en procesos de producción acuícola y se han realizado diversos trabajos acerca del efecto benéfico o adverso hacia los organismos cultivados, pero aún falta estudiar más
Penaeid shrimp are economically important marine crustaceans that include species such as the black tiger shrimp, whiteleg shrimp, Atlantic white shrimp, and Indian white shrimp. Shrimp aquaculture has become a significant contributor to the fisheries industry, particularly in Asia where India is the world's second-largest producer of whiteleg shrimp. However, disease outbreaks and breeding problems remain major obstacles to the sustainable growth of shrimp aquaculture, resulting in decreased revenues and inefficient output for shrimp farmers. Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in shrimp development and health. Next-generation sequencing technologies have contributed significantly to the metagenomic resources of crustaceans, enabling functional investigation of the gut microbiome and providing insights into the precise role of this bacterial ecosystem in shrimp diseases and development. This review summarizes the microbial diversity in the gastrointestinal tract of penaeid shrimps and how they impact the health and development of the organism.
In intensive aquaculture system, ammonia nitrogen is a key limiting factor. Removal of unionized ammonia (NH3) and nitrite (NO2) through biological activity is thus an important tool for changing such ecosystem. Nitrifying bacterial inoculants are the biologically active materials which may be used in intensive aquaculture for bioremediation. In all, 12 treatments were used with two replications factorial Completed Randomized Design (CRD) to assess the effects on different physio-chemical conditions of water. Decrease of ammonia nitrogen concentration from 10 mg L-1 to below the minimum limit (0.3 mg L-1) was obtained within 3 days after inoculation of microbial inoculums with aeration in water. Rate of nitrification was very slow in tanks without aeration. Soil at the bottom was not found to affect the nitrification process. Aeration and microbial application played an important role in increasing the nitrification. After acclimation phase nitrification rate was found to be increased. Therefore, it may be concluded that application of bioremediators (nitrifiers) decreased ammonia and nitrite nitrogen. Introduction Global aquaculture is changing from extensive to intensive system. There is a tendency to increase the inputs i.e. over stocking, overfeeding, more use of fertilizers and various chemicals (antibiotics, herbicides, pesticides etc.). These inputs may change the aquatic environment and lead to negative impact on living organisms resulting into mortality in fish population. The major changes in water quality are increasing the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), increase in ammonia nitrogen (NH 3-N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO 2-N), increase in available phosphate (PO 4-), accumulation of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) at pond bottom, accumulation of residues of management chemicals, decomposition of dead organisms and decay of fecal matter. In addition to this, urban ponds are under the pressure of growing population adding tons of sewage kitchen waste and detergents in to the water. The recent approach to improve water quality in aquaculture is the application of microbes/enzymes to the ponds, known as 'bioremediation' which involves manipulation of microorganisms in ponds to enhance mineralization of organic matter and get rid of undesirable waste compounds and there by toxic effect. Bacteriological nitrification is the most practical method for the removal of ammonia from closed aquaculture systems and it is commonly achieved by setting of sand and gravel bio-filter through which water is allowed to circulate. The ammonia oxidizers are placed under five genera, Nitrosomonas, Nitrosovibrio, Nitrosococcus, Nitrolobus and Nitrospira, and nitrite oxidizers under three genera, Nitrobacter, Nitrococcus and Nitrospira. Nitrifiers in contaminated cultures have been demonstrated to nitrify more efficiently. Nitrification not only produces nitrate but also alters the pH slightly towards the acidic range, facilitating the availability of soluble materials. The vast majority of aquaculture ponds accumulate nitrate, as they do not contain a denitrifying filter. Denitrifying filters helps to convert nitrate to nitrogen. It creates an anaerobic region where anaerobic bacteria can grow and reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas. Therefore, to nullify or eliminate the pollutant/toxicants from the aquatic environment, the ecosystem needs remediation. Nitrification is a natural process, which occurs in pond ecosystem but during several occasions, this may not be reaching a higher order of magnitude. Application of nitrifying bacterial consortium to growth artificially and reduce toxicity of ammonia in aquatic system is used in this experiment as a tool for bioremediation. Several bioremediators are developed by scientists, those are below mentioned.
The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of 24 drugs for luminous bacteria Vibrio harveyi and V. splendidus were determined. Only chloramphenicol, sodium nifurstyrenate and the nitrofurans (furazolidone, nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin and Prefuran) showed relatively low MICs and MBCs (< 25 pg ml-l). The bacteria showed varied responses to chloramphenicol and Prefuran, and low sensitivity to oxytetracycline. Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and Prefuran are commonly used in shrimp hatcheries. Shrimp larvae showed high survival rates and active swimming movement after 24 h exposure to in vivo bactericidal doses of chloramphenicol, Furacin, nitrofurantoin (protozoea only), oxytetracycline (nauplius only). Prefuran (mysis only) and sodium nifurstyrenate, but the drugs caused deformities in the carapace, rostrum, and setae. Chemical control of luminous vibriosis among shrimp larvae appears limited, based on the efficacy of existing and readily available drugs, because of the possible development of resistant strains of bacteria and the limited tolerance of the shrimp larvae to the drugs.
