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Polysaccharide and extracts from Lentinula edodes: Structural features and antiviral activity

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Vinicius Pires Rincão
Vinicius Pires Rincão
Vinicius Pires Rincão
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Kristie Aimi Yamamoto
Kristie Aimi Yamamoto
Kristie Aimi Yamamoto
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Nágila M P S Ricardo at Federal University of Ceará
Nágila M P S Ricardo
Sandra Soares at Federal University of Ceará
Sandra Soares
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Abstract and Figures

Lentinula edodes, known as shiitake, has been utilized as food, as well as, in popular medicine, moreover, compounds isolated from its mycelium and fruiting body have shown several therapeutic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the antiviral activity of aqueous (AqE) and ethanol (EtOHE) extracts and polysaccharide (LeP) from Lentinula edodes in the replication of poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) and bovine herpes virus type 1 (BoHV-1). The time-of-addition assay was performed at the times -2, -1, 0, 1 and 2 h of the infection. The virucidal activity and the inhibition of viral adsorption were also evaluated. Plaque assay was used to monitor antiviral activity throughout. The AqE and LeP were more effective when added at 0 h of infection, however, EtOHE was more effective at the times 1 h and 2 h of the infection. AqE, EtOHE and LeP showed low virucidal activity, and the inhibition of viral adsorption was not significant. The results allowed us to conclude that AqE, EtOHE and LeP act on the initial processes of the replication of both strains of virus.
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... Lectins bind with high-mannose carbohydrates on viral envelope glycoproteins and entirely change the conformation arrangements vital for viral entry into the host body [50]. As suggested in the extant literature, the prime viral protease enzymes that are pivotal in the virus's life cycle [51,52] are prime targets for drug development against SARS-CoV-2 [49,53]. ...
... Influenza virus co-infection has also been reported to enhance COVID-19 severity among COVID-19-infected patients. The similarity in respiratory symptoms makes distinctions between signs of influenza virus infection and COVID-19 difficult [53]. Dietary interventions with mushrooms have been shown to reduce flu-like symptoms caused by the influenza virus. ...
... The maximum viral inhibition of the ethanolic extract and aqueous extracts were 58.47% and 14%, at concentrations of 1000 µg/mL and 200 µg/mL, respectively [49]. Polysaccharides and aqueous and ethanol extracts obtained from Lentinula edodes inhibited the replication of poliovirus type 1 [53]. Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and coronavirus activate the same inflammatory pathway in infected patients via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome [61]. ...
Therapeutic Potential of Bioactive Compounds from Edible Mushrooms to Attenuate SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Some Complications of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2023
  • J. Fungi
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly infectious positive RNA virus, has spread from its epicenter to other countries with increased mortality and morbidity. Its expansion has hampered humankind’s social, economic, and health realms to a large extent. Globally, investigations are underway to understand the complex pathophysiology of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) induced by SARS-CoV-2. Though numerous therapeutic strategies have been introduced to combat COVID-19, none are fully proven or comprehensive, as several key issues and challenges remain unresolved. At present, natural products have gained significant momentum in treating metabolic disorders. Mushrooms have often proved to be the precursor of various therapeutic molecules or drug prototypes. The plentiful bioactive macromolecules in edible mushrooms, like polysaccharides, proteins, and other secondary metabolites (such as flavonoids, polyphenols, etc.), have been used to treat multiple diseases, including viral infections, by traditional healers and the medical fraternity. Some edible mushrooms with a high proportion of therapeutic molecules are known as medicinal mushrooms. In this review, an attempt has been made to highlight the exploration of bioactive molecules in mushrooms to combat the various pathophysiological complications of COVID-19. This review presents an in-depth and critical analysis of the current therapies against COVID-19 versus the potential of natural anti-infective, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic products derived from a wide range of easily sourced mushrooms and their bioactive molecules.
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... The present discourse provides a comprehensive catalogue of fungal species that have been documented in the literature as effective against viral diseases. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. ...
