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Moscow: Processes of restructuring in the post-Soviet metropolitan periphery
Abstract
During the 20th century, Moscow changed from being a one million person city in Russia to the largest European urban agglomeration. The growth and urbanization processes were particularly strong during the Soviet period. At the beginning of the 1990s, new forms of political and economic regulation were established, which were accompanied by new spatial structures. Moscow and its periphery were subjected to new tendencies of spatial differentiation and polarization. The paper analyzes the new post-Soviet developments in the periphery of the Moscow metropolitan area.
... But, increasingly, more complex forms of development, such as major modern office-based employments, including back-offices, emerge in the nearest cities of Moscow [e.g. Rudolph and Brade, 2005;Makhrova and Molodikova, 2007]. These forms of development are also paralleled by intensified residential construction around the Russian capital. ...
... The ambiguous position of suburban and satellite settlements remains and has often been amplified in the post-Soviet era. Rudolph and Brade (2005), while making it clear that contemporary urbanisation at the periphery of Moscow can be described as a new phase, suggest that development at the periphery displays hybrid elements [Rudolph and Brade, 2005: 148]. Notable in this regard is a strengthening of processes of social polarisation that have become visible at the periphery. ...
... Notable in this regard is a strengthening of processes of social polarisation that have become visible at the periphery. Perhaps as a corollary to this, as they argue, is that the economics of transition have become less powerful as a defining force in peripheral urbanisation and that "Rather, universal economic mechanisms and strategies with global effects are starting to shape the Moscow periphery" [Rudolph and Brade, 2005:148]. What we have described above tends to question the diminishing importance of transition. ...
To what extent do the ideas of “edge city”, “post-suburbia” and associated models of urban growth apply in the transition economy case? The paper considers urban development and place-making on the periphery of Moscow, based on the case of Khimki, a former off-limits “satellite city” and more recently a fast-growing area. The forces and ideologies driving the growth on the edge of Moscow and the relationship between different actors are considered. The paper argues that while the Russian case shares some commonalities with the Western models of “edge city” and “growth machine”, growth in Khimki is fuelled by opportunistic profit-making initiatives that are disconnected from “local” city. It is yet to be seen whether a growing demand for new infrastructure, as well as emerging residents’ movements will restructure the modes of governing urban growth more in line with proactive place-focused post-suburban politics.
... Vanishing of industrial jobs was compensated by the extremely growing banking sector, the spread of companies in the nance and services industries. The investments in the nancially sector reshape not only the structure of active population but it has effects on the spatial structure of urban regions, as in the Moscow case (Rudolph & Brade, 2005). This paper analyses the effects of postsocialist deindustrialization in Bucharest, Romania. ...
... These areas initially were dominated by disadvantaged people, but the improvement housing construction enthralled higher classes (Marci czak & Sagan 2011). The most complicated problems remain the armaments industry and formerly research and technology complexes that cannot be privatised and their economic survival is threaten by underfunding (Rudolph & Brade, 2005). ...
... Preferred were the suburban area with existing infrastructure, principally the motorway, trunk roads and airports, and the second condition was the connections of this transport infrastructure with the global interfaces (international airports). The main effect was the deteritorialization of production, and in the future is expected the development of vibrant centres and expansion zones in the suburban area (Rudolph & Brade, 2005;Sýkora, 1999). ...
This paper examines effects of postsocialist deindustrialization through a case study from Bucharest City, Romania. The paper use scientific papers and real estate company reports to analyse the postsocialist transformation of former industrial plants in Central and Eastern European countries and an industrial site survey and GIS mapping for Bucharest. The results show a common pattern for the postsocialist countries, with effects on diminishing the role of industry in the total economy, the tendency to convert the plants to residential and commercial use. In several cases the plants are fragmented in small production units or abandoned awaiting for a new purpose. Socio-economic transformation suggests a transition to service sector for the labour market. The paper concludes that transformation of postsocialist plants might require attention from owners and public administration, especially for the buildings with the historical and architectural meaning.
... But, increasingly, more complex forms of development, such as major modern office-based employments, including back-offices, emerge in the nearest cities of Moscow [e.g. Rudolph and Brade, 2005;Makhrova and Molodikova, 2007]. These forms of development are also paralleled by intensified residential construction around the Russian capital. ...
... The ambiguous position of suburban and satellite settlements remains and has often been amplified in the post-Soviet era. Rudolph and Brade (2005), while making it clear that contemporary urbanisation at the periphery of Moscow can be described as a new phase, suggest that development at the periphery displays hybrid elements [Rudolph and Brade, 2005: 148]. Notable in this regard is a strengthening of processes of social polarisation that have become visible at the periphery. ...
... Notable in this regard is a strengthening of processes of social polarisation that have become visible at the periphery. Perhaps as a corollary to this, as they argue, is that the economics of transition have become less powerful as a defining force in peripheral urbanisation and that "Rather, universal economic mechanisms and strategies with global effects are starting to shape the Moscow periphery" [Rudolph and Brade, 2005:148]. What we have described above tends to question the diminishing importance of transition. ...
To what extent do the ideas of “edge city”, “post-suburbia” and associated models of urban growth apply in the transition economy case? The paper considers urban development and place-making on the periphery of Moscow, based on the case of Khimki, a former off-limits “satellite city” and more recently a fast-growing area. The forces and ideologies driving the growth on the edge of Moscow and the relationship between different actors are considered. The paper argues that while the Russian case shares some commonalities with the Western models of “edge city” and “growth machine”, growth in Khimki is fuelled by opportunistic profit-making initiatives that are disconnected from “local” city. It is yet to be seen whether a growing demand for new infrastructure, as well as emerging residents’ movements will restructure the modes of governing urban growth more in line with proactive place-focused post-suburban politics.
... Social memory may well be a result of intentional memory politics: architects and city planners not infrequently set out to accentuate a particular construction of a city's history, by emphasizing certain historical elements and destroying others [29]. Changes in the urban space, especially the capitals, allows tracing ideas and revising values [6,12,13,16,21,23,25,27]. ...
... Moscow was not only the place where political, administrative and economic power was located; it was also a model of civilization for the whole country. [23] During the 20th century, Moscow changed from being a one million-person city in Russia to the largest European urban agglomeration. The growth and urbanization processes were particularly strong during the Soviet period. ...
The article deals with the process of cities’ changes considered in the context of the formation and transformation of historical and cultural memory. Every moment of a city’s existence is a combination of “places of memory”. Each of them plays its role in the general symbolic ensemble. Urban development is connecting with transformation of social and political systems. Any social and political change is expressed by creation of new and destruction of old “places of memory” in the urban space. This connection becomes even more evident if we study the history and contemporary state of the capital cities. Traditionally, capitals bear a maximum symbolic load. The development of Moscow during the Soviet period shows how architectural solutions and urban space in general express the new socialist ideology. Soviet authorities strove to affirm their values and priorities with all the means they had, including the new image of communist Moscow. The collapse of Soviet regime became a new stage of development of the urban space. For certain architectural facilities, a fragile border between oblivion and destruction and preservation of an architectural monument with its official acknowledgment depends on multiple circumstances. These include purely pragmatic aspects related to the cost of preservation and reconstruction of the facility, ideological aspects as far as many facilities are a live reminder of the past that is sometimes rather embarrassing. The destiny of “houses-communes” in post-Soviet Moscow and Casa Parlamentului in Bucharest can serve as examples. The article concludes that the process of accelerated modernization changed the face of metropolitan cities in Eastern Europe.
... However, dacha enclaves have always been peripheral to cities, serving both recreational and utilitarian functions. Rudolph and Brade (2005) suggested that the intensity and scale of the unrestricted construction of dachas over several decades are indications of a specifically "socialist suburbanization" that differs significantly from the suburbanization of the West. Thus, although new housing estates associated with post-socialist wealth (Hirt, 2013) are the most visible spatial change in the post-socialist suburban landscape, dachas that have been turned into permanent homes are important assets in the housing market, a reserve of affordable housing derived from a lack of adequate housing solutions for the expanding middle class (Shchukin, 2001). ...
... During the week, the population consists of children up to the age of six and their grandparents. Although it looks different, Meshersky is still a dacha settlement, confirming the claims of those who argue for the uniqueness of the post-Soviet metropolitan periphery vis-à-vis Western urban sprawl (Hirt, 2013;Rudolph and Brade, 2005). ...
