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Does alcohol consumption really affect asymmetry perception? A three-armed placebo-controlled experimental study

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Abstract

  A possible explanation for increased levels of attractiveness of faces when under the influence of alcohol is the reduced ability to perceive bilateral asymmetry. This study tested the degree of preference by alcohol-dosed and non-alcohol-dosed participants for symmetrical faces and their ability to detect facial symmetry, while controlling for other explanations.   Volunteers were recruited to a random allocation experiment with three conditions: alcoholic drink (alcohol dosed), non-alcoholic drink (placebo) and diluted orange cordial (control). Data on concentration, personality and demographics were collected. Dependent variables were symmetry preference and detection.   Laboratory, University of Roehampton.   A total of 101 participants, mainly students (41 alcohol-dosed, 40 placebo, 20 control).   Participants provided verbal responses to images of faces which were presented on a computer screen for 5 seconds each; the first task required a preference judgement and the second task consisted of a forced-choice response of whether or not a face was symmetrical. Levels of concentration, weight and level of alcohol dose were measured, and demographics plus additional psychological and health information were collected using a computer-based questionnaire.   In contrast to a previous investigation, there was no difference in symmetry preference between conditions (P = 0.846). In agreement with previous findings, participants who had not drunk alcohol were better at detecting whether a face was symmetrical or asymmetrical (P = 0.043). Measures of concentration did not differ between conditions (P = 0.214-0.438). Gender did not affect ability to detect symmetry in placebo or alcohol-dosed participants (P = 0.984, 0.499); however, alcohol-dosed females were shown to demonstrate greater symmetry preference than alcohol-dosed males (P = 0.004).   People who are alcohol-dosed are subtly less able to perceive vertical, bilateral asymmetry in faces, with gender being a possible moderating factor.
Does alcohol consumption really affect asymmetry
perception? A three-armed placebo-controlled
experimental studyadd_3807 1..7
Lewis G. Halsey, Joerg W. Huber & Jennifer C. Hardwick
Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
ABSTRACT
Aims A possible explanation for increased levels of attractiveness of faces when under the influence of alcohol is the
reduced ability to perceive bilateral asymmetry. This study tested the degree of preference by alcohol-dosed and
non-alcohol-dosed participants for symmetrical faces and their ability to detect facial symmetry, while controlling for
other explanations. Design Volunteers were recruited to a random allocation experiment with three conditions:
alcoholic drink (alcohol dosed), non-alcoholic drink (placebo) and diluted orange cordial (control). Data on concen-
tration, personality and demographics were collected. Dependent variables were symmetry preference and detection.
Setting Laboratory, University of Roehampton. Participants A total of 101 participants, mainly students (41
alcohol-dosed, 40 placebo, 20 control). Measurements Participants provided verbal responses to images of faces
which were presented on a computer screen for 5 seconds each; the first task required a preference judgement and the
second task consisted of a forced-choice response of whether or not a face was symmetrical. Levels of concentration,
weight and level of alcohol dose were measured, and demographics plus additional psychological and health informa-
tion were collected using a computer-based questionnaire. Findings In contrast to a previous investigation, there
was no difference in symmetry preference between conditions (P=0.846). In agreement with previous findings,
participants who had not drunk alcohol were better at detecting whether a face was symmetrical or asymmetrical
(P=0.043). Measures of concentration did not differ between conditions (P=0.214–0.438). Gender did not affect
ability to detect symmetry in placebo or alcohol-dosed participants (P=0.984, 0.499); however, alcohol-dosed females
were shown to demonstrate greater symmetry preference than alcohol-dosed males (P=0.004). Conclusions People
who are alcohol-dosed are subtly less able to perceive vertical, bilateral asymmetry in faces, with gender being a possible
moderating factor.
Keywords Acute alcohol consumption, attraction, faces, symmetry perception.
Correspondence to: Lewis G. Halsey, Depar tment of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK. E-mail: l.halsey@roehampton.ac.uk
Submitted 17 June 2011; initial review completed 22 July 2011; final version accepted 13 January 2012
INTRODUCTION
A range of facial cues may play important roles in human
mate selection. These include the femininity of face shape
[1], gaze direction [2] and also, perhaps more subtly, bilat-
eral symmetry; ratings of attractiveness by people about
members of the opposite sex are higher when symmetry
is greater [3–5]. Such ratings are also affected positively
by acute alcohol consumption [6,7], at least in certain
circumstances [8]. In part, this may be explained by
alcohol dosing decreasing the ability to detect bilateral
asymmetry [9,10], due presumably to reductions in level
of visual function [11–13].
