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Essential Oil of Curcuma longa Inhibits Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation
Abstract
Curcuma longa (C. longa) has been used as a spice in foods and as an antimicrobial in Oriental medicine. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of an essential oil isolated from C. longa on the cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), which is an important bacterium in dental plaque and dental caries formation. First, the inhibitory effects of C. longa essential oil on the growth and acid production of S. mutans were tested. Next, the effect of C. longa essential oil on adhesion to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads (S-HAs) was investigated. C. longa essential oil inhibited the growth and acid production of S. mutans at concentrations from 0.5 to 4 mg/mL. The essential oil also exhibited significant inhibition of S. mutans adherence to S-HAs at concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/mL. S. mutans biofilm formation was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and safranin staining. The essential oil of C. longa inhibited the formation of S. mutans biofilms at concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/mL. The components of C. longa essential oil were then analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and the major components were α-turmerone (35.59%), germacrone (19.02%), α-zingiberene (8.74%), αr-turmerone (6.31%), trans-β-elemenone (5.65%), curlone (5.45%), and β-sesquiphellandrene (4.73%). These results suggest that C. longa may inhibit the cariogenic properties of S. mutans.
... Turmeric has uses both in the food industry for its effects of improving storage conditions and time, and in medicine, especially due to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitumor, carminative, antiseptic, and antibacterial properties [96]. In dentistry, it is used in both systemic and local pathologies such as gingivitis, periodontitis [97], dental caries [98], head and neck cancer [99], as a subgingival irrigant [100], oral submucous fibrosis [101], and oral lichen planus [102]. The use of turmeric in dentistry is based on its many therapeutic actions. ...
... Additionally, in dentistry, turmeric is used due to its antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans. In a study by Lee et al. [98], it was observed that turmeric has a dose-dependent antibacterial action and at high doses also has the ability to inhibit the formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm and thus prevent the formation of dental caries [98]. Additionally, due to the antibacterial activity of turmeric, it can be used as an intracanal drug, preventing the formation of pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis [104]. ...
... Additionally, in dentistry, turmeric is used due to its antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans. In a study by Lee et al. [98], it was observed that turmeric has a dose-dependent antibacterial action and at high doses also has the ability to inhibit the formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm and thus prevent the formation of dental caries [98]. Additionally, due to the antibacterial activity of turmeric, it can be used as an intracanal drug, preventing the formation of pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis [104]. ...
Dental pathology remains a global health problem affecting both children and adults. The most important dental diseases are dental caries and periodontal pathologies. The main cause of oral health problems is overpopulation with pathogenic bacteria and for this reason, conventional therapy can often be ineffective due to bacterial resistance or may have unpleasant side effects. For that reason, studies in the field have focused on finding new therapeutic alternatives. Special attention is paid to the plant kingdom, which offers a wide range of plants and active compounds in various pathologies. This review focused on the most used plants in the dental field, especially on active phytocompounds, both in terms of chemical structure and in terms of mechanism of action. It also approached the in vitro study of active compounds and the main types of cell lines used to elucidate the effect and mechanism of action. Thus, medicinal plants and their compounds represent a promising and interesting alternative to conventional therapy.
... La cúrcuma también ha demostrado ser efectiva para el control de placa en combinación con métodos mecánicos, característica que podría deberse a sus propiedades antiinflamatorias que alivian el dolor dental y reducen la hinchazón [1,7,4]. Además, impacta reduciendo la población total microbiana [1] e inhibe el desarrollo microbiano que afecta de diversas formas la salud odontológica [8]. En el caso de la salud oral, Streptococcus mutans es la principal bacteria responsable de la formación de placa y caries [8], el aceite esencial de cúrcuma inhibe su crecimiento reduciendo la producción de ácido, bajando el pH de la placa dental. ...
... Además, impacta reduciendo la población total microbiana [1] e inhibe el desarrollo microbiano que afecta de diversas formas la salud odontológica [8]. En el caso de la salud oral, Streptococcus mutans es la principal bacteria responsable de la formación de placa y caries [8], el aceite esencial de cúrcuma inhibe su crecimiento reduciendo la producción de ácido, bajando el pH de la placa dental. Así pues, la inhibición del crecimiento de S. mutans conlleva propiedades anticariogénicas [4,8]. ...
... En el caso de la salud oral, Streptococcus mutans es la principal bacteria responsable de la formación de placa y caries [8], el aceite esencial de cúrcuma inhibe su crecimiento reduciendo la producción de ácido, bajando el pH de la placa dental. Así pues, la inhibición del crecimiento de S. mutans conlleva propiedades anticariogénicas [4,8]. El aceite esencial de cúrcuma también inhibe la formación de placas del microorganismo mencionado que causa periodontitis y caries. ...
Este artículo presenta un innovador enjuague bucal totalmente natural formulado con aceites esenciales de Curcuma longa-Linn y Zingiber officinale-Roscoe (variedad hawaiana). Los resultados de los ensayos de formulación se evaluaron con una prueba sensorial usando una escala hedónica para elegir entre dos alternativas: enjuague neutro o pungente. Las biomoléculas presentes en la mezcla se consideran en investigaciones anteriores como nutracéuticas, incluyen propiedades antiinflamatorias y antisépticas validadas en aplicaciones orales, el producto mejora la higiene bucal y funciona bien para los dientes y las encías. El mercado global ha puesto de moda este tipo de productos y, además, la formulación tiene un alto potencial en cuanto a salud oral preventiva.
... Curcumin is a natural pigment extracted from the dried rhizome of turmeric Curcuma longa that was shown to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities by inhibiting biofilm formation (14)(15)(16)(17)(18) . The antimicrobial effects of curcumin were significantly enhanced upon nanoparticle formation (19) . ...
... It was proven that each of the silver nanoparticles and curcumin has an antimicrobial action when used alone (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23) , Therefore we combined both materials to increase the antimicrobial action of curcumin and decrease the toxicity of silver nanoparticles that was demonstrated in previous studies (35)(36)(37)(38)(39) . ...
... Curcumin is a natural pigment extracted from the dried rhizome of turmeric Curcuma longa [18]. Curcumin has effective anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities [19][20][21][22] The previous study showed that curcumin inhibits the formation of biofilm, particularly in Gram-positive microorganisms whereas it blocked the in vitro formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm [22]. ...
... Curcumin is a natural pigment extracted from the dried rhizome of turmeric Curcuma longa [18]. Curcumin has effective anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities [19][20][21][22] The previous study showed that curcumin inhibits the formation of biofilm, particularly in Gram-positive microorganisms whereas it blocked the in vitro formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm [22]. ...
... Dental caries constitutes the most common chronic ecological disease in dentistry and is known as tooth decay or cavities. It is an infectious disease in which the hard tissues of the teeth such as the enamel, dentin, and cementum are gradually and irreversibly destroyed [6,7]. Dental caries is caused by some types of oral Streptococci including the Grampositive Streptococcus mutans, which is the most important cariogenic bacteria and primary causative agent of this disease [8,9]. ...
... The extract of S. lychnophora inhibited the growth of S. mutans. It is commonly known as the main bacteria responsible for the formation of dental plaque and dental caries [7]. The ethanol extract of S. lychnophora inhibited the decrease in pH induced by S. mutans. ...
Pangdahai is a traditional Chinese drug, specifically described in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as the seeds of
Sterculia lychnophora
Hance. Here, we separated
S. lychnophora
husk and kernel, analyzed the nutrient contents, and investigated the inhibitory effects of
S. lychnophora
ethanol extracts on cariogenic properties of
Streptococcus mutans
, important bacteria in dental caries and plaque formation. Ethanol extracts of
S. lychnophora
showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity against
S. mutans
with significant inhibition at concentrations higher than 0.01 mg/mL compared with the control group (
p
<
0.05
). Furthermore, biofilm formation was decreased by
S. lychnophora
at concentrations > 0.03 mg/mL, while bacterial viability was decreased dose-dependently at high concentrations (0.04, 0.08, 0.16, and 0.32 mg/mL). Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract revealed a strong presence of alkaloid, phenolics, glycosides, and peptides while the presence of steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and organic acids was low. The
S. lychnophora
husk had higher moisture and ash content than the kernel, while the protein and fat content of the husk were lower (
p
<
0.05
) than those of the kernel. These results indicate that
S. lychnophora
may have antibacterial effects against
S. mutans
, which are likely related to the alkaloid, phenolics, glycosides, and peptides, the major components of
S. lychnophora
.
... Previous researchers reported that essential oils from the Zingiberaceae family were effective in inhibiting bofilm formation. Turmeric essential oil has antibiofim activity against Streptococcus mutans (Lee et al, 2011). Then red ginger essential oil (Zingiber officinale) significantly inhibited ...
The Biofilm P.aeruginosa communities are characterized by close juxtaposition of bacterial cells and the presence of an exopolysaccharide matrix that surrounds the bacterial population. Many reports have postulated that the exopolysaccharide matrix provides an effective barrier that restricts penetration of chemically reactive biocides, cationic antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides. This study aims to antibiofilm formation activities of ethanol extract from Curcuma domestica against Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant bacteria. These antibiofilm formation was determined using a modified-method of microdilution assay. Ethanol extract of C. domestica strong activity against P.aeruginosa with Anti-biofilm activity was observed through biofilm inhibition and degradation activities, determined by Cristal Violet assay. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test and Tukey HSD post hoc test. The significant inhibition of P.aeruginosa the biofilm degradation was obtained at a concentration of 31.2 µg/ml until 250 µg/ml. The ethanol extract of C. domestica have potency as alternative antibiofilm formation against selected bacteria resistant.
