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Psychological Reports, 2011, 109, 3, 1001-1016. © Psychological Reports 2011
DOI 10.2466/22.23.PR0.109.6.1001-1016 ISSN 0033-2941
BACKWARD VERSUS FORWARD BLOCKING:
EVIDENCE FOR PERFORMANCE-BASED MODELS
OF HUMAN CONTINGENCY LEARNING1, 2
DAVID LUQUE
Departamento de Psicología Básica
Universidad de Málaga
MIGUEL A. VADILLO
Departamento de Fundamentos
y Métodos de la Psicología
Universidad de Deusto
Summary.—Two types of theories are usually invoked to account for cue-in-
performance-based theories, such as
learning-based theories, such
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1
2
D. LUQUE & M. A. VADILLO
1002
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→
→
→ → → O1 asso-
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performance-based models. According to this
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to the strength of the B–O association and inversely proportional to the
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TABLE 1
Group Phase 1 Phase 2 Test
Forward → →
→
B?
C? / D?
Backward →
→
→
Note
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BACKWARD VS FORWARD BLOCKING 1003
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es in associative strength of the target Cue B during learning phases. For
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were presented together. However, this process does not occur in forward
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D. LUQUE & M. A. VADILLO
1004
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→ → -
→ -
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et al. et al.
et al.et al.
et al.
et al.
BACKWARD VS FORWARD BLOCKING
included appropriate control conditions for children as participants. In
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et
al.et al.
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the patient on a particular occasion. Then, they have to guess whether the
-
-
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es that participants have to rate the strength of the causal -
et al
On the other hand, the two studies conducted with children used
et al.
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et al.,
et al.
et al.et al.
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D. LUQUE & M. A. VADILLO
1006
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-
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et al.et al.et al.,
et al. -
et al.
Mitchell, et al.
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et al.
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on the allergy task.
Participants and Apparatus
Fort-
BACKWARD VS FORWARD BLOCKING
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Design and Procedure
3
et al
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corresponding option on each trial.
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3
to C and to D.
D. LUQUE & M. A. VADILLO
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F
across trials.
(A) (B) (C)
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BACKWARD VS FORWARD BLOCKING 1009
Mean correct re-
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cant, as participants in the Backward group responded during the test
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TABLE 2
Measure Group
M SEM M SEM
Correct RFB 9.9 3.3 16.0
BB 6.6 6.9
Correct–Incorrect FB
BB 2.1
% Correct RFB 44.3
BB 9.0
Note
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responses, and percent of correct responses.
D. LUQUE & M. A. VADILLO
1010
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ures of responding.
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TABLE 3
Analysis Dependent
F1,42 MSE p η2β
ANOVA:
Correct
responses
Cue .03* 0.11 0.60
Group 10.94 0.21 0.90
Cue*
Group 0.62 .44 0.02 0.12
ANOVA:
All responses Cue 1.63 990.6 .21 0.11 0.24
Group 0.99
Cue*
Group 0.33 990.6 0.02
ANOVA:
incorrect
Cue .04* 0.10
Group 0.91 0.02
Cue*
Group .22 0.04 0.23
ANOVA:
% Correct
responses
Cue
Group 0.91 .16 0.29
Cue*
Group .19 0.04
*p
BACKWARD VS FORWARD BLOCKING 1011
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et al.et al.
et al.
et al.-
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their participants were adults.
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D. LUQUE & M. A. VADILLO
1012
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et al.
et al
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et al.et al.
hard to reconcile with a lack-of-sensitivity hypothesis.
-
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et al.et al.et al., 2004,
et al.-
-
-
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during learning. In this
-
et al.,
reluctant to conclude that these results are consistent or not with the prop-
in the present learning task.
BACKWARD VS FORWARD BLOCKING 1013
REFERENCES
& -
Learning & Behavior,
&
-
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,
&
-
dren. Experimental Psychology, OI
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
&-
Compara-
tive approaches to cognitive science
-
Learning & Behavior,
&
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychol-
ogy
& -
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psy-
chology,
&
Proceedings of the 22nd Annual
Conference of the Cognitive Science Society
&
Learning and Motivation, 33,
&
inferences. Memory & Cognition, 33,
&-
Memory & Cognition, 31, 133-142.
&-
Learning and Motivation,
&
Behavioural Processes,
&
Behavioural Processes
332.
&
learning tasks. Psychological Record
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and young children’s causal and counterfactual inferences. Developmental Psychol-
ogy,
&
theory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,
&
Experimental Psychology
&-
. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,
and Cognition, 19,
&
The psychology of learning and
motivation
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Behavioral and Brain Sciences,
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ship. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,
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Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes,
Annual Review of Psychol-
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Acta Psychologica, 122, 234-246.
&
Learning and Motiva-
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-
tions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,
&
Learning & Behavior, 33, 131-146.
Accepted December 7, 2011.
BACKWARD VS FORWARD BLOCKING
APPENDIX
u will have to earn as
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ral intervals or trials. During these trials, you will have to learn the re-
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ed with the coloured rectangles that appear at the top of the screen. The
total score.
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over, the points that you can earn or lose could increase if you keep the
to the plant related to the coloured rectangles at the top of the screen. If
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The wrong plants will disappear so you can see which is the correct one.
Therefore, you will know if you are doing it right. For your convenience,
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D. LUQUE & M. A. VADILLO
1016
in each trial.
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