The studies by Souto et al. [9] and Halsey et al. [10]
were undertaken in the ‘field’. Thus, while they provided
ecological validity [14], they could not include controls
for certain potential confounds such as differences in per-
sonality type or levels of chronic alcohol consumption
between the alcohol-dosed and non-alcohol-dosed par-
ticipants. Indeed, there is evidence that conscientious-
ness, excitement-seeking, boredom susceptibility and
chronic alcohol consumption affect asymmetry detection
bs_bs_banner
RESEARCH REPORT doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03807.x
© 2012 The Authors, Addiction © 2012 Society for the Study of Addiction Addiction
[15]. Furthermore, it is possible that the alcohol-dosed
participants experienced changes alongside deterioration
in visual perception that affected performance on the
task, for example reduced concentration.
The present study progresses previous work [10]
by again testing whether acute alcohol consumption
decreases the ability to detect asymmetry in faces and
whether such consumption reduces preference for sym-
metrical faces, but using a three-armed, randomized,
double-blinded trial. Our hypotheses repeat those of the
earlier study: that alcohol-dosed participants are less able
to detect asymmetry in faces and have a reduced prefer-
ence for symmetrical faces over asymmetrical faces.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Design and procedure
Participants were assigned randomly to one of three con-
ditions defined by type of drink consumed by the partici-
pant prior to undertaking the tasks: an alcoholic drink
(alcohol-dosed), a similar-tasting non-alcoholic drink
(placebo) or diluted orange cordial (control). In the case
of the alcohol-dosed and placebo conditions, each partici-
pant and the experimenter were not made aware until the
end of the experiment whether or not the participant had
drunk alcohol, while in the control condition both parties
knew that the drink was non-alcoholic. Twenty to 40
minutes after finishing their drink, participants under-
took tests of concentration and then two facial percep-
tion tasks. Participants also completed the Neuroticism
Extroversion Openness–Personality Inventory Revised
(NEO PI-R) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification
Test (AUDIT) questionnaires. Full details of the methods
are provided in the online supplement; an abridged
version is presented below.
Drinks
Participants in the alcohol-dosed condition received a
drink containing 0.7 g/kg body mass of alcohol. The
drink comprised vodka at 37.5% proof and tonic water.
Thus, a 72 kg participant received about 6 units of
alcohol within approximately 1 pint (0.6 l) of liquid.
The similar-tasting, non-alcoholic drink for the placebo
condition comprised only tonic water. All drinks were
provided chilled and flavoured with either lime or black-
currant cordial at each participant’s choice.
Participants and location
A total of 101 participants (31 males and 70 females)
undertook the tasks. Some data sets include data for
fewer than the total number of participants. The proce-
dures followed were approved by the ethics committee at
the University of Roehampton and were in accordance
with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in
1983.
Tests
The facial perception tasks assessed whether and how
much preference participants had for bilaterally sym-
metrical faces over asymmetrical faces (the preference
task) and how well they could perceive asymmetry in a
face (the detection task). In both cases the faces were
presented on a laptop computer screen. For the prefer-
ence task, they were shown a series of 20 paired faces (10
male), where the two faces of a pair were of the same
person and had been manipulated such that one was
symmetrical and the other asymmetrical, and were asked
to choose the more attractive face. For the detection task,
they were shown a series of 20 single faces (10 male) to
which they responded on whether they perceived the
image to be symmetrical or asymmetrical (three male
faces and four female faces were symmetrical, leaving 13
asymmetrical faces). For the preference task the depen-
dent variable was the number of paired faces of which
the participants preferred the symmetrical face, and for
the detection task it was the number of correctly iden-
tified asymmetrical faces. These tasks replicated those
described previously [10], where details of the photo-
graphs used are also provided. Figure 1 shows an
example of the faces used. For the present study, some of
the asymmetrical faces were adjusted subtly to make their
asymmetry less obvious (Fig. 1).
The two concentration tests comprised a standard
letter cancellation task [16] and the rotary pursuit task.
Participants had to repeat the rotary pursuit task eight
times, with a 10-second break between each task. A
simple metric of concentration was derived from these
data by determining any change in the amount of ‘time on’
the target between earlier and later attempts at the task.
