No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Antioxidant activity of chlorophylls and their derivatives
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of six natural isolated chlorophyll derivatives and Cu-chlorophyllin was investigated by measuring their protective action against lipid oxidation. For this, the β-carotene bleaching method and the stable radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryldrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay were employed. The results obtained by the β-carotene bleaching method showed that all chlorophyll derivatives presented a dose-dependent response. Pheophorbide b and pheophytin b were the strongest natural antioxidant compounds, whose activities were comparable to BHT. The high antioxidant activity found for pheophorbide b, in comparison to pheophorbide a, demonstrated the importance of the aldehyde group for functionality. On the other hand, by the DPPH assay, all natural pigments showed low antioxidant activity when compared to Trolox. Cu-chlorophyllin, tested by both methods, presented a higher antioxidant activity than that of natural chlorophylls, showing the importance of the nature of the chelated metal in the porphyrin ring. The mechanism of antioxidant activity displayed by the natural chlorophyll derivatives does not seem to be based on the ability to donate hydrogen but maybe, on the protection of linoleic acid against oxidation and/or preventing decomposition of hydroperoxides.
... The chemical structure of chlorophylls is a key determinant of their bioactivity, influencing their potential health benefits [5]. Understanding the relationship between chemical structure and bioactivity is crucial for unraveling the therapeutic properties of chlorophylls and their derivatives [43][44][45]. The chemical structure of chlorophylls consists of a porphyrin ring, which serves as the core framework, and a long hydrophobic side chain. ...
... In vitro studies conducted by Ferruzi et al. [32] demonstrated that standard chlorophyll a derivatives exhibited higher antioxidant capacity compared to chlorophyll b derivatives. However, Lanfer-Marquez et al. reported contrasting findings, showing that pheophorbide b and pheophytin b were the most potent natural antioxidant derivatives compared to chlorophyll a derivatives [45]. Ferruzi et al. [32] also observed that metallo-chlorophyll derivatives (such as Mg-chlorophylls, Zn-pheophytins, Zn-pyropheophytins, Cupheophytin a, and Cu-chlorophyllins) exhibited higher antiradical capacity than metalfree derivatives (such as chlorins, pheophytins, and pyropheophytins). ...
... This suggests that in addition to the fundamental porphyrin structure contributing to free radical reduction [53], metal chelation enhances antioxidant activity [32]. Moreover, Lanfer-Marquez et al. [45] demonstrated that Cu-chlorophyllin displayed higher antioxidant activity compared to natural chlorophylls, highlighting the influence of the chelated metal in the porphyrin ring on the strength of the antioxidant capacity. In an in vitro study conducted by Kang et al., Zn-pheophytins exhibited the highest radical scavenging capacity and β-carotene ...
Chlorophylls play a crucial role in photosynthesis and are abundantly found in green fruits and vegetables that form an integral part of our diet. Although limited, existing studies suggest that these photosynthetic pigments and their derivatives possess therapeutic properties. These bioactive molecules exhibit a wide range of beneficial effects, including antioxidant, antimutagenic, antigenotoxic, anti-cancer, and anti-obesogenic activities. However, it is unfortunate that leafy materials and fruit peels often go to waste in the food supply chain, contributing to the prevailing issue of food waste in modern societies. Nevertheless, these overlooked materials contain valuable bioactive compounds, including chlorophylls, which offer significant health benefits. Consequently, exploring the potential of these discarded resources, such as utilizing them as functional food ingredients, aligns with the principles of a circular economy and presents exciting opportunities for exploitation.
... Examples of enzymatic antioxidants include GPx (glutathioneperoxidases), CAT (catalase), and SOD (superoxide dismutase) [ It is found in epidemiological studies that regular consumption of vegetables and fruits reduces the risk of the cancer [20]. The chlorophyll which is found in most of the vegetables can prevent many diseases due to its potent antioxidant activity [21]. Chlorophyll and its derivatives are used as traditional medicines [22]owing to their therapeutic properties such as wound healing [23], anti-in ammatory [24], internal deodorization [25],antimutagenic/antigenotoxic activity [26], and probable anticancer properties [27]. ...
... The Chla and Chlb (shown in Fig. 1) are found in higher plants, green algae, and some prochlorophytes in signi cant amount [28]. Ursula et al. [21] studied the six naturally occurring chlorophyll derivatives (Chla, Chlb, pheophytin a, pheophytin b, pheophorbide a, and pheophorbide b) and the synthetic Cu-chlorophyllin for their antioxidant properties against lipid oxidation using two methods, viz., the bleaching of β-carotene in a water/linoleic acid emulsion and the scavenging of the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. They reported that at high concentrations of about 1 mMol/L, Chla exhibited considerable antioxidant activity as compared to Chlb [21,29]. ...
... Ursula et al. [21] studied the six naturally occurring chlorophyll derivatives (Chla, Chlb, pheophytin a, pheophytin b, pheophorbide a, and pheophorbide b) and the synthetic Cu-chlorophyllin for their antioxidant properties against lipid oxidation using two methods, viz., the bleaching of β-carotene in a water/linoleic acid emulsion and the scavenging of the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. They reported that at high concentrations of about 1 mMol/L, Chla exhibited considerable antioxidant activity as compared to Chlb [21,29]. Among different derivatives of chlorophyll, the metallo-derivatives including Zn-pheophytins, Mg-chlorophylls, Cu-pheophytina, Znpyropheophytins, and Cu-chlorophyllins were found to be better antioxidant than their metal-free derivatives such as chlorins, pheophytins, and pyropheophytins [21,29]. ...
To understand the scavenging action of chlorophyll found in most of the vegetables towards hydroxyl (OH•) radicals, its reactions with hydroxyl (OH•) radicals via RAF, HAT and SET mechanisms have been investigated theoretically using two layer ONIOM [M06-2X/6-31G(d) (High):M06-2X/3-21G (Low)] method and M06-2X/6-311 + G(d,p) level of density functional theory.It is found that RAF and HAT reactions are exergonic in both gaseous and aqueous media whereas SET reactions are endergonic in both media. However, all the RAF, HAT and SET reactions studied here are found to be more favourable in aqueous media vs. gas phase. This study concludes that chlorophyll can efficiently scavenge OH• radicals preferably via RAF and HAT mechanisms and intake of water with chlorophyll can enhance its scavenging actions.
... The color of pumpkin oil can range from dominant orange to dark brown due to the presence of β-carotene, α-carotene, and lutein [43], but its pigment content is more intricate. This oil is rich in chlorophylls, including chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, which contribute to its greenish color [44], imparting green tones and significantly affecting the final color of the samples prepared with pumpkin oil, leading to a decrease in the value of the a* component. ...
... These pigments not only contribute to the visual appearance of the sausages but also provide potential health benefits due to their antioxidant properties [44,45]. ...
The consumption of processed meat products beyond recommended limits has been associated with serious health conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. In an effort to create healthier options, the meat industry is exploring alternatives to animal fat in processed meats. This study focuses on replacing animal fat in dry-cured sausages (Salchichón) with textured chia, poppy, melon, and pumpkin oils. The research aims to evaluate the physical and nutritional changes resulting from this substitution and assess consumer acceptance through sensory analysis. The use of seed oils led to slight color changes and comparable texture, except for cohesiveness. The incorporation of textured seed oils resulted in reduced fat content, increased proportions of ashes and protein, and decreased energy value. The fatty acid composition showed lower proportions of saturated fatty acids and increased polyunsaturated fatty acids. Sensory analysis revealed that the control sample with pork fat received the highest ratings for appearance, texture, and taste, while samples with higher seed oil percentages scored lower due to color, cohesiveness, and specific flavors from the seed oils. Despite these variations, consumers demonstrated a high level of acceptability for all samples. Choice analysis results indicated that higher prices had a negative impact on consumer willingness to purchase, while the use of the 100% Iberian pig breed and animal welfare labels positively influenced purchasing attitudes. Regarding the presence of a pumpkin seed oil label in the product, a negative willingness to pay was reported. However, significant individual variation was reported for this attribute, indicating the existence of consumer segments with more positive attitudes toward these innovative dry-cured sausages.
... Chlorophyll is used as a therapeutic agent, including wound healing, anti-inflammatory agents (Bowers 1947;Larato and Pfau 1970), and internal deodorant (Young and Beregi 1980). Dietary chlorophyll derivatives have the ability to scavenge long-lived free radicals, which means that chlorophyll has the antioxidant capacity (Ferruzzi et al. 2002;Lanfer-Marquez, Barros, and Sinnecker 2005). They play an important role in blocking many diseases (such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases) Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and silkworm manure are basic sources of chlorophyll used in medicine. ...
... At concentration, 1 mMol/L, chlorophyll shows considerable antioxidant activity. This plays a significant role in the prevention of lipid oxidation (Lanfer-Marquez, Barros, and Sinnecker 2005). The antioxidant properties of natural chlorophyll were found to be lower than that of commercial chlorophyll. ...
Green tomatoes contain significant levels of steroidal glycoalkoids (SGA) such as α-tomatine and green pigment chlorophyll. Tomatine is an admixture of two glycoalkoids; alpha tomatine and dehydrotomatine reported various health beneficial biological activities. Moreover, a hydrolyzed product of tomatine also contributes to age-related atrophy, and muscle weakness and helps the elderly recover from illness and injuries related to age. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the absorption of tomatine in the human body concerning proposed biological activity, which should be an area of interest in the future. Once, the absorption study is established compounds concentrated in green tomatoes are potentially involved as protective compounds for several diseases and also used for functional food. To facilitate the use of green tomatoes in food processing, this comprehensive review provides data on the nutritional value of green tomatoes, with emphasis on the evolution of the physiological chemistry, analytical, medicinal, and pharmacological effects of the α-tomatine and chlorophyll in an experimental model. The broad aim of this review is to evaluate the health benefits of green tomatoes in addition to their nutritional value and to study the several features of the role of α-tomatine and chlorophyll in human health.
