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ISSN 00063509, Biophysics, 2010, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 565–572. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2010.
Original Russian Text © V.V. Novikov, V.O. Ponomarev, G.V. Novikov, V.V. Kuvichkin, E.V. Yablokova, E.E. Fesenko, 2010, publis hed in Biofizika, 2010, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 631–
639.
565
More and more often there appear communica
tions on the action of very weak magnetic fields (MF)
on biological and physicochemical objects [1–8]. This
is a matter of fields of a nonthermal level of inten
sity—comparable to the magnetic field of the Earth or
weaker than it (~50
μ
T). Most of the experiments on
the study of the influence of weak combined static and
alternating MF (WCMF) on biosystems have been
performed with the use of fields the amplitudes of the
alternating component of which constituted tens of
microteslas, and were realized at the background of a
commensuratemagnitude static MF comparable to
the geomagnetic field (GMF). In parallel there
appeared a number of publications in evidence of that
alternating MF of the nanotesla range are also capable
of initiating pronounced biological effects and induc
ing processes in relatively simple physicochemical sys
tems [7–18]. The latter is especially interesting,
because it does not find a trivial physical explanation
Editor’s Note
: I certify that this is the closest possible equivalent
of the original Russian publication with all its factual state
ments, phrasing and style.
A.G.
in view of the very small power of the field. Examples
of such WCMF action are: the effect of weak alternat
ing MF (4.4 Hz; 100 nT) on the pH of water solution,
found by L.P. Semikhina [19], and the reaction of
ionic current passed through a water solution of a
series of amino acids, discovered in ICB RAS [20, 21]
upon the action of WCMF with a very weak alternating
component of MF (20–140 nT; 2–8 Hz) at the cyclo
tron frequencies of these amino acids. The last men
tioned effect was reproduced in a number of European
laboratories [22–25].
In the given work we consider the action of WCMF
containing a static component comparable to GMF
and a parallel alternating component with induction
of tens and hundreds of nanoteslas. The alternating
field has frequency in the range 0.25–40 Hz, i.e. is
ultraweak and ultralowfrequency.
As already mentioned, not quite clear is the physi
cal mechanism realizing the action of WCMF.
Approaches to explanation of their action are devel
oped by different authors [4, 26–30]. It should be
noted that a primary target for such fields is not exactly
MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS
Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of the Biological Action
of Weak and Extremely Weak Magnetic Fields
V. V. Novikov, V. O. Ponomarev, G. V. Novikov, V. V. Kuvichkin, E. V. Yablokova, and E. E. Fesenko
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia
Email: docmag@mail.ru
Received May 13, 2010
Abstract
—A number of effects of weak combined (static and alternating) magnetic fields with an alternating
component of tens and hundreds nT at a collinear static field of 42
μ
T, which is equivalent to the geomagnetic
field, have been found: activation of fission and regeneration of planarians
Dugesia tigrina
, inhibition of the
growth of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice, stimulation of the production of the tumor necrosis factor
by macrophages, decrease in the protection of chromatin against the action of DNase 1, and enhancement
of protein hydrolysis in systems in vivo and in vitro. The frequency and amplitude ranges for the alternating
component of weak combined magnetic fields have been determined at which it affects various biological sys
tems. Thus, the optimal amplitude at a frequency of 4.4 Hz is 100 nT (effective value); at a frequency of
16.5 Hz, the range of effective amplitudes is broader, 150–300 nT; and at a frequency of 1 (0.5) Hz, it is
300 nT. The sum of close frequencies (e.g., 16 and 17 Hz) produces a similar biological effect as the product
of the modulating (0.5 Hz) and carrying frequencies (16.5 Hz), which is explained by the ratio
A
=
A
0
sin
ω
1
t
+
A
0
sin
ω
2
t
= 2
A
0
sin(
ω
1
+
ω
2
)
t
/2cos(
ω
1
–
ω
2
)
t
/2. The efficiency of magnetic signals with pulsations (the sum
of close frequencies) is more pronounced than that of sinusoidal frequencies. These data may indicate the
presence of several receptors of weak magnetic fields in biological systems and, as a consequence, a higher
efficiency of the effect at the simultaneous adjustment to these frequencies by the field. Even with consider
ation of these facts, the mechanism of the biological action of weak combined magnetic fields remains still
poorly understood.