This paper discusses the transformation of the dacha, the "holiday home" of Russian city dwellers, in the post-Soviet period. In order to understand the connection between dacha dwellers (dachniks); their built environment; and the social, economic, and political conditions in which they operate, the authors examined the Meshersky settlement near Moscow and closely studied 14 of the settlement dachas, including interviews with dachniks and observations of their homes. Analysis focused on the ways in which individuals create their material world according to their perceptions of daily realities and personal preferences. The findings convey dachniks' hopes and expectations in a completely changed reality. They present the improvised materiality of the dacha, negotiated between economic and bureaucratic limitations and a personal desire forfreedom and self-fulfillment.
... Только в начале 2000-х гг. вокруг МКАД как в черте Москвы, так и в Московской области стали появляться торговые центры, логистические комплексы, а в последнее время -бэк-офисы и даже головные офисы отдельных компаний [16,20]. ...
... Химки как локомотив экономики Московской области находятся под особым «попечительством» областной администрации. На практике это означает, что решения, определяющие облик города, в большой степени принимаются выше [20]. В последние годы отмечалось тесное сотрудничество между областной и городской администрацией. ...
Рассмотрены основные положения концепции «окраинного города». На примере анализа Химок — одного из самых быстроразвивающихся городов Московской области — представлены результаты его динамики в контексте этой теории. Особо выделены политические и экономические факторы, влияющие на развитие города, в частности идеология и практика управления градостроительными процессами с выявлением главных акторов, стоящих за принятием решений. Изучено соответствие процессов, происходящих в Химках, современной субурбии западного типа.
... Только в начале 2000-х гг. вокруг МКАД как в черте Москвы, так и в Московской области стали появляться торговые центры, логистические комплексы, а в последнее время -бэк-офисы и даже головные офисы отдельных компаний [16,20]. ...
... Химки как локомотив экономики Московской области находятся под особым «попечительством» областной администрации. На практике это означает, что решения, определяющие облик города, в большой степени принимаются выше [20]. В последние годы отмечалось тесное сотрудничество между областной и городской администрацией. ...
The basic principles of a «suburban town» concept arc discussed. Khimki, a most fast growing town of the Moscow oblast, was analyzed in the context of the concept and the results of its dynamics are outlined. Particular attention is given to political and economic factors influencing the growth of the town, for example ideology and practice of urban planning management, and principal decision-makers. Correlation between modern western-type suburbia and the processes which take place in the town of Khimki is analyzed.
... Kok and Kovács (1999), Kovács (1999), Hirt (2007) or Leetmaa and Tammaru (2007) mention moving of the poor from the city, e.g. from Budapest, Sofia, and Tallinn, into older village houses in its hinterland, where they can do small farming. The "suburban life" was practised during the socialism and even after 1989 in a specific way, also by those native residents of the rural settlements in the hinterlands of the cities, who worked in the cities and lived in the rural settlements in newly built single-family non-farming houses (see Timár, 1992 on Southeast Hungary;Rudolph, Brade, 2005 on the hinterland of Moscow). In socialist Czechoslovakia, Soviet Baltic states, and elsewhere, city residents built numerous recreational cabins in the hinterlands of the cities, which they used and still use in summer periods especially during holidays and at the weekends. ...
... The construction of individual villas for post-revolution parvenus in the hinterlands of larger cities in post-socialist countries since mid-1990s can be taken as a presage of the mass construction of conventional suburban houses. Numerous authors write about the construction of villas, e.g., Hirt (2007) about Sofia, Rudolph and Brade (2005) about Moscow in the form of 'kottedzhi. ' These villas, large family houses on large lands, were built by post-revolution successful entrepreneurs, restituents of larger properties, returning emigrants from the West, but also by the representatives of grey economy and so called asset-strippers. ...
Residential suburbanisation is currently the most important urbanisation process transforming metropolitan areas in European post-socialist countries, especially in Central Europe and at Baltic states. The paper compares the statements of the mayors of the suburban municipalities situated in the hinterland of the city of České Budějovice (a one-hundred-thousand city in the South-West of the Czech Republic) and also the local building officials, spatial planning ofcials and experts regarding the recent, currently on-going and upcoming construction of houses in the suburbs and the regulation of these constructions. Further, it discusses the possibilities of influencing the construction of the houses through the spatial plans of municipalities, settlement zones, and metropolitan areas. The interviewed mayors consider, rather uncritically, the recent large construction of houses in their suburbs in general as appropriate. One third of the mayors, however, do not want any further suburban development of this kind. Spatial planning officials and building officials do not have sufficiently powerful tools to influence the extent of the construction and the designs of houses in the individual suburban municipalities and their suburbs. Some of them, together with the experts, support the reintroduction of the metropolitan area spatial plan.
... Other articles focused only on some particular type of functional areas, especially on service and industrial areas, or on functional transformation of city centres. Kovács (1994) analysed 'citisation' in Budapest in the early 1990s (specifically conversion of apartments into offices and business); Nagy (2001) discussed winners and losers of transformation of city-centre retailing in the Czech and Hungarian cities; Kolossov, Vendina and O'Loughlin (2002) focused on commercialisation of Moscow city subcentres (arrival of department stores, banks, business services); Lisowski and Wilk (2002) analysed changing spatial distribution of services in Warsaw in 1986-1999; Rudolph and Brade (2005) discussed the same topic but dealt with it in the Moscow's periphery zone; Nae and Turnock (2011) -in Tirana, and Tirana in this regard was also tracked by Pojani (2011). The use of services in the territory of the divided city Zgorzelec/Görlitz by Polish and German residents of this city was described by Dołzbłasz and Raczyk (2012). ...
... Brown andSchafft (2002) noticed the increase of residents and houses in Budapest n.h.c.;similarly -Kotus (2006) in Poznań, and Tölle (2008) -in Gdańsk. The restructuring and further development in Moscow's peri-urban zone was analysed by Rudolph and Brade (2005). The strengthening role of the market in the suburbanisation in Tallinn n.h.c. was discussed by Leetmaa, Tammaru and Anniste (2009). ...
Over 180 articles concerning urban geography aspects of European post-socialist cities and their near hinterland, published between 1990-2012 in international journals, were selected for the analysis in this paper. Statistics of articles by journals, analysed cities (and their countries) and authors proves the preponderance of research on post-socialist Central European capitals, especially Berlin, Prague and Budapest, followed by Leipzig and Łódź, as well as Moscow and Tallinn. It also proves that the number of domestic authors and those who moved from post-socialist Europe to Western universities gradually increased, while the number of authors from the West decreased. The analysis of representations of article topics, their explanations and justifications were carried out in the second part of the paper. The most frequent article topics include 'social spatial structure of the city and its transformation', followed by 'urban planning and management in the city' and 'suburbanisation and urban sprawl in the near hinterland of the city'. A smaller number of articles refers to 'physical spatial structure of the city and its transformation', 'housing structure in urban neighbourhoods in connection with changes in housing policy and market' and 'functional spatial structure of the city and its transformation'. Indexes of the articles are part of this paper. © 2013 Nicolaus Copernicus University Press. All rights reserved.
... Rinkos ekonomika sąlygojo erdvių transformacijas pačiame mieste ir ėmė skatinti miesto sklaidą į priemiesčius. Priemiesčiai augo itin sparčiai, o juose atsirado kapitalistiniams miestams būdingos naujos statybos formos -privatūs nuosavi namai Rudolph, Brade, 2005;Nuissl, Rink, 2005;Boentje, Blinnikov, 2007;Pichler-Milanovic ir kt., 2008;Leetmaa ir kt., 2009;Ubarevičienė ir kt., 2010Ubarevičienė ir kt., -2011. Suirus Sovietų Sąjungai ir perėjus į rinkos ekonomikos sistemą, vis aiškiau stebima socialinė stratifikacija, visų pirma dėl augančių gyventojų pajamų skirtumų. ...
... Analyses of the impact of neoliberal development strategies and mechanisms on suburbanization dynamics in the two countries are generally rare. Some studies have emphasized the hybrid characteristics of the phenomenon in Russia, i.e., the co-existence of 'improvised' and global economic mechanisms and strategies affecting suburban development, with the latter gradually replacing the former [53]. For example, the suburbanization phenomenon in Moscow is mainly driven by private investors' profit collections [52]. ...