Additions of bacteria (strain CA2) as a food supplement to xenic larval cultures of the oyster Crassostrea gigas consistently enhanced growth of larvae during different seasons of the year. Bacterial enhancement of larval growth occurred when either Isochrysis galbana (ISO), I. aff. galbana (T-ISO) or Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa (VA-12) were used as algal foods. Additions of CA2 bacteria at 105 cells ml−1 to cultures of algal-fed larvae increased larval growth, the proportion of larvae that set to produce spat, and the subsequent size of spat. A lower proportion of slow-growing larvae in populations receiving additions of CA2 bacteria compared with populations of larvae fed only algae, suggests a bacterial nutritional contribution to larval growth. Manipulation of bacterial populations present in bivalve larval cultures is a potentially useful strategy for the enhancement of oyster production.
Bacteria in sediments from the surface aerobic layer (0-1 cm) and a deeper anaerobic layer (20-21 cm) of a seagrass bed were examined in section by transmission electron microscopy. Bacteria with a Gram-negative ultrastructure made up 90% of bacteria in the surface layer, and Gram-positive bacteria comprised 10%. In the anaerobic zone, Gram-negative bacteria comprised 70% and Gram-positive bacteria 30% of the bacterial population. These differences were highly significant and support predictions of these proportions made from muramic acid measurements and direct counting with fluorescence microscopy. Most cells were enveloped in extracellular slime layers or envelopes, some with considerable structural complexity. The trophic value to animals of these envelopes is discussed. A unique organism with spines was observed.
Healthy animals and humans have a natural microflora consisting of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms on their external and internal body surfaces: skin, upper respiratory tract, lower urogenital tract, oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. The composition of the natural microflora in these natural microbial habitats is very complex and strictly determined by the local environmental conditions.
This article is in Free Access Publication and may be downloaded using the “Download Full Text PDF” link at right.
Two hundred and five isolates of Vibrio bacteria were obtained from diseased black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, cultured in Thailand during the period from February 1988 to January 1990. Ninety-six isolates of the bacteria were identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The others included 74 isolates of V. vulnificus, 18 isolates of V. alginolyticus, six isolates of V. fluvialis and 11 isolates of Vibrio spp. Comparisons of some characteristics of the bacteria studied are given.
Of more than 400 bacteria isolated from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), 89 have previously been shown to inhibit the in vitro growth of the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of seven of these strains, as well as of intestinal isolates (four strains) from a closely related fish, dab (Limanda limanda), for colonizing farmed turbot as a means of protecting the host from infection by V. anguillarum. In addition, the inhibitory effect of these strains on the pathogen was further studied. Colonization potential was measured by the capacity of the strains to adhere to and grow in turbot intestinal mucus. These parameters were also used to investigate the potential of V. anguillarum to amplify in the turbot intestinal tract. Because of the observed rapid growth of V. anguillarum in intestinal mucus, it can be proposed that the intestinal tract is a site for V. anguillarum multiplication. Strains isolated from the intestine showed greater capacity for adhesion to and growth in fish intestinal mucus than did the pathogen and the skin mucus isolates. All of the isolates released metabolites into the culture medium that had inhibitory effects against V. anguillarum. The results are discussed with emphasis on administering bacteria of host origin to farmed turbot in order to control V. anguillarum-induced disease.
The ability to compete for the limited nutrients available to the microorganisms of dental plaque is a strong ecological determinant of the structure of the subgingival ecosystem. This paper introduces a new concept from the field of ecology, resource-ratio theory, and applies it to the dynamics of microbial dental plaque with emphasis on the putative periodontal pathogens. Resource-ratio theory is a mechanistic theory of resource competition that utilizes pairs of growth-limiting nutrients in a stoichiometric fashion to predict zones of competitive dominance, exclusion, and coexistence for organisms competing for these resources. Once these resource pairs are identified for plaque organisms, resource-ratio theory may provide predictions of changes in the microbial community structure of plaque based on directional changes in their resource supply ratios.
Luminous bacterial infection and pond reared Penaeus monodon
- C Nithimathachoke
- P Pratanpipat
- K Thongdaeng
- B Withyachumnarkul
- G Nash
Nithimathachoke, C., Pratanpipat, P., Thongdaeng, K., Withyachumnarkul, B., Nash, G., 1995. Luminous bacterial infection and pond reared Penaeus monodon. Asian Shrimp News 23, 1–4.
Probiotics: a general view The Lactic Acid Bacteria
- R Havenaar
- J H J Veld
Havenaar, R., Hius in't Veld, J.H.J., 1992. Probiotics: a general view. In: Wood, B.J.B. Ed., The Lactic Acid Bacteria. Vol. 1, Elsevier, London, pp. 151–169.
Luminous bacterial infection and pond reared Penaeus monodon
- Nithimathachoke