Keywords
: magnetic field, biological effects, planarians, malignant tumors, proteins, peroxides, reactive oxy
gen species
DOI:
10.1134/S0006350910040081
566
BIOPHYSICS Vol. 55 No. 4 2010
NOVIKOV et al.
established. In experiments with water solutions of
amino acids [20–25] a change was shown of the cur
rent strength in solution under the action of WCMF
with an alternating component of the nanotesla range
of intensity. The frequency at which the alternating
MF acts corresponds to the cyclotron frequency of the
dissolved amino acid. On this basis one can suppose
that the magnetic moments created by ions may serve
as primary targets of WCMF [26]. In the work of
A.L. Buchachenko and coauthors [27] it is shown that
iondependent enzymes with a magnetic isotope
(
25
Mg
2+
) in the active center exhibit much greater (by
an order of magnitude) activity than with a nonmag
netic isotope (
24
Mg
2+
), this has directly shown the sig
nificance of the magnetic properties of the magnesium
ion for the velocity of biochemical reaction. In the
work of V.V. Lednev [28] a suggestion was expressed
that the primary target of weak alternating MF can be
served by magnetic moments of the nuclei of hydrogen
atoms. This suggestion was tested by the authors
experimentally [4, 28] with the use in the capacity of a
test system of regenerating planarians and also a grav
itropic reaction of plants. They have shown enhance
ment of the effectiveness of acting with an alternating
MF at frequencies of the alternating component of the
external field that according to calculation maximally
correspond to the intensity of magnetic noise gener
ated by frequencymodulated precession of the spins
of hydrogen nuclei. However none of the abovemen
tioned authors considered a mechanism of transduc
tion of the perturbations caused by an external mag
netic influence from the primary target to biological
processes that can be experimentally studied.
We have theoretically predicted [27] that a primary
target of an ultraweak magnetic influence may be
served by magnetic moments created by the nuclear
spins of atoms. In the framework of the proposed
model an external MF causes magnetization of a
medium consisting of particles possessing nonzero
nuclear spin. Such effects can manifest themselves
only at a large number of the indicated particles, i.e.
are cooperative. The magnetization of the medium
arising under the action of very weak alternating MF
may influence the course of a number of biochemical
reactions, among them the reaction of oxygen with
various radicals. This substantially (~ by 30–60%)
increases the rate of the considered reactions and, as a
consequence, may raise the yield of the end product—
for example, peroxyradical possessing high biological
activity.
In the works of Italian scientists [30, 31] an expla
nation was found by the effect of WCMF discovered by
us earlier in amino acid solutions [20, 21]. These
authors proceeded from a theoretical consideration of
a water medium from the standpoints of quantum
electrodynamics as a complex of coherent and inco
herent domains. In this case WCMF in coherent water
domains including molecules of amino acids can
cause effects by the type of cyclotron resonance,
because friction inside these domains is an order of
magnitude smaller than in unstructured water phase.
This, in its turn, influences the degree of ionization of
amino acid molecules and, as a consequence, the ionic
current in their water solutions upon the action of a
weak field [3, 30].
It should be noted that practically all promising, in
our view, approaches to theoretical explanation of the
effect of WCMF to one extent or another take into
account the properties of the water medium surround
ing biomolecules.
Those among the founders of magnetobiological
investigations in their works [32–35] have shown that
WCMF with an alternating component commensu
rate with the static component of GMF (~50
μ
T) pos
sess biological activity. Effects could be discovered on
various biological objects: planarians, diatoms, lym
phocytes, etc. They were attributed to the action of
weak MF on Ca
2+
ions. This seemed quite obvious in
connection with that the calcium ion is a secondary
messenger in many biochemical reactions and pos
sesses magnetosensitivity. Proceeding from this, vari
ous theoretical models were developed explaining the
effects obtained. One of the broadly cited in the liter
ature is the concept of V.V. Lednev [36, 37], based on
the use of the principles of parametric resonance.