... Chlorophyll would be another active component found in bitter plants. Chlorophyll has antioxidant and antimutagenic features [3]. Additionally, chlorophyll and its derivatives might boost the body's immunity, especially against virus infection [4]. ...
... Alkaline conditions and light exposure could also induce changes in chlorophyll molecules [7]. It does seem to be possible to increase the stability of chlorophyll and its anti-oxidation capacity by replacing Mg 2+ with other metal ions [3]. Zn, Mn, and Fe were also alternative metals that may be used to form complex compounds that are more stable than magnesium. ...
... Many studies have shown that phenols inhibit free radicals, prevent oxidative cellular damage, and participate in peroxide decomposition, metal inactivation, and oxygen scavenging in biological systems (Rice-Evans et al., 1996Zhang et al., 2018;Aryal et al., 2019). In addition, they have also been shown to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiallergic properties (Lanfer-Marquez et al., 2005;Stalikas et al., 2007;Santos-Buelga et al., 2012;Saowapa et al., 2015). ...
... The Phenolic Compounds Assay Kit used in the experiments provided a quick, sensitive, and selective method for measuring the total amount of phenolic compounds in the ethanolic extracts. In this assay, phenolic compounds react with diazonium salts under alkaline conditions to form a stable diazo chromophore that can be detected by absorbance at 480 nm (Lanfer-Marquez et al., 2005;Stalikas et al., 2007;Santos-Buelga et al., 2012;Saowapa et al., 2015). An important advantage of this method, unlike the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure, is that this assay kit cannot be affected by non-phenolic reducing substances found in plant extracts such as sulfites, reducing sugars, or ascorbic acid. ...
The search for alternative naturally occurring antimicrobial agents will always continue, especially when emerging diseases like COVID-19 provide an urgency to identify and develop safe and effective ways to prevent or treat these infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential antimicrobial activity as well as antioxidant properties of commercial samples from four traditional medicinal plants used in Central America: Theobroma cacao, Bourreria huanita, Eriobotrya japonica, and Elettaria cardamomum. Ethanolic extracts were prepared from commercial products derived from the seeds or flowers of these plants. Total phenolics and antioxidant activity were assessed using commercial kits. The cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were evaluated using the XTT colorimetric assay and a SARS-CoV-2 delta pseudoviral model. The half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) were used to calculate the therapeutic index (TI). Additionally, the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis was tested using a spectrophotometric method. The extracts showed total phenolics in the range of 0.06 to 1.85 nM/µL catechin equivalents, with T. cacao bean extract showing the highest content. The antioxidant activity showed values between 0.02 and 0.44 mM Trolox equivalents. T. cacao bean extract showed the highest antioxidant activity. Most plant extracts showed zero to moderate selective antiviral activity; however, one T. cacao beans sample showed excellent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with a TI Cornejal et al.: Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Theobroma cacao, Bour 2 value of 30.3, and one sample of E. japonica showed selective antiviral activity with a TI value of 18.7. Significant inhibition of E. coli and S. epidermidis by an E. japonica ethanolic extract (p<0.001) was observed using a spectrophotometric method that monitors bacterial growth over time. Additionally, ethanolic extracts of E. cardamomum showed significant inhibition of S. epidermidis growth (p<0.001). The results warrant further investigation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of these plant extracts.
... In particular, the selected carotenoid content presented a downward trend, probably due to the domination of their degradation instead of their extraction, also noted in the literature during microwave radiation at temperatures close to 60 °C [60]. Moreover, chlorophylls present appreciable antioxidant activity at high concentrations [61], and thus the moderate increase of chlorophyll content could not significantly affect the extract's antioxidant activity. ...
... Carotenoids are valuable bioactive components that present a notable antioxidant activity [59]. Moreover, chlorophyll content can positively affect antioxidant power in case of high concentration [61]. Consequently, the chlorophyll and carotenoid richest extract emerging from SFE-10% ethanol presented the strongest antioxidant activity. ...
The production of bioactive products from microalgae biomass with efficient and environmentally friendly technologies is a field of great research interest. The present work focuses on the recovery of high-added value bioactive components from Chlorella vulgaris through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with aq. ethanol 90% v/v. The effect of extraction temperature (40–60 °C), duration (5–25 min), solvent-to-biomass ratio (20–90 mLsolv/gbiom), and microwave power (300–800 watts) was investigated regarding the extraction yield, extract’s chlorophyll, carotenoid and phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. MAE optimization at 60 °C, 300 watts, 14 min, and 22 mLsolv/gbiom led to 11.14% w/w yield, 63.36 mg/gextr total chlorophylls, 7.06 mg/gextr selected carotenoids of astaxanthin, lutein and β-carotene, 24.88 mg/gextr total carotenoids, 9.34 mgGA/gextr total phenolics, and 40.49 mgextr/mgDPPH IC50 (antioxidant activity indicator). Moreover, the conventional solid-liquid extraction (SLE) with aq. ethanol 90% v/v, the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2, as well as SFE with cosolvent addition (10% w/w ethanol), were also performed for comparison purposes. The results revealed that SLE presented the highest yield. However, the non-conventional methods of MAE and SFE led to extracts of competitive or even better quality under significantly shorter extraction duration.
... Consistently, in this study, antioxidant capacities-especially DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities-were significantly promoted by blue light and inhibited by red light. As the most abundant pigments in nature, chlorophylls and carotenoids are very potent natural antioxidants, which may be used for a range of health benefits in humans [53,54]. Sgherri et al. (2011) found that chlorophylls contributed about 40% to the bulk of the fast lipophilic antioxidants in basil extracts, whereas carotenoids could be ascribable to the slow antioxidant activity [55]. ...
Basil (Ocimum basilicum Linn. var. pilosum (Willd.) Benth.) is an aromatic plant with high nutritional and economic value, and the synthesis and regulation of its active ingredients have been studied in prior research. However, the mechanisms by which red and blue light—the most effective absorption spectra for photosynthesis—regulate the growth and metabolism of basil remain elusive. This study investigated the changes in phenotype, transcriptome, and metabolome in basil under red and blue light. The photosynthetic efficiency and biomass of basil under blue light (B) treatment were higher than those under white light (W), while red light (R) decreased photosynthesis and biomass. Metabolomic analysis showed that 491 significantly differentially accumulated metabolites were identified between the W and B groups, while 630 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified between the W and R groups. The DAMs were mainly enriched in pathways such as biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, monoterpenoid biosynthesis, limonene and pinene degradation, etc. In addition, transcriptomic analysis revealed that 34,760 and 29,802 differentially expressed genes were detected in the W vs. B pair and the W vs. R pair, respectively, while differentially expressed genes were divided into different unique subclasses, suggesting that they respond to light quality in specific ways. Overall, this work will not only enrich knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of light spectra’s regulation of plant metabolism, but also provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the molecular improvement and quality cultivation of basil.
... Both the initial brownness and greenness of midribs negatively correlated with postharvest discoloration (Table 1), suggesting a possible involvement of chlorophyll (and potentially also other pigments) in enzymatic discoloration. It may be hypothesized that chlorophyll limits enzymatic discoloration through its antioxidant activity (Lanfer-Marquez et al., 2005). The positive correlation detected between midrib discoloration and deterioration of fresh-cut lettuce in MAP was somewhat unexpected because these physiological processes frequently respond to the oxygen levels in the opposite way . ...
Enzymatic discoloration is a major postharvest flaw in cut lettuce, leading to significant food waste. Identifying the genetic determinants and factors associated with this physiological process can facilitate the development of cost-effective and environmentally friendly methods that minimize the loss of product. In this study, a diverse panel of 376 lettuce accessions was investigated for the relationship between enzymatic discoloration and agronomic traits, as well as the genetic characteristics of the discoloration process. The discoloration did not correlate significantly with plant developmental rate, resistance to yellow spot malady, bacteria leaf spot, or downy mildew; but it showed a significant although not strong correlation with the initial levels of brownness (r = − 0.146, p < 0.05) and greenness (r = − 0.255, p < 0.001) in midribs, and the deterioration rate (r = 0.391, p < 0.001) of fresh-cut lettuce packaged in modified atmosphere. The trait exhibited a relatively high broad-sense heritability (H 2 = 0.669) in four trials conducted at three locations in three years. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed the significant effects of six loci (qDis1.1, qDis4.1, qDis6.1, qDis8.1, qDis8.2, and qDis9.1) defined by eight SNP markers. A total of 965 genes were predicted in the identified chromosomal regions, with three quinone oxidation-reduction (redox) enzymes and 19 transcription factors being potentially the most promising candidate genes involved in regulating postharvest discoloration.
... Chlorophyll has antioxidant properties and on a par with vitamins A, C and E could neutralize the damaging effect of free radicals (Inanc, 2011;Lanfer-Marquez et al., 2005;Queiroz Zepka et al., 2019). There are two main types of chlorophyll: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, the contents of which in carob samples are shown in Table 3. ...
