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Chemical Characterization, Mineral Analysis, and Antioxidant Potential of Two Underutilized Berries (Carissa carandus and Eleagnus conferta) from the Western Ghats of India
Critical Reviews In Food Science and Nutrition
Abstract
Diversity needs to be "conserved through use." Owing to the global need, the present study includes two underutilized berries, Carissa carandus and Eleagnus conferta, to explore their potential as supplementary food by evaluating their antioxidant activity and approximate chemical composition. Berries of E. conferta are a richer source of carotene, ascorbic acid, protein, and magnesium, whereas berries of C. carandus are rich in sugars, lipids, iron, and magnesium. The antioxidant properties of the berries and a comparative account on their performance using DPPH and FRAP assay was studied. Both assays revealed high activity in the peel extract of berries of C. carandus. The LC-MS/MS profile of C. carandus reveals the presence of eleven different polyphenolic compounds while E. conferta had only four of these compounds.
... Flower [15] 26 Neryl acetate Flower [15] 27 Geranyl acetate Flower [15] 28 b-Ionone Flower [15] 29 Rutin Fruit [16] 30 Epicatechin Fruit [16] 26 Neryl acetate Flower [15] 31 Epicatechin gallate Fruit [16] 32 Quercetin Fruit [16] 33 Kaempferol Fruit [16] 34 1,2,4-Butanetriol, 2,3-bis[[4dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-,1,4-diacetate Root [17] 35 Carinol Root [17] 36 4,40-Dimethylcarinol Root [17] 37 1,2,4-Butanetriol, 2,3-bis[[4-(acetyloxy)-3methoxyphenyl] methyl]-,1,4-diacetate Root [17] 38 b-Sitosterol Root [ 6,16] 39 Sitosterol glucoside Root [6] 40 Cholest-5-en-3b-ol Root [13] 41 Piceatannol Fruit [14] 42 Resveratrol Fruit [14] 43 Syringic acid Fruit [14] 44 Vanillic acid Fruit [14] 45 p-Coumaric acid Fruit [14] 46 Caffeic acid Fruit [14] 47 Ellagic acid Fruit [14] 48 Chlorogenic acid Fruit [14] 49 Scopoletin Root [5] Fruit [6] 50 Eicosanoic acid Seed [13] 51 Hexadecanoic acid Seed [13] 52 Octadecanoic acid Seed [13] [13] 54 9Z-Octadecenoic acid Seed [13] 55 L-Ascorbic acid Fruit [14] 56 Dihydrojasmone Flower [13] ...
... Flower [15] 26 Neryl acetate Flower [15] 27 Geranyl acetate Flower [15] 28 b-Ionone Flower [15] 29 Rutin Fruit [16] 30 Epicatechin Fruit [16] 26 Neryl acetate Flower [15] 31 Epicatechin gallate Fruit [16] 32 Quercetin Fruit [16] 33 Kaempferol Fruit [16] 34 1,2,4-Butanetriol, 2,3-bis[[4dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-,1,4-diacetate Root [17] 35 Carinol Root [17] 36 4,40-Dimethylcarinol Root [17] 37 1,2,4-Butanetriol, 2,3-bis[[4-(acetyloxy)-3methoxyphenyl] methyl]-,1,4-diacetate Root [17] 38 b-Sitosterol Root [ 6,16] 39 Sitosterol glucoside Root [6] 40 Cholest-5-en-3b-ol Root [13] 41 Piceatannol Fruit [14] 42 Resveratrol Fruit [14] 43 Syringic acid Fruit [14] 44 Vanillic acid Fruit [14] 45 p-Coumaric acid Fruit [14] 46 Caffeic acid Fruit [14] 47 Ellagic acid Fruit [14] 48 Chlorogenic acid Fruit [14] 49 Scopoletin Root [5] Fruit [6] 50 Eicosanoic acid Seed [13] 51 Hexadecanoic acid Seed [13] 52 Octadecanoic acid Seed [13] [13] 54 9Z-Octadecenoic acid Seed [13] 55 L-Ascorbic acid Fruit [14] 56 Dihydrojasmone Flower [13] ...
... Flower [15] 26 Neryl acetate Flower [15] 27 Geranyl acetate Flower [15] 28 b-Ionone Flower [15] 29 Rutin Fruit [16] 30 Epicatechin Fruit [16] 26 Neryl acetate Flower [15] 31 Epicatechin gallate Fruit [16] 32 Quercetin Fruit [16] 33 Kaempferol Fruit [16] 34 1,2,4-Butanetriol, 2,3-bis[[4dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-,1,4-diacetate Root [17] 35 Carinol Root [17] 36 4,40-Dimethylcarinol Root [17] 37 1,2,4-Butanetriol, 2,3-bis[[4-(acetyloxy)-3methoxyphenyl] methyl]-,1,4-diacetate Root [17] 38 b-Sitosterol Root [ 6,16] 39 Sitosterol glucoside Root [6] 40 Cholest-5-en-3b-ol Root [13] 41 Piceatannol Fruit [14] 42 Resveratrol Fruit [14] 43 Syringic acid Fruit [14] 44 Vanillic acid Fruit [14] 45 p-Coumaric acid Fruit [14] 46 Caffeic acid Fruit [14] 47 Ellagic acid Fruit [14] 48 Chlorogenic acid Fruit [14] 49 Scopoletin Root [5] Fruit [6] 50 Eicosanoic acid Seed [13] 51 Hexadecanoic acid Seed [13] 52 Octadecanoic acid Seed [13] [13] 54 9Z-Octadecenoic acid Seed [13] 55 L-Ascorbic acid Fruit [14] 56 Dihydrojasmone Flower [13] ...
Objectives
Carissa carandas is an evergreen thorny shrub (Apocynaceae family), commonly, known as karonda. It has small berry‐shaped fruits, used as additive in many pickles or as a spice in northern India.
Methods
The present review covers the literature survey from 1968 to 2020. The data have been collected from various journals, books, thesis and some of the electronic search via Internet‐based information such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, EBSCO, online electronic journals, SpringerLink, Wiley and Ayush.
Key findings
From literature survey, it has been found that the herbal drug contains wide variety of flavonoids, phenolic acids, steroids, volatile oils, lignans, alkaloids, polysaccharides and so on. These phytochemicals exhibit a range of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and antifungal properties.
Conclusions
This current review offers primary data for further research work. The in‐vitro evaluations as well as in‐vivo models/experiments have provided a biosynthetic observation for its various ethno‐pharmacological uses and even pharmacological properties. This review would provide all valuable information which will be beneficiary to conduct some important pharmacokinetic and toxicological research works on human models with respect to ensure the effects of active ingredients in the body and even to validate its safety issues in clinical aspects.
... They have been studied for potential bioactivities in some members of family Apocynaceae (Bhaskar & Balakrishnan, 2015). In a systematic review of Kaunda and Zhang (2017) were isolated from Carissa carandas fruits (Patil et al., 2012). Scopoletin (127) was isolated from the roots of the same plant with anti-inflammatory activity and chlorogenic acid was reported for preventing Type-II diabetes mellitus (Begum et al., 1999). ...
... and two other compounds(150-153;Patil et al., 2012) were isolated from different parts of C. carandas. Vitamin E (154) was reported in Tabernaemontana divaricata flowers (AliKhan et al., 2013).5 | PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIESEthnomedicinal uses and traditional knowledge of Apocynaceae plants have resulted in the extensive evaluation of pharmacological properties of many plants of this family. ...
The family Apocynaceae is one of the largest and important families in angiosperm. Several members of this family have medicinal properties and have been in the treatment of various ailments. Most of them are consumed as food by tribal people whereas a few plants are used as source of poison. Members of family Apocynaceae are rich in alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides, simple phenols, lactones, and hydrocarbons. Other compounds such as sterols, lignans, sugars, lignans, and lactones have been isolated and systematically studied. Few studies have reported antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of crude extracts as well as single compound(s) isolated from various members of the family Apocynaceae. Holarrhena antidysenterica, Rauvolfia serpentina, Carissa carandas, and Tabernaemontana divaricata are the extensively studied plants in this family. The present review provides a detailed outlook on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and biological activities of selected members of this family. Moreover, it also covers the biotechnological advances used for large‐scale production of bioactive compounds of therapeutic interest along with plant tissue culture‐based approaches for conservation of this medicinally valuable family.
... There are number of methods identified for extraction of plant based activities and metabolites (Pai, et al. 2015;Murugan and Parimelazhagan, 2014;Nimbalkar, et al. 2012;Patil, et al. 2012;. ...
... Also the DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP response of the extracts were comparable to those of standards/controls (ascorbic acid and trolox). These findings were in agreement with the previous results demonstrating antioxidant activity of phenolics compounds (Patil, et al. 2012;Upadhya, et al. 2013;Subramanya, et al. 2014). ...
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of extraction method with respect to time of exposure on total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of methanolic extracts (95%) from A. aspera leaves, stem and roots. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using Folic-Ciocaulteu method and antioxidant potential was tested using DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays. Plant populations with two ages (60 and 120 days) were considered during study. Overall, highest TPC was evident in mature plants (120 days) compared to younger (60 days). Similarly, leaves accumulated higher phenolics followed by roots and stem. Results showed that MAE technique to be efficient over USE and CSE methods. Same was evident in both the antioxidant assays tested. A similar trend was observed in both antioxidant assays as that of TPC, indicating phenolics to be the major contributor in antioxidant potential of the plant. In conclusion it can be said that the yield of phenolic compounds depends on parameters viz. age of plant, part used for extraction, method of extraction and time required for the same.
... Previously, E. angustifolia fruits have been characterized to have polysaccharides, flavonoids, coumarins, phenolcarboxylic acids, tannins, saponins and carotenoids [9]. The potential of E. conferta berries as supplementary food was Elaeagnus × ebbingei Ebbing's silverberry -Ornamental plant explored by evaluating their antioxidant activity and chemical composition [10]. The berries were discovered to be a substantial source of carotene, ascorbic acid, protein and magnesium. ...
... To understand the abundance of lycopene in these fruits a gene regulation study was conducted and coordinated expression of carotenogenic genes during fruit ripening was unveiled [37]. The E. angustifolia fruit mesocarp flour alone or in partial substitution (5,10,15,20, and 25%, w/w) with wheat flour for cookie making was evaluated [38]. The fortification at 25% level, increased total dietary fiber content (raised from 2.76 to 8.42 g 100 g −1 ) and decreased the caloric contents (reduced from 452.77 to 424.6 kcal 100 g −1 ) of the product. ...
Introduction. Elaeagnus is a genus in family Elaeagnaceae found wild or grown as ornamental plants for its dense shrub-like structure, fragrant blossoms and silvery foliage. However, in recent times a convincing number of findings supporting the nutritional potential of its fruit has been published. Materials and methods. A literature search was conducted using the keywords ‘elaeagnus’ ‘silverberry’, ‘oleaster’, ‘antioxidant’ and ‘permaculture’ to compile a meaningful review for fueling research interest on this genus. The nutritional and pharmacological relevance of genus Elaeagnus has also been explored and human health-related nutrients identified. Results and discussion. The tiny oblong fruit of genus Elaeagnus with red flesh and pericarp speckled with gold and silvery spots have been found to be edible. In fact, it has shown promise to be developed as a functional food owing to its richness in antioxidants phenolics acids (benzoic acid, cinnamic acid) and flavonoids (myricetin, epigallocatechin gallate). An abundance of antoxidant lycopene in its fruit has been revealed. The perceived health benefits of the fruit are blood alcohol removal, pain alleviation, wound healing, cancer prevention, antimicrobial and expectorant etc. Conclusion. Despite immense food and medicinal potential, the fruit of this genus are languishing in obscurity, and yet to reach mainstream market.
... malaria, jaundice, epilepsy, etc. has been well-known through several ethnopharmacological studies all over the world (Aberoumand 2013, Mir 2014. The use of such plants not only fulfill the nutrients intake level but has also certain fitness welfares counter to long-lasting illnesses such as stroke, cardiac ailment and certain categories of cancer (Patil et al . 2012). ...