... Similarly, Kumar et al. [60] identified -thujene, -terpinene, -and terpinene using GC-MS analysis of hydro distillate extract of C. longa dried leaves. Furthermore, GC and GC-MS analysis of C. longa following a steam distillation and dissolution of the dried plant rhizome in DMSO by Lee et al. [61] identified trans--elemenone, 4-terpineol, 2-decanone, -elemene, -humulene, trans--farnesene, linolenic acid, and linoleic Singh et al. [35] conducted a GC-MS analysis of essential oil constituents of fresh and dry C. longa rhizomes by which trans-nerolidol, -bisabolol, and curcuphenol were identified. ...
Introduction: Curcuma longa, popularly known as Turmeric, is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant used in folk medicine for the treatment, prevention, and management of various illnesses such as cancer, diabetes, Arthritis, diarrhoea, inflammation, psoriasis, hepatobiliary diseases, gastric and peptic ulcers. Results: This study reviewed the ethnomedicinal potentials, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of C. longa. In vitro and in vivo studies reported that C. longa and its major bioactive constituent (curcumin) possess various pharmacological properties. These include; anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-osteoarthritis, antidiarrheal, cardioprotective, anti-oxidative, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-microbial, renoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. This review demonstrated that the various pharmacological activities of C. longa might be attributed to the presence of numerous bioactive compounds. However, these varying potentials have not been effectively analysed for optimal application in developing new therapies. Also, the applicability and mode of action of the different bioactive compounds found in C. longa have not been fully exploited. Conclusion: This study showed that C. longa could be exploited by pharmaceutical industries to develop pharmaceutical products. However, there is a need for human clinical trials and quality control studies to establish effective and safe doses of C. longa and its major bioactive constituent-curcumin suitable for treating several diseases.
... 38 A study exhibited that the essential oil of turmeric has anti-cariogenic properties on Streptococcus Mutans at specific concentrations. 39 Nevertheless, further investigations are needed regarding the effectiveness of some of these products and their potential preventative effect on caries and their side effects. ...
Purpose:
To evaluate and compare the attitude, practice, and knowledge of individuals who use fluoridated and non-fluoridated toothpaste in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
A digital questionnaire composed of 43 questions were formulated. The questionnaire was divided into five sections: eligibility questions, demographic data, attitude, practice, and knowledge. Content and face validation were done, and convenience sampling was used. The inclusion criteria were any citizen and resident who lives in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Fischer's tests were conducted to compare fluoridated and non-fluoridated toothpaste users (α=0.05).
Results:
A total of 473 completed participants' responses were collected. Attitude: 41.8% of fluoridated toothpaste users reported that it was "very important" to rinse to remove the toothpaste compared to non-fluoridated toothpaste users (58.3%) (P-value<0.001). Healthy teeth were the most important to fluoridated toothpaste users (69.1%) (P <0.001). Practice: 28.6% of non-fluoridated toothpaste users have been using non-fluoridated toothpaste for >1 year, and 35.7% of them <2 years. 73.8% of fluoridated toothpaste users used whitening toothpaste. Significantly higher non-fluoridated toothpaste users (29%) used organic toothpaste (P<0.001).
Knowledge:
57% of fluoridated toothpaste users believed that a good diet, tooth brushing, and fluoridated toothpaste are important to prevent caries, and the fluoride would strengthen the teeth (P<0.001). Approximately 60% of non-fluoridated toothpaste users did not know the proper age to start using fluoridated toothpaste (P<0.001). Also, 47.6% of non-fluoridated toothpaste users avoid using fluoride because it is toxic.
Conclusion:
Significantly higher number of Jeddah residents that used fluoridated toothpaste had a better attitude and knowledge than non-fluoridated toothpaste users. Nonetheless, most residents had similar oral hygiene practices. It is suggested to execute educational campaigns to explain the importance of fluoridated toothpaste to the population. Also, individuals should take caution from the source of obtaining their dental information and consult their dentist.
... The existence of a biofilm matrix decreases the permeation of anti-microbial agents and forms a barrier against antibiotics. Chemicals like fluoride products are active in removing dental plaque but are cytotoxic at relatively high concentrations (9). Therefore, finding new agents that can break down the biofilm is vital in treating dental caries, especially if it is drogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, phosphoric acid (85% w/v) and sodium hydroxide were purchased from El Nasr Pharmaceutical Chemical Co, Egypt. ...
Background and Objectives: Dental caries is a breakdown of the teeth enamel due to harmful bacteria, lack of oral hygiene, and sugar consumption. The acid-producing bacterium Streptococcus mutans is the leading cause of dental caries. Dextranase is an enzyme that can degrade dextran to low molecular weight fractions, which have many therapeutic and industrial applications. The purpose of the present study was to isolate a novel dextranase-producing bacteria from a source (molasses). The cell-free extracts containing dextranases were tested as antibiofilm agents.
Materials and Methods: Dextranase-producing bacteria were identified using phenotypic and genotypic methods such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and enzymatic characterization.
Results: The highest six dextranase-producing bacterial isolates were Bacillus species. The best conditions for dextranase productivity were obtained after 72 hours of culture time at pH 7. The addition of glucose to the medium enhanced the production of the enzymes. The cell-free extract of the six most active isolates showed remarkable activity against biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. The highest inhibition activities reached 60% and 80% for Bacillus velezensis and Pseudomonas stutzeri, respectively.
Conclusion: Therefore, our study added to the current dextranase-producing bacteria with potential as a source of dextranases.
... Likewise, the rhizome essential oil of C. aromatica is also found to be effective against various microorganisms [60]. In addition, the essential oils were also capable of inhibiting the biofilm forming properties of bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans [62]. A recent study by Septama, et al. [63] has also indicated the antibacterial and anti-biofilm formation activities of the C. xanthorrhiza. ...
Curcuma species are widely used as a food additive and also in various medicinal purposes. The plant is a rich source of essential oil and is predominantly extracted from the rhizomes. On the other hand, the leaves of the plants are usually considered as an agrowaste. The valorization of these Curcuma leaf wastes into essential oils is becoming accepted globally. In the present study, we aim to extract essential oils from the leaves of Curcuma longa (LEO), C. aromatica (REO), and C. anguistifolia (NEO). The chemical composition of these essential oils was analyzed by GC-MS. Free radical scavenging properties were evaluated against the radical sources, including DPPH, ABTS, and hydrogen peroxide. The antibacterial activity was assessed by the disc diffusion method and Minimum inhibitory concentration analysis against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica) bacteria. Results identified the compounds α-phellandrene, 2-carene, and eucalyptol as predominant in LEO. The REO was predominated by camphor, 2-bornanone, and curdione. The main components detected in NEO were eucalyptol, curzerenone, α-lemenone, longiverbenone, and α-curcumene. Antioxidant properties were higher in the LEO with IC50 values of 8.62 ± 0.18, 9.21 ± 0.29, and 4.35 ± 0.16 µg/mL, against DPPH, ABTS, and hydrogen peroxide radicals. The cytotoxic activity was also evident against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells; the LEO was found to be the most active against these two cell lines (IC50 values of 40.74 ± 2.19 and 45.17 ± 2.36 µg/mL). Likewise, the results indicated a higher antibacterial activity for Curcuma longa essential oil with respective IC50 values (20.6 ± 0.3, 22.2 ± 0.3, 20.4 ± 0.2, and 17.6 ± 0.2 mm). Hence, the present study confirms the possible utility of leaf agrowastes of different Curcuma spp. as a possible source of essential oils with pharmacological potential.
... In order to detect plaque, turmeric might be employed. It discolours plaque yellow, facilitating its detection [17]. The dental plaque detection system comprises a dental plaque staining agent containing at least one agent selected from the yellow pigment of beni-koji, turmeric extracts, and curcumin; and a light-emitting device that sends light with a wavelength between 250 and 500 nm to an object in the mouth to which the dental plaque staining agent is attached [18]. ...
The turmeric plant was used in ancient medicine to cure a wide range of diseases, including cough, diabetes, and liver disease. Data shows that the principal chemical component of turmeric, curcumin, has a variety of beneficial effects on the body. Therefore, it is of interest to document data on the therapeutic activities of turmeric, including its extracts and possible medical uses, as well as its oral and dental uses and a safety assessment of those uses. Curcumin, the most pure form of turmeric, has shown promise in dentistry.
... Turmeric has high antimicrobial characteristics to reduce bacterial growth like Lactobacillus, Streptococci, Staphylococci, etc. A study made by Lee et al. shows that Curcuma longa L. essential oil reduces growth as well as production of acid of Streptococcus mutants by 0.5-4 mg/mL, therefore, having anticariogenic characteristics [47]. ...
For various ailments, natural remedies have been traditionally used. To defend against common disorders, medicinal plants are progressively used as nutritional supplements. Gingivitis and periodontitis are widespread and can affect most of the world’s population. Gingivitis is a very common, nondestructive inflammatory disease of gums that causes redness and irritation of the gingiva (gums), but periodontitis causes permanent damage to teeth’ subsidiary structures. Herbal medicines are getting popular for the treatment of such types of disorders due to being economical with their medicinal effectiveness, compatibility, and nontoxicity. Traditional chemical therapies can cause cell toxicity along with their disease-curing effects. In this article, we discussed the medicinal plants that can be used as an alternative for the treatment of gingivitis (early-stage gum disease) and periodontitis (chronic-stage gum disease).
... TO inhibited Porphyromonas gingivalis, a pathogen responsible for periodontitis, showing a significant inhibition zone in vitro [57]. Likewise, TO inhibited in vitro growth, acid production, adherence to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads, and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans, a cariogenic bacterium [58]. S. mutans must adhere to tooth surfaces to metabolize dietary sugars, transforming them into lactic and formic acids. ...
The pharmacological attributes of turmeric have been extensively described and frequently related to the action of curcuminoids. However, there is also scientific evidence of the contribution of turmeric oil. Since the oil does not contain curcuminoids in its composition, it is crucial to better understand the therapeutic role of other constituents in turmeric. The present review discusses the pharmacokinetics of turmeric oil, pointing to the potential application of its active molecules as therapeutic compounds. In addition, the bioactivities of turmeric oil and its safety in preclinical and clinical studies were revised. This literature-based research intends to provide an updated overview to promote further research on turmeric oil and its constituents.