... The function of pigments is not limited to their role in capturing light for photosynthesis in living plants; they also have the ability to impact consumers preference by conveying indications of maturity, quality and freshness (Baek et al., 2021b). In addition, Chls exhibit considerable antioxidant activity (Lanfer-Marquez et al., 2005), and reduced cardiovascular disease risk factors were reported through the consumption of dietary anthocyanins (Garcia and Blesso, 2021). Therefore, contents of Chls and anthocyanins could be used as good indicator of quality in radish microgreens. ...
Growing microgreens on trays without substrate in a vertical multilayered growing unit offers several advantages over traditional agriculture methods. This study investigated the yield performance and nutritional quality of five selections of radish microgreens grown in sprouting trays, without a substrate using only water, in an indoor multilayer cultivation system using artificial light. Various parameters were measured, including fresh weight, dry matter, chlorophyll, minerals, amino acids, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C, glucosinolates, and antioxidant activity with four different in vitro assays. After ten days, the biomass had increased by 6-10 times, and the dry matter varied from 4.75-7.65%. The highest yield was obtained from ‘Asia red’, while the lowest was from ‘Koregon red’. However, ‘Koregon red’ and ‘Asia red’ had the highest dry matter. ‘Asia red’ was found to have the highest levels of both Chls and vitamin C compared to the other cultivars, while ‘Koregon red’ exhibited the highest levels of total phenolics and flavonoids. Although variations in the levels of individual glucosinolates were observed, there were no significant differences in the total content of glucosinolates among the five cultivars. ‘Asia purple’ had the highest anthocyanin content, while ‘Asia green 2’ had the lowest. The K, Mg, and Na concentrations were significantly highest in ‘Asia green 2’, and the highest Ca was recorded in ‘Asia purple’. Overall, ‘Asia purple’ and ‘Koregon red’ were the best cultivars in terms of nutritional quality among the tested radish microgreens. These cultivars exhibited high levels of dry weight, total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, essential and total amino acids, and antioxidant activities. Moreover, the implementation of this vertical cultivation method for microgreens, which relies solely on water and seeds known for their tall shoots during the sprouting could hold promise as a sustainable approach. This method can effectively be utilized for cultivar screening and fulfilling the nutritional and functional needs of the population while minimizing the environmental impacts associated with traditional agriculture practices.
... Chlorophylls are green, photosynthetic pigments found in higher plants, microorganisms, and algae. It is a fat-soluble substance having bioactive qualities like antioxidant and antimutagenic actions (Lanfer-Marquez et al. 2005). Lee et al. (2021) studied that the red seaweed Grateloupia elliptica's chlorophyll and chlorophyll derivatives had the ability to reduce obesity, and chlorophyll inhibited lipid formation by reducing the expression of adipogenic proteins at the intracellular level in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in in vitro experiments without being harmful to cells. ...
Covers recent topics of algae from bionanopesticides to genetic engineering
Presents algal biotechnology, updated food processing techniques and Biochemistry of Haematococcus
Offers information on the less explored areas of in silico therapeutic and clinical applications
... Chlorophyll has various nonpolar moieties that are hydrophobic in nature, which can be extracted using organic solvent such as hexane, a common solvent of choice for lipid extractions. 5 The presence of chlorophyll in the lipid can increase the susceptibility to photo-oxidation, decrease the storage stability, and generate an unfavorable taste, 6,7 requiring storing in dark containers. The contamination of chlorophyll will cause an overestimation in the lipids' analysis test. ...
... Chlorophylls are green, photosynthetic pigments found in higher plants, microorganisms, and algae. It is a fat-soluble substance having bioactive qualities like antioxidant and antimutagenic actions (Lanfer-Marquez et al. 2005). Lee et al. (2021) studied that the red seaweed Grateloupia elliptica's chlorophyll and chlorophyll derivatives had the ability to reduce obesity, and chlorophyll inhibited lipid formation by reducing the expression of adipogenic proteins at the intracellular level in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in in vitro experiments without being harmful to cells. ...
Haematococcus is a genus of green microalgae widely distributed in freshwater and seawater and well known for their ability to produce astaxanthin, a powerful antioxidant with diverse applications. Eight species have been assigned to this genus based on a recent genetic classification and among them Haematococcus lacustris (previously named Haematococcus pluvialis) is the most studied. This species is regarded as the most promising microalgae for the production of natural astaxanthin. It is also known for its ability to synthesize other interesting bioactive compounds with a wide range of biological activities. The present work highlights the diverse therapeutic applications of Haematococcus bioactive molecules such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, skin protection, treatment and prevention of cancer, treatment of eye and neurodegenerative diseases, and immune stimulation.KeywordsAstaxanthinAntioxidantAnti-inflammationCancer preventionNeurodegenerative diseases
... Carotenoids present in unrefined oils exhibit antioxidant activity, similar to tocopherols [1,36,82]. Some research also confirmed the antioxidant activity of chlorophylls [83]. Total carotenoids content in examined oil samples ranged from 4.23 ± 0.37 to 13.08 ± 0.22 mg/kg ( Table 2). ...
Background:
In this work, the chemical composition analysis was performed for cold pressed oils obtained from the 15 sunflower hybrids grown in Serbia and Argentina, as well as the determination of their oxidative quality. The fatty acid composition and bioactive compounds including total tocopherols, phenols, carotenoids, and chlorophyll contents were investigated. The oxidation products were monitored through the peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AnV), conjugated dienes (CD) and conjugated trienes (CT) content, and total oxidation index (TOTOX) under accelerated oxidation conditions by the oven method.
Results:
Linoleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in investigated oil samples, followed by oleic and palmitic acids. The mean contents of total tocopherols, phenols, carotenoids, and chlorophyll were 518.24, 9.42, 7.54 and 0.99 mg/kg, respectively. In order to obtain an overview of sample variations according to the tested parameters Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied.
Conclusion:
PCA indicated that phenols, chlorophyll, linoleic and oleic acid were the most effective variables for the differentiation of sunflower hybrids grown in Serbia and Argentina. Furthermore, based on the fatty acid composition and bioactive compounds content in the oils, a new Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed to predict the oxidative stability parameters of cold pressed sunflower oil.
... The broad spectrum of pigment profiles found in marine algae has also led to their application in various other fields, including photoprotection, anti-inflammatory effects, anticancer effects, and the inhibition of cell proliferation [245][246][247][248][249]. Algae species are recognized as significant sources of βcarotene, along with other compounds such as carotenoids, astaxanthin, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which exhibit antioxidant activity [250][251][252]. ...
Marine macroalgae have garnered significant attention in the field of cosmeceutical research due to their rich abundance of bioactive compounds. These compounds offer remarkable skin benefits without inducing any adverse effects on human health, such as cytotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, or carcinogenicity. Among the various bioactive compounds found in brown algae, phenolic compounds exhibit diverse chemical structures and are present in high concentrations. In addition to phenolic compounds, brown algae also contain terpenoids, bro-mophenols, mycosporine amino acids (MAAs), and flavonoids, with the well-studied poly-phenol compound, phlorotannin, being particularly prominent. Marine macroalgae further possess an array of pigments derived from their natural pigmentation, including chlorophylls, carotenoids (such as fucoxanthin and β-carotene), phycobiliproteins (such as phycoerythrin and phycocyanin), and melanin. These pigments have been extensively investigated for their potential cos-meceutical applications. The phenolic compounds and pigments derived from marine macroalgae have been thoroughly studied for their beneficial effects on the skin, including skin whitening, moisturizing, photoprotection, anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, anti-melanogenic, and anti-oxidant properties. This comprehensive review aims to explore the extraction, characterization, and skin cosmetic effects of phenolic compounds and pigments derived from marine macroalgae, as documented in the existing literature, thereby enhancing our understanding of their therapeutic potential.
... For imparting green hue to the food and nonfood items, the only natural available color is chlorophyll. Apart from imparting color, chlorophyll and its derivatives are known to possess potentially important therapeutic attributes such as anti-mutagenic and wound healing properties (Sarkar et al. 2020), antimicrobial, immunostimulatory, and anti-parasitic activity (Pérez-Gálvez et al. 2017;Saide et al. 2020), and anti-carcinogenic (Solymosi and Mysliwa-Kurdziel 2017), antigenotoxic, and antioxidant capacity which eliminates free radicals and protect lipids from oxidative degradation (Pérez-Gálvez et al. 2017;Lanfer-Marquez et al. 2005). Chlorophyll (E140(i)) corresponds to magnesium containing chlorophyll a and b hydrophobic biomolecules largely extracted from algal sources (Solymosi and Mysliwa-Kurdziel 2017;Fernandes et al. 2021). ...
Presently, natural pigments from plant sources are in limelight. This study is focused to provide a feasible technology route for effective utilization of garden pea waste as a source of natural green pigment (chlorophyll). The extraction parameters were optimized with a three-variable, three-level RSM Box–Behnken design (BBD) experiment. The BBD analysis predicted 92.85% ethanol, 27.7 min sonication time, and 46.05 h soaking time as optimum parameters for enhancing the pigment yield by 37.4%. Validation at optimal conditions gave a recovery of pigment close to that of predicted (TCC 0.642 mg/g) confirming the suitability of the model. Spectral analysis of data obtained through Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of functional groups characteristic of chlorophyll in the extract. Furthermore, the extracted pigment was found stable up to 60 °C and pH range of 4.0–9.0. Degradation kinetics of extracted chlorophyll revealed lower activation energy at around 40 °C in both photo (Ea 8.31 kJ/mol) and thermostability (Ea 11.11 kJ/mol) studies indicating sensitivity of pigment to light followed by temperature. This study is the first report where pea pod waste was effectively exploited to produce valuable green pigment for its application in food and non-food industries.