Studies on post-socialist suburbanization, which originally focused on demand side dynamics and linear narratives of modernization, have progressively adopted more holistic approaches that consider the various dimensions and factors behind the phenomenon. However, there are still significant gaps and shortcomings affecting this research domain; studies encompassing demand side and supply side dynamics are rare, and so are comparative perspectives. The phenomenon has rarely been analyzed in the context of broader metropolitan change, together with other dynamics such as inner-city gentrification, degradation, or maintenance/regeneration of socialist era residential neighborhoods. This study addresses the mentioned gaps through a multi-dimensional comparative pilot analysis of suburban dynamics in Saint Petersburg and Riga. The analysis encompasses the spatial extent of demographic, socioeconomic, and housing market dynamics within the broader context of metropolitan change. The findings reveal a picture of a demographically and economically significant phenomenon with remarkable implications for macro- and micro-level socio-spatial segmentation; the distinctive features between the two cases are primarily due to migration dynamics and the short/medium term effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the real estate market and industry. Overall, the suburban option appears to be an attractive option for the demand side (in terms of an economic trade-off or societal aspiration) as well as a safe and profitable option for developers.
... Mass housing, or housing estates, from the Soviet era, are a problem everywhere, as is the broader question of affordable and social housing (Vardosanidze 2009;Rudolph and Brade 2005;Golubchikov, Badyina, and Makhrova 2014). Declining home prices make reinvestment and renovation difficult, while high increases render access to housing for new entrants to the market difficult (Gentile, Salukvadze, and Gogishvili 2015;Salukvadze and Sichinava 2019). ...
Tbilisi has undergone spectacular changes which can be grasped by
the concept of ‘Multiple Transformations’, characteristic of postsocialist cities. Along with the reform of legislative, institutional
and social frameworks, an urban or spatial transformation took
place. We distinguish different phases of Tbilisi’s urban
transformation, discuss the reasons and analyze the outcomes of
the transitional process. We argue that the multiple
transformations which occurred since the 90’s jeopardized many
collective goods essential to the quality of urban life, while that
same multiplicity destroyed mechanisms of coordination in
governance, mechanisms which would have been helpful in
defining a new form of urban governance and urban planning.
Transition thus created a need for collective strategy while
rendering the formation and implementation of such strategy
hard. The multiple transitions concept proved helpful not only in
analyzing a particular instance of urban change but also in
linking that change to contextualized options for future strategy.
In the case of Tbilisi, the analysis highlighted the time needed to
rebuild institutions, clarify false oppositions, find value in
combining planning and market principles, and in the basic idea
of coordinated action towards collective goals.
... This paper also attempts to verify the applicability of gentrification studies applied to a specific context: a socialist city in the Global South. Work done by urban geographers in cities of the former Soviet Bloc, among other places, has shown how the reintroduction of private property, the advent of real estate operations led by public-private partnerships and the opening of urban production to international players have transformed cities and led to the growth of new socio-spatial segregations (Rudolph and Brade 2005;Stanilov 2007;Sýkora 2009;Andrusz et al. 2011). Studies on post-socialist cities have also revealed processes of gentrification, although these did not develop in the same way as in capitalist Western hemisphere cities. ...
This article addresses the commodification of housing in Havana from 2011 onwards.
It argues that the theories of gentrification and rent-gap can illuminate aspects
of the transformation of the Cuban capital, even though these theories originated
in capitalist urban contexts and that in Cuba the state is responsible for determining
the value and ownership of land. The analysis of digital real estate ads on four platforms
between 2012 and 2020 allows us to estimate the price and location of properties sold,
their relationship to economic reinvestment in the central areas of the city, and
how the geographic factors that define centrality are increasingly compromised by
touristification and more generally by the commodification of housing. The urban transformations
studied in this initial article on the real estate market and gentrification in the
Cuban capital allow us to highlight that, on one hand, the transformation of housing
into a commodity demonstrates the erosion of socialist values in urban production
and, on the other, the creation of a real estate market in Havana has reinforced the
connection of the Cuban city with transnational capitalist circulation. The article
considers the economic and political context in which the market develops, then explains
the methodology of big-small data in a context of limited access to information, followed
by an analysis characterising Havana's market that examines the importance of spatial
centrality and transnational flows of people and capital.
... Los trabajos realizados por geógrafos urbanos en ciudades del antiguo bloque soviético, entre otros, han mostrado cómo la reintroducción de la propiedad privada, la llegada de operaciones inmobiliarias lideradas por asociaciones público-privadas y la apertura de la fábrica urbana hacia actores internacionales han transformado las ciudades y han provocado el crecimiento de nuevas segregaciones socio-espaciales (Rudolph y Brade 2005;Stanilov 2007;Sýkora 2009;Andrusz et al. 2011). Los trabajos sobre las ciudades post-socialistas también han puesto de manifiesto un proceso de aburguesamiento, aunque este no This content downloaded from 132.204.251.254 on Wed, 05 Jan 2022 18:38:29 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms ...
Este artículo aborda la mercantilización de la vivienda en La Habana desde 2011 en adelante. Sustenta que las teorías de la gentrificación y del rent-gap pueden iluminar aspectos de la transformación de la capital cubana, aunque esas teorías fueron pensadas en contextos urbanos capitalistas y que la determinación del valor y la propiedad del suelo le corresponden en Cuba al Estado socialista. El análisis de los anuncios digitales de venta en cuatro plataformas entre 2012 y 2020 permite evaluar el precio y la ubicación de las propiedades a la venta, su relación con la reinversión económica en las áreas centrales de la ciudad y cómo los factores geográficos que definen la centralidad se ven cada vez más comprometidos por la turistificación y en general por la mercantilización de la vivienda. Las transformaciones urbanas estudiadas en este artículo pionero sobre el mercado inmobiliario y la gentrificación en la capital cubana permiten destacar, por un lado, que la transformación de la vivienda en una mercancía demuestra la erosión de los valores socialistas en la producción urbana y, por otro, que la creación de un mercado inmobiliario en La Habana ha reforzado la conexión de la ciudad cubana con las circulaciones transnacionales capitalistas.
El artículo considera el contexto económico y político en el que se forma este mercado, luego explica la metodología de big-small data en un contexto de acceso escaso a la información, seguido por un análisis caracterizando el mercado habanero que examina la importancia de la centralidad espacial y de los flujos transnacionales de personas y capital.
... This process differed from suburbanisation in Western European cities, mainly in terms of its momentum and intensity, as it was much faster and more intensive in post-socialist cities than in Western Europe. These specific features of suburbanisation in the post-socialist CEE countries were discussed in works on the case studies of: Budapest (Kovács, 1994;Kiss, 2002Kiss, , 2004, cities in Czech Republic and Hungary (Nagy, 2001), Moscow (Kolosso et al., 2002;Rudolph & Brade, 2005), Tirana (Nae & Turnock, 2011;Pojani, 2011) and other cities in this region. ...
This article presents changes in the distribution of economic activity in Wrocław and its suburbs in the period 2008–2016. The study is based on the analysis of data from the REGON database. Additionally, the article presents the impact of migration of economic entities attributed to suburbanisation of economic entities on the changes noted in the distribution of economic entities in the Wrocław agglomeration. The article also presents the characteristics of migrating economic entities as part of the suburbanisation of economic entities in terms of numbers and types, as well as legal and capital status. Suburbanisation of economic entities was demonstrated to have a significant impact on the distribution of economic entities, both in Wrocław and in its suburban area, throughout the period of analysis.
... And thirdly, the states of the post-Soviet space differ in the degree of their lack of effective mechanisms for regulating foreign economic relations, while having a certain level of socioeconomic instability. Further, attention must be drawn to the fact that an important key feature of the states of the former Soviet Union is their incompatibility of economic potential, along with the absence of a single geostrategic space (Piras et al., 2021;Rudolph & Brade, 2005). At the same time, the military-strategic space has been lost. ...
This article focuses on the problem of public administration in the countries of the former Soviet Union. It reveals the economic development issues of the states of the post-Soviet space, considers the main common and distinctive features for the newly independent states. The central problem raised in the article is the determination of the current state of the modernization process in post-Soviet societies. The author assumes the presence of demodernization and presents an argument in confirming his opinion. In addition, the article reveals the issues of the modern political state of such countries of the former USSR as Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The author traces the process of demodernization and dependence of political and social development on the governing elitist groups, leading to authoritarianism as opposed to the supposed democracy and modernization.
... Residential blocks were generally constructed first due to the urgent housing shortage, but other facilities, such as green space were not always carried out, or completed as proposed in the initial plan. An example of this situation can be observed in both St. Petersburg and Moscow, where satellite post-socialist districts turned into dormitory towns with a strong mono-functional characteristics [28]. ...