Questionnaires
Conscientiousness was assessed using a subscale of
the five-factor personality inventory (NEO PI-R; [17]).
Possible excessive alcohol consumption was assessed by
asking for levels of alcohol consumption and through the
AUDIT [18]. The amount of alcoholic drinks consumed
were obtained retrospectively for the last 7 days in terms
of units of alcohol per day.
Analysis
Values are provided as means standard error of the
mean (SEM), unless stated as standard deviation (SD). To
test for a preference in each condition for symmetrical
faces, single-sample t-tests were run to compare the
2Lewis G. Halsey et al.
© 2012 The Authors, Addiction © 2012 Society for the Study of Addiction Addiction
number of times in the preference task in which the sym-
metrical face was preferred compared to the number of
times such a face should be preferred if symmetry does
not influence attraction (i.e. by chance and hence 50%
of the time; 10 times). As in Halsey et al. [10], analyses
between conditions were undertaken at the item
level. Repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) was used to test for differences between the
three conditions. Where data for two conditions were
pooled, or when testing for differences between the sexes,
paired t-tests were used. A Pearson’s correlation was cal-
culated on preference for the symmetrical face of a face
pair against the ability to detect symmetry or asymmetry
in faces across all participants. Spearman’s correlation
was used to test for relationships between symmetry
preference/symmetry detection and multiple potentially
confounding variables such as personality traits. Statis-
tics were run in Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corp., Washing-
ton, USA) and SPSS version 19 (IBM Inc., NY, USA).
RESULTS
Of the 101 participants, 41 were in the alcohol-dosed
condition, 40 in the placebo condition and 20 in the
control condition. Two-thirds of participants were white
(65%), with the remainder of the sample coming from a
range of ethnic backgrounds. Participants in the alcohol-
dosed condition were given on average 46.2 SD 9.5 g of
alcohol (5.8 units). The research assistant was accurate
about whether or not the participants had drunk alcohol
70% of the time, which was significantly better than
chance (c2=13.71, P<0.001). The participants were
accurate 77% of the time (c2=24.98, P<0.001). Partici-
pants who thought correctly that they had drunk alcohol
on average rated their level of drunkenness out of 10 at
3.3 SD 1.8. The second breathalyser test returned
an average reading of 27.3 SD 6.9 mg/100 ml blood
for alcohol-dosed participants, and the third test 28.3
SD 6.5 mg/100 ml. There was no significant difference
between the second and third breathalyser readings
(t38 =1.53, P=0.134). Assessment of conscientiousness
returned a mean t-score for all participants of 38 (range
20–65), generally indicating low scores, given that the
mean is more than 1 SD below the UK norm. Participants
in the three conditions did not differ in levels of conscien-
tiousness (F(2,97) =2.78, P=0.11). Reported alcohol con-
sumption during the previous week ranged from 0 units
(10% of sample) to a maximum of 82 units (mean: males,
20.5 19.7 units; females, 9.8 10.1). The AUDIT
indicated that 40% of the sample showed no signs of risk
of alcohol use disorder, 50% showed signs of low risk and
the remainder higher levels. Participants in the three con-
ditions did not differ in levels of alcohol consumption or
disorder risk (F(2,97) =1.07, P=0.35 and F(2,97) =0.27,
P=0.76, respectively).
For each condition, the frequency distribution of the
data both for the preference task and the detection task
and for the two concentration tasks did not differ signifi-
cantly from normal (one-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov
tests, P>0.05 in all cases).
Comparisons of preference for and detection of
asymmetry between conditions
In all conditions there was a preference for symmetrical
over asymmetrical faces (preference task, single-sample
Figure 1 A pair of faces shown to participants in the preference task (enclosed).The face on the left is asymmetrical, while the face on the
right is symmetrical. Participants were asked which face they found more attractive. The far left face is the asymmetrical version of the face
presented to participants in Halsey et al. [10], and has a forehead that is fairly clearly asymmetrical once the top edge of the image is inspected
Alcohol consumption and asymmetry perception 3
© 2012 The Authors, Addiction © 2012 Society for the Study of Addiction Addiction
t-test, placebo: t39 =7.52, P0.001; drunk: t40 =7.22,
P0.001; control: t19 =6.86, P0.001). There was
no significant difference between conditions in how
much symmetrical faces were preferred over asym-
metrical faces (one-way ANOVA, F(2,98) =0.17,
P=0.846), with an average preference across partici-
pants of 67.3 1.5%.
