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Early ontogenesis of fish and of commercial invertebrates as a problem of developmental biology
Abstract
of various metabolic and physiological systems: endo� crine, digestive, olfactive, of behavioral reactions, etc. Due attention was paid to analysis of adaptations at early stages of individual development of these animals and to problems of evolutionary developmental biol� ogy, as fish are often used as an object in investigations of this problem. A considerable part of the reports was on analysis of ichthyoplankton: composition, dynamics of abun� dance in various water bodies, and its fluctuations at various environmental conditions. This trend of inves� tigations is intensively studied in Russia and is com� mercially important as the obtained results may be used for prognostication of resources of the world ocean and of other water bodies. The conference caused great interest and brought together specialists from various research institutions and institutions of higher education of the Russian Federation and from some foreign countries: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Vladivostok, Murmansk,
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Comparative studies of genomes of lower Metazoa showed that many classes of transcription factors important for the development of bilateral animals appeared before the divergence of modem branches of the animal kingdom. The genes of the Hox-cluster appeared late, in the last common ancestor of Cnidaria and Bilateria. Structural expansion and perfection of mechanisms which integrate the Hox-cluster can be traced in the morphogenesis of modern bilateral animals. It is now evident that different strategies of using this regulator instrument led Bilateria to absolute domination in number and diversity of species among all Metazoa animals.
In systematic searches for embryonic lethal mutants of Drosophila melanogaster we have identified 15 loci which when mutated alter the segmental pattern of the larva. These loci probably represent the majority of such genes in Drosophila. The phenotypes of the mutant embryos indicate that the process of segmentation involves at least three levels of spatial organization: the entire egg as developmental unit, a repeat unit with the length of two segments, and the individual segment.
The Hox gene cluster has captivated the imagination of evolutionary and developmental biologists worldwide. In this review, the origin of the Hox and ParaHox gene clusters by duplication of a ProtoHox gene cluster, and the changes in their gene numbers in major Metazoan Transitions are reviewed critically. Re-evaluation of existing data and recent findings in Cnidarians, Acoels, and critical stages of vertebrate evolution suggest alternative scenarios for the origin, structure, and changes in Hox gene numbers in relevant events of Metazoan evolution. I discuss opposing views and propose that (i) the ProtoHox cluster had only two genes, and not four as commonly believed: a corollary is that the origin of Bilaterians was coincident with the invention of new Hox and ParaHox gene classes, which may have facilitated such a transition; (ii) the ProtoHox cluster duplication was a cis duplication event, rather than a trans duplication event, as previously suggested, and (iii) the ancestral vertebrate cluster possessed 14 Hox genes, and not the 13 generally assumed. These hypotheses could be verified or refuted in the near future, but they may help critical discussion of the evolution of the Hox/ParaHox family in the metazoan kingdom.
The bithorax gene complex in Drosophila contains a minimum of eight genes that seem to code for substances controlling levels of thoracic and abdominal development. The state of repression of at least four of these genes is controlled by cis-regulatory elements and a separate locus (Polycomb) seems to code for a repressor of the complex. The wild-type and mutant segmentation patterns are consistent with an antero-posterior gradient in repressor concentration along the embryo and a proximo-distal gradient along the chromosome in the affinities for repressor of each gene's cis-regulatory element.
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Hox and ParaHox Gene Clusters: The Origin, Structural Organization, and Functional Significance in Individual Development and Evolution of Animals, in Sb.: Kletochnye, molekulyarnye i evolyutsionnye aspekty morfogeneza (Cellular, Molecular, and Evolutionary Aspects of Morphogenesis)
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The Origin, Structural Organization, and Functional Significance in Individual Development and Evolution of Animals
- T F Andreeva
- M A Kulakova
- Parahox Gene Hox
- Clusters
Osnovy sravnitel’noi anatomii bespozvonochnykh (Fundamentals of Comparative Anatomy of Invertebrates
- V N Beklemishev
Sistema ryboobraznykh i ryb, nyne zhivushchikh i iskopaemykh (The System of Fish-Shaped Lower Aquatic Vertebrate Animals and Fish, Living and Fossil)
- L S Berg
- L.S. Berg
Ecological and Morphological Patterns of Development of Cyprinidae, Cobitidae, and Siluridae
- S G Kryzhanovskii
Morfologicheskaya izmenchivost’ v rannem ontogeneze kostistykh ryb (Morphological Variation in Early Ontogenesis of Teleosts
- D A Pavlov
Morfologicheskie zakonomernosti evolyutsii (Morphological Laws of Evolution)
- A N Severtsov
- A.N. Severtsov
Prisposobitel’nye osobennosti razvitiya ryb (Adaptive Features of Fish Development)
- S G Soin
Ecological Groups of Fishes and Their Development Patterns
- S G Kryzhanovskii
- S.G. Kryzhanovskii
Hox and ParaHox Gene Clusters: The Origin, Structural Organization, and Functional Significance in Individual Development and Evolution of Animals
- T F Andreeva
- M A Kulakova
- T.F. Andreeva