Many post-socialist housing estates constructed in Eastern Europe and Russia experienced an urban decline led by social and environmental degradation over the last three decades of the free-market economy. In many cases, residents dealt with local surface and underground water pollution with no access to dedicated green space. Urban planning strategies are subsequently proposed to improve the sustainability of these areas based on the integration of soft water engineering design approaches. Hard infrastructure had unintended negative consequences in terms of impacts on ecosystems and local communities, whereas a soft approach for water considers the protection of environmental services. These strategies are proposed for urban revitalization of residential microdistricts and abandoned industrial areas. Medium-to-large size bio-retention infrastructures, wetlands and other green-and-grey networks are suggested for treating, harvesting or reusing rainwater and sewage. The aim of these proposals is to help restore natural hydrology and create aesthetically attractive waterscapes, while improving the living conditions of local residents.
... Although dachas were always a focus of human geographical studies in both the Soviet (French and Hamilton, 1979;Pallot and Shaw, 1981) and post-Soviet eras (Struyk and Angelici, 1996;Lowell (2003); Rudolph and Brade, 2005;Nefedova and Treivish, 2019), discussion of their sustainability implications in international or national publications (Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian) has been rudimentary at best. At the same time, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine comprise a large portion of Eurasia, and therefore understanding of dachas' environmental and social impacts, as well as options for their sustainability transition is globally important, especially in terms of land-use & -cover change scenarios. ...
Dachas (collective gardens with summer houses in post-Soviet countries) is one of the most common features of peri-urban landscapes within the region that is the erstwhile USSR, with dacha conglomerates constituting half of the areas in the exurbs of major cities. In Belarus, Russia and Ukraine dachas largely preserved their original form and function. Arguably, they are at the turning point now, and can be further transformed sustainably if appropriate incentive structures will be created within national governance systems. The central objective of this study therefore is to understand the origin and transition of dacha’s form, process and function in terms of their environmental and social impact, as well as opportunities for transformative change towards sustainability under various governance conditions in the three countries.
Building on field data from three suburban locations in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, as well as analysis of applicable regulatory frameworks and institutions in the three countries, we analysed social and behavioural background of dachas, management practices relevant to their environmental footprint, as well as governance frameworks, actors and power relations. Findings were further discussed in terms of governance barriers and solutions for sustainability transformation of dachas in a broader context of peri-urban transformation, and provide a comparative perspective across Eastern Europe. As such, none of the pathways have emerged as better than the rest in terms of sustainability. Variability of socio-economic and political contexts found in the region suggests that no “one size fits all” governance approach can be recommended. Any solutions paving the way for transformative changes would require proper information and knowledge systems with a smoother regulatory framework, and a purposeful restructuring of existing actor relationships.
... Как правило, специфику городского развития в России (и на терри-тории части стран Восточной Европы) исследователи склонны описывать, апеллируя к постсоветскому или постсоциалистическому опыту, имеюще-му прямые/косвенные последствия -«след» советского прошлого (как политического, так и в области пространственного развития) или же попросту для технического обозначения временного периода после рас-пада Советского Союза. Так, под лейблом «постсоветского» или «пост-социалистического» города социальные ученые изучают траектории трансформации пространства (Rudolph, Brade 2005;Molodikova, Makhrova 2007;), пла-нировочные модели (Zupan 2015), низовую самоорганизацию горожан Tykanova, Khokhlova 2013) и жилищные изменения (Badyina 2012;Zubovich 2015Zubovich , Карбаинов 2018) российских го-родов. ...
Желнина А.А., Тыканова Е.В. (2019) Формальные и неформальные гражданские инфраструктуры: современные исследования городского локального активизма в России. Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии, 22(1): 162–192.
https://doi.org/10.31119/jssa.2019.22.1.8
Zhelnina A., Tykanova E. (2019) Formal’nyye i neformal’nyye grazhdanskiye infrastruktury: sovremennyye issledovaniya gorodskogo lokal’nogo aktivizma v Rossii [Formal and informal civic infrastructure: contemporary studies of urban local activism in Russia]. Zhurnal sotsiologii i sotsialnoy antropologii [The Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology], 22(1): 162–192 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.31119/jssa.2019.22.1.8
Full text available here http://jourssa.ru/?q=en/Zhelnina_Tykanova_2019_1_Article
... Edge cities have also now been identified across many parts of the world, including in the United Kingdom (for example, Phelps, 1998), in Western Europe ( Bontje and Burdock, 2005), in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union ( Rudolph and Brade, 2005;Dövényi and Kovács, 2006;Zeković et al., 2007), and in East Asia where edge city developments have happened at an extraordinarily large scale (Douglass andHuang, 2012 Lin, 2001;Yu and Ng, 2007;Wang et al., 2009;Yaping and Min, 2009). 12 We can hardly ignore the weight of this literature, although there are emergent critiques. ...
... Różnicuje się oferta na rynku mieszkań: od budowy apartamentowców w centrach miast przez nowe zespoły mieszkaniowe wypełniające obszar śródmieścia i tereny osiedli blokowych po osiedla suburbialne (Jałowiecki 2000). Nowe inwestycje miesz kaniowe zmieniają kształt miast postsocjalistycznych w Niemczech, Rosji, Cze chach, na Węgrzech (Andrusz, Szelenyi, Harloe 1996;Kok 1999;Sykora 1999;Sailer-Fliege 1999;Kovacs 1999;Ott 2001;Timar, Varadi 2001;Kostinskiy 2001;Rudolph, Brade 2005;Couch i inni 2005). ...
Summary: Nature of neighbourhoods in big city. Analyse of sub-neighbourhood and neighbourhood territorial social subsystems in Poznań
The neighbourhood can define the social roots of life, determine our current lifestyle and decide our future, define social identity, be an arena in which an individual learns social activity and attains civil maturity, and finally be an important source of a life force. Naturally, the neighbourhood can equally mean conflicts, exclusion, social deviance or isolation, and an escalation of anonymity and disembedding. There is no doubt that neighbourhood means spatial proximity, but not all spatial proximity ends with social nearness. What is the nature of big-city neighbourhoods in Polish conditions? This is the chief question underlying the considerations presented in this publication.
Are present-day inhabitants of a big Polish city strongly attached to their neighbourhoods, and are neighbourhood units a basis for the city's harmonious growth? Doorplates with family names tend to disappear from entrance doors, and door entry phone systems tend to display numbers of flats rather than the names of people living in them. Does it mean that a neighbourhood is phasing out from the social stratum and that modern man is withdrawing to his dwelling to protect his individuality there?
The transformations taking place in the structures of a big city justify, or rather demand, a research intended to identify modern forms of neighbourhood life and describe the specificity of neighbourhood subsystems in a big city and their level of integration.
This aim will be approached in both, theoretical and empirical terms. In the theoretical approach, the author intends to give an overview of the conceptions and views about neighbourhood and to embed neighbourhood issues in the conception of a territorial social system. In the empirical part, the neighbourhood question will be presented on the example of Poznań. The analyses of the territorial and social layer of the neighbourhood reveal the modern nature of Poznań neighbourhoods that developed in the last century and at the start of the next. The issues addressed include the degree of territorial closure and current condition of neighbourhoods, social relations holding in neighbourhoods with different building patterns, and chances of neighbourhoods to be supported by selected organisational structures. For analytical and reporting purposes, the different theoretical approaches to neighbourhood were classified into content-related groups, each with a carefully preserved chief, distinct and original thought of its authors. In a few cases the neighbourhood was merely a background for reflections on other questions, e.g. the organisation of a neighbourhood unit, identification of areas of concentration of residents with similar social profiles (lifestyle clusters or neighbourhood clusters), or identification of modern lifestyles of the middle class in gentrified inner-city areas. Still, even in those cases the scholars offer, even if indirectly, certain perspectives in which to view the
key topic of this dissertation. Thus, nine perspectives were distinguished which rely on different understandings of the neighbourhood focusing on:
• the function of an urban neighbourhood unit,
• the essence of the street in a neighbourhood and a community centred on the neighbourhood street,
• the function of traditional, social and psychological, contacts,
• the role of spatially defined neighbourhood clusters,
• the role of an inner gradation of the neighbourhood: from a single block of flats to the entire estate,
• changes in the traditional neighbourhood due to a growing importance of extraneighbourhood social networks,
• an increasing tendency towards closure and social isolation in neighbourhoods,
• the appearance of neighbourhoods defined by new lifestyles, especially those presented by the middle class, and
• the transformation of neighbourhoods in successive development stages.