When participants were asked to decide whether a
face was symmetrical or asymmetrical (detection task)
across the full set of faces shown, placebo condition
participants made errors with a frequency not signifi-
cantly different to that of control condition participants
(t19 =0.14, P=0.890), and thus these data were com-
bined to compare to the alcohol-dosed data. Placebo- and
control-condition participants combined made errors less
frequently than alcohol-dosed participants (number of
wrong answers: t19 =2.17, P=0.043). Figure 2 shows
the comparison in detection ability per asymmetrical face
for alcohol-dosed versus placebo- and control-condition
participants combined.
There was a significant, positive, although weak,
correlation between preference for symmetry and ability
to perceive symmetry or asymmetry across all partici-
pants (r=0.28, P=0.005).
The participants in the alcohol-dosed group, who
were allowed a relatively short time to digest the alcohol
they had drunk, made fewer errors than alcohol-dosed
participants who were allowed a relatively long time to
digest the alcohol (t19 =2.20, P=0.040; Table 1).
Comparisons of preference for and detection of
asymmetry between sexes
There was no significant difference in the responses of
male and female participants to the preference task in
the placebo or control conditions (placebo: t19 =1.03,
P=0.230; control: t19 =0.59, P=0.328). However,
there was a significant difference in the responses of
alcohol-dosed male and female participants (t19 =3.36,
P=0.004; Fig. 3). There was no significant difference in
Figure 2 The percentage of alcohol-dosed (open circles; n=41) and non-alcohol-dosed (placebo and control condition combined; closed
circles; n=60) participants who perceived an asymmetrical face as being symmetrical.The faces are numbered in the order that they were
shown to participants. The values on the far right are means of all asymmetrical faces, and the associated bars represent 1 standard error of
the mean
Table 1 Mean standard error of the mean (SEM) number of errors out of 20 in perceiving faces as either symmetrical or
asymmetrical.
Field Laboratory
Non-alcohol-dosed 3.53 0.36 (36) 4.10 0.40 (40)
Short digestion time Long digestion time
Alcohol-dosed 4.71 0.51 (28) 4.00 0.41 (15) 5.12 0.47* (26)
Difference 1.18 -0.10 1.02
*P<0.05. Participants were either alcohol-dosed or non-alcohol-dosed, and undertook the experiment in either a field setting [10] or a laboratory setting
(present study). Those in the laboratory experiment either had a relatively short period of time to digest the alcohol consumed (approximately 20
minutes) or a relatively long period of time (approximately 40 minutes). Values in brackets are n.
4Lewis G. Halsey et al.
© 2012 The Authors, Addiction © 2012 Society for the Study of Addiction Addiction
the responses of the sexes to the detection task either in
placebo-condition participants (t19 =0.02, P=0.984) or
alcohol-dosed participants (t19 =0.69, P=0.499).
Comparisons of concentration between conditions
Time taken to complete the letter cancellation task
did not differ significantly between the conditions
(F(2,92) =0.83, P=0.438) or in the number of errors
made (F(2,92) =0.95, P=0.389). There was no significant
difference between the conditions in the change in ‘time
on’ from early to late attempts of the rotary pursuit task
(F(2,60) =1.58, P=0.214).
Personality characteristics
There was no significant difference in conscientiousness
between the three groups (F=2.23, P=0.11). In addi-
tion, facets of the conscientiousness scale (competence,
order, dutifulness, achievement-striving, self-discipline
and deliberation) did not differ significantly (P-value
range 0.07–0.58).
Testing for confounders
Relationships between symmetry preference/symmetry
detection and the following variables were tested for: con-
centration metrics, personality traits, recent alcohol use,
risk of alcohol use disorder, breathalyser readings and
self-assessment of degree of drunkenness. Relationships
were tested across all participants, and also specifically
for the placebo group and the alcohol-dosed group alone.
Across this large number of tests, the absolute values of
the correlation coefficients were typically lower than 0.1,
and nearly always below 0.3. Only a few correlations
returned coefficients greater than 0.5, and they were not
significant. Therefore, these variables were not included
in further analyses as covariates.
DISCUSSION
In general, the main findings of this laboratory study
agree with those of the similar field study [10]. Both
alcohol-dosed and non-alcohol-dosed participants had
a preference for symmetrical faces (see also [3,4]); how-
ever, alcohol-dosed participants were less able to detect
whether faces were symmetrical or asymmetrical (Fig. 2).