Background. The present study was conducted to assess the ethno-pharmacological practices of medicinal plants by the local tribes of District Malakand, Pakistan. The people of the area are mostly poor and rely on local medicinal plants for their basic primary health care needs. During the survey it was perceived that the area is under extreme threat of overgrazing, deforestation and agricultural land expansion and needs urgent and proper ecological management to protect the important medicinal flora for future generations. Methods. The current Ethno-pharmacological study consists of frequent field visits and interviews with 200 local informers of the study area having different socio-economic and educational backgrounds. The information was collected from the indigenous people through interviews and semi- structured questionnaires .The data collected were analyzed with the help of quantitative indices such as Informant consensus factor (Fic) and Fidelity Level (FL%). The plants collected were identified with the help of flora of Pakistan and online plant databases. Results. A total of 130 medicinal plants belonging to 112 genera and 55 families were documented during this survey. The results showed that the plants collected during the survey were predominantly herbs (51%) followed by trees (27%), shrubs (19%) and climbers only (03%). The plants collected were mostly from Ruderal habitat (40%), followed by arable (36%), woodland (18%) and wetland (06%). On the basis of habit the plants collected were mostly Perennials (58%), followed by Annuals (39%) and Biennials only (03%). The majority of the plants used in the preparation of crude drugs were whole plant (33%), followed by leaves (25%), fruits (08%), roots (06%), shoots, flowers, barks, seeds (05%), gum and latex (03%) and bulb (02%) respectively. The highest Fic. values were recorded for cardiovascular and hypertensive diseases (1.0) followed by sore throat and narcotic diseases (0.80). The most important and extensively used species were Allium sativum L., Caralluma tuberculata N.E. Brown and Mentha spicata L. each with 100% FL value. This study showed that the area is gorgeous and rich in medicinal flora. The botanical name, local name, family name, flowering season, part used, and ethno-pharmacological uses of local medicinal plants were documented. Conclusion: During this survey it was observed that the research area District Malakand, Pakistan is rich in medicinal flora and most of the indigenous people are poor and depend on medicinal plants for their basic primary health care needs. The survey showed that medicinal plants were mostly used by the local people to cure of gastrointestinal, skin, mouth, genital, urinary, cold, cough and joint diseases. The study will provide a baseline for further ethno-botanical, ethno-medicinal, phytochemical and antimicrobial studies. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Ethno-pharmacological uses, Gastrointestinal diseases, Malakand, Pakistan.
... Elaeagnus conferta grows wildly in the Indian states of Tamilnadu Bioactive constituents of E. conferta were assessed and identified 1-Chloroflouoethane, Cyclopentanone, 2-Methyl nhexadecanoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, E-11-Hexadecenal, Hexadecanoic acid-2-hydroxy1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester, 9,10 anthracenedione, 1,8 dihydroxy3methoxy-6-methyl (Parietin) and structures of these have been confirmed by mass analysis [5]. Determination of p-Coumaric acid 321.0 (µg/gm), Quercetin 289.0 Ellagic acid 511.0,Kampferol 718.0 were reported [6]Determination of lipid content of Elaeagnus conferta fruit was conducted using conventional and ultrasonic irradiation method.The results indicate that the lipid potential wild fruits under investigation are higher. Hence it will be more beneficial than commonly consumed fruits when a fat rich supplement is required [7]. ...
Fruits are largely consumed throughout the world; they are not only the sources of energy, but also rich in the sources of nutritive compounds, carotenoids, polyphenols, organic acids etc. Fruits provide an optimal mixture of antioxidants such as vitamins, polyphenols, carotenoids along with complex carbohydrate, protein, fat and fiber. Bioactive compounds are molecules with therapeutic potential and have a positive effect on human health and could reduce the risk of numerous chronic diseases. Bioactive compounds are capable of modulating metabolic processes and possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, analgesic and hepatoprotective properties both in vivo and In vitro. Epidemiological information substantiates that higher the consumption of fruits, lowers the risk of chronic diseases and fosters good health in humans. The following is a review on Elaeagnus conferta roxburgh fruits prospective reserves of bioactive compounds and their effect on human health.
... Numerous alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids and ceramides have previously been reported from genera within Apocynacae (Bhutani et al., 1990;Kawamoto et al., 2003;Liang et al., 2006;Hui et al., 2009;Patil et al., 2012;Jain et al., 2013;Zhao et al., 2014;Ebede et al., 2021Ebede et al., , 2022, the structural diversity of these compounds across the genus Funtumia (including this study) has not yet been thoroughly investigated, it should be noted that its species are known to provide steroidal alkaloids, flavonoids and triterpenoids (Janot et al., 1960(Janot et al., , 1963Blanpin and Quevauviller, 1960;Oletta, 1963;Mukam et al., 1973;Wagner et al., 1987;Zirihi et al., 2005;Frempong et al., 2021aFrempong et al., : 2021bKom et al., 2021) hence, these compounds might be of importance in chemotaxonomy. ...
Phytochemical investigations of the trunk bark extract of Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf, afforded a new ceramide namely, funtulaticamide (1) along with six known compounds: funtulatine (2), methyl ursolate (3), epicatechin (4), myricetin (5), sucrose (6) and 5-hydroxypyridine-3-carboxamide (7). Their structures were determined on the basis of various spectroscopic and chemical methods, as well as comparison with literature. Compounds were mostly isolated for the first time from this plant, and no evidence could be found on a previous report of a phytosphingosine-type ceramide in the genus Funtumia. Similarly, compound 7 is isolated from the Apocynaceae family for the first time. Hence, the chemophenetic significance of isolates was briefly introduced. In addition, compound 2 exhibited a moderate activity against Leishmania donovani 1S (MHOM/SD/62/1S) with an IC50 value of 15.9 μM.
... The important constituents of diet are vitamins, minerals, water carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Ayurveda can be termed as India's monumental heritage and vibrant tradition [5]. Mineral nutrition is important to maintain good health and because of that, determination of As, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Ni, Co etc. have been added to Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. ...
Plants have perpetually remained a beginning of inspiration and vogue of livelihood to humankind since ages. Plant stemmed plus other natural product contributed countless novel bioactive molecules that are available in the market today as medicines or food. Wild edible plants are considered as one of the cheapest sources of energy for human consumption
... Figure 2 shows total ionic current chromatograms (TIC) for the samples, identifying the compounds via their respective retention times. Some compounds identified in the latex have been identified in other species of the Apocynaceae family, such as phenolic acid-like trans-4-coumaric acid and para-coumaric acid in Carissa carandus [12]. However, some of the tentative structures determined in the chromatographic analysis differed from other Himatanthus species, i.e., plumieride, an iridoid representative of this plant [13], lupeol, two isomers of amyrin, βsitosterol, and proteins isolated from Himatanthus drasticus latex [5]. ...
Himatanthus sucuuba, also known as “Bellaco caspi”, is a medicinal plant whose latex, stem bark, and leaves possess phenolic acids, lupeol, β-dihydro-plumbericinic acid, plumericin, and plumeride, among other components. Some of these have been linked to such biological activities as antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical compounds of H. sucuuba latex, as well as its in vitro cytotoxicity and wound healing effect in mice. Latex was collected in the province of Iquitos, Peru. Phytochemical analysis was carried out with UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The cytotoxicity was evaluated on two colon tumor cell lines (SW480 and SW620) and non-malignant cells (human keratinocytes, HaCaT, and Chinese hamster ovary, CHO-K1). The mice were distributed into two groups, as follows: Group I—control (n = 10; without treatment); II—(n = 10) H. sucuuba latex; wounds were induced with a scalpel in the dorsal–cervical area and treatments were applied topically twice a day on the incision for 10 days. Molecular docking was carried out on the glycogen synthase kinase 3β protein. Twenty-four chemical compounds were determined, mainly flavonoid-type compounds. Latex did not have a cytotoxic effect on tumor cells with IC50 values of more than 500 µg/mL. The latex had a regenerative effect on wounds in mice. Acacetin-7-O-neohesperidoside had the best docking score of -9.9 kcal/mol. In conclusion, H. sucuuba latex had a wound healing effect in mice, as confirmed by histological study. However, a non-cytotoxic effect was observed on colon tumor cells SW480 and SW620.
... The results noted that other than ursolic acid, triterpenoid, phenolics, and flavonoids were also detected in various parts of C. carandas. The results were well accordant with previous studies which reported that various phenolics and flavonoids have been detected in C. carandas, especially vanillic acid in fruit, as well as ellagic acid and quercetin in pulp [37,42,43]. ...
In this study, the potential of Carissa carandas Linn. as a natural anti-aging, antioxidant, and skin whitening agent was studied. Various parts of C. carandas, including fruit, leaf, seed, and pulp were sequentially extracted by maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography, Folin–Ciocalteu, and Dowd method were used to investigate their chemical compositions. The inhibitory activities of oxidation process, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase were analyzed. Cytotoxicity was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay in a human epidermal keratinocyte line (HaCaT). The results exhibited that ethyl acetate could extract the most ursolic acid from C. carandas, while ethanol could extract the most phenolics and flavonoids. The leaf extract had the highest content of ursolic acid, phenolics, and flavonoids. The leaf extracted with ethyl acetate (AL) had the highest ursolic acid content (411.8 mg/g extract) and inhibited MMP-1, NF-kappa B, and tyrosinase activity the most. Ursolic acid has been proposed as a key component in these biological activities. Although several C. carandas extracts are beneficial to human skin, AL has been proposed for use in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals due to its superior anti-wrinkle, anti-inflammation, and whitening properties.
... Flavonoid-C-glycosides showed major fragments with the loss of 60, 90, and 120 Da as characteristic ions (Wang et al., 2019). Previously, quercetin and rutin were reported from the fruit of C. carandus using LC-MS/MS analysis in positive ion mode (Patil et al., 2012). Ursolic acid was reported from the root of C. carandus, leaves of C. macrocarpa, C. spinarum, and C. bispinosa (Kaunda & Zhang, 2017). ...
The phytochemical profile of Carissa opaca fruit extract and fractions was established through dereplication strategies employing LC-MS/MS and global natural product social molecular networking (GNPS). Crude extract and fractions were evaluated for their potential to inhibit α-glucosidase and urease in vitro. Flavonoid-O-glycosides, flavonoid-C-glycosides, flavonoids, proanthocyanidin B2, phenolics, and triterpenoids were annotated as the major classes of secondary metabolites present in the extract and fractions. α-Glucosidase inhibition was associated with n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions comparable to acarbose (IC50=120.43 µg/mL) with IC50 values of 123.66 and 131.72 µg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction showed good urease inhibition comparable with thiourea (IC50=103.71 µg/mL) with an IC50 value of 109.14 µg/mL. Molecular docking studies of compounds observed in the crude extract and bioactive fractions had significant binding scores, which supported results for enzyme inhibition in vitro. This study provided a detailed phytochemical profile of C. opaca fruit and its enzyme inhibition potential.
... Its color depends on the carotenoid pigments (Badaluta et al. 2010). Total carotenoids content varies from 0.02 to 0.17 g/kg FW (Patil et al. 2012;Pop et al. 2015). Some carotenoids, such as aand b-carotene, are the precursors of V A (Mart ınez-Villaluenga, Peñas, and Hern andez-Ledesma 2020). ...
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), which has been categorized as a “medicine food homology” fruit by China’s National Health Commission for both nutritional and medicinal purposes, has nearly 200 kinds of nutritive and bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, sugar alcohols, superoxide dismutase and phytosterols. Significant bioactivity, including cardiovascular improvement, antidiabetic and anti-obesity activity, have highlighted the application of sea buckthorn. This review compiled a database of the phytochemical compounds in sea buckthorn, which contains the contents of 106 nutrients and 74 bioactive compounds. The health benefits of sea buckthorn and its extracts were summarized and the mechanism of anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation were introduced in detail. Seventeen common marketed products of sea buckthorn from 8 countries were collected. A future scope is really needed to explore the mechanism of sea buckthorn bioactive compounds along with the incorporation cost-effective functional food products.