A survey of the literature on the subject leads to the conclusion that in formulating the basic theoretical assumptions that would allow an exhaustive treatment of the neighbourhood question one should consider:
• the territorial aspect of the neighbourhood,
• its social aspect,
• its institutional aspect, and
• the aspect of the internal dynamics and structural (systemic) diversity of the neighbourhood.
In an attempt to work out a general conception describing the neighbourhood and meeting the above requirements, the neighbourhood communities are treated as structures making up subsystems of a city and constituting the city system. Thus, a systems perspective is adopted in the dissertation which is intended to assist in sorting out the issues addressed, and in particular in identifying the problem questions fully.
A neighbourhood is understood in the dissertation as a territorially defined social system of various types of relations holding among its inhabitants and institutional influences shaping external relations. It is a system based on the proximity of habitation which is rarely fully disintegrated or fully integrated. The degree of its integration is determined by a variety of systemic relations and territorial marking.
Within the territorial social system of a city, the following subsystems can be distinguished:
• sub-neighbourhood,
• neighbourhood, and
• sublocal.
Each of the social layers of the above territorial subsystems can in fact appear as:
• a sub-neighbourhood community,
• a neighbourhood community,
• a local community, and
• an urban society.
The following internal relations can be listed that help to characterise social subsystems on a scale of their integration-disintegration:
• isolation,
• co-existence, and
• co-operation.
External relations hold among the communities of the individual subsystems and can be those of subordination, equality or superiority. In practice, external relations are supported, more or less explicitly, by the institutional-administrative endowment of the particular subsystems. They are the relations of:
- withdrawal,
- interest, or
- involvement.
Territoriality is also described through the attitude of the particular communities and their
members towards the area used. Those attitudes include:
- negation,
- neutrality, or
- belonging.
Observations about modern big-city neighbourhoods that can be formulated on the basis of the research are as follows:
1. In territorial terms, old neighbourhoods tend to deteriorate slowly while most of the new
ones are being built in isolation from the surroundings from the start.
2. Institutions and places which used to be the hubs of neighbourhood life have disappeared or are in decline, including:
a. the caretaker, who was not only a person sweeping the yard, but also the carrier of many
other functions: integrative, communicative, organisational, and social control; and
b. the mangle and the washroom.
3. There are still such places as the local shop or service (e.g. a hairdresser's), but their function has been changing into purely utilitarian. Some of them have moved out of the neighbourhood.
4. There has appeared the phenomenon of e-neighbourhood and the integration of a group of residents through participation in neighbourhood discussion forums.
5. In new neighbourhoods excessive weight is given to security forces guarding the buildings, treated as a panacea for all the detrimental phenomena taking place in the neighbourhood.
6. The majority of respondents living in open housing complexes do not want their
neighbourhoods to be fenced off, but only monitored or placed under discreet surveillance. This shows that the persons concerned can see the difference between the feeling of safety and a merely physical sense of isolation.
7. The analysis and theoretical considerations presented above indicate that neighbourhoods should possess a territorial character of their own; they should be distinct, but not isolated.
8. The lifestyle of a city dweller tends to change: everyday life is faster and often lived outside the neighbourhood, at work and in a circle of friends from other parts of the city.
9. There is growing animation on the secondary market in dwellings, which does not favour long-term residency and the formation of ties. A number of flats are being let to students.
10. Institutional and organisational support for neighbourhoods should provide a basis for social activity and be a catalyst of the dormant potential of neighbourhood communities. The present research shows that a majority of residents are ready for pro-neighbourhood action, having a favourable image of a neighbour and expectations concerning him. Thus, institutions and organisations can encourage and stimulate this social capital, with primary schools and parishes having the greatest potential in this matter. However, this potential is practically left untapped. External links of neighbourhoods are still weak. Neighbourhoods find no support on the part of institutions assisting residents in their activity.
11. The residents showing greater interest in neighbourhood life are those who are older, have a lower education, children, and have lived in the same place for a longer time.
12. In the Poznań conditions, neighbourhood areas showing a special type of building pattern can be categorised in terms of increasing neighbourhood integration as follows (starting with the least integrated neighbourhoods):
a. new housing complexes,
b. old municipal tenement houses,
c. blocks-of-flats of the socialist city, and
d. single-family housing estates.
Today the mangle that used to be a meeting place for the women of a neighbourhood has disappeared, as has the caretaker who was an integrator of social life and the sandpit which was the focus of life for the younger residents. In the contemporary neighbourhood one can observe a reflection of both, global changes and microstructural influences. Still, despite those factors the social nature of man remains the same. Man keeps being a social creature seeking selfactualisation in social structures that are emotionally and spatially close to him. Hence, neighbourhood subsystems are among the basic and real socio-spatial categories of the city.
... Economic growth and increased non-agricultural activities during the transitional period, particularly in China, are major driving forces for urbanization (Bai, Shi, & Liu, 2014;Fan, Xie, Qi, Chen, & Huang, 2014;He, Huang, & Wang, 2014;Li, Wei, Liao, & Huang, 2015). In the former Soviet countries, growth of the tertiary industry and job availability have also had a significant impact on urbanization (Molodikova & Makhrova, 2007;Rudolph & Brade, 2005;Tammaru, Kulu, & Kask, 2004). ...
In response to changes in human and natural environments over the past three decades, transitional
countries have experienced dramatic urbanization. In the context of socioeconomic and biophysical
changes, our knowledge on these urbanization processes remains limited. Here, we used the Mongolian
Plateau (i.e., Inner Mongolia (IM) and Mongolia (MG)) as a testbed and applied the coupled natural and
human (CNH) concept to understand the processes and causes of urbanization. We selected six cities on
the Mongolian Plateau, classified their urban built-up areas using Geographic Object-Based Image
Analysis (GEOBIA) from 1990 through 2015, and examined the driving forces of urbanization (i.e.,
economy, social goods, and environmental variables) through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation
Modeling (PLS-SEM). We found that the spatial characteristics of urbanization in IM and MG have both
similarities and differences. The cities in IM and MG have experienced rapid urban expansion, with urban
areas increasing by 4.36 times and 3.12 times, respectively, since 1990. Cities in IM, however, were less
dense and more sprawling whereas cities in MG were linearly aggregated. We also found through PLSSEM
that multiple driving forces affected urbanization in IM and MG during the transitional period.
Results (path coef.) demonstrated that economic development (0.559) is a major driver for urbanization
in IM, whereas social goods (0.646) and economic development (0.433) strongly influence urbanization
in MG. These differences are likely due to the divergent governmental roles in urban development and in
infrastructure/social support, as well as the differing economic structures in IM and MG.
... The fact that a considerable effect of housing prices is only evident for residential choices of the highly diverse international migrant group strongly supports both of the above hypotheses. Third, the prestige of some districts still means much more than the objective characteristics of housing (Rudolph and Brade, 2005;Vendina, 1997), and contributes largely to the formation of the mean housing prices (Popov, 2014). However, housing prices may vary greatly within the district due to the objective characteristics of the houses and the infrastructure. ...
The collapse of state socialism and the introduction of market relationships in Central and Eastern Europe resulted in profound changes of urban development. Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe indicates that the development of a strong housing market and growing material inequalities contribute to the socio-economic polarization of city districts and residential segregation. Based on empirical data, we analyze spatial variation of migrants' first residential choices within Moscow, i.e. intensity of in-migration to a specific district. We test the theory-driven hypotheses about the association between residential choices and housing prices. Our results show that there are some areas that attract migrants of specific socio-economic status. However, housing prices do not explain a substantial share of variance in the intensities of in-migration, at least at the level of city districts; quite a strong association is only evident for foreign migrants. Thus, we find limited evidence of the Moscow' socio-spatial structure polarization due to the residential choices of migrants.
... Moreover, it effectively helped counter the effects of the food shortages that were a relatively frequent occurrence in the Soviet Union. In more contemporary research literature, the summer house settlements have been referred to in using the concepts of seasonal or recreational suburbanization, quasi-suburbanization, or even exurbanization (Ioffe and Nefëdova, 1998; Lovell, 2003; Rudolf and Brade, 2005). Wanting to stress both the seasonal and the suburban nature of the settlements, we choose to refer to them by the concept of 'summurbia'. ...