Furthermore, symmetry preference and detection corre-
late positively, although only weakly (see also [19]).
The earlier study by Halsey et al. [10] was not able to
control for certain potential confounds, in contrast to the
high level of control of the present study. The current
study was able to check that personality type and scores
of alcohol use disorder were not confounds. However,
unfortunately the conscientiousness scores of all partici-
pants were, on average, somewhat lower than normal,
which might mean that they tended to undertake the
tasks less carefully; 77% of participants ascertained cor-
rectly what experimental condition they were in and thus
the less conscientious participants who knew that they
were alcohol-dosed may have been prone to exaggerat-
ing their state. The present study also found no effect of
acute alcohol consumption on concentration, providing
evidence to rule out the possibility that alcohol-dosed
participants obtained lower scores on the symmetry
detection test simply because they had reduced levels of
Figure 3 The percentage of female (open circles; n=70) and male (closed circles; n=31) participants who preferred the symmetrical face
of pairs of faces. For each pair, the two faces were of the same person, one image being symmetrical, the other asymmetrical. The face pairs
are numbered in the order that they were shown to participants. The values on the far right are means of all face pairs, and the associated
bars represent 1 standard error of the mean
Alcohol consumption and asymmetry perception 5
© 2012 The Authors, Addiction © 2012 Society for the Study of Addiction Addiction
concentration. However, a caveat here is that the experi-
mental design does not rule out the possibility that acute
consumption of greater quantities of alcohol than those
consumed in the present study affects concentration
negatively or that relatively chronic drinking (i.e. over
many hours) can also have such an effect; two factors
relevant in Halsey et al. [10]. The control-condition par-
ticipants did not exhibit a difference in facial perception to
the placebo-condition participants, providing some evi-
dence that it is not simply a belief that alcohol has been
consumed which has an effect. However, as with Parker
et al. [7], the double-blind nature of the study was not
always upheld because more often than by chance the
research assistant and/or the participant had judged cor-
rectly, at least by the end of the study, whether alcohol
had been consumed. Overall, however, the findings of the
present study provide further evidence to support previ-
ous claims [10] in suggesting that alcohol dosing reduces
the ability to detect facial asymmetry and that this may be
an important mechanism underlying higher ratings of
facial attractiveness for members of the opposite sex
when under the influence of alcohol [6].
However, in contrast to [10], there was no difference
in the preference for symmetrical faces between the
placebo condition and alcohol-dosed participants. Along
with the fairly weak correlation between symmetry pref-
erence and detection found in both studies, there is now
quite clear evidence that the impact that reduction in
detection ability has on symmetry preference is limited.
Furthermore, the difference in ability to detect when
faces are symmetrical and when they are asymmetrical
between the placebo condition and alcohol-dosed partici-
pants was smaller in the present study than in the similar
field study [10]. While the number of errors was higher
in the present study in both conditions, which is expected
due to the, on average, slightly reduced asymmetry in
the asymmetric faces in the present study compared to
Halsey et al. [10], the relative increase in errors by the
alcohol-dosed participants was smaller. Perhaps the most
likely reason for this is greater levels of alcohol dosing in
the participants in the field study [10] compared to the
present study, where the mean second and third breath-
alyser readings were lower than the UK legal driving limit
for breath alcohol of 35 ml/100 ml. While it is not pos-
sible to compare the breathalyser readings reported
in the previous study with those in the present study,
because the previous study was only able to report read-
ings with low precision, Halsey et al. [10] provide infor-
mation on the estimated number of units drunk by
alcohol-dosed participants. This is considerably higher
than the measured units provided to participants in
the present study (13.6 SD 5.0 versus 5.6 SD 1.1
units). With the caveats that self-reports of alcohol
consumption during binge drinking may tend to be
exaggerations, and that the alcohol-dosed participants in
the previous study drank over longer periods of time than
those in the present study, these data suggest none the
less that the alcohol-dosed participants in the field study
tended indeed to be more inebriated than the alcohol-
dosed participants in the present study. In turn, this
would suggest that there is a dose–time effect of acute
alcohol consumption on the ability to detect asymmetry
in faces.