The Russian school in the field of investigating
weak actions developed also another approach. In the
works of L.A. Tchizhevsky [38, 39] an attempt was
made to establish a principle of control and/or con
nection by factors of physical nature of different bio
logical processes. They proceeded from that physical
factors can be weak, i.e. not exceeding the limits of the
natural physical surroundings of the biosphere. In the
case of the alternating component of MF, the magni
tude is concentrated in the nanotesla range of inten
sity, i.e. twothree orders of magnitude weaker than the
static component of GMF.
The main aim of the given work consisted in detec
tion and detailed investigation of the effects of action
of weak and ultraweak MF on biological and physico
chemical systems, determination of the most active
parameters of these fields, their threshold values, fre
quency–amplitude ranges of biological activity, and
also in the search and investigation of molecular tar
gets and mechanisms of action of this factor.
Various effects of weak MF were discovered upon
action on different biological objects (table). Let us
analyze these data in more detail, beginning with the
experiments on planarians [7].
The results of experiments conducted on this
object (Figs. 1–3) have shown the following: the pres
ence of accompanying technogenic fields does not
cause a noticeable influence on the effects of weak MF
BIOPHYSICS Vol. 55 No. 4 2010
BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF WEAK MAGNETIC FIELDS 567
with a very small alternating component, at least in
those cases when its frequency significantly differs
from the industrial frequency (Fig. 2); in realization of
the effects of weak MF of essential importance are
both MF components (static and alternating), com
pensation of one of the components (static), leads to a
change of the sign of effect to the opposite; the effect
of “zero field” is significant and commensurate in
value with the effects of MF at resonance frequencies
calculated by the formula for ion cyclotron frequency
(3.7 Hz – frequency of the ionic form of amino acid
arginine; 32 Hz – cyclotron frequency for calcium
ion – at SMF 42
μ
T; Figs. 2, 3).
Further we conducted experiments on mice with
intraperitoneally transplanted Ehrlich ascites tumor
(EAT) [8, 15, 17, 18, 40, 41]. Parameters were found
of lowfrequency (1; 4.4; 16.5 Hz or sum of these fre
quencies) very weak (300; 100; 150–300 nT, corre
sponding to frequencies) alternating component of
combined MF, which at the background of a weak
thereto collinear static field 42
μ
T (induction magni
tude corresponds to geomagnetic range) possesses
pronounced antitumor activity. The influence of
CWMF impairs the development of the tumor pro
cess. The effect manifests itself as prolongation of the
life terms of tumorbearing animals (Fig. 4) and eleva
tion of the content of damaged forms of tumor cells.
Effects of the action of weak CMF discovered in the Laboratory of Reception Mechanisms of ICB RAS
SMF AMF Biological effect
Induction,
µ
T Induction, nT Frequency, Hz
42; <0.1
1; 40; 100; 120; 160; 640 1; 3.7; 32 Activation of division and regeneration of planarians
30–49
50–300 3.5–5.0 (sum); 1; 4.4; 16.5 Retardation of EAT development in animals
40
40 3.5–5.0 (sum) Decline of resistance of chromatin DNA to DNase I
40
40 3.5–5.0 (sum) Decline of functional activity of histone proteins
40
40 3.5–5.0 (sum) Decline of activity of recombinant RT
25–100
20–200 3–10; 3.5–5.0 (sum) Stimulation of protein hydrolysis
60
40
20
0
1
321
(b)
Number of divided planarians
Time, days
Experiment No.
24
20
4
0
(a)
2 3 4 5
16
12
8
3
2
1
Fig. 1.