... Antibacterial activity of C. longa, aromatic turmerone and turmerone were reported together (Negi et al., 1999;Lee et al., 2011). The minor compounds identified in our results p-cymene (4.14%), 1,8-cineole (1.05%), β-pinene (0.84%) and cis-sabinol (0.27%) agreed with (Jayaprakasha et al., 2005). ...
... This herb contains a group of compounds known as curcuminoids, composed of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid and comprises approximately 77% of turmeric. [10] Curcumin acts as a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agent that affects various organ systems. The application of turmeric as a locally delivered drug prevents plaque formation and gingivitis. ...
Aim:
To explore the potential effect of locally applied 1% Curcumin on myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzymatic activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and on the periodontal status during the initial phase of orthodontic tooth movement.
Settings and design:
Forty patients (26 females and 14 males) aged 12-25 years who required fixed orthodontic treatment were randomly divided into two equal groups. The control and test groups were similar in the various baseline parameters, including standard oral hygiene protocol. Moreover, 1% Curcumin gel was applied around mandibular anterior teeth in the test group twice daily, from three days before to 14 days after the placement of archwires. MPO activity and periodontal status were recorded at five different time points; before placement of archwire (baseline), immediately after placement of archwire, 2 hours, 7 days, and 14 days later.
Statistical analysis used:
The data were analyzed using the paired t-test for intra-group differences and the unpaired t-test for intergroup differences at five different time points. Statistical significance in the intragroup and intergroup difference of Plaque and Gingival index was calculated using the unpaired t-test.
Results:
Maximum MPO enzymatic activity in GCF was observed two hours after the placement of the archwire. MPO activity decreased slightly on the seventh day, but values were still elevated as compared to baseline. However, MPO activity came back to the values similar to baseline on day 14 in the control group and significantly lower than the baseline in the test group. The inter-group differences in clinical periodontal parameters were non-significant.
Conclusions:
The locally applied 1% Curcumin gel appears to decrease the MPO activity in GCF on the 14th day after placement of the archwires. However, clinical periodontal status in the initial phase of tooth movement is unaffected by curcumin if patients adhere to good plaque control.
... Curcumin (Cur) has antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties [19]. It hinders acid production by S. mutans, and can remarkably inhibit the adhesion of S. mutans to surfaces [20]. Cur-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has shown significant antibacterial effects [21]. ...
Abstract Background The porous surface of acrylic orthodontic removable appliances creates a niche for microbial plaque accumulation, and changes the oral flora by raising cariogenic bacteria including Streptococcus mutans. In this study, we evaluated the mechanical properties and antimicrobial activities of incorporating different concentrations of Curcumin-Nisin-poly(l-lactic acid) nanoparticle (CurNisNps) into orthodontic acrylic resin against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Methods Following synthesis and characterization of CurNisNps, acrylic resin specimens with different concentrations of CurNisNps (0, 1, 2, 5, and 10% w/w) were fabricated. Flexural strength values, antimicrobial effects, anti-biofilm potential, and anti-metabolic activity against S. mutans and C. albicans were assessed at different time intervals. Also, the expression of the virulence-factor-related genes of S. mutans and C. albicans was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction following treatment with CurNisNps. Results Acrylic resin containing 10% CurNisNps (30.76 ± 3.91 MPa) showed flexural failure in comparison with acrylic resin specimens without CurNisNps (50.67 ± 1.82 MPa) as the control group (P 0.05). Acrylic resin with 5% CurNisNps showed the highest concentration of CurNisNps and clinically accepted flexural strength value (14.89 ± 3.26 MPa, P
... The CLL 10% can be used on a sub-cellular scale, with high accuracy in reaching cellular targets and obtaining maximum therapeutic effect. CLL can also inhibit cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans, proving that CLL essential oils present anti-cariogenic properties [23]. ...
... According to a previous study, some essential oils from the Zingiberaceae family were effective at inhibiting biofilm formation. Another study reported that essential oil isolated from C. longa had antibiofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans (Lee et al., 2011). Furthermore, the essential oil from red ginger (Zingiber officinale) significantly inhibited Candida albicans biofilm formation by reducing optical density(OD) of crystal violet (Rinanda et al., 2018). ...
Antibacterial resistance has become a major global public health issue. Pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with most community infections are linked with antibiotic resistance. Curcuma xanthorrhiza is a traditional medicine used to prevent and cure bacterial infection. This study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of C. xanthorrhiza essential oil (EO) against selected clinical isolates, as well as their interaction with conventional antibiotics. Chromatographic analysis revealed that the principal constituents of C. xanthorrhiza EO are α-curcumene and β-curcumene, representing 22.11 and 23.39% of the oil content, respectively. Curzerene, camphor, and xanthorrhizol also made up a significant fraction of the essential oils extract, accounting for more than 4.5%. C. xanthorrizha EO had considerable antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtillis with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 7.8 and 15.6 µg/mL, but exhibited moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC value of 31.2 µg/mL. Moreover, when used in combination, C. xanthorrhiza EO increased the antibacterial activity of ampicillin, resulting in a synergistic effect. C. xanthorrhiza EO inhibited the formation of biofilm in B. subtillis and S. aureus. C. xanthorrhiza EO significantly reduced the viability of established biofilm in B. subtillis and S. aureus at 15.6 µg/mL (2 MIC) and 125 µg/mL (4 MIC). The results showed that C. xanthorrhiza EO had potent antibacterial activity, inhibiting biofilm and increasing the effect of ampicillin against clinical isolate pathogen particularly B. subtillis.
... emphyllocalyx, essential oils of Chamaecyparis obtusa, Chrysanthemum boreale, Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Curcuma longa, cold atmospheric plasma, electrolyzed water, rifampin-loaded hydrogel, and implant materials (metal alloys, zirconia, polyetherketoneketone, and titanium) on biofilm formation in various bacteria (Gupta et al., 2017;Das et al., 2016;Sen et al., 2020;Castillo et al., 2015;Yoneda et al., 2013;Cano et al., 2021;Yang et al., 2019;Minami et al., 2019;Kim et al., 2015b;Kim et al., 2015a;Schillaci et al., 2013;Lee et al., 2011;Ulu et al., 2018;Sun et al., 2012;Cahill et al., 2021;Zeller et al., 2020). Ommen et al. compared biofilm formation of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa using CV and safranin as staining dyes (Ommen et al., 2017). ...
Biofilms are microbial communities that adhere to one another or to surfaces and are composed of exopolysaccharides, extracellular nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. They pose a major health threat because of their ability to protect pathogenic bacteria from host immune responses and antibiotic therapy. There are many methods to investigate biofilm growth of bacteria. In vitro static biofilm growth models, such as the colony biofilm model, the air-liquid interface model, and the microtiter plate model, are closed systems that have been extensively applied by many researchers. Various methods, from basic agar plate counting to advanced microscopic assays, including confocal laser scanning microscopy and many others, have been used to detect and study biofilms. There is no standard method to detect bacterial biofilms; each assay has advantages and disadvantages. This article will discuss in vitro static biofilm growth models and methods of biofilm detection and characterization.
... This EO reduced the rate of biofilm after one week of use, at the same level as triclosan, being a good candidate to be implemented in new material for dental care [76]. Curcuma longa EO (0.5 to 4 mg/mL) inhibited the growth, acid production and S. mutans adherence to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads and biofilm development [77]. The EO extracted from seeds of the Butia capitata tree was tested on biofilms produced by aciduric bacteria, lactobacilli, and S. mutans, comparing with three commercial self-etching adhesives, and it was demonstrated that they were equally effective against tested microorganisms [78]. ...
The increasing clinical use of artificial medical devices raises the issue of microbial contamination, which is a risk factor for the occurrence of biofilm-associated infections. A huge amount of scientific data highlights the promising potential of essential oils (EOs) to be used for the development of novel antibiofilm strategies. We aimed to review the relevant literature indexed in PubMed and Embase and to identify the recent directions in the field of EOs, as a new modality to eradicate microbial biofilms. We paid special attention to studies that explain the mechanisms of the microbicidal and antibiofilm activity of EOs, as well as their synergism with other antimicrobials. The EOs are difficult to test for their antimicrobial activity due to lipophilicity and volatility, so we have presented recent methods that facilitate these tests. There are presented the applications of EOs in chronic wounds and biofilm-mediated infection treatment, in the food industry and as air disinfectants. This analysis concludes that EOs are a source of antimicrobial agents that should not be neglected and that will probably provide new anti-infective therapeutic agents.
... The anti-inflammatory properties of Cur are due to its ability in inhibition of biosynthesis of inflammatory prostaglandins from the arachidonic acid and inhibition of neutrophil function under inflammatory conditions [13]. Cur inhibits acid production by S. mutans, and can significantly prevent the adhesion of S. mutans to surfaces [14]. Cur mouthwash is as effective as chlorhexidine, which is the gold standard antimicrobial mouthwash [15]. ...
Background
Considering the antibacterial properties of nano-curcumin (nCur) reinforced with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), this study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity and durability of Activa BioActive Base/Liner (ABBL) containing nCur (nCur-ABBL) as a pulp capping agent against Streptococcus mutans as the most common cause of secondary caries.
Materials and Methods
In this in vitro experimental study, ABBL discs containing 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 5% (w/w) concentrations of nCur were fabricated. After aPDT using light emitting diode (LED) at 435 ± 20 nm wavelength for 5 min, the discs were undergone aging in artificial saliva for 90 days. The antibacterial activity of the discs against S. mutans was evaluated by the disc agar diffusion test, and the number of bacterial colonies present in the biofilm formed on the disc surfaces was counted after 0, 15, 30, and 60 days of aging.