Further support for this suggestion is provided within
the data set of the present study. The experimental proto-
col was slightly adjusted part-way through the period of
data collection because of concerns early on that the
ingested alcohol was not reaching its full effect, as partici-
pants were not being provided with enough time before
undertaking the tasks subsequent to finishing their drink
(approximately 20 minutes). This resulted in approxi-
mately 60% of the participants in the alcohol-dosed
group being provided with an extended period of ‘diges-
tion time’ (approximately 40 minutes). For alcohol-dosed
participants given a short digestion time, while their
average second breathalyser reading (25.6 SD 8.4 mg/
100 ml) was similar to that of the alcohol-dosed partici-
pants given a long digestion time (28.2 SD 5.7 mg/
100 ml), the increase in breathalyser readings from
the second to third measure averaged 2.5 SD 2.1 mg/
100 ml for the former group, while for the latter group
there was, on average, a slight decrease between the
second and third readings (0.4 SD 0.3 mg/100 ml).
Together, these data suggest that the latter set of partici-
pants had digested more of the alcohol consumed by the
time of the tasks. Re-analysis of the test data where the
alcohol-dosed condition included only data for partici-
pants given a longer digestion time did not change the
study findings either qualitatively or in terms of statisti-
cally significant patterns. However, the number of errors
made by participants given a longer digestion time was
significantly higher than for those participants given a
shorter digestion time, resulting in a difference in mean
errors between the placebo- and alcohol-dosed conditions
similar to, although still slightly lower than, that found in
the field [10] (Table 1).
Halsey et al. [10] reported an unexpected effect of sex
on the ability of participants to discern whether a face
was symmetrical or asymmetrical, with males making
fewer mistakes than females. In the present study, this
difference was not apparent; however, there was found to
be a greater preference for symmetrical faces by alcohol-
dosed females than by alcohol-dosed males. Although
these data were not reported by Halsey et al. [10], analy-
sis of the data from that study returns a P-value of 0.1.
These findings contradict those of Rhodes et al. [20], who
report that (non-alcohol-dosed) males find the appeal of
symmetrical opposite-sex faces stronger than do females.
6Lewis G. Halsey et al.
© 2012 The Authors, Addiction © 2012 Society for the Study of Addiction Addiction
An explanation for the present finding is not obvious and
warrants further investigation.
Future studies incorporating a range of alcohol-dose
levels should be valuable for clarifying how level of
alcohol dosing affects the ability to perceive asymmetry
and perhaps also the level of symmetr y preference. It may
also be that alcohol-dose level is found to interact with
gender effects on these measures. While currently it
seems reasonable to conclude that acute alcohol con-
sumption influences facial perception, the significance of
this relatively small effect in explaining the mechanisms
of increased perceptions of attractiveness during periods
of inebriation is unknown.
Declarations of interest
This study was funded by the AERC. The authors of this
paper have no connections with the tobacco, alcohol,
pharmaceutical or gaming industry or anyone funded
substantially by one of these organizations.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr Jan Stygall and Dr Angela Attwood for
advice on the methods, and Dr Tony Little for providing
face images. This study was funded by an AERC Small
Grant.
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Alcohol consumption and asymmetry perception 7
© 2012 The Authors, Addiction © 2012 Society for the Study of Addiction Addiction
... Furthermore, Halsey and Colleagues (2010) found acute alcohol intoxication in a sample of local bar drinkers significantly weakened both the preference for and ability to detect facial symmetry. However, in a subsequent attempt to replicate these effects under placebo-controlled laboratory conditions, only an alcohol deficit for symmetry detection was observed (Halsey et al., 2012). ...
... Due to the limited research on this topic, we ran a field experiment designed to test the influence of acute alcohol intoxication on judgements of both facial attractiveness and bilateral symmetry. The design of our study is similar to that of Halsey et al. (2010Halsey et al. ( , 2012 but with some important exceptions. Those authors used stimulus pairs for the face preference task (each trial showing a symmetrical and non-symmetrical version of the same face) and single faces for the symmetry detection task (each face being either symmetrical or non-symmetrical). ...
... Our findings are therefore consistent with past failures to observe a 'beer goggles' effect (Attwood et al., 2012;Halsey, et al., 2012;Maynard et al., 2016;Neave et al., 2008), but lend weight to the suggestion that acute alcohol intoxication impairs perceptions of bilateral symmetry (Halsey et al., 2010;Halsey et al., 2012;Oinonen, 2003;Oinonen and Sterniczuk, 2007;Souto et al., 2008), particularly the work of Halsey and Colleagues. In their initial bar study, Halsey et al. (2010) presented sober and intoxicated participants with same-face pairs in which one face had been made symmetrical and the other asymmetrical (the hair was always cropped out). ...