Influence of weak combined MF (static MF –
42
μ
T; a l t e r n a t i n g M F – 0 . 1
μ
T, frequency – 3.7 Hz; expo
sure 4 h) on the division of planarians
Dugesia tigrina
: (a)
dynamics of divisions in one experiment (
n
= 50); (b) Sum
of divided planarians in five days;
1
– control;
2
– experi
ment in the first installation (magnetic interference 50 Hz
to 50 nT);
3
– experiment in the second installation (mag
netic screen – screening coefficient 1000).
10
8
6
4
2
060321.04.53.01.0 1.57.03.7
Stimulation coefficient
Frequency, Hz
Fig. 2.
Dependences of the intensity of division of planar
ians
Dugesia tigrina
on the frequency of the alternating
component of weak combined MF (static MF – 42
μ
T;
alternating MF – 0.1
μ
T, frequency – 3.7 Hz; exposure
4 h): light bars – experiments in the first installation (mag
netic interference 50 Hz to 50 nT); dark bars – experi
ments in the second installation (magnetic screen –
screening coefficient 1000). Presented is the coefficient of
stimulation of divisions for the first day of experiments.
568
BIOPHYSICS Vol. 55 No. 4 2010
NOVIKOV et al.
Determined was the prevalent type of tumor cell death
under the action of weak field—necrosis. The greatest
antitumor activity in these experiments was possessed
by the summary multifrequency signal (sum of fre
quencies at their optimal, from the viewpoint of the
bioeffect intensity, amplitudes). The latter may be evi
dence for the presence in the organism of several
receptors of weak field or for fluctuating parameters of
a field receptor.
In the organs of these tumorbearing animals (liver,
adrenals) after the action of WCMF, structural alter
ations were disclosed: regions of degeneration, which
may be a consequence of functional loading of these
organs [8]. At that the influence of MF hampers the
invasion of tumor cells into adipose tissue of a number
of organs that is observed in the control. The fact that
exposure to a weak MF does not cause pathological
alterations in the organs of animals without tumors
points to the absence of a toxic action on the organism
of the factor considered (WCMF).
In the course of experiments on studying the
molecular mechanism of the antitumor effect we have
discovered that the action of WCMF leads to alter
ation of the properties of histone proteins of the chro
matin of EAT cells, mice brain cells (Fig. 5) and indi
vidual histone protein H3 [41, 44]. As a result the
DNA of chromatin becomes accessible to the action of
DNase I. The action of MF on water solutions of
DNA and protein inhibitors of DNase (total histones
and individual histone H3 investigated by us) leads to
a decline of the functional protective properties of
proteins but does not affect noticeably the DNA mol
ecules. The conducted round of investigations [36–
38] of the action of WCMF on these objects has
allowed detecting the possibility of realization of regu
latory biological effects that are associated with the
decline in the specific functional activity of protein
molecules and probably conditioned by their struc
tural modification. It is important to note that these
effects are pronounced in magnitude and stable in
time.
Further we studied what happens to proteins under
the action of weak MF [42, 45]. We disclosed substan
tial enhancement of their hydrolysis (Figs. 6–8). This
concerned proteins (histone and nonhistone) protect
ing DNA from the action of DNases. This same effect
revealed itself in the action of WCMF on water solu
tions of
β
amyloid protein [46], and also in systems in
vivo in transgenic mice with inserted precursor gene of
APP and bulbectomized animals (models of heredi
tary and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease) [47]. Besides
that, under the action of WCMF we showed an essen
tial decline in the functional activity of the key
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
54321
2
3
1
Stimulation coefficient
Time, days
Fig. 3.
Infl uence o f variou s variants of MF influence on the
intensity of division of planarians
Dugesia tigrina
:
1
– com
bined MF (static MF – 42
μ
T; alternating MF – 0.1
μ
T,
frequency – 3.7 Hz; exposure 4 h);
2
– alternating MF
(0.1
μ
T, frequency – 3.7 Hz; exposure 4 h);
3
– “zero”
static MF < 0.1
μ
T (exposure 4 h).