... [30]. In another study conducted in Brazil, it was reported that the selective index of ethanol and aqueous extract obtained from Lentinula edodes species was 12.11 and 9.02, respectively [31]. In a study conducted in Spain, it was reported that the IC50 values of water and methanol extract obtained from the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and the polysaccharide obtained from this mushroom species on HSV-1 were 0.20 and 4.80 µg/mL [32]. ...
... As a result of the study, it has been reported that it has 50-88% inhibition effect[55]. In another study conducted in Brazil, the selective index of ethanol and aqueous extracts obtained from Lentinula edodes species against Poliovirus was reported as 19.85 and 5.82, respectively[31]. In this context, the effects of different fungal species against IBDV, Poxvirus, Vaccinia virus and Poliovirus have been reported. ...
Medicinal mushrooms: a comprehensive study on their antiviral potential
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2023
Microbial diseases have become quite common in recent years. The interest in new antimicrobial drugs is increasing due to the possible side effects of synthetic drugs and the emergence of resistant microorganisms due to unconscious antimicrobial drug use. Mushrooms have the potential to be used as a natural resource in the fight against microorganisms. In this context, in this study, the effects of different fungal species against different viral diseases were compiled in the literature. According to the findings, it has been reported in the literature that many different mushroom species are effective against Herpes virus (HSV-1, HSV-2, BoHV-1, HCMV), Influenza (A, B, H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H9N2) and Parainfluenza, Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Poxvirus, Vaccinia virus, Poliovirus, Vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV), Adenovirus, Syncytial virus (RSV), Dengue virus ( DENV-2), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis A, B, C virus, Feline calicivirus (FCV), Enterovirus, Coxsackievirus, Coronavirus, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Tobacco Mosaic virus (TMV). In this context, it is thought that mushrooms can be a very important natural resource against viruses.
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... Preclinical evidence was brought by a series of studies that reported that exogenous heparin and derivatives such as enoxaparin can inhibit the viral infection by inducing conformational changes in the spike protein receptor-binding domain S1 in a dosedependent manner and at concentrations used during anti-coagulation therapy [59,60]. [147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161] A systematic assessment of the antiviral activity of seven different preparations of unfractionated heparins or low-molecular-weight heparins in vitro against live wild-type SARS-CoV-2 using the plaque inhibition assay with Vero E6 cells confirmed that heparin binds and destabilizes the RBD protein and directly inhibits the binding of RBD (Table 2) [61]. Interestingly, the unfractionated heparin preparations showed a significantly stronger antiviral activity compared to low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). ...
... Polysaccharides derived from both edible and medicinal mushrooms have demonstrated antiviral activity against a wide range of pathogenic viruses [148]. For instance, the acidic protein-bound polysaccharide extracted from Ganoderma lucidum hinders the entry of HSV-1 and HSV-2 into Vero cells [148,149], lentinan, obtained from Lentinus edodes (shiitake mushroom), impedes the viral replication of the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) [148,150,151], and mycelial extracts of Auriporia aurea, Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Fomes fomentarius exhibit antiviral activity against influenza virus and HSV-2 [152]. The structure and especially the sulfation degree significantly influence the direct antiviral activity of fungal polysaccharides [153]. ...