... Moreover it is reported that silver nano particles of leaf extract of E. conferta has been prepared and has wide application in field of pharmacology and industries (Gowtham Prasanth E, 2017;Phanjom et al., 2012). In traditional herbal medicine, the fruit, leaves and roots have been explored for the ailment of multiple diseases such as diabetes, ulcer, pain, rheumatism, diarrhea, inflammation and pulmonary disorders (Binu, 2011;Deshmukh and Waghmode, 2011;Gill and Gupta, 2018;Jin et al., 1999;Liu et al., 2019;Patil et al., 2012;Raghavendra et al., 2015;Rana and Samant, 2011). Fruits, either raw or in the form of juice, syrup, pickle, jelly etc, have been reported to be used as food supplement and is free from any side effects (Deshmukh and Waghmode, 2011). ...
... The plant extracts and the isolated single compounds have been reported to have several pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activity (Begum et al. 2013;Galipalli et al. 2015;Bhadane and Patil 2017). A wider group of bioactive metabolites such as triterpenes, sesquiterpene, flavonoids, and phenolics have been reported in different parts of C. carandas (Naim et al. 1988;Itankar et al. 2011;Patil et al. 2012). It is also reported to be a potential source of anthocyanin, which is used to color food products (Iyer and Dubash 1993). ...
An in vitro organogenesis protocol for Carissa carandas L. was developed using an auxin transport inhibitor (quercetin) and silver nitrate (AgNO3), an inhibitor of ethylene action, in association with cytokinins in the culture medium. This protocol produced the maximum number of shoots from aseptic seedling-derived shoot apex explants of C. carandas. The highest rate of shoot multiplication was recorded on MS medium containing 2.0 mg L⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine; 0.5 mg L⁻¹ kinetin, and 0.75 mg L⁻¹ quercetin at after 4 wk of culture. Similar results were obtained when MS medium fortified with 2.0 mg L⁻¹ BAP, 0.5 mg L⁻¹ kinetin, and 1.5 mg L⁻¹ AgNO3 was used. However, successful rooting was achieved on quarter strength MS medium with 0.5 mg L⁻¹ indole-3-acetic acid. In this study, an inhibitor of auxin transport and ethylene action maximized shoot multiplication in medium fortified with cytokinins. The established rapid micropropagation method could be used to conserve elite genotypes of C. carandas.
... Isolation of NG from the plant cultivated in Egypt in the absence of reports of the same compound in previous studies, investigating phenolics of the same plant carried out in other parts of the world, reflects the effect of cultivation climate on the metabolomic profile of this plant (Patil et al., 2012). ...
... The concentration of TPC was expressed as milligrams Gallic acid equivalents per 100 mL (mg GAE/100 mL). Total flavonoid content of the juice and wine was determined using a spectrophotometric method at 510 nm following a protocol as previously described by Patil et al. (2012). Values are expressed in milligrams Quercetin equivalents per 100 mL (mg QE/100mL). ...
Carissa spinarum L., is a tropical underutilized fruit abundantly available during summer season, which is delicious to taste with an astringency flavor and fruity aroma. Hence, the present investigation was aimed at optimizing fermentation conditions for the production of wine and to assess its physiochemical composition and antioxidant activity. Response surface methodology coupled with central composite design was employed for the optimization studies. It was determined that fermentation temperature of 25°C, pH of 3.5 and inoculum size of 10% (v/v) resulted in quality wine with 8.3% (v/v) of ethanol content. Further, physicochemical composition and antioxidant activity of the optimized wine was found to be significantly higher or on par with other tropical fruit wines reported previously. Sensory analysis indicated that wine was good in terms of overall acceptability. Thus, availability of C. spinarum fruits during their glut season can be utilized for winemaking and could generate revenue among rural households further adding significant input to the economy of fruit wine market.
... Moreover, fruits were enriched with flavonoids like rutin, epicatechin, quercetin and kaemferol. Patil et al. (2012) reported phenolics like syringic acid, vanillic acid and caffeic acid in the ripened fruits of C. carandas. Leaves of the plant were found to contain triterpene such as betulinic acid (Naim et al., 1988). ...
Present study evaluates antioxidative and erythrocyte membrane stabilizing potential of methanol extract of Carissa carandas leaves Cc(L)M and its purified fraction CM 1. Phytochemically Cc(L)M revealed presence of alkaloid, steroids, saponins and tanins. The results of antioxidant assays of Cc(L)M and CM 1 found to be dose dependent. However, in TLC bioautography, CM 1 showed yellow coloured scavenged band of DPPH reagent. The results revealed that CM 1 has significant (p≤0.05) free radical scavenging potential compared to Cc(L)M. The purified fraction CM 1 was found to be most potent with lowest EC50 values for DPPH (546.4 µg/ml), OH⁻ (498.5 µg/ml) radical scavenging and 57.48 µg/ml for reducing power assay. It also erythrocytes membrane stabilization effect with lowest EC50 1.31 mg/ml as compared to Cc(L)M (2.56 mg/ml) and standard diclofenac sodium (1.00 mg/ml). The FT-IR and GC-HRMS analysis of CM 1 reveal the presence of steroid derivative 20-hydroxypregnan 18-oic acid.
... Apart from the synthetic much known antioxidants such as Trolox, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) with high toxicity problems, there is a quest in identifying natural antioxidants. Hence, there is an increased scientific attention towards identifying antioxidant potential in plant species [4][5][6]. Since ancient times, humans have used plants to treat common infectious diseases and some of these traditional medicines are still included as a part of the treatment of various ailments. Such type of findings can further improve the use of medicinal plants or natural products, either alone or combined with antibiotics. ...
Chloroxylon swietenia DC is a traditional medicinal plant used to treat various disorders. To support its traditional utility as medicine, the present work aims at screening the antimicrobial activity and determining total phenolic and flavonoid contents with their antioxidant potential. Essential oils and methanolic extracts of leaves and bark were considered for the study. The antimicrobial activity was performed by two fold dilution assay. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by using standard methods. The essential oils were effective on gram positive than gram negative organisms with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging between 0.41 and 0.83 mg/mL (MIC < 1 mg/mL). Methanolic extracts were more effective than the essential oils (MIC−0.20 to 2.08 mg/mL) against bacterial strains. Essential oils and methanolic extracts were less effective on fungal strains as compared to bacterial strains. It was observed that essential oils from leaves and bark had higher phenolic and flavonoid contents than methanolic extracts. Correspondingly, higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) antioxidant activities were observed in essential oils. Chloroxylon swietenia contains antimicrobial and antioxidant components with respect to polyphenols in it. Therefore, the present study indicates the utility of this plant in the management of various diseases as traditional medicine.
... The importance of wild plants as food as well as medicines against many diseases such as jaundice, malaria, epilepsy, asthma etc. has been established by several ethnopharmacological studies all over the world [4,5]. In addition to meeting nutrient intake levels, consumption of fruits, vegetables and derived food products has several health benefits against chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, stroke and certain types of cancer [6]. Plants are potential sources of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and other important botanicals. ...
... Various new and sophisticated analytical methods viz. HPTLC, HPLC, GC are being utilized for identifying compounds (Kokate et al., 2009;Patil et al., 2012;Upadhya et al., 2014b). Among these, HPTLC is the most popular, economical and reliable technique, used in differentiation and quality control analysis in pharmaceutical research (Hariprasad and Ramakrishnan, 2011). ...
Leaf and stem materials of Achyranthes coynei and Achyranthes aspera were used for HPTLC analysis. HPTLC plates were developed on n-hexane: ethyl acetate (5:1 v/v) solvent system. The densitometric profiles were evaluated to elucidate differences within and among the species. The Rf values and number of peaks obtained in densitrogram indicated chemical variation in the species. Although, both species had more or less equal number of peaks, their Rf values, %height and %area varied. Thus HPTLC analysis in absence of external standards, proved to be an informative tool for evaluating differences between these species and their parts.
... The antioxidant potential of haskap berries thawed under different conditions was assayed using the DPPH radical scavenging activity. This assay has been successfully applied to measure the free radical scavenging potential of berries [19,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] and other anthocyanin-containing foods [48,49]. Data showed that when using the standard thawing conditions (T1), the DPPH could be scavenged by 76.80, 69.56, and 79.15 % in the T, BB, and IG varieties stored frozen for one month, respectively (Tables 1 to 3). ...
... Similarly, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were performed by method described by Benzie and Strain [12]. The results were expressed as ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) as determined by Patil et al. [13]. ...
Jasminum malabaricum Wight. (Family: Oleaceae) a climber, is endemic to Western Ghats of India. Rapid proliferating callus cultures were established from leaf explants using varying concentrations of auxins with cytokinins. Culture medium consisting of MS basal supplemented with 2, 4-D (9.05 μM) showed good proliferation and addition of cytokinins (BA 11.09 μM and/or TDZ 2.27 μM) resulted in retarded proliferation. Optimization of phenolic-antioxidants from different parts of J. malabaricum showed continuous shaking method to be productive over microwave assisted method. The optimized method involves less input and good yield of phenolic-antioxidants. Obtained callus showed good antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assays) in comparison with leaves and stem extracts and also had higher total phenolics. The optimized protocol for callus culture extraction revealed that continuous shaking extraction is cost-effective and suitable for elevated production of phenolic-antioxidants from callus cultures of J. malabaricum.
... The antioxidant potential of haskap berries thawed under different conditions was assayed using the DPPH radical scavenging activity. This assay has been successfully applied to measure the free radical scavenging potential of berries [19,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] and other anthocyanin-containing foods [48,49]. Data showed that when using the standard thawing conditions (T1), the DPPH could be scavenged by 76.80, 69.56, and 79.15 % in the T, BB, and IG varieties stored frozen for one month, respectively (Tables 1 to 3). ...
The effect of different thawing methods on three haskap berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) varieties, Tundra (T), Berry Blue (BB) and Indigo Gem (IG), was investigated. Methods included thawing the frozen berries at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C), refrigerated temperature (4 °C) and using a microwave oven. All the berry varieties were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC)/total reducing capacity (TRC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant potential (DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity). The TPC/TRC, TAC and DPPH˙ scavenging activity ranges in the fresh fruits were 6.17-8.42 mg GAE/ g FW, 4.49-6.97 mg C-3-G E/ g FW, and 78.70-89.55 %, respectively. Frozen storage for six months followed by consequent thawing at the standard conditions (room temperature) caused 35.85-44.73, 32.14-53.23, and 26.28-29.57 % reductions in the TPC/TRC, TAC, and DPPH˙ scavenging activity, respectively. The highest reduction occurred in the Berry Blue variety followed by that of Indigo Gem. Refrigerated thawing did not significantly improve the retention of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. Microwave thawing could be achieved in significantly shorter time (17.31 min) as compared to room temperature (12.00 h) and refrigerated thawing (22.00 h) and could significantly improve the retention of phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant potential. The corresponding reductions in the TPC/TRC, TAC, and DPPH˙ scavenging activity of different varieties ranged from 24.97%-39.87%, 18.92%-47.22%, and 21.39%- 27.29 %, re-spectively. Thus, further investigation into the industrial application of microwave thawing is recommended to maximize the retention of bioactive compounds in products manufactured from frozen haskap berries.
Carissa carandas L. (Karonda) fruits remain neglected in India, despite their effectiveness in achieving nutritional requirements. The majority of the underutilized fruits are widely accessible and native to the locality. The article intends to demonstrate the many positive health effects of Karonda fruits, which are composed of a number of anti-oxidant, bioactive and phytochemical components. Thus, the fruit has an abundance of nutrients and can help alleviate a variety of ailments. It is currently regarded as an essential source for multiple distinctive products for the production of several commercial products as well as medicines for different illnesses. The intention of this review paper is to analyse the pharmacologic and therapeutic findings that will assist in discovering the medicinal value of Karonda fruits while unlocking the way for more investigation into the detection of health effects in in vivo human studies.
Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from the pulp of Ambelania acida Aubl. (Apocynaceae) fruits were subjected to analysis through UHPLC-HRMS and antioxidant potential using the TPC, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC assays. A putative identification of the compounds carried out by comparison of the fragmentation spectra revealed the predominance of the monoterpene indole alkaloids tabersonine, pseudocopsinine, ajmalicine, and strictosidine. Additionally, gallic acid, caffeic acid, citric acid, 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, ellagic acid, eschweilenol C (ellagic acid deoxyhexoside), and sucrose were identified. In face of the phenolic compounds observed, hydroalcoholic extract showed a higher antioxidant activity compared to the aqueous extract, observed at TPC (108.85 mg GAE/100g), FRAP (0.73 µmol Fe2SO4/g), DPPH (1221.76 µmol TE/g), ABTS (3460.00 µmol TE/g), and ORAC assays (120.47 µmol TE/g). These findings underscore the abundant presence of bioactive compounds, including phenolics and alkaloids, in an edible Amazonian fruit.
The chapter describes the introduction of the crop, botany, soil and climate, species description, commercial varieties, propagation techniques, nutrient management, irrigation, and weed management, training & pruning, plant biology, intercropping, major insects and pests, diseases, harvesting & yield, and post-harvest management.
Free radicals are unstable species that are formed from cellular metabolic processes and a certain concentration of these unstable and reactive species confers acceptable effects on the immune activities in biological systems. These free radicals can become harmful to the cell when their levels exceed that of the cellular antioxidant system, in a process known as oxidative stress. Fruits and vegetables are used for nutritional purposes and as therapeutics to treat several diseases and ailments due to the presence of natural products in these food items. Inadequate dietary manners and lifestyles are linked to oxidative stress and can stimulate a disparity between the antioxidant defense system and the production of reactive radicals in the body. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in the consumption of plants and their parts with high contents of natural antioxidants. People consume fruits due to the presence of reactive radicals scavenging and health-promoting bioactive compounds. They also contain both micro- and macronutrients and fibers, in addition to secondary metabolites which make them unique as a source of antioxidants. Africa is a region with a wide range of different fruits such as African custard-apple (Annona senegalensis Pers), Guava (Psidium guajava L.), Pawpaw (Carica papaya), Prickly Pears (Opuntia spp), Longkong (Lansium domesticum Corr.), Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), Rambutan fruit (Nephelium lappaceum L.) among others. These fruits serve as a reservoir for natural antioxidants such as phenolics, flavonoids, stilbenoids, tannins, and terpenoids, among others that could play an essential role in treating and managing several oxidative stress-related diseases and the synthesis of plant-based drugs. Fruit-based antioxidants exert their action through suppression and inhibition of free radical generation, prevention of lipid peroxidation, chelating action, and others. Accordingly, this review summarizes the literature that deals with various fruits from Africa as potential sources of natural antioxidants and their role in the management of diseases related to oxidative stress.
Secondary metabolites are substances produced by living cells either in response to environmental stress or as biproducts of metabolism. The cells of plants, animals and microorganisms are known to produce secondary metabolites at varying concentrations (Baker & Sardari, 2021). Apocyanaceae plants are reported to be inexpensive and sources of bioactive secondary metabolites through subsidiary pathways. These metabolites are responsible for mediating environmental interactions and are crucial for survival and reproduction. Plants are known to produce more than 50,000 secondary metabolites of medicinal and therapeutic importance. The discovery of novel secondary metabolites is a continuous process intended to discover novel molecules with better therapeutic value. Plants have evolved strong defences against herbivorous pests and other phytopathogens over the course of evolution. These species-specific metabolites have diverse effects on both plants and other living things. All living things share the basic metabolic building blocks of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, and peptides, which are essential to all life processes. In contrast, secondary metabolites, which are formed from primary metabolites, serve as the plant’s defense against pathogens, pests, herbivores, environmental stress, etc.
The main objective of Ayurveda is to sustain the health of a healthy individual and to cure or treat a diseased
or ill person. In Ayurveda, Ahar, Vihar, Dincharya, Ritucharya, Ratricharya, etc., are mentioned in detail.
Several Ayurvedic herbs are briefly detailed to accomplish the aims or purposes of Ayurveda. Based on their
origin, Ayurvedic medicines are mainly described as Medicines prepared from plants and designed from
metal and minerals. Medicines prepared from plants are made using plant parts, i.e., Root, Stem, Flower,
Fruit, Bark, Seed, Leaf, etc. In Ayurveda, five types of Panchamoola are mentioned in Samhita. When the
root of five plants is taken together to prepare a formulation in Ayurveda, it is called panchamoola. Kantaka
Panchamoola is one such panchamoola to be described in this article, Identification, Morphology, and
medicinal properties of Contents of Kantaka Panchamoola.
The Western Ghats is a mountain range western coast of the Indian peninsula that covers an area of 160,000 km 2. It is one of the eight biodiversity hotspots in the world. It contains a very large proportion of the country's flora and fauna, many of which are endemic to this region. According to a survey, the Western Ghats are older than the Himalayas and home to many wild edible fruits that are rarely eaten and are traditionally being used as medicine for several ailments. These wild edible fruits provide a variety of nutrients, vitamins and secondary metabolites. Hence, this review, we documented 28 important wild edible fruiting plants from Western Ghat. The most species of wild edible fruit plants belong to the families of Anacardiaceae, Clusiaceae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Moraceae, Rutaceae, etc. Conventionally, tribal and rural people often rely on wild edible fruits for their food, which could provide primary dietary constituents and natural bioactive compounds. In this study, we have precisely recorded the medicinal importance, nutritional constituents, occurrence, and the biological activities of wild edible fruits prevalent to Western Ghat.
Fruits are a quintessential part of a healthy eating pattern and are a source of many vital nutrients. Heed in understanding the nutraceutical potential of underutilized fruits is a sore subject. Globally, a myriad of research has been carried out on many underutilized fruits, and these studies have highlighted their nutritional, ethnobotanical, and ethnomedicinal value. The present chapter focuses on the nutraceutical potential of underutilized wild edible fruits endemic to the south Western Ghats of India. The region is one of the hottest biodiversity hot spots, and the prevailing climatic conditions there, including the topography, wide rainfall variation, and varied temperature, have made it home to many flora and fauna. In recent years, rain-fed orchards have grabbed attention at a national level, and these wild fruits have gained further importance because of their availability all around the year. Apart from this, these serve as a source of food and medicine to native dwellers. The continuous depletion of forest areas due to human intervention has led to the loss of their habitat. The present chapter discusses the nutraceutical potential of selected underutilized fruits endemic to the southern Western Ghats of India.KeywordsUnderutilizedSouth-western GhatsNutraceuticalsBiodiversityEndemic
The karonda (Carissa carandas L.) belongs to the family Apocynaceae and it is believed to be originated near the Himalayas in India. It is distributed in the Himalayas at elevations of 300 to 1800 m, in the Siwalik Hills, the Western Ghats, Nepal, Afghanistan, India, Sri Lanka, Java, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Australia, and South Africa. In India, it is cultivated in the states of Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and the Western Ghats. It is one of the nontraditional fruit crops in India and is mostly grown as a rainfed crop owing to its hardy and xerophytic nature. Karonda is an evergreen deciduous, generally, 2 to 4 m tall shrub found to grow in many places along the boundaries and acts as a fence due to having dense foliage and branches. Its stem is rich in white latex, having sharp spines on branches. The plant produces white colored flowers, measuring 3 to 5 cm in diameter. The fruit is a berry, which is formed in clusters of 3 to 10 fruits. It has thin tough, green to purplish-red smooth, glossy skin turning dark-purple or nearly black when ripe. The unripe fruits are very sour at maturity but sourish sweet when ripe. Karonda fruits are a rich source of iron and an excellent source of vitamin A, C, and B complex, fiber, carbohydrates, and minerals such as calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, and sulfur. The fruit has a great potential for value addition and several value-added products can be prepared from unripe as well as ripe fruits like false cherry, pickle, chutney, jam, jelly, RTS, squash, appetizer, colored wine, and candy. It is widely used as a medicinal plant by rural people throughout India and is popular in various indigenous systems of medicines like Ayurveda, Unani, and Homoeopathy. Karonda is known to possess an extensive range of phytochemicals and bioactive compounds from different plant parts like 2-acetyl phenol, lignan, carinol, sesquiterpenes (carissone, carindone), lupeol, β-sitosterol, 16β-hydroxy betulinic acid, α-amyrin, β-sitosterol glycoside, and des-N-methyl – norcocaine which impart medicinal value. These active constituents offer medicinal and pharmacological importance as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, etc. All plant parts of karonda are used traditionally as medicine to cure various diseases including pruritus, leprosy, myopathic spasms, nerve diseases, anorexia, headache, chest complaints, rheumatism, edema, gonorrhea, syphilis, rabies, etc. Karonda is commercially propagated by seed but the germination percentage is the low and late bearer. Vegetative methods like stem cuttings, air-layering, and stooling are presently encouraged for mass multiplication of quality planting materials.
A large number of minor and wild fruit species have originated in Indian subcontinent. Many of these fruits or their
plants parts have been used in folk, Ayurvedic and Unani medicines since time immemorial. Several fruits were
introduced in India during colonial period. Most of them adapted to climatic conditions of India but remains minor
crops .These fruits also have several medicinal properties and were used by the native people of their respective
origin of centres. Some the fruits such as bael, aonla, jamun, tamarind, karonda, wood apple, kokum etc were
known for their use in Indian pharmacopeia. The exotic fruits such as sour sop, rambutan, mangosteen, avocado,
water apple, durian, passion fruit, carambola etc. have been reported for their different medicinal importance.
These fruits contain several chemical ingredients such flavonoids, quinolizidine, alkaloids, tritepenes, stilbenes,
tannins, steroids, coumarin, saponins, triterpenoids, glycosides, taraxerone, cryptoxanthin, taraxerol, etc. These
exhibited varied biological effects like anti-inflammatory, analgesic, ant diabetic, antipyretic, antioxidant,
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective, anticancerous. In recent years the global focus is shifting towards the plant
based medicines and there is lot of research is being done on these fruits. Thus an attempt has been made in this
article to compile the information available in the minor fruits.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. (Elaeagnaceae) is a subtropical shrub mainly native to India, Vietnam, Malaysia and South China, whose various parts are used for treatment of diabetes, gastric ulcers, pain, oxidative stress and pulmonary disorders. Though the other parts of the plant have been reported for their ethnic use i.e. fruits as astringent locally and for cancer systemically, leaves for body pain and flowers for pain in chest and the seeds are mentioned as edible, there is no report per se on the medicinal use of seeds. Based on the fact that seeds of closely resembling species i.e. Elaeagnus rhamnoides has demonstrated significant anti-gastroulcerative property, the probability of the seeds of E. conferta possessing similar activity seemed quite significant.
Aim of the study:
Phytochemical investigation and assessment of pharmacological mechanism(s) involved in anti-ulcer effect of methanolic extract of the seeds of E. conferta.
Materials and methods:
Bioactive phytoconstituents were isolated by column chromatography. These were identified by spectroscopic techniques including infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. Methanolic extract (MEC) of the seeds was prepared by cold maceration and its anti-ulcerogenic potential was evaluated using indomethacin (50 mg/Kg) and water immersion stress models in male rats. The animals were pre-treated with different doses of MEC (400 and 800 mg/Kg) and the therapeutic effect was compared with standard drug i.e. ranitidine (RANT; 50 mg/Kg). The ameliorative effects of MEC were investigated on gastric juice pH, total acidity, free acidity and ulcer index. The assays of malionaldehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and pro-inflammatory cytokines i.e. interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were carried out to find out the possible mechanism(s) of protection. Further, histopathological changes were also studied.
Results:
Chromatography studies and further confirmation by spectroscopic techniques revealed the presence of four different compounds in MEC i.e oleic acid (1), stearic acid (2), ascorbic acid (3) and quercetin (4). MEC exhibited anti-ulcerogenic effect in dose dependent manner which may be attributed to suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and MDA (112.7%), and up-regulation of protective factors such as CAT (90.48%), SOD (92.77%) and GSH (90.01%). Ulcer inhibition, reduction in total and free acidity and increase in gastric juice pH were observed in MEC treated rats as compared to disease control animals. Histopathological findings confirmed decreased cell infiltration, less epithelial cell damage and regeneration of gastric mucosa in dose dependent manner.