100
80
60
40
10
025201510
5
4
3
2
1
Survival, %
Time, days
Fig. 4.
Life time of animal tumor bearers:
1
– control;
2
–
1 Hz, 300 nT;
3
– 16.5 Hz, 150 nT;
4
– 4.4 Hz, 100 nT;
5
–
sun of frequencies. *
P
< 0. 05 relat ive to c ontrol. **
P
< 0.05
statistically significant difference both between experi
mental groups and relative to control.
12 3 4 5 6
Fig. 5.
Electrophoretic analysis (staining with ethidium
bromide) of the resistance of chromatin DNA of EAT
(10
μ
g) to DNase I (0.1
μ
g) upon the action on animals for
4 h with weak CMF (SMF – 40
μ
T; AMF – 40 nT, 3.5–
5.0 Hz):
1
– control; after action for:
2
– 1 h;
3
– 4 h;
4
–
8 h;
5
– 16 h;
6
– 24 h.
BIOPHYSICS Vol. 55 No. 4 2010
BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF WEAK MAGNETIC FIELDS 569
enzymes in the cycle of development of retroviruses—
recombinant reverse transcriptases of Rous sarcoma
virus and human immunodeficiency virus of type
HIV1 [41, 43].
The results presented can find an explanation pro
vided existence of a certain mechanism realized by the
type of cyclotron resonance upon field tuning to the
cyclotron frequencies of the ionic forms of amino acid
molecules. Evidence against this is a series of experi
mentally discovered facts [45]. First of all, the absence
of a rigorous dependence of the localization of protein
hydrolysis sites on the frequency of the alternating
component of the field (Fig. 8) and the immediate
participation of the water phase in the realization of
the effect (partial transmission of the effect through a
preliminarily magnetized solvent).
The data on the whole testify to the role of the
properties of the water phase in the realization of the
effects discovered by us. It can be suggested that under
the action of weak MF the water medium changes its
properties, which leads to a change of the hydration
shells of proteins and/or generation of peroxides. In
these conditions the peptide bonds in a greater degree
become accessible to the attacks of the surrounding
proteins of molecules of water/or peroxides.
The results of searching for a universal mechanism
that leads to damage of tumor cells, proteins and
ensures other, discovered by us effects of WCMF
(reduction of the functional activity of histone pro
teins, recombinant reverse transcriptases of Rous sar
coma virus and human immunodeficiency virus of
type HIV1, stimulation of division and regeneration
of planarians), have allowed suggesting that the action
of WCMF is associated with production of reactive
oxygen species (ROS), in particular in the cells of the
immune system of the organism. Earlier we reported
that the WCMF action leads to elevation of the pro
duction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by microph
ages of the abdominal cavity in mice [48]. It is known
that in the mechanism of the damaging action of TNF
on tumor cells the main role is played by ROS [49, 50].
In our opinion, ROS are among the probable candi
dates for the role of damaging agents in the action of a
weak field. The cause of the WCMF effects discovered
by us may well be an increase in the generation of
ROS, in particular peroxide radicals [49, 51]. One
cannot also exclude other mechanisms of the WCMF
influence, because the role of ROS in these processes
has not yet been studied in detail. The predicaments in
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
80
403020100
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
(c)
H3
Time, min
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
80
403020100
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
(b)
H3
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
80
403020100
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
(a)
H3
Optical density, 226 nm
Acetonitrile, %
Fig. 6.
Profiles of elution in HPLC of histone H3
(30
μ
g/mL) after action with weak MF (SMF = 42
μ
T;
AMF = 0.05
μ
T, frequencies 3.5–5.0 Hz; exposure 12 h):
(a) initial peptide; (b) control samples upon 12h expo
sure; (c) experimental sample.
16
14
12
10
8
6
2
0
BSA
Carboanhydrase
Cytochrome
c
β
amyloid protein
Bchain
Achain
Angiotensin 1
Aprotinin
4
Stimulation coefficient
of bovine insulin
of bovine insulin
Fig. 7.