Polysaccharides and Lectins: A Natural Complementary Approach against the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2024
  • Microbiol Res
Infection with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the cause of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has emerged as a global pandemic, with a high toll on casualties, economic impact, and human lifestyle. Despite the recent approval of various vaccines against the virus, challenges remain, including the limited availability of these vaccines, the prevalent rejection of vaccination by a large proportion of the population, and the recurrent appearance of new variants of the virus due to mutations. This context raises the alarm for scientists and clinicians to seek alternative and complementary therapies. In this context, natural products and their derivatives serve as reservoirs for potential therapeutic compounds that can be exploited in the research and production of antiviral drugs against COVID-19. Among these substances, lectin and polysaccharides isolated from fauna and flora emerge as complementary strategies for treating coronavirus infection. The review objective is to cover and analyze the specific role of polysaccharides and lectins and their synergy in the fight against this deadly SARS-CoV-2 virus. For this purpose, a primary literature search was conducted on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Sciences using relevant keywords like “SARS-CoV-2 Variants”; “Antiviral Strategies”; “Antiviral Polysaccharides”; “Antiviral Lectins”; and “Synergistic effect”. The results demonstrate that lectins and polysaccharides exhibit antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2 via mechanisms related to binding and steric blocking, the binding of glycan-based decoys, chemical reactions, virus particle disruption strategies, and steric blocking for competitive inhibition to block SARS-CoV-2 and its variants’ entry. In addition, this review analyzes the rationale behind combining polysaccharides and lectins, emphasizing complementary mechanisms of action. By simultaneously targeting multiple stages of the viral life cycle, this dual strategy aims to comprehensively inhibit viral propagation and enhance the durability of antiviral strategies over time.
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... The antiviral effects of crude aqueous or ethanolic extracts were found in vitro, e.g., against poliovirus type 1 (PV-1), bovine herpes virus type 1 (BoHV-1) [69], herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) [63], and SARS CoV-2 [70]. The mycelial preparation LEM inhibits influenza virus by interfering with virus entry into the host cells and activation of the immune response through the type I IFN pathway [71]. ...
Medicinal Mushrooms as Multicomponent Mixtures—Demonstrated with the Example of Lentinula edodes
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2024
  • J. Fungi
Medicinal mushrooms are multicomponent mixtures (MOCSs). They consist of a large number of individual compounds, each with different chemical structures, functions, and possible pharmacological activities. In contrast to the activity of an isolated pure substance, the effects of the individual substances in a mushroom or its extracts can influence each other; they can strengthen, weaken, or complement each other. This results in both advantages and disadvantages for the use of either a pure substance or a multicomponent mixture. The review describes the differences and challenges in the preparation, characterization, and application of complex mixtures compared to pure substances, both obtained from the same species. As an example, we use the medicinal and culinary mushroom Lentinula edodes, shiitake, and some of its isolated compounds, mainly lentinan and eritadenine.
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... Sing., commonly known as the shiitake mushroom, is the second most popular edible mushroom in the world because of its alluring flavour and quality (Ozcelik and Peksen, 2007). In addition, Lentinula edodes mushroom is one of the best-known and characterized mushrooms used for medicinal purposes (Ooi and Liu, 2000) including antitumor (Minato et al., 1999), antioxidant (Choi et al., 2006), antiviral (Rincão et al., 2012), antibacterial (Hatvani, 2001), and low cholesterol content (Fukushima et al., 2001). L. edodes is also a type of white-rot wood decay fungus known to be the most efficient lignin degrader in nature. ...
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... 32 Virucidal assay: virus dilutions were incubated with varying concentrations of the substances before infection. 33 Sodium acyclovir (ACV) (Novafarma Ind. Farm., Brazil) was used as positive control. ...
Characterization and Biological Activity of Native and Sulfated Noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) Pectin
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2024
  • J BRAZIL CHEM SOC
The aim of this work was to extract and characterize pectin from lyophilized noni pulp (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) at three different pHs using different extractor agents and to evaluate anti-viral activity. The extraction of high yield (acid extraction) was subjected to sulfation procedure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magneticresonance analysis were used to calculate the degree of methylation of pectin from acid extraction and its sulfated derivative. The data obtained for the degree of methylation of noni pectin and sulfated pectin were 30.3 and 30.7, respectively. Pectin was subjected to acute oral toxicity testing in mice. The results showed that pectin had a pro-inflammatory effect, and sulfated pectin had an anti-inflammatory effect. Both pectins were also evaluated for herpes simplex virus activity in vitro, and although they successfully inhibited virus replication, the sulfated pectins were cytotoxic.