Results
The maximum growth inhibition zone was noted around the 5% nCur-ABBL discs. Increasing the concentration of nCur from 0.5% to 5% combined with aPDT significantly decreased the number of S. mutans colonies in the biofilm over time (P < 0.05). nCur-ABBL discs containing 2% and 5% nCur had no difference in antibacterial activity at any time point up to 60 days (P > 0.05).
Conclusion
According our data, 5% nCur-ABBL revealed the largest growth inhibition zone in S. mutans culture. Moreover, 5% nCur can serve as an excellent ABBL additive in aPDT producer against S. mutans biofilms upto 60 days of aging period.
... Plates were incubated for 24 h under agitation (80 rpm) on a shaking platform (Sunflower Mini-Shaker, Biosan, Riga, Latvia) in anaerobiosis (90% N 2 , 5% CO 2 and 5% H2) at 37°C using an anaerobe chamber (Plas-Labs). Biofilm biomass was estimated as previously reported [26]. Briefly, non-adherent bacteria were removed by washing with 1 X Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS, pH 7.4), and biofilms were stained with 0.4% safranin for 15 min. ...
Background and Objective
The potential of probiotics on the prevention and control of periodontitis and other chronic inflammatory conditions has been suggested. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species influence P. gingivalis interaction with gingival epithelial cells (GECs) but may not act in a unique way. In order to select the most appropriate probiotic against P. gingivalis, we aimed to evaluate the effect of several strains on Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm formation and transcription virulence-associated factors (PgVAFs).
Methods
Cell-free pH neutralized supernatants (CFS) and living Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were tested against P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and W83, in mono- and multi-species (with Streptococcus oralis and S. gordonii) biofilms. Relative transcription of P. gingivalis genes (fimA, mfa1, kgp, rgp, ftsH and luxS) was determined in biofilms and under GECs co-infection.
Results
Probiotics CFS reduced P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 levels in mono-species biofilms and living probiotics reduced P. gingivalis abundance in multi-species biofilms. L. acidophilus LA5 down-regulated transcription of most PgVAFs in biofilms and GECs.
Conclusions
Probiotics affect P. gingivalis biofilm formation by down-regulating overall PgVAFs with the most pronounced effect observed for L. acidophilus LA5.
... [19] Anticariogenic Curcumin acts as an anti-cariogenic agent as it coats to hydroxyapatite crystals and inhibits the adherence of Streptococcus mutans. [20] As an Irrigant ...
... [91,92] Phytoconstituents employed by plants to protect them against pathogenic insects, bacteria, fungi, or protozoa have found applications in human medicine. [93] Some phytochemicals such as phenolic acids act essentially by helping in the reduction of particular adherence of organisms to the cells lining the bladder, and the teeth, which ultimately lowers the incidence of UTI and the 1 Microbial membrane associated with -OH group [36,37] 2 Inhibition of adhesion [38,39] 3 Motility inhibition (swimming and swarming), inhibition of EPS production [40][41][42] 4 ...
Antibacterial phytochemicals have unexplored chemical structures with high therapeutic potential, additionally; phytochemicals have several advantages, including green status, different mechanisms of action from antibiotics which could help to overcome the chemotherapeutic agent resistance problem and also ability to inhibit the growth of planktonic cell and biofilm. These phytochemicals are unmatched structural diversity, and it also has no target specific. In this study, an overview of the main classes of antibacterial phytochemicals present in Aerva lanata and their mode of action against bacterial biofilm is presented. A revision about the bacterial biofilm characteristics, biofilm formation, mechanism involved against antimicrobial agents, phytochemicals properties, and their targets to eradicate biofilm, anti-biofilm properties of various phytochemicals found in A. lanata is also done. The phytochemicals such as polyphenolics interfere with the adhesion potential, quorum sensing (QS) controlled, swarming motility and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Catechin and tannic acid also present in A. lanata were able to promote a significant reduction in biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa, and it able to block biofilm formation by E. coli and Pseudomonas putida. Antibacterial phytochemicals isolated from the different plant part of A. lanata inhibited and reduced cell-surface adhesion, methicillin-resistant bacterial biofilm formation, inhibit bacterial motility, QS, and controls biofilms of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Phenolic acids increased the susceptibility of dual species biofilms. Peptides react against bacterial biofilm by the process of cell membrane permeabilization, intracellular targets, inhibiting nucleic acids and protein synthesis, and cell wall adhesion of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
... Lee et al 15 found that essential oil from C. longa inhibits growth and acid production of Streptococcus mutans at a level of 0.5 to 4 mg/mL and, thus, has an anticariogenic effect. This property can make turmeric an important component in pit-and-fissure sealant. ...
... Moreover, previous study has revealed the anti-biofilm potency of YSMP against the biofilm-positive strain, S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 (Chusri, Settharaksa et al. 2013). Even though the anti-biofilm activity of YSMP and its components on mastitis-causing bacteria has never been investigated, curcumins and essential oil of C. longa displayed antibiofilm potencies on Streptococcus mutans (Lee et al. 2011), Vibrio spp. (Packiavathyet al. 2013, and P. aeruginosa (Rudrappa & Bais 2008), while, α-mangostin has been reported to have an activity against streptococci (Nguyen & Marquis 2011). ...
Concerns about antibiotic residues in milk and emergence of antimicrobial resistant pathogens necessitate exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies for the treatment of mastitis. This study aims to investigate anti-infective properties of a Thai traditional polyherbal formula, namely Ya-Sa-Marn-Phlae (YSMP), its herbal components (Curcuma longa, Areca catechu, Oryza sativa, and Garcinia mangostana), and representative chemical constituents (catechin, α-mangostin, and curcumins). Ethanol extracts of YSMP and G. mangostana, and α-mangostin exhibited potent antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus spp. isolated from mastitis cows with MIC values of 1–32 µg/mL. These tested agents inhibited biofilm formation of the isolates on both polypropylene (hydrophobic) and glass (hydrophilic) surfaces. The current study indicated that YSMP had strong antibacterial activity and anti-biofilm abilities against the tested isolates similar to that of α-mangostin and G. mangostana. The anti-staphylococcal effects were confirmed with both scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The main abnormalities in the microstructure of the treated cells were the severe alterations of the cell wall with the formation of holes and morphological disorganization. Therefore, it might be proposed that G. mangostana is the major active component of YSMP and α-mangostin may be used as an active marker compound for YSMP to indicate its activity against bovine mastitis-isolated staphylococci. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
... Essential oils extracted from various plants are known to have antimicrobial activity [20]. Some natural derivatives like extracts from Myristica fragrans, Lippia sidoides, Hyptis pectinata, Curcuma longa, and Baccharis dracunculifolia have been proved to be effective against S. mutans [21][22][23][24][25]. This study was performed to evaluate anticariogenic activity of C. obtusa essential oil on S. mutans. ...
Chamaecyparis obtusa (C. obtusa)
is known to have antimicrobial effects and has been used as a medicinal plant and in forest bathing. This study aimed to evaluate the anticariogenic activity of essential oil of
C. obtusa
on
Streptococcus mutans
, which is one of the most important bacterial causes of dental caries and dental biofilm formation. Essential oil from
C. obtusa
was extracted, and its effect on bacterial growth, acid production, and biofilm formation was evaluated.
C. obtusa
essential oil exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth over 0.025 mg/mL, with 99% inhibition at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. The bacterial biofilm formation and acid production were also significantly inhibited at the concentration greater than 0.025 mg/mL. The result of LIVE/DEAD® BacLight
™
Bacterial Viability Kit showed a concentration-dependent bactericidal effect on
S. mutans
and almost all bacteria were dead over 0.8 mg/mL. Real-time PCR analysis showed that gene expression of some virulence factors such as
brpA, gbpB, gtfC,
and
gtfD
was also inhibited. In GC and GC-MS analysis, the major components were found to be
α
-terpinene (40.60%), bornyl acetate (12.45%),
α
-pinene (11.38%),
β
-pinene (7.22%),
β
-phellandrene (3.45%), and
α
-terpinolene (3.40%). These results show that
C. obtusa
essential oil has anticariogenic effect on
S. mutans
.
... (2012) demonstrated that certain essential oils can eradicate bacteria within biofilms with higher efficiency than certain important antibiotics, making them interesting candidates for the treatment of biofilms. The essential oil of Curcuma longa inhibited the formation of S. mutans biofilms by interfering with the adherence at concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/mL (Lee et al., 2011). Essential oil and hydrosol of Satureja thymbra and polytoxinol, a compound based on essential oil were shown to be effective against biofilms formed by Salmonella, Listeria, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Lactobacillus spp. ...
Drug resistance is one of the greatest challenges of the twenty first century. Classical approaches to combat bacterial infection are based on killing of pathogens. Although these strategies and compounds were highly effective, they resulted in substantial stress on the target bacterium which rapidly selected for resistant sub-population. Thus new strategies are the need of the hour to combat the threat of multidrug resistant bacteria. In the recent years there is increasing interest in targeting bacterial virulence and pathogenicity, biofilm and Quorum sensing (cell to cell communication) as potential novel drug targets. It is believed that compounds which can attenuate virulence directly or through Quorum sensing (QS) will have less selective pressure for the development of resistance than by the bactericidal effect of antibiotics. In this chapter, we have discussed the general mechanism of bacterial virulence, role of QS in determining virulence and biofilm traits in bacteria. The chapter also looks into the current status of present promising antivirulence strategies and compounds/plant products known, their future prospects
Aim: The present study was done to assess the antibacterial efficacy of a polyherbal extract against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in-vitro. Materials and methods: In the current study, the ethanolic extracts of Haritaki, Bhibitak, Amalaki, Yashtimadhu, Haridra and Vacha were subjected to microbiological assay. The microbial growth inhibitory potential of the polyherbal extract was determined by using the agar disc diffusion method. Results: Mean zone of inhibition of polyherbal extract mix against S. mutans at 48 hours was 24mm. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of polyherbal extract mix on S. mutans was 0.1gm/mL and 0.2gm mg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The polyherbal extract had antimicrobial efficacy against streptococcus mutans. This polyherbal extract could have potential clinical implications. Clinical significance: as many chemical agents used for prevention of dental caries might have long term adverse effects, use of plant based products could be an excellent treatment alternative. This polyherbal extract possesses antibacterial properties against streptococcus mutans and hence could be used for prevention of dental caries. The herbs used in the study are easily available, economically feasible and are being used since time immemorial.