... In recent years, chlorophyll derivatives have opened a slew of new possibilities for photodynamic treatment (Li et al., 2007). Antibacterial (Alenezi et al., 2017), antioxidant (Lanfer-Marquez et al., 2005), anti-inflammatory (Jelic et al., 2012), and antimutagenic activities (Ferruzzi & Blakeslee, 2007) are all common uses for chlorophyll derivatives in biomedical applications. ...
Diabetes mellitus proved to be a significant risk factor for both COVID-19 infection and poor outcomes among these chronic health problems. Plants are a rich source of chemical components that could block carbohydrate digestion enzymes, and they can be utilized as therapeutic or functional foods. Natural pigments that have potential benefits, such as chlorophyll, anthocyanin as a part of flavonoid, and carotenoid. Chlorophylls are the most significant and widespread pigment molecules in nature, and they are required for photosynthesis to occur. Anthocyanins are the most important group of water-soluble pigments in plants, responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors of many fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, and flowers. Carotenoids, natural pigments found in an array of different foodstuffs, are the most abundant pigments present in the human diet. The most frequent method for determining a substance's antidiabetic potential is to assess the substance's hypoglycemic or antihyperglycemic.
... Chlorophyll functions as an antioxidant [12], Chlorophyll and its derivatives can lower serum, triglycerides, and constipation in addition to having antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties [13]. In addition to its general advantages for blood flow, digestion, and body cleansing, wheat grass has been demonstrated to have antioxidant and anti-cancer properties [14]. ...
... Carotenoids are considered strong antioxidants [64]. Moreover, antioxidant activity may be favored in the presence of high chlorophyll content [65]. Therefore, the SFE+10% ethanol extract with the highest pigment concentration also exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. ...
The recovery of bioactive products with green processes is a critical topic for the research and industry fields. In this work, the application of solid–liquid (SLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with aq. ethanol 90% v/v and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 for the recovery of biocomponents from Scenedesmus obliquus is studied. The effects examined were temperature (30–60 °C), time (6–24 h), and solvent-to-biomass ratio (20–90 mLsolv/gbiom) for SLE, temperature (40–60 °C), time (5–25 min), solvent-to-biomass ratio (20–90 mLsolv/gbiom), and microwave power (300–800 W) for MAE, and temperature (40–60 °C), pressure (110–250 bar), solvent flow rate (20–40 gsolv/min), and cosolvent presence (0, 10% w/w ethanol) for SFE in relation to the extract’s yield, phenolic, chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and antioxidant activity. The optimum extraction conditions determined were 30 °C, 24 h, and 90 mLsolv/gbiom for SLE, 60 °C, 5 min, 90 mLsolv/gbiom, and 300 W for MAE, and 60 °C, 250 bar, and 40 gsolv/min for SFE. Additionally, a kinetic SFE study was conducted and the obtained results were satisfactorily correlated using Sovová’s model. The comparison between the methods proved MAE’s efficiency in all terms compared to SLE. Moreover, SFE was accompanied with the lowest yield and chlorophyll content, yet led to an increased carotenoid content and improved antioxidant activity. Finally, the cosolvent addition significantly improved SFE’s yield and led to the most superior extract.
... Nevertheless, except for SSPE, the DCF-DA assay demonstrated that all SS mixtures exert important antioxidant activity in vitro. This potential can be explained by the existence of bioactive substances with documented antioxidant effects such as chlorophyll-a and -b, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, verbascoside, and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, among others [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]. Notably, SSPE was the only extract that did not display any discernible antioxidant ability with any of the utilized approaches. ...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative condition, primarily affecting seniors. Despite the significant time and money spent over the past few decades, no therapy has been developed yet. In recent years, the research has focused on ameliorating the cytotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide aggregates and the increased elevated oxidative stress, two interconnected main AD hallmarks. Medicinal plants constitute a large pool for identifying bioactive compounds or mixtures with a therapeutic effect. Sideritis scardica (SS) has been previously characterized as neuroprotective toward AD. We investigated this ability of SS by generating eight distinct solvent fractions, which were chemically characterized and assessed for their antioxidant and neuroprotective potential. The majority of the fractions were rich in phenolics and flavonoids, and all except one showed significant antioxidant activity. Additionally, four SS extracts partly rescued the viability in Aβ25–35-treated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, with the initial aqueous extract being the most potent and demonstrating similar activity in retinoic-acid-differentiated cells as well. These extracts were rich in neuroprotective substances, such as apigenin, myricetin-3-galactoside, and ellagic acid. Our findings indicate that specific SS mixtures can benefit the pharmaceutical industry to develop herbal drugs and functional food products that may alleviate AD.
... Several studies have focused on the characteristics of chlorophyll a and b for antioxidant properties. Some studies reported that chlorophyll b was more effective than chlorophyll a in antioxidant activity (Lanfer-Marquez et al. 2005;Fernandes et al. 2017;Hsu et al. 2005). However, other studies showed that chlorophyll a was three times more effective than chlorophyll b (Ferruzzi et al. 2002), which is in agreement with previous results (Hoshina et al. 1998). ...
The freshwater scarcity is one of the major environmental problems, which is why the water reuse has become a possible remedy to cope with the shortage of water needed for agriculture irrigation. This study focuses on the evaluation of the irrigation effect with treated effluent from wastewater treatment plant in Tunisia on parsley (Petroselinum crispum L. cv. Commun) used as human food and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Gea) as animal food. In vitro germination test was conducted at different dilution levels of wastewater as rejected into the environment (25, 50, and 100%) and wastewater with further treatment (TWW). Results have shown that wastewater with dilution of 25% as well as TWW positively affected the physiological parameters in comparison with the dilutions 50 and 100%. However, the tap water (TW) applied as control treatment has shown the best effects. Oxidative stress evaluated by malondialdehyde (MDA) content was in agreement with the physiological results and showed that the most stressed seeds were those treated with the dilutions 50 and 100%. A pot trial was also conducted to evaluate the suitability of WW and TWW in comparison to TW. Results have shown that TWW is more adapted than WW for irrigation as an improvement of growth and physiological parameters was recorded. Oxidative stress assessed with MDA and proline content has shown that plants irrigated with WW significantly accumulate MDA and proline compared to TWW. The TW has shown the lowest values. DNA damage was evaluated by extraction and agarose gel electrophoresis. It has revealed degradation of DNA for plants irrigated with WW. According to these results, it can be concluded that TWW can be used for irrigation of plants destined for human or animal foods. So, it can be a hydric alternative to resolve the problem of water deficit in semi-arid countries.
... Chlorophyll can make most plants and plant products appear green and may act as an antioxidant in the dark. In contrast, they act as photosensitizers in the presence of light, thus catalyzing the photooxidation of lipids (Lanfer-Marquez et al., 2005). Studies have shown that phospholipids can act as antioxidants in synergy with other antioxidants (vitamin E), which is an important lipid-soluble antioxidant and shows higher antioxidant efficiency in the presence of phospholipid synergists (Lambelet et al., 1994). ...
Food provides abundant nutrients for human beings, but also has sensory functions and physiological regulation. Lipids are the main components of food as well as the important structural and functional components of cells. Nevertheless, lipids are easily oxidized by different ways, such as thermal oxidation and air oxidation. Lipid oxidation has adverse effects on food quality and human health. Therefore, efforts should be made to reduce lipid oxidation and improve its stability. This review focuses on important knowledge about lipid oxidation, including the concept of lipids and lipid oxidation, the main pathways and mechanisms of lipid oxidation, factors affecting lipid oxidation, strategies to improve the stability of lipid oxidation, and the recent research progress of lipid oxidation in food science and nutritional health.
... Each person is estimated to consume up to 86 mg of chlorophyll per day. This consumption can provide some health benefits, such as antioxidant activity (Lanfer-Marquez et al., 2005) and good ability to chelate some chemical carcinogens or mutagens, reducing cancer risk . Porphyra (red macroalgae) and Enteromorpha (green macroalgae) species have been successfully assessed as a strong suppressor against genotoxininduced umuC gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium, which is possibly correlated with carcinogenesis . ...
... The dramatic improvement in serum CAT, SOD, GST activities, and MDA level induced by GTP administration to rabbits diet may be connected to bioactive GTP components like chlorophyll, which well known for its potent antioxidant properties (Lanfer-Marquez et al., 2005 andHsu et al., 2013). Interestingly, the current study confirmed that GTP could act as a scavenging agent and protect serum lipids against peroxidative damage. ...
... This indicates that the pigment we used in this study is both an electron donor and a hole scavenger. Many reports say the same thing, with both substances being said to have antioxidant properties [44,45]. ...
... Chlorophylls are cyclic tetrapyrroles and their structure and configuration influence their antioxidant activity. In one study 148, chlorophyll a was more effective of a radical quencher than chlorophyll b [43,44]; however, on the other hand, other studies have shown that chlorophyll b exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared with chlorophyll a [45]. Carotenoids, lipophilic antioxidants, are divided into two groups: carotenes (consisting only of carbon and hydrogen) and xanthophylls (carotene oxygenated products). ...