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Background: The ‘beer goggles’ phenomenon describes sexual attraction to individuals when alcohol intoxicated whom we would not desire when sober. One possible explanation of the effect is that alcohol impairs the detection of facial asymmetry, thus lowering the drinker’s threshold for physical attraction. Aims: We therefore tested the hypotheses that higher breath alcohol drinkers would award more generous ratings of attractiveness to asymmetrical faces, and be poorer at discriminating bilateral facial asymmetry than less intoxicated counterparts. Methods: Ninety-nine male and female bar patrons rated 18 individual faces for attractiveness and symmetry. Each type of rating was given twice, once per face with an enhanced asymmetry and once again for each face in its natural form. Participants then judged which of two same-face versions (one normal, the other perfectly symmetrised) was more attractive and, in the final task, more symmetrical. Results: Alcohol had no influence on attractiveness judgements but higher blood alcohol concentrations were associated with higher symmetry ratings. Furthermore, as predicted, heavily intoxicated individuals were less able to distinguish natural from perfectly symmetrised face versions than more sober drinkers. Conclusions: Findings therefore suggest alcohol impairs face asymmetry detection, but it seems that this perceptual distortion does not contribute to the ‘beer goggles’ phenomenon.
... social affordances) are often highly salient when consuming alcohol, which may reduce the impact that inhibitory cues (e.g. sexual risk, facial asymmetry) have on intoxicated individuals' PPA [27,82,83]. To explore relations among alcohol, PPA and risky sex, researchers could employ paradigms (e.g. ...
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Background and Aims Elucidating why people drink and why drinking can lead to negative psychosocial consequences remains a crucial task for alcohol researchers. Because drinking typically occurs in social settings, broader investigation of the associations between alcohol and social experience is needed to advance understanding of both the rewarding and hazardous effects of alcohol use. This review aimed to (a) estimate alcohol's relation to the perception of others' physical attractiveness and (b) suggest theoretical and methodological considerations that may advance the study of this topic. Methods Systematic review of Scopus and PsycInfo databases was conducted to identify experimental and quasi‐experimental studies, with either between‐ or within‐subjects designs, that assessed attractiveness ratings provided by individuals who had and had not consumed alcohol (k=16 studies, n=1,811). A meta‐analysis was conducted to evaluate alcohol's aggregate association with physical attractiveness perceptions. Separate a priori secondary analyses examined alcohol's associations with perception of opposite‐sex (k=12 studies) and same‐sex (k=7 studies) attractiveness. Results The primary analysis indicated that alcohol was significantly related to enhanced attractiveness perceptions (d=0.19, 95% CI=0.05‐0.32, p=.01; I²=5.28, 95% CI=0.00 to 39.32). Analysis of alcohol's association with perception of opposite‐sex attractiveness similarly yielded a small, significant positive association (d=0.30, 95% CI=0.16‐0.44, p<.01; I²=17.49, 95% CI=0.00 to 57.75). Alcohol's relation to perception of same‐sex attractiveness was not significant (d=0.04, 95% CI=‐0.18‐0.26, p=.71; I²=54.08, 95% CI=0.00 to 81.66). Conclusions Experimental and quasi‐experimental studies suggest that consuming alcohol may have a small effect of increasing perceived attractiveness of people of the opposite sex.
... The perception of a mate's attractiveness may be impaired under alcohol consumption. Females who drink alcohol are worse at judging opposite sex attractiveness; participants who did not drink alcohol were better at deciding whether a face was symmetrical or asymmetrical (Halsey, Huber, & Hardwick, 2012). All three hypotheses are further elaborated into specific testable statements in the last section of this paper. ...
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Despite the fact that alcohol consumption has been strongly linked to negative health outcomes (Rehm, Gmel, Sempos, & Trevisan, 2003), alcohol consumption, including binge drinking, seems to be prevalent and socially acceptable (Guise and Gill, 2007). Although not the only explanation for drinking behaviors, the common practices of drinking, especially among college students, can be explained using an evolutionary perspective as it relates to mate selection. Male-to-male intense intrasexual competitions such as drinking game participation and bar fights can be explained in terms of sexual selection. In this paper, I also examine male risk taking behaviors and female mating courtship strategies under the influence of alcohol, explaining how drinking behaviors can be associated with certain reproductive outcomes. Testable novel hypotheses and predictions with regard to mating mindsets and behaviors during drinking are also introduced.