Conclusions:
The anti-ulcer effect of MEC may be attributed to its ability to scavenge free radicals and anti-inflammatory property via suppression of TNF-α and IL-6, thus offers a complete and holistic approach for management of peptic ulcer.
The present review article, explain the use of plant latexes and other plant natural products for control of termites. Termites are polyphagous, highly destructive pests which cause significant loss to agricultural crops, food, fibres, wood materials and other house hold materials. However, for termite control different synthetic highly toxic chemical insecticides were used. But these toxic chemicals were proven very harmful to microbiota of soil, invertebrates and vertebrates. Besides targeting insects, these synthetic chemicals also kill non-targeted organisms. These toxic chemicals enter into the food chains and imposing adverse effects on various organisms. These chemicals after metabolism move further inside biological system and show bio-accumulation. These persist for a much larger time in the form of bound residues which were proved harmful to parental components. Termite control by plant lattices is eco-friendly and environmentally safe. Latexes are secreted by many flowering plant families. In this article, the latex and other plant natural products have been suggested for termite control. They inhibit metabolism in termites and kill them due to anti-feedant, repellent and toxic action. This article also explains cultural, behavioral, microbial, genetical and biological control of termites to to cut down termite menace in an eco-friendly manner. This article also suggests production of plant based natural formulations for termite control to save the ecosystem and its biotic components.
Family Elaeagnaceae is also known as oleaster family having three genera: Hippophae, Shepherdia and Elaeagnus, and about 70–80 species found worldwide. The multipurpose uses of genus Elaeagnus, their pharmacological significances and diverse chemical composition make them worthy of investigation and exploration for botanists and phytochemists. This critical review summarizes the botanical distribution, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of various species of genus Elaeagnus. The online published material/papers available at different search engines were studied to compile this review. The existing literature available on search engines like Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, Elsevier, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, ACS publications, Google Scholar and Wiley On-line Library, was screened to collect relevant data. Elaeagnus species are widely used to treat a number of health issues due to their God gifted phytochemical compositions having great beneficial health applications. Phytochemical and biological evaluation studies have revealed the presence of essential chemical constituents like flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, terpenoids, lignanoids, organic acids, coumarins, alkaloids, steroids, vitamin C, lycopene, and polyphenols in Elaeagnus species that are responsible for their remarkable observed biological activities like antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, muscle relaxant effect, anti-diarrheal, antinociceptive, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-amnesic activities. This review presents the importance of some species of genus Elaeagnus in terms of their traditional medicinal uses, phytochemical composition as well as potential pharmacological properties. However, bio-guided isolation studies are needed to understand the role of a particular compound in the observed biological activities.
Seed germination is a fundamental process involving series of biochemical changes contributing to successful growth and development of new plant. Changes in the content observed during germination reflect developmental stages. Analyses of their behavior and profiles could provide insights into different strategies for regulating metabolism. In present study, seeds of A. hypochondriacus were germinated at controlled conditions and were used for estimation of total proteins and free amino acids. The estimation of amino acids was done at different time intervals throughout germination using LC MS/MS technique. The trends observed in content of individual free amino acids showed essential amino acid share a similar pattern of metabolism indicating coordinated regulation of amino acid pathways.
There is a clear trend towards increasing consumption of juices as they can reduce imbalance of redox potential and provide necessary health benefits to consumers. Levels of karwanda (Carissa congesta Wight) and vegetable juices were varied to prepare nine different formulations of ash gourd-karwanda (AgK) and bottle gourd-karwanda blends (BgK) of higher nutritive, sensory qualities and storability. Total polyphenols (TP), antioxidant activity (AOA), total soluble solids and acidity were increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with addition of karwanda. AgK blend (35:35) and BgK blend (35:30) were selected based on their higher overall acceptability, TP and AOA. AgK blends had higher α-amylase (31%) while BgK blends had higher α-glucosidase (43%) inhibitory activities. Concentration of TP and anthocyanins decreased significantly (p < 0.05), AOA remained unchanged and anti-inflammatory activities decreased (33–38%) in AgK and BgK blends during accelerated storage at 50 °C for 12 days. Addition of sugar in BgK blend decreased stability of TP (11%), flavonoids (31%) and anthocyanins (8%). During in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, TP, flavonoids and anthocyanins reduction rate was significantly higher for BgK blend with sugar.
Carissa L. is a genus of the family Apocynaceae, with about 36 species as evergreen shrubs or small trees native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia and Oceania. Most of Carissa plants have been employed and utilized in traditional medicine for various ailments, such as headache, chest complains, rheumatism, oedema, gonorrhoea, syphilis, rabies. So far, only nine Carissa species have been phytochemically studied, which led to the identification of 123 compounds including terpenes, flavonoids, lignans, sterols, simple phenolic compounds, fatty acids and esters, and so on. Pharmacological studies on Carissa species have also indicated various bioactive potentials. This review covers the peer-reviewed articles between 1954 and 2016, retrieved from Pubmed, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Wikipedia and Baidu, using “Carissa” as search term (“all fields”) and with no specific time frame set for search. Fifteen important medicinal or ornamental Carissa species were selected and summarized on their botanical characteristics, geographical distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities.
Shrubs belonging to Carissa genus (Apocyanaceae family) are potential sources of food and medicine, yet they have an obscure status and rarely been exploited. Since antiquity, the stem, root bark, leaves, fruit and seed extracts have been used in folk medication. Now, the emerging scientific investigations are validating the ethno-medicinal uses of this genus. Bioactive compounds ranging from polyphenolics, flavonoids, flavanones and lignans to sesquiterpenes have been isolated from them. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, wound healing, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiepileptic, anticancer, diuretic, nephrotoxicity amelioration and hepatoprotective activities. This chapter summarizes the recent findings for promoting the nutraceutical applications of this genus.
Haskap berries (Lonicera caerulea L.) are known for their high phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant potential. The data on the phenolic profile of these fruits are lacking. In this study, the phenolic profiles of three haskap varieties; Tundra, Berry Blue and Indigo Gem grown in Nova Scotia, Canada were investigated for the first time using spectrophotometery and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Berries were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC)/total reducing capacity (TRC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant potential (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; DPPH radical scavenging activity). The TRC, TAC and DPPH values were 6.17-8.42 mg gallic acid equivalents/gram fresh weight (FW), 4.49-6.97 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents/ gram FW, and 78.70-89.55%, respectively. The extracts were analyzed by reversed-phase DAD-HPLC through a gradient elution using Synergi 4 µm Max-RP C12 column and the chromatograms were acquired at 520, 360 and 320 nm for athocyanins, flavonoids and free phenolic acids, respectively. The identified anthocyanins were cyanidin-3-glucoside (82.81-91.99% of the total anthocyanins), cyanidin 3,5-di-glucoside (2.31-4.27 %), cyanidin-3-rutinoside (1.54-9.20%), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (0.75-3.44 %), and pelargonidin-3-glucoside (0.77-2.98%). Other flavonoids (quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside and quercetin-3-rutinoside) and free phenolic acids (chlorogenic and neochlorogenic) were also quantified.
The antioxidant capacity of natural products has been measured by a variety of methods and is determined by several factors and thus it should be mentioned which factor is being measured by the method employed. There is no universal method that can measure the antioxidant capacity very accurately and quantitatively because the antioxidant activity estimation is highly affected by the ROS or RNS employed in the assay, even though the chemical structure of the selected antioxidant molecule primarily determines its antioxidant capacity. It is thus important to employ multiple antioxidant assays to characterize the nature of the selected antioxidant preparation. This chapter reviews the different antioxidant capacity assays that have been employed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of natural compounds in foods, botanicals, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, and biological fluids. The important advantages and shortcomings of each method are also highlighted.
Coriander is a strongly aromatic, erect, herbaceous annual herb with strong antioxidant activity and this antioxidant activity correlated well with the phenolic compounds. This chapter describes the botany, history, producing regions, flavor and aroma, parts used, and active constituents. The chapter also highlights the uses of coriander in different recipes around the world. Coriander has been reported to have antibacterial, spasmolytic, stomachic, carminative, antimicrobial, antifungal, cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Finally the medicinal uses, functional properties, and antioxidant properties of coriander are discussed in great detail.
The work is an attempt at a model presentation, using a new multi-criteria mathematical method called the analytical hierarchy process, of polyphenol supply to human organisms from fruit and vegetables. On this basis, plant raw materials which supply polyphenols to the organism to the greatest extent and thus contribute to an improvement in health state of people in Poland were identified.
The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of some citrus fruits. The contents of dietary fibre, total polyphenols, essential phenolics, ascorbic acid and some trace elements of lemons, oranges and grapefruits were determined and compared with their total radical-trapping antioxidative potential (TRAP). There were no significant differences in the contents of total, soluble and insoluble dietary fibre in the studied peeled fruits or their peels. The contents of total, soluble and insoluble dietary fibre in peels were significantly higher than in peeled fruits (P< 0.05 in all cases). The peeled lemons, oranges and grapefruits contain 164±10.3; 154±10.2 and 135±10.1 and their peels 190±10.6; 179±10.5 and 155±10.3 mg/100 g of total polyphenols, respectively. The content of total polyphenols in peeled lemons and their peels was significantly higher than in peeled oranges and grapefruits and their peels, respectively. The content of total polyphenols in the peels was significantly higher than in peeled fruits (P< 0.05 in all cases). The same results were obtained in the investigation of essential phenolics and ascorbic acid. The content of Fe in peeled lemons and their peels was significantly higher than in peeled oranges and grapefruits and their peels, respectively. Also the TRAP was significantly higher in peeled lemons and their peels than in peeled oranges and grapefruits and their peels, respectively. In all three fruits, the TRAP was significantly higher in peels than in peeled fruits (P< 0.05). In conclusion, lemons possess the highest antioxidant potential among the studied citrus fruits and are preferable for dietary prevention of cardiovascular and other diseases. The peels of all citrus fruits are rich in dietary fibres and phenolic compounds and suitable for industrial processing.
Antioxidant flavonols and their major food source, black tea, have been associated with a lower risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke in Dutch men. We investigated whether flavonol intake predicted a lower rate of IHD in 1900 Welsh men aged 45-59 y, who were followed up for 14 y. Flavonol intake, mainly from tea to which milk is customarily added, was not related to IHD incidence [relative risk (RR), highest compared with lowest quartile: 1.0; 95% CI: 0.6, 1.6; P for trend = 0.996; n = 186] but was weakly positively related to IHD mortality (RR: 1.6; 95% CI: 0.9, 2.9; P = 0.119; n = 131) and cancer mortality (RR: 1.3; 95% CI: 0.7, 2.3; P = 0.150; n = 104) and strongly related to total mortality (RR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.0; P = 0.014; n = 334). Men with the highest consumption of tea (> 1.2 L, or > 8 cups/d) had an RR of 2.4 (95% CI: 1.5, 3.9) of dying in the follow-up period compared with men consuming < 300 mL/d (< 2 cups/d). We conclude that intake of antioxidant flavonols is not inversely associated with IHD risk in the United Kingdom. Possibly, flavonols from tea to which milk is added are not absorbed; experimental evidence suggests that adding milk to tea abolishes the plasma antioxidant-raising capacity of tea. The apparent association between tea consumption and increased mortality in this population merits further investigation.
The antioxidant activity of pomegranate juices was evaluated by four different methods (ABTS, DPPH, DMPD, and FRAP) and compared to those of red wine and a green tea infusion. Commercial pomegranate juices showed an antioxidant activity (18-20 TEAC) three times higher than those of red wine and green tea (6-8 TEAC). The activity was higher in commercial juices extracted from whole pomegranates than in experimental juices obtained from the arils only (12-14 TEAC). HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS analyses of the juices revealed that commercial juices contained the pomegranate tannin punicalagin (1500-1900 mg/L) while only traces of this compound were detected in the experimental juice obtained from arils in the laboratory. This shows that pomegranate industrial processing extracts some of the hydrolyzable tannins present in the fruit rind. This could account for the higher antioxidant activity of commercial juices compared to the experimental ones. In addition, anthocyanins, ellagic acid derivatives, and hydrolyzable tannins were detected and quantified in the pomegranate juices.