Nowadays, there is an urgent need to discover and develop long-term and effective antimicrobial and biofilm-inhibiting compounds. Employing combination therapies using novel drug delivery systems and also natural antimicrobial substances is a promising strategy in this field. Nanoparticles (NPs)-based materials have become well appreciated in recent times due to serve as antimicrobial agents or the carriers for promoting the bioavailability and effectiveness of antibiotics. Flavonoids belong to the promising groups of bioactive compounds abundantly found in fruits, vegetables, spices, and medicinal plants with strong antimicrobial features. Flavonoids and NPs have potential as alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial agents, both on their own as well as in combination. Different classes of flavonoid NPs may be particularly advantageous in handling microbial infections. The most important antimicrobial mechanisms of flavonoid NPs include oxidative stress induction, non-oxidative mechanisms, and metal ion release. However, the efficacy of flavonoid NPs against pathogens and drug-resistant pathogens changes according to their physicochemical characteristics as well as the particular structure of microbial cell wall and enzymatic composition. In this review, we provide an outlook on the antimicrobial mechanism of flavonoid-based NPs and the crucial factors that are involved.
Herbs and spices are not just useful to us as flavouring agents but they are actually nature's way to treat dental infections also. Several dental problems like tooth ache, caries, etc have become very common among the human population across the globe. These are mainly due to the action of microorganisms like Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, lactobacilli, etc. Such problems can actually be cured naturally by using herbs and spices like cloves, thyme, peppermint leaves, goldenseal, green tea, etc which contain particular substances (that are found in dental medicines), which act against the microorganisms causing dental problems by either killing them or inhibiting their growth, are used to treat these problems. Apart from the above use, it is also effective in cases of infections where allopathic medications have no or minimal actions which may be due to the increased resistance exhibited by the pathogens to particular allopathic medications, some antibacterial agents currently used in dentistry produces adverse-affects like nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, staining of teeth, etc. and financial considerations in relation to allopathic medications in developing countries creates a need for alternative prevention and treatment options that are safe, effective and economical. Hence, the search for alternative products continues and herbs and spices that were used as traditional medicines in the ancient times are considered as good alternatives. Therefore, understanding the role of herbs and spices in controlling dental infection scan help people to cure and prevent these infections in a natural way and help them overcome all the above problems.
Using small interfering RNA (siRNA) for the specific gene-silencing has been a novel therapeutic method for the treatment of incurable diseases such as malignancies. However, it remains a challenge whether siRNA can be safely and effectively delivered into target cells. Therefore, we synthesized fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) as a gene vector at the siRNA delivery system that induced efficient gene knockdown in vitro while binding aptamer AS1411 to resolve the difficulty in cell targeting. We found that CDs with adequate biocompatibility can improve the efficiency of cellular uptake of siRNA. CLSM and FCM results showed that CDs were mainly localized in the cytoplasm and emitted bright green fluorescence. In addition, the CD/siRNA delivery system mediated by the aptamer AS1411 effectively silenced the expression of Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) and successfully inhibited the migration and invasive propensity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In summary, we have synthesized a valuable siRNA delivery vector enabling not only bioimaging but also effective downregulation of gene expression, which is indicative of an efficient potential for gene delivery and therapy.
Introduction : Streptococcus mutans est une bactérie principalement responsable de la maladie carieuse. Sur le plan socioéconomique trouver un moyen simple et peu coûteux s’avère nécessaire. Cette étude vise à évaluer l’effet antibactérien et la détermination de la concentration minimale inhibitrice de la curcumine synthétique et naturelle sur des souches de Streptococcus mutans en mode biofilm.
Matériels et méthodes : La souche de Streptococcus mutans a été isolée à partir de prélèvements salivaires à l’aide d’un kit spécial (CRT Bacteria® d’Ivoclar) au service d’odontologie conservatrice endodontie du CHU de Tlemcen. La détermination de la concentration minimale inhibitrice a été faite par la technique de dilution en microplaques de 96 puits, avec des dilutions en série double de curcumine synthétique (Sigma- Aldrich, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France) et de curcumine naturelle (curcumine pure à 99 %, origine Inde), préparées dans le Bouillon Cœur-Cervelle® (BHIB) (Conda Pronadisa, Madrid, Spain) jusqu’à un volume final de 100 μl par puits. Puis une observation par un microscope électronique à balayage environnementale a été faite sur des lames de verre immergées dans une suspension de Streptococcus mutans incubées 48 heures à 37 °C et plongées pendant 30 minutes dans une solution de curcumine à sa concentration minimale inhibitrice.
Résultats : La concentration minimale inhibitrice de la curcumine est de 64 μg/ml, et la microscopie électronique à balayage a montré une réduction significative du nombre des souches Streptococcus mutans adhérées.
Conclusion : La curcumine est un agent antibactérien prometteur pour la prévention de la maladie carieuse.
This updated review article covers the literature between 2011 and 2021 on the antibacterial activity of EOs against the main bacteria that cause caries and periodontal diseases. The criteria to classify the in vitro antibacterial activity of EOs is updated and the most promising results are addressed.
Background:
Dental caries is one of the most important oral health problems and a common infectious microbial disease. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) has been regarded as the primary etiologic factor in the formation of dental caries. Curcumin (CUR) has an antibacterial action and could be used in the eradication of S. mutans to control dental caries. This systematic review was undertaken with the aim of evaluating the anticaries effect of CUR.
Methods:
A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed/Medline, Cochrane - CENTRAL, and Scopus databases. Based on the PICO model, studies which evaluated the anticaries effects of CUR up until 24 February 2020 with language restrictions were selected for this systematic review.
Results:
From 753 papers found, 13 met the eligibility criteria and were included. In 12 out of 13 included studies, CUR had significant antibacterial and anticaries effects. CUR had inhibitory effects on S. mutans growth, acid production, ATPase and sortase A activity, biomass, viability and metabolism reduction of biofilm, reduced exopolysaccharide production of biofilms, changes in biofilm structure, and had anti-adhesion effects against S. mutans.
Conclusion:
This systematic review suggests promising antibacterial and anticaries effects of CUR including inhibition of S. mutans growth, acid production, ATPase and sortase A activity. This review provides unique information regarding the potential role of CUR in the prevention and treatment of dental carries as a natural, accessible, safe, and inexpensive agent to increase oral and dental health. However, clinical randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these results.
Periodontitis is characterized by a dysbiotic microbial community and treatment strategies include the reestablishment of symbiosis by reducing pathogens abundance. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is frequently associated with rapidly progressing periodontitis. Since the oral ecosystem may be affected by metabolic‐end‐products of bacteria, we evaluated the effect of soluble compounds released by probiotic lactobacilli, known as postbiotics, on Aa biofilm and expression of virulence‐associated genes. Cell‐free pH‐neutralized supernatants (CFS) of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lr32, L. rhamnosus HN001, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5 and L. acidophilus NCFM were tested against a fimbriated clinical isolate of Aa JP2‐genotype (1x10⁷CFU/well) on biofilm formation for 24 h, and early and mature preformed biofilms (2 and 24 hours). Lactobacilli CFS partially reduced Aa viable counts and biofilms biomass, but did not affect the number of viable non‐adherent bacteria, except for LA5 CFS. Furthermore, LA5 CFS and in a lesser extent HN001 CFS influenced Aa preformed biofilms. Lactobacilli postbiotics altered expression profile of Aa in a strain‐specific fashion. Transcription of cytolethal distending toxin (cdtB) and leukotoxin (ltxA) was downregulated by CFS of LA5 and LR32 CFS. Although all probiotics produced detectable peroxide, transcription of katA was downregulated by lactobacilli CFS. Transcription of dspB was abrogated by LR32 and NCFM CFS, but increased by HN001, whereas expression of pgA was not affected by any postbiotic. Our data indicated the potential of postbiotics from lactobacilli, especially LA5, to reduce colonization levels of Aa to modulate the expression of virulence factors implicated in evasion of host defenses.
Streptococcus mutans is the main pathogen of dental caries and adheres to the tooth surface via soluble and insoluble glucans produced by the bacterial glucosyltransferase enzyme. Thus, the S. mutans glucosyltransferase is an important virulence factor for this cariogenic bacterium. Sulfated vizantin effectively inhibits biofilm formation by S. mutans without affecting its growth. In this study, less S. mutans biofilm formation occurred on hydroxyapatite discs coated with sulfated vizantin than on non‐coated discs. Sulfated vizantin showed no cytotoxicity against the human gingival cell line Ca9‐22. Sulfated vizantin dose‐dependently inhibited the extracellular release of cell‐free glucosyltransferase from S. mutans and enhanced the accumulation of cell‐associated glucosyltransferase, compared with that observed with untreated bacteria. Sulfated vizantin disrupted the localization balance between cell‐associated glucosyltransferase and cell‐free glucosyltransferase, resulting in inhibited biofilm maturation. These results indicate that sulfated vizantin can potentially serve as a novel agent for preventing dental caries.
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Since centuries ago turmeric (also known as Curcuma Longa) has been used as an ancient spice in food and has remained popular in most southasian countries. Turmeric belongs in the ginger family and is a spice derived from the root of the curcuma longa plant. Thus, curcumin (also known as curcuminoids or phenolic compounds) is the active ingredient in turmeric powder or turmeric essential oils, and is known to communicate with 160 mechanisms and pathways in the body to support a wide range of processes, including brain health, cardiovascular health, tissue health. Since turmeric has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant property, its application in dentistry needs to be discussed. The main objective of this article is to highlight the effects of turmeric (Curcuma-longa) in dentistry.