Microwave extraction is becoming a popular option in many fields, especially for bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. This paper addresses the application of microwaves in the process of extracting bioactive compounds (phenols, flavonoids, chlorophyll) from peppermint with antioxidant capacity in order to highlight the influence of the microwave field on the quality of the final product in comparison with the control samples. The Mentha piperita L. is a rich source of phenols. The total phenol content after applying the MW treatments significant increased and varied between 25.000 ± 1.992 and 391.687 ± 20.537 mg GAE/100 g dw compared to the untreated sample (8.089 ± 2.745 mg GAE/100 g dw). The same trend was also recorded in the case of the flavonoid and pigment content in peppermint leaves following the application of microwave treatments. The obtained results were investigated using chemometric multivariate analysis. The main purpose of our research was to compare the possibilities of total or partial substitution of conventional extraction technologies with the microwave extraction technology, and also to highlight the existing differences in the amount of total phenols and flavonoids extracted from peppermint plants in different processing conditions. Through microwave processing, a significant increase in polyphenolic compounds is obtained.
... Chlorophyll pigment shows the good antioxidant property of neutralizing free radicals in the body (Lanfer-Marquez et al. 2005). This natural antioxidant was used against cancer atherosclerosis,arthritis,and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases (Sarke et al. 2020). ...
Leaf area measurement is a key parameter for physiological, agronomical, and ecological studies. India has covered the 38 percent geographical area of the arid and semi-arid region. This region is very rich in plants biodiversity. In this work the medicinal plants of semi-arid region was selected for the linear model development for the leaf area. In the present study different sizes of healthy leaves of Balanites aegyptiaca and Gymnosporia montana were collected and the fresh and dry weights, water content, chlorophyll content, and leaf area were measured. Further, the dry weight and water content were considered for the development of the linear model for these plant species which showed a highly statistically significant relationship with leaf area. It was observed that fresh and dry weights, water content gradually increased with leaf size. The best correlation was represented by regression coefficient R 2 and correlation coefficient r. The results concluded that dry and fresh weights and water content either one, can be selected as a parameter for developing the linear model for leaf area in both these plants. The probable role of these parameters with leaf size and their application in the herbal formulation is discussed. HIGHLIGHTS m Leaf area linear model developed for medicinal plant B. aegyptiaca & G.montana. m Significant relationship was observerd leaf area with dry weight and water content.
... Similarly, other phytochemicals can be accounted adequately based on various potentials with their subsequent current value; the higher the current "I", the higher the antioxidant concentration. Arbelaez and his research group gave an elaborate review on an antioxidant capacity determination using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Chronoamperometry, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and square wave voltammetry (SWV) in various vegetable varieties including spinach, chicory, edible oils, cabbage, etc. [85,86]. Based on the CV data, peak separation, i.e., Ep, was obtained which helps us to determine the number of electrons transferred (n). ...
Naturally occurring phytonutrients/phyto-components are likely to have therapeutic values. These phyto-derived naturally occurring components, such as polyphenols, phenolics, flavonoids and phenolic acids have a hydrocarbon background with a polyphenolic ring, an ester bond with a polyphenolic ring, etc. Their structures play a critical role in determining the chemical and physical attributes that define their activity/functions and roles. Owing to their chemical structure, most of them are electroactive. Thus, these phytochemicals can be used in the preparation of electrochemical sensors. Gaining an understanding of functional genotypical units using electrochemistry is a unique study. The feasibility of incorporating an array of biosensors into a fully-automated micro-electrochemical system is further explored. This review is intended to provide in-depth knowledge of biosensors’ applications based on/for Plantae kingdom and varieties. The discussion focuses primarily on the fields associated with the fully-automated micro-electrochemical system and appropriate methods for its advancement. The intended approach is to provide a selective outlook including the setbacks/shortcomings and usefulness of opting for the concerned technique.
... Chlorophyll exerts lower antioxidant potential than other documented pigments and has not been explored much. However, prooxidant activity of chlorophyll has been demonstrated by Lanfer-Marquez et al. (2005) who further emphasized the role of intactness of porphyrin ring for expression of antioxidant effect of chlorophyll. Eleven conjugated double bonds contribute significantly to the antioxidant capacity of lycopene. ...
The chemical composition of any food product is important since it determines the reactants available for the chemical transformation that ultimately affects the quality, safety, processability and utility of foods. Water, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids form the major chemical components of foods contributing to their nutritional, sensory as well as functional properties. Minor chemical components of foods include vitamins, minerals, pigments, antioxidants, enzymes and flavoring components. Although present in small quantities, these minor chemical components along with antinutrient compounds, toxins, and allergens are important from nutritional, functional as well as food safety point of view. Many different chemical reactions occur in food products during storage, handling, processing, cooking as well as consumption that decide overall utilization and fate of any food material. This chapter details each of the chemical components of food materials focusing on their role in human health and food chemistry. Further, utilization of food processing technologies to alter these nutrients to achieve desirable change in functionality and product characteristics have also been elaborated in the chapter.
... Chlorophylls are the pigments responsible for the absorption of electromagnetic energy and the transfer of electrons to the electron transport chain; this process produces ATP and NADPH as the final products (Hanada, 2019). Chlorophyll and its derivatives (such as pheophytin, a chlorophyll that loses its central Mg +2 at low pH values) have antioxidant activity because of the presence of double bonds inside the molecule, allowing the molecules to react with free radicals efficiently (Lanfer-Marquez, Barros, & Sinnecker, 2005;Pangestuti & Kim, 2011). In addition, a semisynthetic derivative of chlorophyll has been developed, in which the central magnesium is substituted by another metallic ion (Na or Cu); these compounds are known as chlorophyllins, which are more soluble than chlorophylls but with the same antioxidant and health benefits (Gerić et al., 2019). ...
... Plant pigments, including chlorophylls, carotenoids and anthocyanins, determine the attractive color, play a variety of roles throughout the whole plant life cycle and are characterized by powerful antioxidant [70] and anti-inflammatory activity [11,71]. There is research confirming that chlorophyll derivatives have multiple potential health benefits [8], may be protective agents against chronic diseases and have cytostatic and cytotoxic activities against tumor cells [72], therefore it is recommended to include them in the daily diet through pigment-rich foods. ...
Eating habits are changing over time and new innovative nutrient-rich foods will play a great role in the future. Awareness of the importance of a healthy diet is growing, so consumers are looking for new creative food products rich in phytochemicals, i.e., specialized metabolites (SM). The consumption of fruits, vegetables and aromatic species occupies an important place in the daily diet, but different edible flower species are still neglected and unexplored. Flowers are rich in SM, have strong antioxidant capacities and also possess significant functional and biological values with favorable impacts on human health. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the content of SM and the antioxidant capacities of the edible flower species: Calendula officinalis L. (common marigold), Tagetes erecta L. (African marigold), Tropaeolum majus L. (nasturtium), Cucurbita pepo L. convar. giromontiina (zucchini) and Centaurea cyanus L. (cornflower). The obtained results showed the highest content of ascorbic acid (129.70 mg/100 g fw) and anthocyanins (1012.09 mg/kg) recorded for cornflower, phenolic compounds (898.19 mg GAE/100 g fw) and carotenoids (0.58 mg/g) for African marigold and total chlorophylls (0.75 mg/g) for common marigold. In addition to the esthetic impression of the food, they represent an important source of SM and thus can have a significant impact if incorporated in the daily diet.
... The dramatic improvement in serum CAT, SOD, GST activities, and MDA level induced by GTP administration to rabbits diet may be connected to bioactive GTP components like chlorophyll, which well known for its potent antioxidant properties (Lanfer-Marquez et al., 2005 andHsu et al., 2013). Interestingly, the current study confirmed that GTP could act as a scavenging agent and protect serum lipids against peroxidative damage. ...
... Cahyana (1993) reported that the derivatives of chlorophyll lacking central Mg 2+ and phytyl chain exhibit more effective antioxidant activity than normal chlorophyll. For instance, Lanfer-Marquez et al. (2005) investigated the antioxidant activities of different chlorophyll derivatives and found that chlorophyll b derivatives exhibit stronger antioxidant activity than chlorophyll a derivatives. Cho et al. (2011) also examined the antioxidant activity of the green macroalga Enteromorpha prolifera (currently considered as a synonym of Ulva prolifera) and attributed its antioxidant activity to the chlorophyll a derivative pheophorbide a. Cahyana et al. (1992) confirmed that pyropheophytin a of the phaeophycean seaweed Eisenia bicyclis possesses more potent antioxidant property than the commercially used antioxidants such as α-tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). ...
Seaweeds are an indispensable natural source of bioactive metabolites characterized by multifunctional biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. For instance, seaweed-derived polyphenolics are potentially distinguished by their pivotal antioxidant effects in the treatment and/or prevention of several diseases. Moreover, pigments, fatty acids, terpenes, and terpenoids have been characterized by their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti¬obesity properties, besides their highly effective hepatoprotective activities. Several seaweed-extracted polysaccharides, such as alginates, ulvans, and carrageenans, have been reported to exert various medicinal effects such as immunoinflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, and anticoagulant activities. Furthermore, seaweed-derived minerals have been widely utilized as food supplements and cosmeceuticals. This review discusses and emphasizes the biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of seaweeds and the future perspectives for their large-scale applications to develop novel, safe, and high-valued pharmaceutical constituents.