The possibilities to apply collaborative planning frameworks in formerly strictly planned areas that have experienced spontaneous transformations since the demise of the Soviet Union are examined in this paper. The enquiry is based on a case study of the Tartu region in Estonia, former socialist summerhouse settlements (‘summurbia’), which are experiencing a transition towards permanent residence resulting in a new year-round form of suburbia. Both the residents and local planning authorities were interviewed in order to understand the prevailing planning and building activities, as well as the social relations between these stakeholders. The collaborative planning process is then elaborated by exploring the social dynamics and learned practices of the local residents.
... Although social and economic transitions had different rhythms, for CEE cities urban evolution followed quite the same cyclic phenomena related with the Western European cities (Antrop 2004;Stanilov 2007). Since 1990, every CEE Capital cityincluding Moscow (Russian Federation) -followed almost the same way of reformation through urban policy (Rudolph and Brade 2005). The difference is the effect in landscape change and its temporal resolution. ...
In this study, Bucharest, the capital city of Romania was selected as a case study. Based on time series of Landsat TM imagery and statistical data, an analysis on urban growth from 1984 to 2010 was performed, using an integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS techniques. The land cover data were validated by CORINE Land Cover maps. The results revealed that rapid urban growth of the Bucharest region led to accelerated land use conversion from cropland to built-up land. The processes of deindustrialization in the core city and industrialization to the ring road represent other driving factors for spatiotemporal pattern of built-up land. The paper will discuss these processes and their impact on economic growth and residential suburbanization of the studied region.
... One of the most prominent imbalances that happened during the period of postsocialist transformations took place in the housing sector, in terms of policy reforms (Pichler-Milanovich, 2001;Petrovic, 2001;Tosics and Hegedüs, 2003;Tsenkova, 2000, Priemus andMandič 2000) spatial distribution (Rudolph and Brade, 2005;Tammaru, 2001), and socio-spatial changes (Sykora, 1999;Polanska, 2010;Deda and Tsenkova, 2007;Badyina and Golubchikov, 2005;Ruoppila and Kährik 2003). The quick withdrawal of government and state subsidies for public amenities resulted in a deep crisis in the housing sector in the CEE region. ...
This study considers how unstructured extensive housing upgrading has
influenced social relations within fully upgraded multi-story housing areas
during post-socialist urban transformations in the city of Nis. Two
perspectives were adopted in the analysis: the evaluation of the planning and
management of the upgrading process, and changes in the social relation in
respect to changes in the built environment and social structure within the
neighborhood after upgrading. The investigation is based on a triangulation
approach relying on interviews, policy and regulation reviews, and
observations. The research was carried out as a case study, analyzing the
upgrading process at the city level but elaborating its effects on the
example of the neighborhood of Stara Zeleznicka Kolonija (SZK). The research
suggests a regressive approach to the planning of the upgrading process with
critical implications both for community life in the fully regenerated
neighborhoods, and the quality of the built environment. The research also
indicates that within an inconsistent legislative environment, market-driven
housing regeneration processes may lead to generic development with the
denial of local social and physical specificities.
... Stanilova, ur., 2007) gdje niz autora iznosi pojedine značajke prostorne strukture pojedinih srednjoeuropskih i istočnoeuropskih gradova u vrijeme nakon pada komunizma s naglaskom na njihove posebnosti u pojedinim segmentima prostorne strukture gradova, pa tako i funkcionalne strukture. Timar i Varadi (2001) istražuju prostorno-funkcionalnu strukturu Budimpešte, a Rudolph i Brade (2005) Moskve ističući kako se transformacija prostorne strukture navedenih gradova tijekom devedesetih godina ponajviše očitovala u pojačanom razvoju gradske periferije zbog izgradnje velikih trgovačkih centara i razvoja rezidencijalnih četvrti, dok se u unutrašnjim dijelovima grada grade veliki trgovački centri i drugi različiti poslovni objekti na mjestima nekadašnjih starih industrijskih pogona. Funkcionalnu strukturu Praga obrađuje Sýkora (1999) naglašavajući kako njezinu promjenu karakteriziraju komercijalizacija povijesne jezgre, revitalizacija susjedstva unutar grada te rezidencijalna i komercijalna suburbanizacija vanjskih dijelova grada. ...
With the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, and due to the impact of the Homeland War and implemented privatization, the functional and spatial structure of Osijek suffered significant transformation. The paper examines, analyses and defines the changes in the functional and spatial structure of Osijek after 1991. The most significant change is the transformation of the industrial areas into shopping, business or residential areas.
... Stanilova, ur., 2007) gdje niz autora iznosi pojedine značajke prostorne strukture pojedinih srednjoeuropskih i istočnoeuropskih gradova u vrijeme nakon pada komunizma s naglaskom na njihove posebnosti u pojedinim segmentima prostorne strukture gradova, pa tako i funkcionalne strukture. Timar i Varadi (2001) istražuju prostorno-funkcionalnu strukturu Budimpešte, a Rudolph i Brade (2005) Moskve ističući kako se transformacija prostorne strukture navedenih gradova tijekom devedesetih godina ponajviše očitovala u pojačanom razvoju gradske periferije zbog izgradnje velikih trgovačkih centara i razvoja rezidencijalnih četvrti, dok se u unutrašnjim dijelovima grada grade veliki trgovački centri i drugi različiti poslovni objekti na mjestima nekadašnjih starih industrijskih pogona. Funkcionalnu strukturu Praga obrađuje Sýkora (1999) naglašavajući kako njezinu promjenu karakteriziraju komercijalizacija povijesne jezgre, revitalizacija susjedstva unutar grada te rezidencijalna i komercijalna suburbanizacija vanjskih dijelova grada. ...
Raspadom Jugoslavije i prijelazom iz socijalističkoga planskog u kapitalističko tržišno gospodarstvo te zbog Domovinskog rata i provedene privatizacije, funkcionalno-prostorna struktura grada Osijeka doživjela je transformaciju. Cilj je ovog rada istražiti, analizirati i definirati promjene u funkcionalno-prostornoj strukturi Osijeka nakon 1991. godine. Najzna-čajnija je prenamjena industrijskih zemljišta u trgovačku, poslovnu ili stambenu namjenu.
... This statement on the mixture of multiple forces is well embodied in the emerging suburban forms and their underlying dynamics. Among other examples, massive suburban development was regarded as the most remarkable phenomenon across post-socialist cities. Due to the lack of a well-established planning framework immediately after the collapse of the old orders, cities witnessed a wave of intensive private investment in new commercial and residential developments on the urban periphery, particularly at major transport nodes Rudolph and Brade, 2005). In the meantime, empirical evidence has demonstrated that socialist suburbs became the main site accommodating population growth. ...
... Thousands of commuting migrants commuted between the city and dacha, mainly by railway, on both weekdays and week ends from May until September. REGIONAL At the turn of the 21st century strong changes in suburban areas of post Soviet states were observed, especially around large cities, [3,9]. This was caused by a total change in the values that affected all social strata, primarily through the introduction of a consti tutional right to private property, including land, the value of the location and the quality of housing. ...
This paper analyzes the phenomenon of the Russian “dacha” through the lens of Western Euro�
pean research. This phenomenon is studied in the context of finding the strategies of dacha residents with his�
torical hindsight and the value of dachas in the Soviet and post�Soviet societies. Special attention is paid to
social aspects of the lives of dacha residents in the suburbs in post�Soviet Russia.
The advancements in global urbanisation have significantly elevated the configuration of transportation networks for the sustainable development of urban agglomeration spatial structures (UASS). Using a comprehensive panel dataset covering 140 counties and districts in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle from 2014 to 2023, this study empirically examines the impact of transportation networks on the sustainability of UASS. It elucidates the underlying mechanisms using spatial Durbin, spatial spillover and multiple mediation effect models. The findings reveal that transportation networks considerably enhance the sustainability of UASS and generate substantial positive spatial spillover effects. The decay boundary of the spatial spillover effects exhibits a transition from positive to negative, eventually approaching ineffectiveness. The heterogeneity analysis indicates significant variations in terms of transportation network expansion and regional functional division on the sustainability of UASS across regions with various levels of economic
development. This outcome suggests that regional development policies should carefully consider regional economic development disparities. The mechanism analysis further reveals that transportation networks enable the sustainability of UASS by accelerating regional hierarchical systems and regional connectivity.