The free and bound phenols have been measured in 20 fruits commonly consumed in the American diet. Phenols were measured colorimetrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent with catechin as the standard after correction for ascorbic acid contribution. On a fresh weight basis, cranberry had the highest total phenols, and was distantly followed by red grape. Free and total phenol quality in the fruits was analyzed by using the inhibition of lower density lipoprotein oxidation promoted by cupric ion. Ascorbate had only a minor contribution to the antioxidants in fruits with the exception of melon, nectarine, orange, white grape, and strawberry. The fruit extracts' antioxidant quality was better than the vitamin antioxidants and most pure phenols, suggesting synergism among the antioxidants in the mixture. Using our assay, fruits had significantly better quantity and quality of phenol antioxidants than vegetables. Fruits, specifically apples and cranberries, have phenol antioxidants that can enrich lower density lipoproteins and protect them from oxidation. The average per capita consumption of fruit phenols in the U.S. is estimated to be 255 mg/day of catechin equivalents.
Some mineral elements in the leaves, peel (periderm) and the tuber (edible portion) of seven cassava cultivars were determined using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The cassava specimens were made up of three improved cultivars; namely, TMS 30572, (Afisiafi). TMS 50395 (Gblomaduade) and TMS 4 (2) 1425 (Abasa fitaa). The others are a locally produced mutant "Tek bankye" and two landraces "Ankrah" and "Akosua tumtum". A total of 10 elements (Al, Ca. Mg, V. Mn, Na, Br, Cl, Zn, and K) were identified in all the cultivars studied. The tuber portion contained 10 elements while the leaves and the peel contained 8 and 9 elements, respectively. Five of the elements identified (Ca, Na, V, Mg, and Cl) are classified as major elements in human nutrition while three (Mn, V, and Zn) are trace elements. The major elements were detected in high concentration in the peel of most of the cultivars than the edible tuber or leaves. Al was found in very high concentrations ranging from 643.6 to 12610.0 mg/kg in the peel except in "Akosua tumtum" where its concentration was below 100 mg/kg. The concentration of Ca and Mg meets the recommendations made by Subcommittee on Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). The presence of five major and three trace elements in the tuber indicates that cassava has a rich mineral source which makes it safe for human consumption.
Mineral elements, vitamin C and pesticides of frozen strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) grown in Finland were studied. ‘Senga Sengana’, ‘Jonsok’, ‘Korona’, ‘Polka’, ‘Honeoye’ and ‘Bounty’ were cultivated applying normal farming practices and harvested analogously in 1997 and 1998. Organically cultivated ‘Polka’, ‘Jonsok’ and ‘Honeoye’ were also analysed. The variation of components in the ‘Senga Sengana’ fruit of two domestic and two imported origins was investigated. Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer applying the flame technique, Cd and Pb applying the graphite furnace technique. Vitamin C was measured by using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The average concentration of vitamin C ranged from 32.4mg/100g to 84.7mg/100g. Strawberries were found to be a good source of potassium (1.55–2.53g/kg), magnesium (0.11–0.23g/kg) and calcium (0.16–0.29g/kg). The lead content was in general below its detection limit (0.004mg/kg). The cadmium level in the Finnish berries was lower than 0.016mg/kg. In all samples levels of pesticides were below their maximum residue limits. In general, genotype and origin proved to have a greater effect than the cultivation techniques on parameter levels.
Vitamin C is used as a dietary supplement because of its antioxidant activity,
although a high dose (500 mg) may act as a pro-oxidant in the body1, 2.
Here we show that 100 g of fresh apples has an antioxidant activity equivalent
to 1,500 mg of vitamin C, and that whole-apple extracts inhibit the growth
of colon- and liver- cancer cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner.
Our results indicate that natural antioxidants from fresh fruit could be more
effective than a dietary supplement.
Study of different medicinally valued seeds of Nelumbo nucifera, Embelia ribes, Eugenia jambolana and leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus showed Cr, K, Ca, Cu, Zn and Mn to be sufficient in seeds of N. nucifera which also have good nutritive value and are quite rich in carbohydrates accompanied by enough protein, but are low in fat. E. ribes seeds have even a higher nutritive value with high carbohydrate, enough mineral elements but low protein. Rich in Mg and moderate in protein, the E. jambolana seeds have a moderate nutritive value. A. heterophyllus leaves are not rich in desired mineral elements except Na, and have a low nutrition value. However, on a dry matter basis they too have a high nutritive value and are used as fodder for livestock.
The antioxidant activity of pomegranate juices was evaluated by four different methods (ABTS, DPPH, DMPD, and FRAP) and compared to those of red wine and a green tea infusion. Commercial pomegranate juices showed an antioxidant activity (18−20 TEAC) three times higher than those of red wine and green tea (6−8 TEAC). The activity was higher in commercial juices extracted from whole pomegranates than in experimental juices obtained from the arils only (12−14 TEAC). HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS analyses of the juices revealed that commercial juices contained the pomegranate tannin punicalagin (1500−1900 mg/L) while only traces of this compound were detected in the experimental juice obtained from arils in the laboratory. This shows that pomegranate industrial processing extracts some of the hydrolyzable tannins present in the fruit rind. This could account for the higher antioxidant activity of commercial juices compared to the experimental ones. In addition, anthocyanins, ellagic acid derivatives, and hydrolyzable tannins were detected and quantified in the pomegranate juices. Keywords: Pomegranate; Punica granatum; Punicaceae; juice; phenolics; anthocyanins; ellagic acid; punicalagin; tannins; antioxidant activity; ABTS; DPPH; DMPD; FRAP
Rochelle salt, normally present in the dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for reducing sugar, interferes with the protective action of the sulfite, but is essential to color stability. The difficulty may be resolved either by eliminating Rochelle salt from the reagent and adding it to the mixture of reducing sugar and reagent after the color is developed, or by adding known amounts of glucose to the samples of reducing sugar to compensate for the losses sustained in the presence of the Rochelle salt. The optimal composition of a modified dinitrosalicylic acid reagent is given.
The sugar and acid compositions of six strawberry (Fragaria2ananassa Duch.) varieties from 1997 and 1998, grown in different conditions, 26 samples in all, were investigated by GC as trimethylsilyl derivatives. The major sugars were glucose (1.89-4.52 g/100 ml), fructose (2.14-4.14 g/100 ml) and sucrose (0.90-3.87 g/100 ml), the major acids being citric (0.73-1.58 g/100 ml) and malic (0.22-0.69 g/100 ml). Total sugar content (glucose+fructose+sucrose) varied from 5.35 g/100 ml to 10.96 g/100 ml in accordance with soluble solids (Brix). The correlation between them showed a linear regression y=0.873x-0.420, the percentage of determination of the regression model being 82.1%. Among one variety only, 'Senga Sengana', the percentage of the model was 86.9%. No significant differences were found between the strawberries from conventional versus those from organic farms. Contents of sugars and soluble solids were lower in varieties 'Jonsok' and 'Honeoye' than in 'Korona', 'Bounty' and 'Polka'. The concentrations of malic acid were significantly higher in Senga Sengana, Jonsok and Bounty than in other varieties.
Phenolic antioxidants seem to be partly responsible for the protective effects against cardiovascular diseases attributed to moderate wine consumption. Grape skins greatly contribute to the phenolic composition of red wine. In this paper, the in vitro antioxidant activity of red grape (Vitis vinifera) skins is determined. We show that the radical scavenging activity (C
50 values) against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of grape skin extracts is relatively high (3.2–11.1mg dried skin/mg DPPH) in relation to other foodstuffs and, as expected, is influenced by grape variety, stage of grape ripening and vintage. The antioxidant potential of grape skins seems to be transferred into wine since grape varieties with skins exhibiting high antioxidant potential also resulted in wines with high antioxidant activity. Statistically significant correlations were found between antioxidant activity and phenolic content (total polyphenols, proanthocyanins, catechins and anthocyanins) for both grape skins and wines.
The antiradical activities of various antioxidants were determined using the free radical, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*). In its radical form. DPPH* has an absorption band at 515 nm which dissappears upon reduction by an antiradical compound. Twenty compounds were reacted with the DPPH* and shown to follow one of three possible reaction kinetic types. Ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid and isoeugenol reacted quickly with the DPPH* reaching a steady state immediately. Rosmarinic acid and δ-tocopherol reacted a little slower and reached a steady state within 30 min. The remaining compounds reacted more progressively with the DPPH* reaching a steady state from 1 to 6 h. Caffeic acid, gentisic acid and gallic acid showed the highest antiradical activities with a stoichiometry of 4 to 6 reduced DPPH* molecules per molecule of antioxidant. Vanillin, phenol, γ-resorcylic acid and vanillic acid were found to be poor antiradical compounds. The stoichiometry for the other 13 phenolic compounds varied from one to three reduced DPPH* molecules per molecule of antioxidant. Possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the experimental results.
In the present study, the lycopene content of several foods and the intake of lycopene in two Hungarian population groups were estimated. Lycopene content ranged in fresh tomato from 0.85 mg/100 g to 13.6 mg/100 g. Products used as sauces had moderate lycopene levels ranging from 9.3 to 18.0 mg/100 g. Condiments like ketchup and barbecue sauce had moderate to high levels of lycopene (1.9-26.2 mg/100 g). Instant foods containing tomato powder had the highest lycopene levels ranging from 5.6 to 35.9 mg/100 g. The lycopene intake was estimated in two groups of the Hungarian population. In the first group there were 521 children aged 12-15 years, and in the second one there were 204 healthy adults aged 25-60 years. Daily lycopene intake was 2.99 ± 4.71 mg/capita and 4.26 ± 8.45 mg/capita in children and adults, respectively. As a consequence of the known unhealthy eating habits of the Hungarian population the estimated intake is less than that published in developed countries.
A new approach to the error sources in the spectrophotometric determination of total phenols in foods has been performed. The choice of the suitable phenolic standard and the influence of sugars and proteins as interfering compounds were carefully studied. The results obtained by the spectrophotometric method were compared with those found from the chromatographic method which was taken as reference method because it was free of interferences. The spectrophotometric method overestimates the phenolic content except in some fruit samples with a high polyphenolic content. Sugars did not show interference whereas protein showed a high influence on the total phenols at the concentration ranges found in the extracts. In green bean samples both methods gave the same total phenols when the interference was masked. This fact could constitute an useful way to find the real content of phenolics in foods.
Vitamin C content was determined in fruits and berries consumed in Finland during 1987-1989 and 1992-1993. Vitamin C contents in fresh blackcurrants averaged 137 ± 16.6 mg/100g fresh weight (N = 28) and fresh strawberries contained 60 ± 3.6mg/100g fresh weight (N = 46). Vitamin C contents in different strawberry varieties grown in 1992 ranged from 56 to 99mg/100g fresh weight. Vitamin C contents in berries varied during different years. Frozen storage destroyed about 28% of the vitamin C contents in blackcurrants and 34% in strawberries.
Flavonoid content of mulberry leaves of 19 varieties of species, determined spectrophotometrically in terms of rutin equivalent, varied from 11.7 to 26.6 mg g−1 in spring leaves and 9.84 to 29.6 mg g−1 in autumn leaves. Fresh leaves gave more extract than air-dried or oven-dried ones. HPLC showed that mulberry leaves contain at least four flavonoids, two of which are rutin and quercetin. The percentage superoxide ion scavenged by extracts of mulberry leaves, mulberry tender leaves, mulberry branches and mulberry bark were 46.5, 55.5, 67.5 and 85·5%, respectively, at a concentration of 5 μg ml−1. The scavenging effects of most mulberry extracts were greater than those of rutin (52.0%).