Algae, a complex group of photosynthetic organisms that range in size from single-celled microalgae to multicellular macroalgae, are crucial for the maintenance of a healthy ecosystem. They generate a large number of metabolites, which have a high value-added content and provide them a range of business opportunities. Algae provide a different renewable source for the synthesis of biopolymers and produce a variety of biopolymers due to their quick growth, high photosynthetic efficiency, and great potential for carbon dioxide fixation. As a reliable supply of protein, algae are frequently acknowledged, and their EAA composition satisfies FAO requirements. Microalgal peptides have also been associated with anti-ultraviolet (UV) radiation, anti-tumour, anti-atherosclerosis, hepatoprotective, and anti-tumour effects. Chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycobiliproteins are just a few of the many pigments found in algae. These pigments, which range in colour from green to red, yellow, and brown, have been employed in food and cosmetics. In light of the foregoing, this article provides a synopsis of the industrial applications of pigments, proteins, and polymers in the food, cosmetics, and diagnostics sectors.KeywordsAlgaeAlgal polymersAlgal proteinsAlgal pigmentsIndustrial applications
Natural plant pigments are safe and have low toxicity, with various nutrients and biological activities. However, the extraction, preservation, and application of pigments are limited due to the instability of natural pigments. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the extraction and application processes of natural plant pigments in detail. This review discusses the classification, extraction methods, biological activities, and modification methods that could improve the stability of various pigments from plants, providing a reference for applying natural plant pigments in the industry and the cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical industries.
In this review, we present current knowledge of diatom photosynthetic pigments, along with some fresh insights into their physicochemical properties, biological role, biosynthetic processes, economic issues, and industrial relevance. Photosynthetic pigments are important bioactive molecules in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors.Diatoms have distinct pigment composition which is even far different from those found in plants. The pigments present in diatoms are not only responsible for capturing solar energy during the process of photosynthesis, but they also show antioxidant with great role in the photoprotective processes. The chief light-harvesting pigments present in diatoms are chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and fucoxanthin; besides them, they also have collection of carotenoids like β-carotene, xanthophylls, diadinoxanthin, violaxanthin, diatoxanthin, and zeaxanthin having photoprotective functions and are generally produced during xanthophyll cycle as reaction intermediates. Commercially, these pigments have great potential application in food additives, pharmaceutics, and cosmetic industries; besides, these pigments are also being used in the field of medicine as remedy and diagnostics. In recent times, these diatoms have emerged as a great source of these bioactive compounds in various industries. A brief overview of the photosynthetic pigment of diatoms and their potential application in commercial field is presented in this review.KeywordsPhotosynthetic pigmentsFucoxanthinChlorophyllDiatomsBiosynthesis pathwaysAntioxidant
Chlorophyll was extracted and microencapsulated using different carrier agents. Subsequently, in vitro digestion was performed, and the bioaccessibility of chlorophyll in the different encapsulation systems was carried out. The zeta potential, particle size, and PDI were significantly modified after the micellarization of digested microcapsules. I-W-Chl presented with the highest total chlorophyll recovery and micellarization rate of 54% and 43%, respectively. In the aqueous micellar fraction, the different encapsulation systems had total chlorophylls, pheophytins, and pheophorbides ranging from 13 to 49%, 42 - 77%, and 3 - 22% respectively. The bioaccessibility of total chlorophyll pigment ranging from 7% to 20% is given in the following order: I-W-Chl > WPI-Chl > Z-Chl > Ca-Chl > SCChlV > SCChlC. The result established in this study shows that the carrier agent type could inhibit or mediate the bioaccessibility of chlorophyll with the potential to be an efficient delivery system for health promoting compounds.
Background:
Intelligent monitoring of fixation quality is a prerequisite for automated green tea processing. To meet the requirements of intelligent monitoring of fixation quality in large-scale production, fast and nondestructive detection means are urgently needed. Here, smartphone-coupled micro near-infrared spectroscopy and a self-built computer vision system were used to perform rapid detection of the fixation quality in green tea processing lines.
Results:
Spectral and image information from green tea samples with different fixation degrees were collected at-line by two intelligent monitoring sensors. Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and correlation analysis were employed to select feature variables from spectral and color information as the target data for modeling, respectively. The developed least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) model by spectral information and the LS-SVM model by image information achieved the best discriminations of sample fixation degree, with both prediction set accuracies of 100%. Compared to the spectral information, the image information-based SVR model performed better in moisture prediction, with a correlation coefficient of prediction of 0.9884 and residual predictive deviation of 6.46.
Conclusion:
The performed study provided rapid and low-cost means of monitoring fixation quality, and provided theoretical support and technical guidance for the automation of the green tea fixation process. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Lutein is a carotenoid that is beneficial to human health. However, its low stability and bioavailability have limited its application in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Herein, lutein has been successfully modified with carbon-dots (CDs) via a simple and mild solvent-ultrasonic method at room temperature. The synthesized lutein/CDs composites (LCs) showed 3.4 times higher photostability than the pristine lutein under UV irradiation, and 3.5 times higher than that under visible light, and the retention rate of lutein in the air rose from 3.6% to 68% over 25 days. Meanwhile, the antioxidant capacity of lutein has been improved by 6.4 times. Based on the photoluminescence (PL) measurements, a possible mechanism for the enhanced photostability and antioxidant ability of LCs has been proposed. The work provides a simple but effective approach to enhancing the stability and antioxidant capacity of lutein, and is expected to extend its application in food and biomedical fields.
This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of Centella leaf paste to the characteristics of catfish nuggets and the right addition of Centella leaf paste that is able to produce nuggets with the best characteristics. The experimental design used Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with the addition of Centella leaf paste consisting of 6 levels: 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The treatment was repeated 3 times to obtain 18 units of experiment. The data obtained were analyzed by Analysis of Variance, and if the treatment had a significant effect on the observed variables then continued with Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the addition of Centella leaf paste had a very significant effect on the of water content, protein content, antioxidant activity, color (scoring test), had no significant effect on ash content, crude fiber content, aroma (hedonik test), texture (hedonic and skoring), and overall acceptance (hedonic), and also had a significant effect on taste (hedonic) of nugget. Addition of 20% Centella leaf paste had the best characteristics of nugget with content of water 53.05%, ash content 1.89%, protein content 24.35%, coarse fiber content 11.43%, antioxidant activities 237800.42 ppm, the aroma was liked, the color was greenish brown, the texture was rather liked and bit chewy, taste was rather liked, and overall acceptance was rather liked.
Inflammation is a normal protective response to tissue injury caused by physical trauma, noxious chemicals, or microbiological agents. When this normal physiological process becomes deregulated, it can become harmful and destructive leading to inflammatory diseases that are a major burden on humanity. Careya arborea Roxb. (F.Lecythidaceae) is a large tree, 30–60 ft high, distributed throughout India up to an altitude of 5000 ft in deciduous forests and grasslands. Bark of C. arborea is antipruritic, astringent, bitter, thermogenic, antipyretic, expectorant, and anthelmintic. Preliminary in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of extract was carried out by protein denaturation and proteinase inhibition methods. Anti-inflammatory studies using lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cell lines were conducted by analyzing inhibition of cyclooxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase, myeloperoxidase, and cellular nitrite levels. Cytotoxicity studies were carried out by MTT assay. Antioxidant activity screening of the extract was found out by iron chelating, DPPH, nitric oxide, ABTS, beta carotene bleaching, and total antioxidant assays. Estimation of flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, flavanols, tannins, and carotenoids was conducted. Protein denaturation and proteinase inhibition assays exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity of the C. arborea extract. IC 50 value of the extract by COX/5-LOX inhibition was found out as 5.30 μg/mL and 26.62 μg/mL, respectively. Diclofenac showed COX inhibition at the IC 50 values of 2.84 and 5-LOX inhibition at IC 50 of 12.14 μg/mL. The extract showed its ability to reduce myeloperoxidase and cellular nitrite levels in a dose-dependent manner. MTT assay showed that extract is not cytotoxic. Antioxidant activity screening and phytochemical estimations showed that the extract is a potent source of antioxidants like flavonoids, phenolics, and carotenoids. Mechanism of action of the traditional claim of C. arborea bark is mainly due to the COX/5-LOX inhibition, and the dual inhibition shows that the extract will not have common adverse effects of NSAIDs. The present study confirms that stem bark of C. arborea is a safe, potent anti-inflammatory agent.Key wordsCareya arborea barkAnti-inflammatoryDual COX-LOXMyeloperoxidaseCellular nitriteAntioxidantPhenolicsFlavonoids
The search for endogenous components in food ingredients exhibiting antioxidant activity has been intensified in order to
eliminate synthetic antioxidants. Tocopherols are widely used as natural antioxidants, although their protective ability is
not always sufficient. Buckwheat seed components were evaluated for antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities using
solvents of different polarities to isolate components from hulls and groats. Components extracted from buckwheat hulls were
pro-oxidant in canola oil. Antioxidant activity of extracts from buckwheat groats increased when more polar solvents were
used for extraction. The highest activity was observed for the methanolic extract. Radical-scavenging activity of buckwheat
extracts was analyzed with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl). This activity increased when the more polar solvents were
used for extraction, with the highest activity observed for the methanolic extract. It was also observed that the radical
scavenging effectiveness of extracts was concentration dependent. Analysis revealed the presence of tocopherols in the hexane
extract, while methanolic extracts were rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids.
Among photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids are well known to protect photosynthetic organisms against potentially harmful photooxidative radical. Recently, antioxidant activity of chlorophyll (Chl) derivative, pheophytin a was reported from marine alga Arame (Eisenia bicyclis). Interestingly, these pigments are essential structural components of the photosynthetic antenna and reaction center complexes. In contrast to extensive study of carotenoids as antioxidant in photosynthetic organisms, however, little is known on the antioxidant activity of Chls and their derivatives. In this report, we describe the antioxidant activity of Chls and discuss their structural relation to the activity.