In 2017, the Moscow municipality announced the demolition of several thousand remaining Soviet-era, standardised apartments (khrushchevki). Known as the Renovation, the renewal project promises to replace the khrushchevki with new residential districts. Based on fieldwork in Northern Izmailovo, a district targeted for demolition, this article analyses encroaching displacement by foregrounding the temporal experiences of affected residents. Building on literature that explores the political underpinnings of discourse and aesthetics in urban renewal projects, with particular attention to Rancière's temporal politics, the article contends that the Renovation depends on the discursive construction of its targets as spatial anachronisms. This renders the Soviet-era housing blocks, and those who live within them, vulnerable to a spectrum of modernising aestheticising interventions—from minor ornamentation to wholesale demolition. Based on ethnographic data, the article shows how the initial stages of redevelopment have altered a local network of benches. For a group of long-standing, elderly residents, these disruptions have instigated more profound reckonings with their own sense of time in/and space, leading to an understanding that they, too, are seen as anachronistic features of the city. Paying attention to urban materiality on a granular scale, particularly in standardised housing estates, reveals the multifaceted temporalities that inform residents' engagements with the spaces of their home districts. The article argues that doing so counters the exclusionary temporal logic of the discourse of anachronism by denying its ubiquity. In turn, it speaks to growing geographic interest in amplifying alternative temporalities in the face of destructive, terminal change.
Der Prozess der Suburbanisierung und Metropolisierung der großen polnischen Städte, der seit der Mitte der 1990er Jahre zugenommen hat, bringt spezifische soziodemographische Veränderungen mit sich. Eine der bemerkenswertesten Entwicklungen ist die Umkehrung des Migrationsstroms. Bis Anfang der 1990er Jahre war die vorherrschende Richtung vom Umland in die Kernstadt. Heute ist die vorherrschende Richtung der Migration der Abfluss aus dem Zentrum in die äußeren Zonen der Metropolitanregion. Diese landesweiten Prozesse sind auch in Krakau [Kraków] festzustellen. Die Wanderung der Bevölkerung ist auch von der Verlagerung von Industrie- und Dienstleistungsunternehmen begleitet, was zu einem Prozess der Post-Suburbanisierung und zur Entwicklung differenzierter funktionaler und räumlicher Beziehungen innerhalb der Metropolitanregion von Krakau führt. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, Änderungen in der Größenordnung und Richtung dieser Beziehungen innerhalb der Metropolitanregion von Krakau zu untersuchen, wobei
die vom Krakauer Statistischen Amt für 2006 und 2011 gesammelten Daten verwendet werden. Außerdem haben die Autoren Daten durch Befragungen von Personen gewonnen und ausgewertet. Die Studie zeigt, dass die Krakauer Metropolitanregion neben dem vorherrschenden Prozess der Suburbanisierung variantenreiche Pendlerstrukturen aufweist, was auf eine anhaltende Post-Suburbanisierung hindeuten kann.
Post-socialist cities need a tool to work with the morphological structure they inherited from the socialist era. The location of semi-peripheral micro-districts between the gentrified center and booming suburbs exacerbates the need for a new strategy for their development. In this article, we consider a soft technique for transforming existing micro-districts and creating Yardstreets — complex, diverse spaces, shaping a second network that connects and organizes the visually loose spaces of micro-districts. A yardstreet-creation algorithm is given. Such planning transformation dramatically increases the connectivity and accessibility of urban spaces, unlocking opportunities for the development of a new urban economy.
Russian urbanization has been a fascinating process shaped by a unique set of geographical, economic, and political constraints. The settlement pattern and the speed at which urban hierarchies have changed hold the mark of Soviet policies but also that of a gigantic territory endowed with numerous resources. Nowhere in the world had such a rapid industrialization and urban growth been met in the mid-twentieth century. However, since the 1990s, the transition to capitalism and a significant demographic shrinkage once again put Russian cities in a position of unprecedented evolution. In this chapter, we use two databases and a generic set of analytic tools to describe and model this urban evolution and analyze the impact of the transition on Russian cities. We do so quantitatively by looking at factors of growth and shrinkage before and after 1991 and qualitatively by looking at the specific features of cities in the post-Soviet world. We discuss the challenges that Russian cities face with respect to sustainability in the years to come and conclude with a discussion of multiscale governance.
The article analyses the relationship between socio-political changes and transformation of urban space, which is a revision of the cultural and historical memory. City at every moment of its existence, considered as a set of “places of memory”, each of which performs its role in a symbolic ensemble. Urban development is in very close connection with the transformations of political regimes. Any socio-political changes reflected in the creation of new “places of memory” in urban space and the destruction of the old. Especially clearly this relationship becomes obvious when considering the history and present of cities that perform Metropolitan functions. Capital traditionally has a maximum symbolic value. For example, the development of Moscow in the Soviet period demonstrates how architectural solutions and urban space as a whole became means of expression of the new socialist ideology. The Soviet government sought to establish its values and priorities in all ways, one of which was the new face of Communist Moscow. The dismantling of the Soviet regime became the next stage in the development of urban space. The article concludes that the collapse of the socialism radically changed the face of cities in Eastern Europe.
The process of suburbanization and metropolisation of major Polish cities that has been increasing since mid-1990s involves specific socio-demographic changes. One of the most notable developments is the reverse migration flow. Until the early 1990s the predominant direction was from the surrounding countryside to the city centre. Today, the predominant direction of migration is the outflow from the centre to external zones in the metropolitan area. Similar processes as nationwide are observed in Cracow [Kraków]. The people's migration is accompanied by the relocation of industrial and service companies, which leads to the process of post-suburbanisation resulting in the development of differentiated functional and spatial relationships within the Cracow Metropolitan Area (CMA). The purpose of this study is to examine changes in the scale and direction of these relationships within the CMA using data on commuting collected by the Cracow Statistical Office for 2006 and 2011 as well as survey data collected and analysed by the authors. The study demonstrates that besides the prevailing process of suburbanisation the Cracow Metropolitan Area shows diversified patterns of commuting, which may indicate ongoing post-suburbanisation.
The Rise of the PrivatePublic and Private during SocialismPrivatism UnhingedTaking Privatism and Spatiality SeriouslyNotes
Home’ and the connotations of this term are little understood in the context of post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe. While modern suburban living was rather unusual in this region under socialism, more and more people live in suburbia today. This article concerns itself with the homes of residents in the former socialist-era summerhouse settlements in Estonia. Its aim is to further an understanding of the origins and (dis)continuities of the notion of home for individuals living in a post-socialist environment. This study is based on ethnographic fieldwork. In this article, we present socialist and post-socialist housing in context and describe how it has been shaped by changes in society. Our findings show that the homes of informants appear to strengthen their sense of freedom, autonomy and stability, while simultaneously inspiring their dreams and imaginations of home.
The paper investigates Moscow in its historical role as "metropolis" and center of the Soviet urban system in a long-range perspective from 1918 to post-socialism. The focus on "imperial displays" in the capital allows us to reconstruct specific processes of the social construction of metropolitan and imperial spaces in the Soviet Union. As the Soviet capital, Moscow became the center of giant construction sites and nationwide infrastructure systems. The plans for Moscow served as models for the other cities of the Union. While the capital thus became present at the periphery, people as well as social and material goods also moved into the capital and became part of its fabric. The Ail-Union Agricultural Exhibition VSKhV (Vsesoyuznaya sel'sko-khozyaystvennaya vy-stavka) and the Metro (underground transport) system were "imperial displays" which show how a metropolitan topography was created, whose representations referred to the different parts of the Soviet empire and embodied relationships of power. Muscovites and visitors from the provinces alike were invited to visit these "other places" as part of the capital. At the same time, the tourists were taken on "virtual tours" of the empire and presented with imaginary spaces, sets of values and power relations in guise of spatial arrangements. Visitors were here and there at the same time, in the center and at the periphery, and they could grasp the presence and the bright future at the same time. These social constructions of space in Moscow are analyzed in comparative perspective, since "national" architectures of capitals but also the practices of great exhibitions always stood in a transnational context. Thus, VSKhV can be compared to the Paris Colonial Exhibition in 1931, whereas great train stations, underground trains or museums as well as department stores and delicatessen selling exotic foods from the colonies were features any metropolis had to have on display. Even Berlin and Paris made plans for constructing their own seaports, a project Moscow succeeded in realizing. The scope of Soviet imperial practices is traced until the nineteen-eighties in order to discuss the "imperial" character of the industrialized mass construction of flats as well as post-Stalinist, modernist projects in the representative city center. Since Moscow kept its "number one" and gateway position to the East European markets and even embarked on global city politics in the late nineties, it would be possible to follow the post-Soviet processes as well. Moscow stayed capital of the Russian Federation and changes rapidly. To be a moskvich, a muscovite, means something special until today. Moscow's population is extremely divided on the social scale, but all the same all residents are privileged compared to other Russians in terms of resources and access to cultural and educational institutions and to a job market one can only find in one of the Russian big cities, if not in Moscow alone. The gap between Moscow and other Russian cities keeps growing and researchers even speak of "inner colonization", because Moscow's money is invested elsewhere in the country to bear profits for Moscow only. It would also be worthwhile looking into how the relationships to the former Soviet republics are inscribed in the new Moscow, e.g. on the main switchboard of Gazprom's headquarters.