Curcuma longa L. rhizomes collected from 20 different habitats in China are used to analyze yield, composition and bioactivity of essential oils extracted from them. The yield of the 20 essential oils vary from 4.03 to 5.27% depending on the habitat where they were collected. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), 81 components are identified in the 20 essential oils, and their major compounds are ar-turmerone (0.92–42.85%), β-turmerone (5.13–42.54%), α-zingiberene (0.25–25.05%), ar-curcumene (1.21–15.70%) and β-sesquiphellandrene (0.05–14.88%). The essential oils of rhizomes collected from different habitats exhibit different antimicrobial activities, and the essential oils from Guangxi have generally better activities. These essential oils also show different DPPH (IC50, 4.37–11.59 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC50, 4.21–13.25 μg/mL) radical-scavenging activities, being most of them more effective than Trolox C (IC50, 10.72 and 11.42 μg/mL). They also exhibit significantly different cytotoxicity against B16 cells (IC50, 13.96–135.97 μg/mL) and LNCaP cell (IC50, 19.63–127.81 μg/mL), and essential oils from Luchuan in Guangxi have the highest cytotoxicity. Some essential oils show outstanding anti-inflammatory activities by markedly down-regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in vivo. Therefore, Curcuma longa L. rhizome, one of the popular traditional Chinese medicines with excellent bioactivities, can be more rationally utilized based on their chemical composition and bioactivity in the further.
Essential oils were extracted from rhizomes of the 12 Curcuma species distributed in China by hydro-distillation, and their chemical compositions were isolated and characterized by GC–MS. The yields of the 12 essential oils ranged from 2.23 wt.% in Curcuma yunnanensis to 4.50 wt.% in Curcuma longa. A total of 57 compounds were identified in the 12 essential oils. The uppermost composition for each species were 8,9-dehydro-9-formyl-cycloisolongifolene in Curcuma aromatica and Curcuma elata; curdione in Curcuma wenyujin, Curcuma kwangsiensis and Curcuma nankunshanensis; ar-turmerone in Curcuma longa and Curcuma rubescens; germacrone in Curcuma sichuanensis, Curcuma phaeocaulis and Curcuma nankunshanensis; β-elemenone in Curcuma kwangsiensis var nanlingensis and velleral in Curcuma attenuata. In addition, DPPH assays indicated that these essential oils possessed different DPPH radical-scavenging activities (IC50, 3.69–30.19 μg/ml), some of them were better than Trolox C (IC50, 8.49 μg/ml). The antioxidant activity of essential oil from Curcuma attenuata Wall (IC50, 3.69 μg/ml) was superior to all other oils. The principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis based on essential oil compositions provided a chemical blueprint to clarify the vague identification and classification of Curcuma species. Due to the outstanding antioxidant activities, the majority of Curcuma species would be used as good natural antioxidants in functional food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-caries effect of the essential oils and chlorhexidine mouth rinse. 42 subjects were randomized allocated to the chlorhexidine (n
Medicinal plants and plant-derived bioactive compounds are well known for their contribution to primary health care as a source novel drug discovery for various ailments. Emergence and spread of microbial drug resistance due to various mechanisms has impacted the efficacy of almost all old and new antibacterial drugs. The biofilm mode of microbial growth has significantly increased the survival strategies and resistance levels of microbes to drugs, making the treatment of infections more difficult. Currently, efforts are going on to develop novel strategies including targeting biofilms to treat infections. Various natural products are known to inhibit biofilm formation or preformed biofilms. In recent years medicinal plants and phytocompounds were reported with promising antibiofilm activity in vitro from different parts of the world. In this chapter we have reviewed the current literature on antibiofilm agents derived from medicinal plants and/or plant-derived compounds. Plant extracts and phytocompounds of various classes have been found effective against bacterial or fungal biofilms, with some compounds showing activity against both. Such compounds are expected to be effective against mixed biofilms. Interestingly, certain quorum-sensing inhibiting plant extracts or compounds can also inhibit biofilms made by bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The majority of the antibiofilm phytocompounds identified so far have been tested in vitro; however, only a few compounds have been reported effective under in vivo condition. This could be due to the lack of access of the investigators to suitable animal models for different diseases to assess the therapeutic efficacy of these antibiofilm agents. The results of this chapter indicated that the phytocompounds may be effective alone or in combination with antibiotics, as in the treatment of systemic infection. However, further investigation on their mode of action and in vivo efficacy are prerequisites to obtain broad-spectrum antifungal agents of clinical value.
Innovative Solutions to Sticky Situations: Antiadhesive Strategies for Treating Bacterial Infections, Page 1 of 2
Abstract
The discovery of penicillin in 1928 and its subsequent introduction as a therapeutic in the 1940s sparked the antibiotic era, ushering in effective treatment options for many common bacterial infections ( 1 ). Following the end of World War II, several pharmaceutical companies including Bayer, Merck, and Pfizer became household names through the discovery and clinical success of a number of additional antibiotics, which were identified by screening soil samples for antimicrobial activity ( 1 ). Compounds identified during this screening became the founding members of many now-ubiquitous groups of antibiotics, including the tetracycline, rifamycin, quinolone, and aminoglycoside families. In the early 1970s, declining rates of novel antibiotic discovery from microbial sources shifted the onus of antimicrobial development to synthetic chemists, who were tasked with designing and screening new compounds based on known principles of antibiotic design. These synthetic chemists were faced with many practical challenges, including poor penetration into bacterial cells, bacterial enzymes, and/or efflux pumps that degrade or expel the compounds, respectively, innate resistance mechanisms, and the requirement of high concentrations of some compounds that result in toxic side effects ( 2 , 3 ). Virulence Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogens, Fifth Edition
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is an ancient dye, flavouring and medical herb, widely used in Asian countries. It is a herb that has been widely used in Indian medicine, cookery, and cosmetics. The main component of turmeric is curcumin. Curcumin has a surprisingly wide range of beneficial properties includes anti inflammatory, antioxidant, chemopreventive, chemotherapeutic activity etc. The activity of curcumin derived from its complex chemistry as well as its ability to influence the multiple signalling pathways. This review article is to highlight the pharmacological action and its therapeutic role in dentistry.
Of the three cariogenic streptococci grown in four various culture media, the strain Streptococcus mutans 20381 was found to produce large amounts of extracellular glucosyltransferase and water-insoluble, adhesive exopolysaccharide when grown in batch culture on brain-heart infusion broth. Methylation and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed that the insoluble polymers synthesized by the crude glucosyltransferase preparations were mixed-linkage (1 → 3), (1 → 6)-α-D-glucans (so-called mutans) with a greater proportion of 1,3 to 1,6 linkages and major branch points of 3,6-linked glucose. The percentage content of different types of linkages in glucans varied widely and depended on the strain of cariogenic bacteria used to produce glucosyltransferase, and on the kind of medium utilized to cultivate mutans streptococci. The potential application of insoluble glucan produced by mutans streptococci is discussed.
The cell surface hydrophobicity of bacteria obtained directly from human tooth surfaces was assayed by measuring their adherence to liquid hydrocarbons. Fresh samples of supragingival dental plaque were washed and dispersed in buffer. Adherence of the plaque microorganisms to hexadecane, octane, and xylene was tested turbidimetrically and by direct microscopic observation. The results clearly show that the vast majority of bacteria comprising dental plaque exhibit pronounced cell surface hydrophobicity. These data support the hypothesis that hydrophobic interactions play a major role in mediating bacterial adherence on tooth surfaces.
Oolong tea extract (OTE) was found to inhibit the water-insoluble glucan-synthesizing enzyme, glucosyltransferase I (GTase-I), of Streptococcus sobrinus 6715. The GTase-inhibitory substance in the OTE was purified successive adsorption chromatography on Diaion HP-21 and HP-20 columns; this was followed by further purification by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. A major fraction that inhibited GTase activity (fraction OTF10) was obtained, and the chemical analysis of OTF10 indicated that it was a novel polymeric polyphenol compound that had a molecular weight of approximately 2,000 and differed from other tea polyphenols. Catechins and all other low-molecular-weight polyphenols except theaflavin derived from balck tea did not show significant GTase-inhibitory activities. It was found that OTE amd PTF10 markedly inhibit GTase-I and yeast alpha-glucosidase, but not salivary alpha-amylase. Various GTases purified from S. sobrinus and Streptococcus mutans were examined for inhibition by OTE and OTF10. It was determined that S. sobrinus GTase-I and S. mutans cell-free GTase synthesizing water-soluble glucan were most susceptible to the inhibitory action of OTF10, while S. sobrinus GTase-Sa and S. mutans cell-associated GTase were moderately inhibited; no inhibition of S. sobrinus GTase-Sb was observed. Inhibition of a specific GTase or specific GTases of mutants streptococci resulted in decreased adherence of the growing cells of these organisms. The inhibitory effect of OTF10 on cellular adherence was significantly stronger than that of OTE.
Streptococcus mutans has been strongly implicated as the principal etiological agent in dental caries. One of the important virulence properties
of these organisms is their ability to form biofilms known as dental plaque on tooth surfaces. Since the roles of sucrose
and glucosyltransferases in S. mutans biofilm formation have been well documented, we focused our attention on sucrose-independent factors. We have initially identified
several mutants that appear to be defective in biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces by an insertional inactivation mutagenesis
strategy applied to S. mutans. A total of 27 biofilm-defective mutants were isolated and analyzed in this study. From these mutants, three genes were identified.