Two antioxidative components in commercial preparations of sodium copper chlorophyllin were isolated as their methyl esters. Through the identification of the methyl esters by comparison with authentic samples and the saponification of the methyl esters, disodium copper isochlorin-e4 and trisodium copper chlorin-e6 were demostrated to be included in sodium copper chlorophyllin as constituents. The antioxidative activities of both sodium copper chlorins on Fe2+ and ascorbic acid-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenates were about 8-fold greater than that of sodium copper chlorophyllin. The two components were concluded to play a principal role in the antioxidative action of sodium copper chlorophyllin.
The effect of chlorophyll (Chi) and pheophytin (Phy) on the photooxidation of triglycerides was examined. Prooxidant behavior similar to that noted in previously reported experiments using methyl linoleate as a substrate was observed. The prooxidant activity of Phy was found to be higher than that of Chi. Moreover, Chi b accelerated photooxidation to a greater degree than did Chi a, and Phy b was more active than Phy a. From the compositional variation of Chi and Phy during photooxidation, it was found that Phy was stable during oxidation of oils. These facts suggest that the Phy content must be noted when considering the oxidative stability of edible oils.
An HPLC method for rapid identification and quantification of picogram quantities of chlorophylls, chlorophyllides, pheophytins and pheophorbides in canola seeds is described. With this method, pigment changes during seed maturation in canola (Brassica napus cv. Westar) were analyzed. During seed maturation, the embryos undergo controlled degradative processes resulting in loss of chlorophyll. Both chlorophyll a and b degradation is biphasic. The breakdown products, chlorophyllide a and pheophytin a reach a peak during the period of rapid chlorophyll a degradation. Thereafter, loss of these pigments and chlorophyll a are linearly correlated. The relationship between chlorophyll b and its degradation products is not clear. However, this may reflect the low levels of these pigments in the seed rather than a lack of causal relationship. Despite the fact that green canola oil contains a high proportion of pheophytin, neither pheophytin nor pheophorbide accounted for a large proportion of the pigments in the seed. Electrophoretic profiles and EM micrographs indicate the presence of normal chloroplasts with pigments bound in chlorophyll-protein complexes. Furthermore, there is a gradual breakdown of the chlorophyllprotein complexes during degreening. The mature nongreen seed does not contain any components of the photosystems.
A new pheophorbide a related compound named as chlorophyllone a (1), C33H32N4O3, was isolated as an antioxidative compound from the extract of the short-necked clam, . It suggests a new degradative pathway of chlorophylls.
Free radical generation is directly related with oxidation in foods and biological systems. Therefore, the search for methods to determine free radical scavenging is important. In this work are described the methods used for this purpose in both substrates as well as in specific cases of their application. The main methods comprise superoxide radicals scavenging (O2·-); hydrogen peroxide scavenging (H2O2); hypochlorous acid scavenging (HOCl); hydroxyl radical scavenging (HO.); peroxyl radical scavenging (ROO.), among them are the methods that use azo-compounds to generate peroxyl radicals, such as the ``TRAP'' method (Total Radical-Trapping Antioxidant Parameter) and the ``ORAC'' method (Oxygen-Radical Absorbance Capacity); the scavenging of radical cation 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) or the ABTS or the ``TEAC'' method (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity); the scavenging of stable radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl or DPPH . method and the scavenging of radical cation N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine or DMPD method. At present, in spite of the diversity of methods, there is a great need to standardize measurements of antioxidant activity. The search for more specific assays, giving us chemical information that could be related directly to oxidative deterioration of foods and biological systems could be the objective of future research.
Solubilization of senescent thylakoids from rape cotyledons in the presence of Triton X-100 was employed to establish an in vitro system that allowed the assessment of enzymatic conversion of phaeophorbide a into an uncoloured fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite, Bn-FCC-2. The action of the putative dioxygenase responsible for the cleavage of the porphyrin macrocycle depends on reduced ferredoxin as reductant. Apart from this thylakoidal catalyst, stromal protein is also required for the production of FCC-2 in vitro. The cleavage reaction does not occur with phaeophorbide b as substrate. Saturation kinetics with phaeophorbide a as substrate yielded an apparent Km-value of c. 200 μ. The enzyme contains iron as suggested by inhibitory effects of appropriate chelators. Enzyme activity lost upon treatment with bipyridyl was partly restored in the presence of Fe-ions; other metal ions such as Cu, Zn and Co were ineffective. The enzyme is absent in the thylakoids of mature green cotyledons. It appears upon the induction of foliar senescence and reaches the highest levels towards the end of the yellowing process.
METHODS for measuring antioxidants and appraising antioxidant activity appear to be of two general types. If the chemical nature of the antioxidant is known, one may strive for a test specific for the compound or group of interest; for example, the nitroprusside test for sulphydryl groups. Alternatively one may observe the inhibition of some natural oxidative process such as the β-oxidation of fats, as a function of the added antioxidant.
Chlorophylls a and b and their derivatives were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (LC). The method involves a gradient elution reverse-phase separation. The two solvents were a methanol-water mixture and ethyl acetate. Compounds were detected at 654 nm. Twelve chlorophylls and derivatives were resolved. The method was applied to monitor changes in chlorophyll during processing of spinach. Chlorophylls a and b were the only pigments detected hi fresh spinach. Blanching for 2.5 min at 100 °C showed the appearance of chlorophylls a′ and b′. Blanching for 10 min increased the relative amounts of the a′ and b′ isomers. Frozen spinach contained chlorophylls a, a′, b, and b′ and pheophytin a. In canned spinach, almost all chlorophylls were converted to pheophytins and pyropheophytins. Pyropheophytins were not previously reported to be present in canned spinach. They were identified by their visible absorption spectra, LC retention times, and NMR spectra.
Nine chlorophyll derivatives from different spinach preparations were separated and identified using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). These pigments included chlorophylls a and b, chlorophyllides a and b, pheophorbide a, pheophytins a and b, and pyropheophytins a and b. HPLC-MS measurements were carried out using HPLC-f&-fast atom bombardment (FAB)-MS, which is a continuous-flow FAB-MS interface. The highly hydrophobic chlorophyll derivatives were eluted from a reversed-phase HPLC column using a gradient of increasing ethyl acetate concentration. Glycerol was included in the mob& phase to serve as the matrix for FAB ionization. During analysis by positive-ion HPLC-frit-FAB-MS, abundant protonated molecules, [M + HI+, were detected for all nine chlorophyll derivatives. Fragment ions were observed in the mass spectra that were similar to those produced during standard probe FAB-MS. These HPLC-MS procedures were shown to be useful for the rapid separation and identification of a variety of chlorophyll derivatives from natural sources.
In vitro antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of dietary chlorophyll derivatives was assessed. Antioxidant activity was determined by the ability of each compound to scavenge the long-lived free radicals 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS+). Antimutagenic activity was assayed with a modified microscreen bacterial reverse mutagenicity assay using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and benzo[a]pyrene as the tester strain and mutagen respectively. Derivatives of chlorophyll a were found to be more effective radical quenchers than those of chlorophyll b. Furthermore, metal-free derivatives such as chlorins, pheophytins, and pyropheophytins exhibited significantly lower antiradical capacity than metallo-derivatives such as Mg-chlorophylls, Zn-pheophytins, Zn-pyropheophytins, Cu-pheophytina, andCu-chlorophyllins. Both metal-free and metallo-chlorophyll derivatives demonstrated similar dose-dependent inhibitory activity against B[a]P induced mutagenesis. These results demonstrate that dietary chlorophyll derivatives prevalent in both fresh and processed foods and dietary supplements have antioxidant and antimutagenic activities.
An HPLC procedure is described which enables both identification and quantitation of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and their major degradation products which can occur during solvent extraction of chloropigments from green plant leaves
or during storage and canning of green vegetables. The method has been applied to visualize enzymatic as well as chemical
degradation of chloropigments from spinach. Complex mixtures of phytyl esters of chlorophyllides, pheophorbides, pyrochlorophyllides,
and pyropheophorbides and their respective hydrolysis products were separated, identified and quantitated in the presence
of carotenoids in a process lasting less than 40 min.
The quantities of chlorophyll (CHL) A and B, and pheophytin (PHY) A and B in 10 kinds of refined edible oils were estimated
by the fluorometric method. The results revealed that CHL and PHY were present in commercial edible oils. PHY A showed the
highest content at ca. 67% in total pigments. Compositional ratios of CHL and PHY were similar in different kinds of plant
oils. Through the analysis of rapessed oils at every refining step, we determined that PHY is not formed during oil refining.
In the autoxidation of soybean oils to which various amounts of CHL mixtures had been added, the peroxide value of tested
oils increased in proportion to the total chlorophyll content. In addition, the compositional changes of the 4 components
during autoxidation were investigated.
The effects of chlorophyll and pheophytin on the autoxidation of oils in the dark were investigated by oven tests. The results
indicated that both chlorophyll and pheophytin show antioxidant activity when methyl linoleate is used as substrate. Furthermore,
chlorophyll retarded the oxidative deterioration of triglycerides in rapeseed and soybean oils at 30 C. Among the four chlorophyll
derivatives (chlorophylls a and b and pheophytins a and b), chlorophyll a showed the strongest antioxidant activity. The antioxidant
effects of chlorophyll and pheophytin depended on the storage temperature and the kinds of oil used as substrate.