The knowledge of dietary intake of polyphenols and their bioaccessibility in the human gut are key factors in assessing their significance in human health. The aim of this work was to estimate the amount of total polyphenols consumed in a whole diet (Spanish Mediterranean diet) and their intestinal bioaccessibility. Total polyphenols were determined, as the sum of the polyphenols present in methanol:acetone:water extracts (extractable polyphenols) of plant foods and condensed tannins and hydrolysable polyphenols (non-extractable polyphenols) in the corresponding residues. The polyphenols intestinal bioaccessibility was estimated by an in vitro gastrointestinal model where food polyphenols are released by enzyme digestion and colonic fermentation. The mean daily intake of polyphenols in the Spanish diet was estimated between 2590 and 3016 mg/person/day. The amount of non-extractable polyphenols was almost double that of extractable polyphenols. It was estimated that about 48% of dietary polyphenols are bioaccessible in the small intestine, while 42% become bioaccessible in the large intestine.
Simple sugars, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and their derivatives, including the methyl ethers with free or potentially free reducing groups, give an orange-yellow color when treated with phenol and concentrated sulfuric acid. The reaction is sensitive and the color is stable. By use of this phenol-sulfuric acid reaction, a method has been developed to determine submicro amounts of sugars and related substances. In conjunction with paper partition chromatography the method is useful for the determination of the composition of polysaccharides and their methyl derivatives.
The total antioxidant activity of 12 fruits and 5 commercial fruit juices was measured in this study using automated oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. On the basis of the wet weight of the fruits (edible portion), strawberry had the highest ORAC activity (micromoles of Trolox equivalents per gram) followed by plum, orange, red grape, kiwi fruit, pink grapefruit, white grape, banana, apple, tomato, pear, and honeydew melon. On the basis of the dry weight of the fruits, strawberry again had the highest ORAC activity followed by plum, orange, pink grapefruit, tomato, kiwi fruit, red grape, white grape, apple, honeydew melon, pear, and banana. Most of the antioxidant capacity of these fruits was from the juice fractions. The contribution of the fruit pulp fraction (extracted with acetone) to the total ORAC activity of a fruit was usually less than 10%. Among the commercial fruit juices, grape juice had the highest ORAC activity followed by grapefruit juice, tomato juice, orange juice, and apple juice.
Metabolism, like other aspects of life, involves tradeoffs. Oxidant by-products of normal metabolism cause extensive damage to DNA, protein, and lipid. We argue that this damage (the same as that produced by radiation) is a major contributor to aging and to degenerative diseases of aging such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune-system decline, brain dysfunction, and cataracts. Antioxidant defenses against this damage include ascorbate, tocopherol, and carotenoids. Dietary fruits and vegetables are the principal source of ascorbate and carotenoids and are one source of tocopherol. Low dietary intake of fruits and vegetables doubles the risk of most types of cancer as compared to high intake and also markedly increases the risk of heart disease and cataracts. Since only 9% of Americans eat the recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables per day, the opportunity for improving health by improving diet is great.
A relatively simple but sensitive and reliable method of quantitating the oxygen-radical absorbing capacity (ORAC) of antioxidants in serum using a few microliter is described. In this assay system, beta-phycoerythrin (beta-PE) is used as an indicator protein, 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) as a peroxyl radical generator, and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox, a water-soluble vitamin E analogue) as a control standard. Results are expressed as ORAC units, where 1 ORAC unit equals the net protection produced by 1 microM Trolox. The uniqueness of this assay is that total antioxidant capacity of a sample is estimated by taking the oxidation reaction to completion. At this point all of the nonprotein antioxidants (which include alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, beta-carotene, uric acid, and bilirubin) and most of the albumin in the sample are oxidized by the peroxyl radical. Results are quantified by measuring the protection produced by antioxidants. This solves many problems associated with kinetics or lag-time measurements. A linear correlation of ORAC value with concentration of serum. Trolox, vitamin C, uric acid, and bovine albumin is demonstrated. The coefficient of variation within a run is found to be about 2% and from run to run about 5%. Trolox, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, beta-carotene, uric acid, and bilirubin completely protect beta-PE from oxidation, while bovine albumin protects beta-PE only partially. On a molar basis, the relative peroxyl radical absorbance capacity of Trolox, alpha-tocopherol acid succinate, uric acid, bilirubin, and vitamin C is 1:1:0.92:0.84:0.52. Bovine albumin per unit weight has a lower peroxyl absorbing capacity than these antioxidants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cancer‐protective factors are present in several fruits, vegetables and commonly used spices and herbs. They can be divided into several different groups, based on their chemical structure, e.g. polyphenols, thiols, carotenoids and retinoids, carbohydrates, trace metals, terpenes, tocopherols and degradation products of glucosinolates (i.e. isothiocyanates, indoles and dithiothiols) and others. Among each of these groups of compounds are substances, which may exert their cancer‐protective action by more than one biochemical mechanism.
The biochemical processes of carcinogenesis are still not known in detail and probably varies with the cancer disease in question. Accordingly, the description of the biochemical backgrounds for the actions of cancer‐protective factors must be based on a simplified model of the process of carcinogenesis. The model used in this presentation is a generalised initiation‐promotion‐conversion model, in which initiators are thought to be directly or indirectly genotoxic, promoters are visualised as substances capable of inferring a growth advantage on initiated cells and converters are believed to be genotoxic, e.g. mutagens, clastogens, recombinogens or the like.
Experimental evidence for the mechanisms of action of cancer‐protective agents in fruits and vegetables that protect against initiation include the scavenging effects of polyphenols on activated mutagens and carcinogens, the quenching of singlet oxygen and radicals by carotenoids, the antioxidant effects of many compounds including ascorbic acid and polyphenols, the inhibition of activating enzymes by some flavonols and tannins, the induction of oxidation‐and of conjugation (protective) enzymes by indoles, isothiocyanates and dithiothiones, the shielding of sensitive structures by some polyphenols and the stimulation of DNA‐repair exerted by sulphur‐containing compounds.
Mechanisms at the biochemical level in anti‐promotion include the antioxidant effects of carotenoids and the membrane stabilizing effects reported with polyphenols, the inhibition of proteases caused by compounds from soybeans, the stimulation of immune responses seen with carotenoids and ascorbic acid and the inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase by polyphenols and carotenoids.
A few inhibitors of conversion have been identified experimentally, and it can be argued on a theoretical basis, that many inhibitors of initiation should also be efficient against conversion.
The mechanisms of anticarcinogenic substances in fruits and vegetables are discussed in the light of cancer prevention and inhibition.
To study the association between dietary intake of flavonoids and subsequent coronary mortality.
A cohort study based on data collected at the Finnish mobile clinic health examination survey from 1967-72 and followed up until 1992.
30 communities from different parts of Finland.
5133 Finnish men and women aged 30-69 years and free from heart disease at baseline.
Dietary intake of flavonoids, total mortality, and coronary mortality.
In women a significant inverse gradient was observed between dietary intake of flavonoids and total and coronary mortality. The relative risks between highest and lowest quarters of flavonoid intake adjusted for age, smoking, serum cholesterol concentration, blood pressure, and body mass index were 0.69 (95% confidence interval 0.53 to 0.90) and 0.54 (0.33 to 0.87) for total and coronary mortality, respectively. The corresponding values for men were 0.76 (0.63 to 0.93) and 0.78 (0.56 to 1.08), respectively. Adjustment for intake of antioxidant vitamins and fatty acids weakened the associations for women; the relative risks for coronary heart disease were 0.73 (0.41 to 1.32) and 0.67 (0.44 to 1.00) in women and men, respectively. Intakes of onions and apples, the main dietary sources of flavonoids, presented similar associations. The relative risks for coronary mortality between highest and lowest quarters of apple intake were 0.57 (0.36 to 0.91) and 0.81 (0.61 to 1.09) for women and men, respectively. The corresponding values for onions were 0.50 (0.30 to 0.82) and 0.74 (0.53 to 1.02), respectively.
The results suggest that people with very low intakes of flavonoids have higher risks of coronary disease.
A simple, automated test measuring the ferric reducing ability of plasma, the FRAP assay, is presented as a novel method for assessing "antioxidant power." Ferric to ferrous ion reduction at low pH causes a colored ferrous-tripyridyltriazine complex to form. FRAP values are obtained by comparing the absorbance change at 593 nm in test reaction mixtures with those containing ferrous ions in known concentration. Absorbance changes are linear over a wide concentration range with antioxidant mixtures, including plasma, and with solutions containing one antioxidant in purified form. There is no apparent interaction between antioxidants. Measured stoichiometric factors of Trolox, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and uric acid are all 2.0; that of bilirubin is 4.0. Activity of albumin is very low. Within- and between-run CVs are <1.0 and <3.0%, respectively, at 100-1000 micromol/liter. FRAP values of fresh plasma of healthy Chinese adults: 612-1634 micromol/liter (mean, 1017; SD, 206; n = 141). The FRAP assay is inexpensive, reagents are simple to prepare, results are highly reproducible, and the procedure is straightforward and speedy. The FRAP assay offers a putative index of antioxidant, or reducing, potential of biological fluids within the technological reach of every laboratory and researcher interested in oxidative stress and its effects.
Flavonols and flavones are subgroups of flavonoids and are found in tea, vegetables, fruits, and red wine. Because they have antioxidant properties, we investigated whether intake of these dietary compounds is associated with a lower risk for fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease.
Prospective cohort study.
United States.
34,789 male health professionals, 40 to 75 years of age, who responded to a questionnaire in 1986.
In 1986 and 1990, detailed, 131-item questionnaires were used to assess dietary intake of flavonols and flavones.
Between 1986 and 1992, 496 patients received a new diagnosis of nonfatal myocardial infarction. The relative risk for nonfatal myocardial infarction was 1.08 (95% Cl, 0.81 to 1.43) for the highest (median, 40.0 mg/d) compared with the lowest (median, 7.1 mg/d) quintiles for intake of flavonols and flavones after adjustment for age, obesity, smoking, intake of vitamin E, intake of alcohol, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and family history of coronary heart disease. Among the 4814 men who reported that they had previously had coronary heart disease, we found a modest but nonsignificant inverse association between intake of flavonols and flavones and subsequent coronary mortality rates (relative risk, 0.63 [Cl, 0.33 to 1.20] for the highest compared with the lowest quintile for intake of flavonoids).
The data do not support a strong inverse association between intake of flavonoids and total coronary heart disease, but they do not exclude the possibility that flavonoids have a protective effect in men with established coronary heart disease.
We examined the relationship between intakes of specific foods--namely, meats, vegetables, and fruits--with levels of oxidative DNA damage in women consuming their own usual diet or a diet low in fat.
Blood was obtained from women who had been assigned randomly to a low-fat or nonintervention diet for 3 to 24 months. Levels of 5-hydroxymethyluracil, a type of oxidative DNA damage, were determined. Diet data were obtained from 3-day food records.
The 21 women were participating in an outpatient clinic. All the women were healthy but had a first-degree relative with breast cancer.
The intervention was a self-selected diet with a goal of 15% of energy from fat.
Existing data on oxidative DNA damage levels were evaluated for possible relationships to foods eaten. Intakes of raw and cooked vegetables were examined separately. Meat intake was examined by type of meat (pork, beef, fish, chicken) and by cooking temperature.
Initial univariate analyses relied on Spearman rank correlations of each food item with DNA damage. Further analyses of the data were performed with univariate and multivariate weighted least squares regression models.
The model that best explained DNA damage levels was a bivariate regression model that included the intake of cooked vegetables and the sum of beef and pork intake. This model accounted for 85% of the variation in DNA damage levels among women. Preliminary results are suggestive of a positive association of DNA damage with beef and pork intake and a negative association with cooked vegetable intake.
These observations, if confirmed in larger studies, suggest specific dietary changes to reduce oxidative DNA damage levels and possibly cancer risk.