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... There has been a significant increase in shiitake production over the years [1], that because his value as a food as well as a medicinal and nutritional source. Other than proteins ,it contain high levels of sugar, polyunsaturated fatty acid [2], and his medicines properties like antiviral [3], antibacterial [4], the most important step of mushrooms seedling is producing pure culture. Mycelia growth needs source requirements such as glucose, sucrose and dextrose as carbon source, many culture medium were use such as potato dextrose agar, malt salt agar. ...
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BASIDIOMYCETOUS FUNGI: A NOVEL AGENT OF ANTIVIRAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Apr 2024
Mushrooms (Basidiomycetous and ascomycetous fungi) are sources of several compounds such as secondary metabolites, lectin, lipids, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides and are widely used for medicinal properties. The important aspect of medicinal mushrooms was evaluated by several researchers. The basidiomycetous fungi have antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antitherapeutic, antidiabetic, antitumor, antimicrobial, immunoregulative, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Because of this effect, it is used for anti-viral and antibacterial activity against human diseases. Also, some of the researchers found antiviral and antibacterial properties against plant diseases. The use of microbial origins for the management of plant diseases reduces the pollution in the environment and reduces the cost of input during cultural practices. This chapter delivers the importance of medicinal mushrooms against human and plant pathogens.
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Biopharmaceutical applications of microbial polysaccharides as materials: A Review
Article
  • Mar 2023
  • INT J BIOL MACROMOL
Biological characteristics of natural polymers make microbial polysaccharides an excellent choice for biopharmaceuticals. Due to its easy purifying procedure and high production efficiency, it is capable of resolving the existing application issues associated with some plant and animal polysaccharides. Furthermore, microbial polysaccharides are recognized as prospective substitutes for these polysaccharides based on the search for eco-friendly chemicals. In this review, the microstructure and properties of microbial polysaccharides are utilized to highlight their characteristics and potential medical applications. From the standpoint of pathogenic processes, in-depth explanations are provided on the effects of microbial polysaccharides as active ingredients in the treatment of human diseases, anti-aging, and drug delivery. In addition, the scholarly developments and commercial applications of microbial polysaccharides as medical raw materials are also discussed. The conclusion is that understanding the use of microbial polysaccharides in biopharmaceuticals is essential for the future development of pharmacology and therapeutic medicine.
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Research Progress on Biological Activities of Polysaccharides From Edible Fungus
Article
  • Jan 2023
Edible fungus are widely eaten because of their delicious taste and high nutritional value. Growing evidence indicates that edible fungus are rich in various active ingredients including polysaccharides, proteins, fats, vitamins, and other ingredients. Polysaccharide is one of the main active ingredients of edible fungi. Increasing researches have confirmed that edible fungus polysaccharides (EFPs) showed multiple biological activities such as antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐tumor, immune regulation, anti‐virus, gut microbiota regulation, hypoglycemic, etc. Hence, EFPs related researches have received more and more attention due to their non‐toxic, high medical and nutritional values. This paper reviews the latest research progress of EFPs biological activities, and looks forward to their future development trend. This review provides a theoretical basis for studying the application of EFPs in the fields of biomedicine, cosmetics, and health food, and promotes the development and utilization of EFPs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
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Strains of Lentinula edodes suppress growth of phytopathogenic fungi and inhibit Alagoas serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2001
Four Lentinula edodes strains (Le10, 46, K2, Assai) were assessed for their antagonistic effect on four filamentous fungus species of agricultural importance (Helminthosporium euphorbiae, Helminthosporium sp, Fusarium solani and Phomopsis sojae) and on Alagoas serotype of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSA). The L. edodes strains studied had variable effects on the filamentous fungi and on VSA. The K2 and Le10 strains were antagonistic on the fungi assessed and the 46 and K2 strains were efficient on the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. The results widened the list of beneficial effects of L. edodes on the control and prevention of animal pathogenic virus and filamentous fungi.