One of the mutants was defective in the Bacillus subtilis lytR homologue. Another of the biofilm-defective mutants isolated was a yulF homologue, which encodes a hypothetical protein of B. subtilis whose function in biofilm formation is unknown. The vast majority of the mutants were defective in the comB gene required for competence. We therefore have constructed and examined comACDE null mutants. These mutants were also found to be attenuated in biofilm formation. Biofilm formation by several other regulatory
gene mutants were also characterized using an in vitro biofilm-forming assay. These results suggest that competence genes
as well as the sgp and dgk genes may play important roles in S. mutans biofilm formation.
Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria use quorum sensing to coordinate population behavior. In several streptococci, quorum
sensing mediated by competence-stimulating peptides (CSP) is associated with development of competence for transformation.
We show here that a synthetic CSP favored the biofilm mode of growth of Streptococcus intermedius without affecting the rate of culture growth.
An oral biofilm is a community of surface-attached microorganisms that coats the oral cavity, including the teeth, and provides a protective reservoir for oral microbial pathogens, which are the primary cause of persistent and chronic infectious diseases in patients with dry mouth or Sjögren's syndrome (SS). The purpose of this study was to establish an animal model for studying the initial adhesion of oral streptococci that cause biofilm formation in patients with dry mouth and SS in an attempt to decrease the influence of cariogenic organisms and their substrates. In nonobese diabetogenic (NOD) mice that spontaneously develop insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and SS, we replaced major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (A(g7) E(g7)) and class I D(b) with MHC class II (A(d) E(d)) and class I D(d) from nondiabetic B10.D2 mice to produce an animal model that inhibited IDDM without affecting SS. The adhesion of oral streptococci, including Streptococcus mutans, onto tooth surfaces was then investigated and quantified in homologous recombinant N5 (NOD.B10.D2) and N9 (NOD.B10.D2) mice. We found that a higher number of oral streptococci adhered to the tooth surfaces of N5 (NOD.B10.D2) and N9 (NOD.B10.D2) mice than to those of the control C57BL/6 and B10.D2 mice. On the basis of our observation, we concluded that these mouse models might be useful as animal models of dry mouth and SS for in vivo biological studies of oral biofilm formation on the tooth surfaces.
Plants of Curcuma longa L. cv. Roma were grown in the agroclimatic conditions of the north Indian plains at Lucknow. The rhizomes and leaves, on hydrodistillation, each gave 2.2% of oils, which were analysed by GC and GC–MS. The rhizome oil contained 84 constituents, comprising 100% of the oil, of which the major ones were 1,8-cineole (11.2%), α-turmerone (11.1%), β-caryophyllene (9.8%), ar-turmerone (7.3%) and β-sesquiphellandrene (7.1%). The leaf oil contained 83 components, comprising 97.4% of the total oil, of which the main constituents were terpipolene (26.4%), 1,8-cineole (9.5%), α-phellandrene (8%) and terpinen-4-ol (7.4%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Furanodiene is a sesquiterpene extracted from the essential oil of the rhizome of Curcuma wenyujin Y.H. Chen et C. Ling (Wen Ezhu). Furanodiene is the primary component in Wen Ezhu's essential oil, accounting for more than 20% by weight. In vitro, MTT assay was used to compare the inhibitory effects of furanodiene and Wen Ezhu's essential oil on 11 human cancer cell lines. Compared to the essential oil, furanodiene showed stronger growth inhibitions on Hela, Hep-2, HL-60, PC3, SGC-7901 and HT-1080 cells with IC(50) between 0.6-4.8 microg/ml. In vivo, furanodiene was also found to exhibit inhibitory effects on the growth of uterine cervical (U14) and sarcoma 180 (Sl80) tumors in mice. Our data suggests that furanodiene, an active component from the essential oil of Wen Ezhu, possesses efficacy against uterine cervical cancer.
Curcuma longa L. (CL) is a yellow rhizome that is used in African traditional medicine to treat palpitation, hypertension or other related blood circulation disorders.
To justify the use of CL in ethnomedicine, we investigated the vasorelaxant effect of methanolic extract of CL (CLME) and its underlying mechanisms in isolated rat mesenteric artery.
The effect of CLME on the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) (pulse interval) were determined in vivo in non-anaesthetized rats. Superior mesenteric rings were isolated, suspended in organ baths containing Tyrode solution at 37 degrees C and gassed with 95% O(2)+5% CO(2), under a resting tension of 0.75 g. The vasorelaxant effects of CLME were studied by means of isometric tension recording experiments.
In normotensive rats, CLME (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg, i.v.) induced dose-dependent hypotension (2.0+/-0.5%; 27.1+/-5.0% and 26.7+/-4.6%, respectively), and pronounced bradycardia (5.8+/-1.2%, 19.3+/-3.2% and 22.9+/-4.6%, respectively). CLME (1-1000 microg/mL) induced concentration-dependent relaxation of tonic contractions evoked by phenylephrine (Phe) (10 microM) and KCl (80 mM) in rings with intact-endothelium (E(max)=82.3+/-3.2% and 97.7+/-0.7%) or denuded-endothelium (E(max)=91.4+/-1.0% and 97.8+/-1.1%). Also, in a depolarized, Ca(2+) free medium, CLME inhibited CaCl(2) (1 microM-30 mM)-induced contractions and caused a concentration-dependent rightward shift of the response curves, indicating that CLME inhibited the contractile mechanisms involving extracellular Ca(2+) influx. In addition, in Ca(2+) free media containing EGTA (1 mM), CLME inhibited the transient contraction of denuded rings constricted with Phe, but not those evoked by caffeine (20 mM). In contrast, neither glibenclamide, BaCl(2), tetraethylammonium nor 4-aminopyridine affected CLME-induced relaxation.
These results demonstrate the hypotensive and bradycardic effects of CLME, as well as its potent vasodilation of rat mesenteric arteries. These effects, may in part, be due to the inhibition of extracellular Ca(2+) influx and/or inhibition of intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization from Phe-sensitive stores.
The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of a factor present in human whole saliva which causes the aggregation of certain oral bacteria. It seemed possible that the factor causing aggregation could play a part in plaque formation in that it could promote adhesion of organisms to the teeth and contribute to the mutual adhesion of the organisms in the plaque. Agarose column chromatography of human whole saliva gave a void volume peak which contained the aggregating activity. Investigation of this material showed it to contain 33% protein, 19% anthrone positive carbohydrate, 2.9% N-acetyl neuraminic acid and substantial amounts of hexosamine. Data from ultracentrifugal analysis, agarose column chromatography, amino acid analysis, isoelectric focusing and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide fractionation indicated that the active material was a high molecular weight glycoprotein which exists in solution in a random coil configuration. It was further found that the active material was selectively adsorbed on to the hydroxy-apatite surface and also that a component with properties similar to those described above could be isolated from dental plaque. It seems, therefore, that there is, in whole saliva, a high molecular weight glycoprotein, which selectively adsorbs on to the apatite surface and which causes aggregation of certain oral organisms. It seems possible that this component plays a significant role in the initial selective adhesion of certain oral organisms to the tooth surface, as well as being involved in the mutual adhesion of the organisms in the developing plaque.Copyright © 1971 S. Karger AG, Basel
Cell-free glucosyltransferase of Streptococcus mutans strain B13 (serotype d) exclusively synthesized water-insoluble glucan from sucrose. The insoluble glucan possessed strong glucan-associated glucosyltransferase activity even after extensive washing and lyophilization. Furthermore, cell-free glucosyltransferase became bound to heat-treated water-insoluble glucan or to heat-treated S. mutans B13 cells grown in Todd Hewitt broth, and the resulting glucan and cells adhered to a glass surface in the presence of exogenous sucrose. No other water-insoluble glucans bound significant quantities of glucosyltransferase. Glucan synthesis by free or glucan-bound glucosyltransferase was stimulated by low concentrations (1 to 5 mg ml-1) of isomaltose or water-soluble dextrans of various molecular weights, but higher concentrations (10 mg ml-1) inhibited glucan synthesis. The glucan synthesized in the presence of primer dextrans exhibited a reduced ability to adhere to a glass surface. Certain sugars such as maltose and fructose significantly lowered the yield of insoluble glucans. Preincubation of glucosyltransferase with the low molecular weight dextran T10 increased subsequent binding to S. mutans B13 insoluble glucan, whereas preincubation with higher molecular weight dextrans significantly inhibited the glucosyltransferase binding.
Fresh isolates of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus salivarius from human dental plaque were all highly hydrophobic. After repeated subculture in vitro on blood agar, strains of S. mutans serotype c showed decreased hydrophobicity, whereas serotype d/g strains did not. Parallel to the decreased hydrophobicity in the serotype c strains, an impaired ability to adhere to hydroxyapatite was observed. A similar but less pronounced decrease in hydrophobicity in one S. sanguis strain resulted in a marked decrease in adherence to hydroxyapatite.
Several in vitro assay systems to measure the adherence of human dental plaque bacteria to solid surfaces such as teeth, glass, and hydroxyapatite have been published. In many studies a variety of macromolecular solutes have been used to study the adherence process. Often these solutes are able to aggregate the test bacterial and thus may alter the outcome of adherence experiments. In this study, the effects of the aggregation of Streptococcus sanguis on adherence to spheroidal hydroxyapatite is described. Adherence of preformed aggregates and of bacteria which were aggregating during the adherence reaction was examined. Bacteria were aggregated with whole saliva, concanavalin A, and wheat germ lectin. Further effects of the coaggregation of S. mitis and Actinomyces viscosus to saliva-coated spheroidal hydroxyapatite are presented. These studies suggest that formation of large aggregates resulted in a decrease in the numbers of organisms which adhered. In contrast, the formation of small aggregates actually increased the numbers of bacteria that adhered. All increases in adherent bacteria occurred at low concentrations of aggregating substance in which visible bacterial aggregation was not evident. The data indicate that adequate dose-response experiments must be performed to ensure that solutes used as probes to study adherence mechanisms do not affect the adherence simply as a result of aggregation of the test microorganisms.