This chapter analyzes the process of urban decentralization in the Tallinn Metropolitan Area (TMA) in the capital Estonia. It argues that the suburbanization debate should focus on the complexity of the processes taking place in the context of economic and societal restructuring of former centrally planned societies, and should recognize the strong impact of the socialist period of urban development on the evolution of Tallinn's metropolitan spatial structure today. The chapter describes the socioeconomic changes in Estonia since the collapse of the Soviet regime that have formed the preconditions for the new residential and employment location strategies, entrenched during the last two decades. It also provides an overview of the main patterns of residential and nonresidential decentralization in the TMA. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the impacts of suburbanization processes and the range of planning strategies employed by public authorities for the management of suburban growth.
The role of airports in the image of cities and their place in the evolution of urban space are described in the case of Moscow. Airports functions are changing in post-soviet Russia opened to global mobility and liberal economy. As international gates of cities and regions, they are becoming tools of promotion. It is a new challenge for airports and territorial authorities. Airports are improving their basic functions to satisfy air companies and passengers, in particular by developing merchant activities. They invested to manage railway links with the city. Together, they try to create business and commercial centers around the airports. The improvement of airport functions and of their links with the city is effective, but the building of new central places results from other factors, or has been delayed since the beginning of the economic crisis.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore urban mobilisation patterns in two post-Soviet cities: Vilnius and Moscow. Both cities were subject to similar housing and urban policy during Soviet times, and they have implemented urban development using neoliberal market principles, provoking grassroots opposition from citizens to privatisation and marketisation of their housing environment and local public space. However, the differing conditions of democratic Lithuanian and authoritarian Russian public governance offer different opportunities and set different constraints for neighbourhood mobilisation. The purpose is to contrast local community mobilisations under the two regimes and highlight the differences between and similarities in the activists’ repertoires of actions in two distinct political and economic urban settings.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper employs qualitative methodology using data from semi-structured interviews conducted with community activists and state officials, presented using a comparative case study design.
Findings
– Although, citizens’ mobilisations in the two cities are reactions to the neoliberalisation of housing and local public space, they take different forms. In Vilnius they are institutionalised and receive formal support from national and local authorities. Moreover, support from the EU encourages organisational development and provides material and cognitive resources for grassroots urban mobilisations. In contrast, residents’ mobilisations in Moscow are informal and face fierce opposition from local authorities. However, even in an authoritarian setting, grassroots mobilisations evolve using creative strategies to circumvent institutional constraints.
Originality/value
– Little attention has been paid to grassroots urban mobilisations in post-Soviet cities. There is also a lack of comparative attempts to show variation in post-Soviet urban activism related to housing and local public space.
The construction of new housing has been the most visible of all the spatial changes to have affected the post-socialist suburban landscape. It is argued in this article that former summer-home settlements are a hidden component of contemporary residential suburbanisation in former socialist countries. The building of summer or weekend homes (dacha settlements in the former Soviet Union) around major cities for urban residents was a specific feature of socialist metropolitan planning. After removing construction restrictions, the stock of vacant dachas started to support the supply side of the suburban housing market. While dachas were a reserve of affordable housing during the recession of the 1990s, they served as a stock of building plots during the construction boom of the mid 2000s. In the Tallinn Metropolitan Area, former second homes are even more important than new post-1991 residential areas in terms of giving access to detached houses to the metropolitan population.
Cities are constantly expanding and evolving, whether they are well-established cities like New York or still-developing cities like Shanghai. As urban areas develop into metropolitan regions, strategies for sustainability must change to address this growth.
The role of airports in the image of cities and their place in the evolution of urban space are described in the case of Moscow. Airports functions are changing in post-soviet Russia opened to global mobility and liberal economy. As international gates of cities and regions, they are becoming tools of promotion. It is a new challenge for airports and territorial authorities. Airports are improving their basic functions to satisfy air companies and passengers, in particular by developing merchant activities. They invested to manage railway links with the city. Together, they try to create business and commercial centers around the airports. The improvement of airport functions and of their links with the city is effective, but the building of new central places results from other factors, or has been delayed since the beginning of the economic crisis.
Using the "Informational City" concept of Castells and its extension to the world-city literature, this paper examines contemporary strategies of urban management in Moscow. The focus is oil international communication trends transforming Moscow into all Informational City, manifested locally in the establishment of various types of business districts. Using detailed data (local postal zones), we examine the location of diverse business facilities, their restriction to particular types of urban environments, their relation to the geography of government organization, and the location of the financial sphere and trade (especially in luxury items). Moscow's transformation from Soviet to Informational City has produced a polarized city that increasingly fits the citadel-ghetto" model.
. The erratic course of the “transition” in Russia today undermines hope for the establishment of a genuine democracy supported by institutions of civil society. The West must accept that the outcome of the transition is unknown. Whether public space is emerging where the practices of civil society have been able to take root is not clear at the moment. However, important transitions in daily life and everyday places are occurring, especially as a result of consumerism. If public space does take shape, it will have to be rooted in Moscow's new places. This study draws on the conceptual framework of Robert David Sack in an exploration of changes in places and selves in Moscow.
From early modern times until the present, Russia (temporarily extended to the USSR) had two capital cities: Moscow and Petersburg. Moscow was the original capital, it was succeeded by Petersburg from the beginning of the 18th century. From the early 20th century onward Moscow again became the capital, but it became a different kind of capital at the end of the 20th century. The paper describes the evolution of the representation of the state function in the appearance of the capital cities by way of the state buildings, the monuments, the street names. In addition it analyses the fate of the former capitals (first Moscow, then Petersburg) in terms of their symbolic functions. Petersburg originated as a capital turned to the outside emphasizing Russia's European vocation, while Moscow was at first the inward looking capital city representing the distinctive spiritual values of Russia. Changes had to do with the changes in the nature of the successive political regimes and with the changing roles of the two cities within those regimes.
The best way of defining Moscow's new middle class is in relation to consumerism and to its obsession with the automobile. New spaces are being opened up to gratify these desires. The largest building project undertaken since the end of the USSR is Moscow's third transport ring, a turning point in the history of the city. However, this project will not provide a long-term solution to the city's traffic problems. The plan is very expensive and will have a negative effect on the environment and the appearance of the city. Because it reduces the amount of public space available, it also endangers civil society. If Moscow continues down this road, there is a danger that this state-sponsored obsession with the automobile will consolidate injustice and divide Moscow.
Moscow is one of the largest capital cities in the world, and one with a longstanding legacy of city planning. The city has an imposing physical presence and vitality. In the 1990s city planning for Moscow has had to adapt to the collapse of the Soviet system, meet public expectations of more democratic processes, and meet the demands of a free market economy. This article examines the significance of the Soviet legacy, recent changes in the legal, administrative and urban governance framework for planning, and strategic planning issues facing the metropolis. After a preoccupation for decades of trying to restrain the growth of Moscow, its planners are now attempting to address the prospect of continued population decline and other urban issues which are now characteristic of large capitalist cities. The article concludes that Moscow is at a critical turning point, moving from being a socialist to a capitalist city.
Moscow is one of the largest capital cities in the world, and one with a longstanding legacy of city planning. The city has an imposing physical presence and vitality. In the 1990s city planning for Moscow has had to adapt to the collapse of the Soviet system, meet public expectations of more democratic processes, and meet the demands of a free market economy. This article examines the significance of the Soviet legacy, recent changes in the legal, administrative and urban governance framework for planning, and strategic planning issues facing the metropolis. After a preoccupation for decades of trying to restrain the growth of Moscow, its planners are now attempting to address the prospect of continued population decline and other urban issues which are now characteristic of large capitalist cities. The article concludes that Moscow is at a critical turning point, moving from being a socialist to a capitalist city.
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Kto otvetit za bazar? (Who is responsible for the bazaar?)
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