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Oral Administration of Active Hexose Correlated Compound Enhances Host Resistance to West Nile Encephalitis in Mice
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2009
  • J NUTR
West Nile virus (WNV) poses a serious threat to public health, especially to the elderly and the immuno-compromised. Neither vaccines nor treatments are available for humans. Active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) is an extract of Lentinula edodes of the Basidiomycete family of fungi rich in alpha-glucans. In this study, we evaluated the effect of AHCC on host susceptibility in the murine model of WNV infection. Mice orally administered with AHCC (600 mg/kg) every other day for 1 wk before and at d 1 and 3 postinfection were assessed using viremia levels, survival rate, and protective immunity. AHCC administration in young (6- to 8-wk-old) mice attenuated viremia and mortality following lethal WNV infection. WNV-specific IgM and IgG production and gammadelta T cell expansion were also enhanced in these mice. Aged (21- to 22-mo-old) mice were more susceptible to WNV infection than young mice, partially due to the dysfunction of gammadelta T cell subsets. AHCC administration in aged mice enhanced the protective Vgamma1(+) T cell response as well as WNV-specific IgG but not IgM antibodies production. AHCC administration in aged mice attenuated viremia levels but led to no difference in mortality rate. Overall, our data suggests that AHCC enhances protective host immune responses against WNV infection in young and aged mice. Dietary supplementation with AHCC may be potentially immunotherapeutic for WNV-susceptible populations.
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Advances in lentinan: Isolation, structure, chain conformation and bioactivities
Article
  • Mar 2011
  • FOOD HYDROCOLLOID
Lentinan, a β-(1 → 3)-d-glucan isolated from a common edible mushroom, Lentinus edodes, is known as a biologically active macromolecules with very strong host-mediated anti-cancer activity, via activation of the human immune system. However, its widespread medicinal application is hindered by some technical difficulties in its extraction and purification, as well as a lack of thorough understanding of the structure-and-function relationship of this polysaccharide. This review aims at highlighting the different areas of research conducted on lentinan in the past 40 years, including its extraction and purification processes, the analysis of structure, the determination of its chain conformation and conformation transition in solution, as well as its rheological properties and bioactivities especially on anti-cancer treatment. About 156 literatures were cited to summarize the advancement of lentinan in the review paper.
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The in vitro antiviral activity of an aliphatic nitro compound from Heteropteris aphrodisiaca
Article
  • Feb 2008
  • MICROBIOL RES
We investigated the antiviral activity of an aliphatic nitro compound (NC) isolated from Heteropteris aphrodisiaca O. Mach. (Malpighiaceae), a Brazilian medicinal plant. The NC was tested for its antiviral activity against poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) and bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1) by plaque reduction assay in cell culture. The NC showed a moderate antiviral activity against PV-1 and BHV-1 in HEp-2 cells, and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) were 22.01 μg/ml (selectivity index (SI)=2.83) and 21.10 μg/ml (SI=2.95), respectively. At the highest concentration of the drug (40 μg/ml) a reduction of approximately 80% in plaque assay was observed for both viruses. The treatment of cells or virus prior to infection did not inhibit the replication of virus strains.
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Isolation and characterization of polysaccharides from Agaricus blazei Murill
Article
  • Apr 2005
  • CARBOHYD POLYM
An efficient route has been developed to isolate water soluble polysaccharides from Agaricus blazei Murill mushroom of Brazilian origin. Using different temperatures: 10, 60 and 100 °C, and precipitation with ethanol, a number of precipitates were extracted which were isolated, purified and fractionated for characterization. The molar mass distribution for the precipitates and fractions from the extraction at 100 °C were determined by GPC. Analysis of the FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra showed a pattern characteristic of glucan–protein complex.