To understand the mechanism of the antioxidant effect of chlorophyll on the autoxidation of oils in the dark, antioxidant
activities of several derivatives of chlorophyll were compared. Antioxidant activities were observed in chlorophyll derivatives
such as protopor-phyrin methyl ester and its magnesium chelated compound. Porphyrin seems to be an essential chemical structure
for the antioxidant activity of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll did not decompose the hydroperoxides, but reduced free radicals such
as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Electron spin resonance spectrum of the π-cation radical was recorded during the oxidation
of chlorophyll in methyl linoleate solution. These observations suggest that chlorophyll may act as a hydrogen donor to break
the chain reaction.
A rapid, sensitive method for evaluating antioxidants is described. The antioxidant comparisons are based on minimizing β-carotene
loss in an emulsified, aqueous, coupled oxidation of linoleic acid and β-carotene. The effects of linoleic acid levels were
observed. Attempts to replace β-carotene with vitamin A or linoleic acid with ergosterol gave undesired results. The quantitative
applications of the method are discussed.
A procedure is described for rapid evaluation of antioxidants. Dilute aqueous emulsions of an antioxidant, carotene and lipid
were prepared in spectrometer tubes. The oxidative destruction of carotene in the emulsion was observed directly with a colorimeter.
The antioxidants were then evaluated according to their effect on the rate of carotene decolorization.
Increasing research on natural antioxidants in foods and development of new assays has prompted critical reflection on the field. It has been common practice to identify health benefits from antioxidant activity on the cellular level with antioxidant capacity of food measured in vitro. The use of antioxidants and their positive effects on food quality has been demonstrated in a large variety of foods and beverages using various methods for detection of lipid and protein oxidation or various assays based on electron transfer or hydrogen-atom transfer. A direct positive effect on markers of oxidative status after dietary intervention has, however, been difficult to confirm and much has still to be learnt about antioxidant action in vivo including synergistic or inhibitory roles, the uptake, biotransformation, and tissue distribution of potential antioxidants. This review critically evaluates various types of assays for antioxidative capacity, i.e. the stoichiometry, and antioxidative activity, i.e. the kinetics of the antioxidant action, with focus on the antioxidant mechanism of natural dietary antioxidants, particularly phenolic compounds, on lipid oxidation. It is concluded that it is difficult to transfer antioxidant mechanisms established in model systems and in foods to the in vivo situation and that no simple relationship has been recognized so far between antioxidant capacity determined for various foods and beverages and health benefits for humans. Screening of antioxidant capacity using simple assays in order to predict positive health effects of food are not scientifically justified. Different protocols will have to be used for evaluation of the protection of food by antioxidants and for evaluation of the health effect of antioxidants.
The growing interest in the substitution of synthetic food antioxidants by natural ones has fostered research on vegetable sources and the screening of raw materials for identifying new antioxidants. Oxidation reactions are not an exclusive concern for the food industry, and antioxidants are widely needed to prevent deterioration of other oxidisable goods, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and plastics. Polyphenols are the major plant compounds with antioxidant activity, although they are not the only ones. In addition, other biological properties such as anticarcinogenicity, antimutagenicity, antiallergenicity and antiaging activity have been reported for natural and synthetic antioxidants. Special attention is focussed on their extraction from inexpensive or residual sources from agricultural industries. The aim of this review, after presenting general aspects about natural antioxidants, is to focus on the extraction of antioxidant compounds (mainly polyphenols) from agricultural and industrial wastes, as well as to summarize available data on the factors affecting their antioxidant activity and stability, and, in some cases, the reported major active compounds identified.
The degreening of soybean seeds was studied relative to their maturity stage, moisture content at harvest and postharvest drying temperature. Studies were performed on Brazilian soybean over its whole maturation period (R6–R8) according to the Fehr and Caviness scale. Chlorophyll and its colored derivatives were quantified as a function of three drying conditions: slow drying at room temperature (25 °C) and oven drying at 40 and 75 °C in order to quantify degreening and pigments produced under these temperatures. Pathways for chlorophyll degradation, enzymatic, chemical or both, could be elucidated by this experimental design. Pigments were quantified by HPLC and identities were confirmed by spectral characteristics, retention times and plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PDMS). Postharvest drying at 25 °C allowed almost complete degradation of chlorophyll in seeds harvested at maturity stage R6 (Fehr scale) or later, with no green pigment detected, which mimics maturation in the field. Fast drying at 40 or 75 °C blocked the breakdown process at all stages of maturity and only seeds harvested at R8 lost their green color. At 40 °C, chemical and/or enzymatic mechanisms of degradation seemed to have occurred, the former is supported by high levels of pheophytins and the latter, by the appearance of small amounts of chlorophyllides and pheophorbides. At 75 °C, considerable levels of only chlorophylls and pheophytins were observed probably due to the inactivation of enzymes. So, chemical pheophytinization was the primary mechanism of degradation. It was concluded that the degree of maturation at harvest time and the temperature of postharvest drying significantly affect the chlorophyll content of soybeans. In order to avoid retention of chlorophyll and to guarantee marketing quality of seeds, harvesting at full maturity followed by fast or slow drying is suggested. If premature harvesting is necessary, the drying should be performed at temperatures lower than 40 °C or seed quality can be compromised.
The antiradical activities of various antioxidants were determined using the free radical, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*). In its radical form. DPPH* has an absorption band at 515 nm which dissappears upon reduction by an antiradical compound. Twenty compounds were reacted with the DPPH* and shown to follow one of three possible reaction kinetic types. Ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid and isoeugenol reacted quickly with the DPPH* reaching a steady state immediately. Rosmarinic acid and δ-tocopherol reacted a little slower and reached a steady state within 30 min. The remaining compounds reacted more progressively with the DPPH* reaching a steady state from 1 to 6 h. Caffeic acid, gentisic acid and gallic acid showed the highest antiradical activities with a stoichiometry of 4 to 6 reduced DPPH* molecules per molecule of antioxidant. Vanillin, phenol, γ-resorcylic acid and vanillic acid were found to be poor antiradical compounds. The stoichiometry for the other 13 phenolic compounds varied from one to three reduced DPPH* molecules per molecule of antioxidant. Possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the experimental results.
The activity of green tea extracts (GTE) on the oxidation of refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) seal blubber oil (SBO) and menhaden oil (MHO) was examined under Schaal oven conditions at 65 °C. Progression of oxidation was monitored using weight gain, peroxide value (PV) and 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) data. GTE exhibited a pro-oxidant effect in both oils examined, perhaps due to the catalytic effect of their chlorophyll constituents. Therefore, in follow-up experiments, a column chromatographic technique was employed to remove chlorophyll from GTE. The resultant dechlorophyllized green tea extract (DGTE) was applied to both SBO and MHO at 100, 200, 500 and 1000 ppm levels. The antioxidant activity of DGTE was compared with the effects of the commonly-used antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) at 200 ppm and α-tocopherol at 500 ppm. DGTE at ≥200 ppm exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in both oils and its efficacy was higher than that of BHA, BHT and α-tocopherol, but less than that of TBHQ.
Three methods widely employed in the evaluation of antioxidant activity, namely 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, static headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) and beta-carotene bleaching test (BCBT), have been compared with regard to their application in the screening of plant extracts. The strengths and limitations of each method have been illustrated by testing a number of extracts, of differing polarity, from plants of the genus Sideritis, and two known antioxidants (butylated hydroxytoluene and rosmarinic acid). The sample polarity was important for the exhibited activity in the BCBT and HS-GC methods but not for the DPPH method. The complex composition of the extracts and partition phenomena affected their activity in each assay. The value of the BCBT method appears to be limited to less polar samples. Although slow, the HS-GC method is preferable for assessing the antioxidant inhibitory properties on the formation of unwanted secondary volatile products. Being rapid, simple and independent of sample polarity, the DPPH method is very convenient for the quick screening of many samples for radical scavenging activity.
The study of free radicals and antioxidants in biology is producing medical revolution that promises a new age of health and disease management. From prevention of the oxidative reactions in foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics to the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chronic degenerative diseases including cancer, autoimmune, inflammatory, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Downs syndrome) and aging challenges continue to emerge from difficulties associated with methods used in evaluating antioxidant actions in vivo. Our interest presently is focused on development of neurodegeneration models based on the integrity of neuronal cells in the central nervous system and how they are protected by antioxidants when challenged by neurotoxins as well as Fenton chemistry models based on the profile of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for the assessment of antioxidant actions in vivo. Use continues to be made of several in vitro analytical tools to characterise the antioxidant propensity of bioactive compounds in plant foods and supplements. For example, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total oxidant scavenging capacity (TOSC), the deoxyribose assay, assays involving oxidative DNA damage, assays involving reactive nitrogen intermediates (e.g. ONOO(-)), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. There is need to agree governance on in vitro antioxidant methods based on an understanding of the mechanisms involved. Because some of the assays are done in non-physiological pH values, it is impossible to extrapolate the results to physiological environment. The consensus of opinion is that a mix of these tools should be used in assessing the antioxidant activities in vitro. The proof of bio-efficacy must emanate from application of reliable in vivo models where markers of baseline oxidative damage are examined from the standpoint of how they are affected by changes in diet or by antioxidant supplements.
Chlorophyllone-A, a new pheophorbide – a related
- K Yamamoto
- K Ishikawa
- H Yagi
- A Etoh
- H Ina
, K., Yamamoto, K., Ishikawa, H., Yagi, A., Etoh, H., & Ina, K. (1990). Chlorophyllone-A, a new pheophorbide – a related