The effect of fluoride derived from fluorhydroxyapatite (FHAp) minerals on bacterial glycolysis under aerobic and strictly anaerobic conditions was studied to validate the claims that this mineral could be used as a reservoir of fluoride in plaque. To isolate the direct effect of fluoride on bacterial glycolysis from that of an indirect pH-buffering effect of hydroxyl or phosphate ions which are also dissolved from the mineral, we equalized the pH-fall time course of reactions by manually adding KOH or HCl. This ensured that pH effects on glycolysis were minimized. Under controlled pH-fall and strictly anaerobic conditions, fluoride derived from the dissolution of FHAp containing more than 30,100 ppm fluoride (i.e., when the substitution of OH by F in the mineral was greater than 80%) had a direct inhibitory effect on lactic acid production in Streptococcus mutans. Under free pH-fall and strictly anaerobic conditions, increasing amounts of fluoride in FHAp (starting as low as 2000 ppm fluoride), appeared to have a pronounced indirect inhibitory effect on lactic acid production. This was probably mediated through a reducing pH buffer effect of the mineral. Even in the presence of high-fluoride FHAp, only 0.01 to 0.025 mmol/L fluoride was found in the reaction mixtures, a probable result of non-stoichiometric dissolution of FHAp. In spite of such low levels of fluoride, marked inhibitory effects on bacterial glycolysis were demonstrated. The results of this study suggest that high-fluoride FHAp may serve as a reservoir of fluoride for the inhibition of anaerobic acid production by S. mutans.
Acid production by washed suspensions of human strains of Streptococcus mutans (n = 18) and Streptococcus sobrinus (n = 12) was measured. The strains were isolated from infants and adolescents with varying caries experience. Some of these strains and two laboratory strains (1 S. mutans and 1 S. sobrinus) had been tested in an earlier study for their cariogenicity in hamsters. Further, 3 Streptococcus sanguis strains and 1 S. sobrinus laboratory strain were included. Acid production was determined in repeated titration experiments at a constant pH of 5.5. Higher mean acid production activities (p < 0.05) were obtained by S. sobrinus compared with both S. mutans and S. sanguis. However, large variations among the strains were found both between and within the species. No clear relationship was found between the glycolytic activity of strains and the caries prevalence of the children from whom the strains had been isolated or the caries scores in a hamster model. In conclusion, although both S. mutans and S. sobrinus have aciduric and acidogenic properties, it is difficult to relate the acid production activity of pure cultures in vitro to the caries process in vivo.
Because sodium fluoride (NaF) is widely used for prevention of dental caries, pathobiological effects of NaF were investigated on human oral mucosal fibroblasts. The results showed that NaF was cytotoxic to oral mucosal fibroblasts at concentrations of 4 mmol/L or higher. Exposure of cells to NaF for 2 h also inhibited protein synthesis, cellular ATP level and functional mitochondrial activities in a dose-dependent manner. However, incubation of cells with NaF up to 12 mmol/L for 2 h depleted only 13% of cellular glutathione level. The IC50 of NaF on cellular ATP level was about 5.75 mmol/L. Preincubation of the cells with pyruvate and succinate did not protect cells from NaF-induced ATP depletion. At concentrations of 4 mmol/L, 8 mmol/L and 12 mmol/L, NaF inhibited 31%, 56% and 57% of mitochondrial functions, respectively, after 2 h incubation. No significant inhibition for NaF was found at concentrations lower than 2 mmol/L (40 ppm). These results indicate that NaF can be toxic to oral mucosal fibroblasts in vitro by its inhibition of protein synthesis, mitochondrial function and depletion of cellular ATP. Because of repeated and long-term usage of NaF, more detailed studies should be undertaken to understand its toxic effects in vitro and in vivo.
Although laboratory studies are not necessarily predictive of clinical activity; they can help to elucidate mechanisms underlying clinical activity when the latter has been established. In a recent clinical study, an essential oil mouthrinse (Listerine Antiseptic) was shown to be significantly more effective than an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride mouthrinse (Meridol) in inhibiting supragingival plaque formation. This paper reports the results of laboratory studies comparing the antimicrobial effectiveness of these 2 mouthrinses using a kill kinetics assay and a plaque biofilm kill assay. In both assays, the essential oil mouthrinse was considerably more effective than the amine fluoride/stannous fluoride mouthrinse. These findings are consistent with the results of the clinical trial and may help to explain the observed differences in clinical activity.
Of the three cariogenic streptococci grown in four various culture media, the strain Streptococcus mutans 20,381 was found to produce large amounts of extracellular glucosyltransferase and water-insoluble, adhesive exopolysaccharide when grown in batch culture on brain-heart infusion broth. Methylation and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed that the insoluble polymers synthesized by the crude glucosyltransferase preparations were mixed-linkage (1-->3), (1-->6)-alpha-D-glucans (so-called mutans) with a greater proportion of 1,3 to 1,6 linkages and major branch points of 3,6-linked glucose. The percentage content of different types of linkages in glucans varied widely and depended on the strain of cariogenic bacteria used to produce glucosyltransferase, and on the kind of medium utilized to cultivate mutans streptococci. The potential application of insoluble glucan produced by mutans streptococci is discussed.
The inhibitory effects of oolong tea extract (OTE) on the caries-inducing properties of mutans streptococci were examined in vitro. OTE reduced the rate of acid production by mutans streptococci accompanied with the retardation of growth rate of mutans streptococci, while the action by chromatographically isolated oolong tea polyphenol (OTF6) was weak. On the other hand, both oolong tea products decreased cell surface hydrophobicity of almost all the oral streptococci examined in the present study, and also induced cellular aggregation of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguis or Streptococcus gordonii. In these reactions, OTF6 showed a more pronounced activity than OTE. Furthermore, the oolong tea products inhibited the adherence of mutans streptococci to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. These results suggest that OTF6 may inhibit bacterial adherence to the tooth surfaces by reducing the hydrophobicity of mutans streptococci, and OTE may inhibit caries-inducing activity of mutans streptococci by reducing the rate of acid production.
In this study, we investigated the use of microbes to degrade and remove bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a common plasticizer and a suspected endocrine disruptor, exuding from polyvinyl chloride. Four species of bacteria that utilize DEHP as their sole carbon source were isolated from garden soil, one of which, strain NK0301, was markedly more efficient than the others in degrading DEHP and was chosen for further studies. Strain NK0301 was a coryneform bacterium (1.5x1.0 microm) identified as Mycobacterium sp. from its 16S rDNA sequencing homology. It readily degraded DEHP to two major products determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to be 2-ethylhexanol and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. Other phthalate esters, suspected of being endocrine disruptors, were also tested and all except two could be utilized by strain NK0301 as their sole source of carbon. When strain NK0301 was cultivated on polyvinyl chloride sheets containing DEHP as the plasticizer, it removed up to 90% of DEHP in 3 d. Following this treatment, the polyvinyl chloride sheets did not exude DEHP to artificial saliva.
Dental caries is a slowly progressive infectious disease with high risks. In response to dental caries stimuli, the tertiary dentin might be formed, protecting the dental pulp. Tertiary dentinogenesis contributes greatly to the treatment of carious lesions as well as the preservation and restoration of entire tooth function. A number of studies have found that application of exogenous growth factors such as transforming growth factors and bone morphogenetic proteins on unexposed pulps are able to signal tertiary dentinogenesis. Since precise mechanism of tertiary dentinogenesis is still not clear, more potential signaling factors might contribute to this process. Dentinogenesis shares many similarities with osteogenesis. The factors involved in osteogenesis and bone repair such as bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 7 and core binding factor alpha1 play important roles in dentinogenesis. LIM mineralization protein 1 is a critical positive regulator of osteoblast differentiation, bone formation and repair. It is logical to postulate that LIM mineralization protein 1 might be involved in odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation both in normal and in pathological conditions. Application of LIM mineralization protein 1 might be a promising approach for inducing tertiary dentinogenesis in dental caries treatment.
JungYakDaeSaJun Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica: Jiangsu New Medical College Quantitative determination and stability of curcuminoid pigments from Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) root
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Kim CM, Shin MK, Ahn DG, Lee KS. 1998. JungYakDaeSaJun Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica: Jiangsu New Medical College. Jungdam, Seoul. Kim KS, Chung MG, Park SH. 2005. Quantitative determination and stability of curcuminoid pigments from Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) root. Korean J Crop Sci 50:211–5.
The Korean Pharmacopoeia. Shinilbooks, Seoul Antioxidant activity and whitening effect of extraction conditions in Curcuma longa L
- Korea Food
- Drug An
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- Ts Park
- Jr Pyeon
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- Ma Song
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Korea Administration Food and Drug. 2008. The Korean Pharmacopoeia. Shinilbooks, Seoul. An BJ, Lee JY, Park TS, Pyeon JR, Bae HJ, Song MA, Baek EJ, Park JM, Son JH, Lee CE, Choi KI. 2006. Antioxidant activity and whitening effect of extraction conditions in Curcuma longa L. Korean J Med Crop Sci 14(3):168–72.
Antioxidant activity and whitening effect of extraction conditions in Curcuma longa L
- Seoul Shinilbooks
- An
- Bj
- J Y Lee
- T S Park
- J R Pyeon
- H J Bae
- M A Song
- E J Baek
- J M Park
- J H Son
- C E Lee
- K I Choi
Korea Administration Food and Drug. 2008. The Korean Pharmacopoeia. Shinilbooks, Seoul.
An BJ, Lee JY, Park TS, Pyeon JR, Bae HJ, Song MA, Baek EJ, Park JM, Son JH, Lee CE,
Choi KI. 2006. Antioxidant activity and whitening effect of extraction conditions in Curcuma
longa L. Korean J Med Crop Sci 14(3):168-72.
Antioxidant activity and whitening effect of extraction conditions in Curcuma longa L
- An