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Effects of molecular structure on antitumor activities of (1 → 3)-beta-D-glucans from different Lentinus Edodes
Article
  • Jan 2006
  • CARBOHYD POLYM
Four (1→3)-β-d-glucans coded as L-I1, L-I2, L-I3 and L-I4 with high molecular weight (1.47×106–1.67×106) were isolated from four kinds of fruiting bodies of Lentinus Edodes with different strains by extracting with NaOH/NaBH4, then precipitating with 1 M acetic acid. The results from element analysis indicated that the polysaccharides contained 4.6–15.2 wt% proteins. The polysaccharides were treated with acetone to remove the bound protein, coded as LNP, and by ultrasonic irradiation to degrade molecular weight, coded as LU. The weight-average molecular weight Mw, radii of gyration z1/2 and intrinsic viscosity [η] of the samples in aqueous 0.2 M NaCl/0.005 M NaOH and in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were measured by size exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering and viscometry at 25 oC, respectively. The Mw drop by a factor of 3 from in aqueous solution to in DMSO, and Mw dependence of z1/2 revealed that the β-glucan exists as triple-helical conformation in aqueous NaCl and as single flexible chains in DMSO. The single chain samples were prepared in DMSO, coded as LSC. The assay in vivo and in vitro antitumor activities against Sarcoma 180 (S-180) solid tumor for the polysaccharides showed that the native triple helical (1→3)-β-d-glucans containing protein exhibited obvious antitumor bioactivities (in vivo highest inhibition ratio ξ reached to 70.0% for L-I3), whereas that (ξ=2.2%) of LSC having only single flexible chains significantly decreased. Moreover, the antitumor activities of the LNP, LU and LSC samples are lower than those of the native ones, suggesting that the antitumor activities of polysaccharide were related with their conformation, molecular weight and content of the bound protein. The triple helical conformation plays an important role in enhancement of the antitumor activities.
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Effect of integrated application of gamma irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging on physicochemical and microbiological properties of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes)
Article
  • Oct 2010
  • FOOD CHEM
Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushrooms were packed in biorientated polypropylene (BOPP) bags and exposed to different doses of gamma irradiation (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 kGy) within the packaging, heat sealed and stored at 4 °C for 20 d. Of the three doses, 1.0 kGy was most effective in maintaining a high level of firmness. Samples treated with 1.0 kGy also exhibited smaller initial declines in soluble protein, higher increases in total sugar content and lower levels of malondialdehyde accumulation. Furthermore, 1.0 kGy promoted the accumulation of phenolics compound and showed higher antioxidant ability during storage. At higher doses, 2.0 kGy resulted in a higher microbial reduction, but showed negative effects on texture, chemical properties and functional components. All the gamma irradiation were effective in retarding mushroom sensory deterioration. Thus, application of gamma irradiation in combination with MAP can extend the storage life of shiitake mushroom up to 20 d.
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Potentiation of Host Resistance Against Microbial Infections by Lentinan and its Related Polysaccharides
Article
  • Feb 1992
  • ADV EXP MED BIOL
Cytotoxic anticancer agents are generally accompanied by severe side effects in a host, and reduce resistance against cancer and infectious diseases, especially by destroying lymphoid cells and bone marrow cells. As a result, many cancer patients die of various kinds of pneumonitis, septicemia, uremia or other secondary diseases. There are, however, reliable clinical evidence to support the existence of intrinsic resistance against cancer and infectious disease in the human body. An increase in this resistance may be one of the most important facets in the development of pharmaceutical therapy against such diseases.
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Antitumor and immunological activity of Lentinan in comparision with LPS
Article
  • May 1994
  • Int J Immunopharm
Lentinan manifests marked antitumor and antimetastatic activity in numerous tumor/host systems, and prevents chemical and viral carcinogenesis. Modulation of immune or vascular functions by lentinan is involved in its antitumor effects. The impact of lentinan on the functions of macrophages is distinct from that of LPS. One of the effects of lentinan on the vascular system is the vascular dilatation and hemorrhage (VDH) reaction, and the effect can be monitored as augmented skin reactions to vasoactive mediators. Lentinan induces the VDH-like reaction at the tumor site, resulting in the induction of hemorrhagic necrosis and complete regression of the tumor. In contrast to LPS-induced tumor necrosis (Shwartzman's-like reaction), lentinan-induced tumor necrosis is T-cell dependent.
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