Hydrolysis of various peptides and proteins
(30
μ
g/mL) upon the action of weak combined MF
(SMF = 42
μ
T; AMF = 0.05
μ
T, frequencies 3.5–5.0 Hz;
exposure 12 h) (
n
= 5).
570
BIOPHYSICS Vol. 55 No. 4 2010
NOVIKOV et al.
analysis of this mechanism may be associated, first of
all, with that in the given case it is a matter of an
increase in the local concentrations of ROS, especially
near the regions of membranes and biomolecules sen
sitive to them. On the other hand, it is known that even
highly purified water contains background concentra
tions (tens of nM) of peroxides [52]. These circum
stances complicate experimental analysis of the given
situation.
Let us recall that we have proposed a new model of
the influence of weak MF on the parameters of chem
ical reactions [29]. In the framework of this model the
action of MF is realized by means of magnetization of
the medium surrounding the reaction complex. It is
for the first time shown that lowfrequency weak MF
can influence the probability of formation of perox
yradicals in biological systems. Theoretically substan
tiated is the connection between the experimentally
observed effects and the parameters of the external
field. Optimal parameters of MF are found leading to
elevation of peroxyradical concentration (Fig. 9).
Comparison of the theoretical calculations with the
experimental data from different sources [4, 8, 13, 23,
38] shows that at a value of the number of hydrogen
nuclei
N
= 4 one observes correspondence between
theoretical and experimental results. This fact testifies
to that the studied reaction involves four protons. Fig
ure 10 shows the dependence of the relative intensity
of the biological response of the system to external
alternating MF on the ratio of its amplitude to fre
quency. In connection with that different authors
worked with different biological objects, the values of
biological effects were distinct. For analysis of the
dependence of the observed effect on MF parameters
we introduced a scale of biological effects. The maxi
mal value obtained by authors was taken to be 100%,
other points were calculated as a ratio of the real value
of biological effect to the maximal.
In this way, we have managed to find a spectrum of
effects of weak MF with an alternating component of
tens and hundreds of nanoteslas at a static collinear
Angiotensin 1:
Achain of bovine insulin:
Bchain of bovine insulin:
β
amyloid protein:
1 (Asp)DRV(Val)
2 (Phe)FHL(Leu)
3 (Asp)DRVYI(Ile)
4 (His)HPFHL(Leu)
1 (Gln)QCCASVCSV(Val)
2 (Asn)NYCN(Asn)
3 (Gly)GIVEQCCASVCSL(Leu)
4 (Tyr)YQLE(Glu)
1 (Tyr)YTPKA(Ala)
2 (Tyr)YLVCGERGFF(Phe)
3 (Tyr)YLVCGERGFFYTPKA(Ala)
4 (Phe)FVNQHLVGSHLVGAL(Leu)
1 DAEFRHD(Asp)
2 (Ser)SGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVV
Fig. 8.
Fragments of hydrolysis of various peptides upon the action of weak combined MF (SMF = 42
μ
T; AMF = 0.05
μ
T, fr e
quencies 3.5–5.0 Hz; exposure 12 h).
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
20181410642 16127
P
δ
Fig. 9.
Dependence of the probability of formation of a
peroxide radical on the parameters of the alternating com
ponent of external field:
δ
max
= (3.832; 10.174; 16.471);
=
δ
max
10
9
= (90.0; 238.9; 386.7).
BAC
f
2π
γ
BIOPHYSICS Vol. 55 No. 4 2010
BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF WEAK MAGNETIC FIELDS 571
field equivalent to GMF. A part of these effects have
already been reproduced in other laboratories [22–25,
51]. At the given stage of investigations one theoreti
cally traces the conditioning of these effects by gener
ation of ROS under the action of WCMF. The pathway
of transduction of WCMF action from primary recep
tors to biological effects has not yet been studied to the
end, also not excluded is the presence of other mech
anisms (apart of ROS generation) of the influence of a
weak field on biological and physicochemical systems.
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