The antioxidative activity of a total of 92 phenolic extracts from edible and nonedible plant materials (berries, fruits, vegetables, herbs, cereals, tree materials, plant sprouts, and seeds) was examined by autoxidation of methyl linoleate. The content of total phenolics in the extracts was determined spectrometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and calculated as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Among edible plant materials, remarkable high antioxidant activity and high total phenolic content (GAE > 20 mg/g) were found in berries, especially aronia and crowberry. Apple extracts (two varieties) showed also strong antioxidant activity even though the total phenolic contents were low (GAE < 12.1 mg/g). Among nonedible plant materials, high activities were found in tree materials, especially in willow bark, spruce needles, pine bark and cork, and birch phloem, and in some medicinal plants including heather, bog-rosemary, willow herb, and meadowsweet. In addition, potato peel and beetroot peel extracts showed strong antioxidant effects. To utilize these significant sources of natural antioxidants, further characterization of the phenolic composition is needed.
Different fractions of sea buckthorn fruits were investigated for antioxidant activity and its relationship to different phytonutrients. Capacity to scavenge radicals of the crude extract, like the phenolic and ascorbate extracts, decreased significantly with increased maturation. The changes were strongly correlated with the content of total phenolics and ascorbic acid. Antioxidant capacity of the lipophilic extract increased significantly and corresponded to the increase in total carotenoids. The phenolic fractions made a major contribution to the total antioxidant capacity due to the high content of total phenolics. The lipophilic fractions were most effective if the comparison was based on the ratio between antioxidant capacity and content of antioxidants. The crude extract of fruits showed the highest inhibitory effect in both 2,2-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN) and ascorbate-iron induced lipid peroxidations. The aqueous and ascorbate-free extracts showed higher inhibition in the AMVN assay, but lower inhibition in ascorbate-iron induced peroxidation, than the lipophilic extract.
Male humpbacks modify their sexual displays when exposed to man-made
noise.
The oil content and fatty acid composition of berries from two subspecies of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) were investigated. The berries of subsp. rhamnoides contained a higher proportion of oil in seeds (11.3% vs 7.3%, p < 0.01), berries (3.5% vs 2.1%, p < 0.001), and seedless parts (2.8% vs 1.7%, p < 0.01) than the berries of subsp. sinensis. Linoleic (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acids (18:3n-3) comprised about 70% of seed oil fatty acids. Palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), practically absent in the seed oil, comprised 12.1--39.0% of oil in pulp/peel and 8.9--31.0% of that in the whole berries. More linoleic acid (40.9% vs 39.1%) and less alpha-linolenic acid (26.6% vs 30.6%) was found in the seed oil of subsp. sinensis than in the seed oil of subsp. rhamnoides (p < 0.05). The proportion of palmitoleic acid was higher in the oil of berries of subsp. rhamnoides than the berries of subsp. sinensis (26.0% vs 21.5%, 0.05 < p < 0.1), but was vice versa with alpha-linolenic acid (8.8% vs 11.2%, 0.05 < p < 0.1). The proportions of alpha-linolenic acid correlated inversely with oleic and linoleic acids in the seed oil. In the oil of whole berries, the proportion of palmitoleic acid correlated negatively with the proportions of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids.
Studies were conducted on the flavonoids (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) contents of 62 edible tropical plants. The highest total flavonoids content was in onion leaves (1497.5 mg/kg quercetin, 391.0 mg/kg luteolin, and 832.0 mg/kg kaempferol), followed by Semambu leaves (2041.0 mg/kg), bird chili (1663.0 mg/kg), black tea (1491.0 mg/kg), papaya shoots (1264.0 mg/kg), and guava (1128.5 mg/kg). The major flavonoid in these plant extracts is quercetin, followed by myricetin and kaempferol. Luteolin could be detected only in broccoli (74.5 mg/kg dry weight), green chili (33.0 mg/kg), bird chili (1035.0 mg/kg), onion leaves (391.0 mg/kg), belimbi fruit (202.0 mg/kg), belimbi leaves (464.5 mg/kg), French bean (11.0 mg/kg), carrot (37.5 mg/kg), white radish (9.0 mg/kg), local celery (80.5 mg/kg), limau purut leaves (30.5 mg/kg), and dried asam gelugur (107.5 mg/kg). Apigenin was found only in Chinese cabbage (187.0 mg/kg), bell pepper (272.0 mg/kg), garlic (217.0 mg/kg), belimbi fruit (458.0 mg/kg), French peas (176.0 mg/kg), snake gourd (42.4 mg/kg), guava (579.0 mg/kg), wolfberry leaves (547.0 mg/kg), local celery (338.5 mg/kg), daun turi (39.5 mg/kg), and kadok (34.5 mg/kg). In vegetables, quercetin glycosides predominate, but glycosides of kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin are also present. Fruits contain almost exclusively quercetin glycosides, whereas kaempferol and myricetin glycosides are found only in trace quantities.
Phenolic profiles of a total of 26 berry samples, together with 2 apple samples, were analyzed without hydrolysis of glycosides with HPLC. The phenolic contents among different berry genera varied considerably. Anthocyanins were the main phenolic constituents in bilberry, bog-whortleberry, and cranberry, but in cowberries, belonging also to the family Ericaceae genus Vaccinium, flavanols and procyanidins predominated. In the family Rosaceae genus Rubus (cloudberry and red raspberry), the main phenolics found were ellagitannins, and in genus Fragaria (strawberry), ellagitannins were the second largest group after anthocyanins. However, phenolic acids were dominant in rowanberries (genus Sorbus) and anthocyanins in chokeberry (genus Aronia). In the family Grossulariaceae genus Ribes (currants and gooseberry), anthocyanins predominated, as well as in crowberries (family Empetraceae genus Empetrum). In apples, hydroxycinnamic acids were the main phenolic subgroup. Extraction methods for berries and apples were studied to produce phenolic extracts with high antioxidant activity. Evaluation of antioxidant activity was performed by autoxidazing methyl linoleate (40 degrees C, in the dark). The extraction method affected remarkably both the phenolic composition and the antioxidant activity, but with statistical analysis the observed activity could not be well explained with the contents of individual phenolic subgroups.
Genetic and environmental factors, including diet and life-style, both contribute to cardiovascular disease, cancers, and
other major causes of mortality, but various lines of evidence indicate that environmental factors are most important. Overly
enthusiastic expectations regarding the benefits of genetic research for disease prevention have the potential to distort
research priorities and spending for health. However, integration of new genetic information into epidemiologic studies can
help clarify causal relations between both life-style and genetic factors and risks of disease. Thus, a balanced approach
should provide the best data to make informed choices about the most effective means to prevent disease.
Processed fruits and vegetables have been long considered to have lower nutritional value than their fresh commodities due to the loss of vitamin C during processing. This research group found vitamin C in apples contributed < 0.4% of total antioxidant activity, indicating most of the activity comes from the natural combination of phytochemicals. This suggests that processed fruits and vegetables may retain their antioxidant activity despite the loss of vitamin C. Here it is shown that thermal processing elevated total antioxidant activity and bioaccessible lycopene content in tomatoes and produced no significant changes in the total phenolics and total flavonoids content, although loss of vitamin C was observed. The raw tomato had 0.76 +/- 0.03 micromol of vitamin C/g of tomato. After 2, 15, and 30 min of heating at 88 degrees C, the vitamin C content significantly dropped to 0.68 +/- 0.02, 0.64 +/- 0.01, and 0.54 +/- 0.02 micromol of vitamin C/g of tomato, respectively (p < 0.01). The raw tomato had 2.01 +/- 0.04 mg of trans-lycopene/g of tomato. After 2, 15, and 30 min of heating at 88 degrees C, the trans-lycopene content had increased to 3.11+/- 0.04, 5.45 +/- 0.02, and 5.32 +/- 0.05 mg of trans-lycopene/g of tomato (p < 0.01). The antioxidant activity of raw tomatoes was 4.13 +/- 0.36 micromol of vitamin C equiv/g of tomato. With heat treatment at 88 degrees C for 2, 15, and 30 min, the total antioxidant activity significantly increased to 5.29 +/- 0.26, 5.53 +/- 0.24, and 6.70 +/- 0.25 micromol of vitamin C equiv/g of tomato, respectively (p < 0.01). There were no significant changes in either total phenolics or total flavonoids. These findings indicate thermal processing enhanced the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing the bioaccessible lycopene content and total antioxidant activity and are against the notion that processed fruits and vegetables have lower nutritional value than fresh produce. This information may have a significant impact on consumers' food selection by increasing their consumption of fruits and vegetables to reduce the risks of chronic diseases.
Five types of caneberries [evergreen blackberries (Rubus laciniatus), marionberries (Rubus ursinus), boysenberries (Rubus ursinus x idaeus), red raspberries (Rubus idaeus), and black raspberries (Rubus occidentalis)] were analyzed for antioxidant activity by measuring their oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). In addition, the berries were analyzed for total phenolics, anthocyanins, procyanidins, and ellagic acid content. All of the berries had high ORAC activity ranging from 24 to 77.2 micromol of Trolox equiv/g of fresh berries. Anthocyanin content ranged from 0.65 to 5.89 mg/g, and phenolics ranged from 4.95 to 9.8 mg/g. Black raspberries had the highest ORAC and anthocyanin and phenolic contents. Only red raspberries had detectable amounts of procyanidin oligomers (monomer, dimers, and trimers). All berries had high levels of ellagic acid (47-90 mg/g), but boysenberries had the highest level prior to hydrolysis. The results from this study indicate that these caneberries were high in antioxidant activity and were rich sources of anthocyanins and phenolics.
Specialty sorghums, their brans, and baked and extruded products were analyzed for antioxidant activity using three methods: oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). All sorghum samples were also analyzed for phenolic contents. Both ABTS and DPPH correlated highly with ORAC (R(2) = 0.99 and 0.97, respectively, n = 18). Phenol contents of the sorghums correlated highly with their antioxidant activity measured by the three methods (R(2) >or= 0.96). The ABTS and DPPH methods, which are more cost effective and simpler, were demonstrated to have similar predictive power as ORAC on sorghum antioxidant activity. There is a need to standardize these methods to allow for data comparisons across laboratories.
Since 1922 when Wu proposed the use of the Folin phenol reagent for
the measurement of proteins (l), a number of modified analytical pro-
cedures ut.ilizing this reagent have been reported for the determination
of proteins in serum (2-G), in antigen-antibody precipitates (7-9), and
in insulin (10).
Although the reagent would seem to be recommended by its great sen-
sitivity and the simplicity of procedure possible with its use, it has not
found great favor for general biochemical purposes.
In the belief that this reagent, nevertheless, has considerable merit for
certain application, but that its peculiarities and limitations need to be
understood for its fullest exploitation, it has been studied with regard t.o
effects of variations in pH, time of reaction, and concentration of react-
ants, permissible levels of reagents commonly used in handling proteins,
and interfering subst.ances. Procedures are described for measuring pro-
tein in solution or after precipitation wit,h acids or other agents, and for
the determination of as little as 0.2 y of protein.
Greenhouse-grown tree ripe (TR) and mature green (MG) mangoes (cv. Irwin) were exposed to high electric field treatment before 20 and 30 days of storage at 5 degrees C. MG fruits were allowed to ripen at room temperature after low-temperature storage. Fruit physical quality attributes, ascorbic acid, carotene, quercetin, total phenols, and antioxidant capacity were estimated before and after the storage period. Antioxidant capacity of fruit juice was estimated using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Fruit firmness decreased significantly during storage. Titratable acidity decreased 20 days after storage. Total soluble solids did not change during storage. Antioxidant capacity of fruits remained unchanged up to 20 days of storage period and decreased thereafter. Total phenol and carotenes increased during storage. Antioxidant capacity of fruits was significantly correlated only to ascorbic acids. Peel color and carotenes were higher in TR fruits, whereas titratable acidity and firmness were higher in MG fruits. There was no significant difference in other parameters between the stages of picking. Electric field pretreatment affected the respiration and antioxidant capacity of TR fruits and did not have any significant affect on other parameters. TR mangoes of cv. Irwin are more suitable for low-temperature storage and can be successfully stored for up to 20 days at 5 degrees C without any significant losses in functional properties and quality attributes.