... We observed no evidence for the closing-time effect in our exploratory analyses. Previous research has suggested a number of different mechanisms for this effect, including: (i) psychological reactance to the concept of leaving a bar alone (Brehm, 1966), (ii) mere exposure to the faces (Johnco et al., 2010), (iii) alcohol expectancy (Fromme et al., 1999), (iv) impaired recognition of facial symmetry (Halsey et al., 2010(Halsey et al., , 2012 and (v) alcohol myopia (Steele and Josephs, 1990). The first two of these mechanisms assume that fellow patrons are being rated, rather than photographs, and Gladue and Delaney (1990) provide evidence that this effect is only observed when participants are rating the attractiveness of fellow patrons as opposed to photographs of faces. ...
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To investigate the relationship between objectively-assessed alcohol consumption and perception of attractiveness in naturalistic drinking environments, and to determine the feasibility and acceptability of conducting a large-scale study in these environments. Observational study conducted simultaneously across three public houses in Bristol, UK. Participants were required to rate the attractiveness of male and female face stimuli and landscape stimuli administered via an Android tablet computer application, after which their expired breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) was measured. Linear regression revealed no clear evidence for relationships between alcohol consumption and either overall perception of attractiveness for stimuli, for faces specifically, or for opposite-sex faces. The naturalistic research methodology was feasible, with high levels of participant engagement and enjoyment. We found no evidence for a relationship between alcohol consumption and perception of attractiveness in our large-scale naturalistic study. Our study is important given the large sample size, the successful translation of an experimental, laboratory-based paradigm to a naturalistic drinking environment and the high level of public engagement with the study. Future studies should use similarly ecologically-valid methodologies to further explore the conditions under which this effect may be observed and identify the mechanisms underlying any relationships. © The Author 2015. Medical Council on Alcohol and Oxford University Press.
... Since Neave et al. (2008) construed that not having considered attractiveness levels may have resulted in their inability to verify the Beer Goggles effect, we therefore explored this further by manipulating stimulus attractiveness levels (high, moderate and low). Halsey et al. (2012) found alcohol consumption had a weaker influence on the preference for symmetric, rather than asymmetric faces. The former were usually regarded as more attractive than the latter. ...
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Aims: To explore the enhancing effect of alcohol consumption on attractiveness ratings, in that few studies on the Beer Goggles effect control the stimuli attractiveness level and researchers have seldom considered extending the effect to stimuli other than faces. Methods: Male and female participants (n = 103) were randomly assigned to alcohol consumption or placebo groups. Both groups were asked to assess the attractiveness of two types of pictures (faces and landscapes) with three levels of attractiveness for each stimulus category (high, moderate and low). Results: We found significant interactions between beverage type and attractiveness level. Attractiveness ratings for moderate- and low-attractiveness faces were significantly higher in the alcohol compared with placebo condition, while there was no significant difference for high-attractiveness stimuli between these two conditions. As for landscapes, only low-attractiveness stimuli were rated significantly higher in the alcohol condition. Conclusion: Whether or not alcohol consumption leads to an increase in attractiveness ratings depends on the initial attractiveness of the stimulus materials. Alcohol consumption tends to affect ratings for stimuli with relatively low attractiveness. Furthermore, this effect is not limited to faces; it extends to other types of stimuli like landscapes.
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The present study investigated the separate and combined effects of the detrimental factors of low luminance, alcohol consumption, stimulus motion, and glare on contrast sensitivity (CS) for 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 cycles per degree sine-wave gratings. Relationships among indices of intoxication and CS were also investigated. Twelve individuals participated in placebo and alcohol sessions where mean breath alcohol content (BAC) was 0.073%. Reduced luminance and glare had the largest main effect on CS, followed by alcohol and stimulus motion. All variables had interactive effects, and decrements increased as spatial frequency increased. The combined factor effect was to decrease CS by 0.79 log unit, corresponding to 6.2 times more contrast necessary to reach threshold. No useful relationships were found between subjective and objective indices of intoxication; BAC, however, was correlated positively with the alcohol-related loss in CS. Implications for visual performance during night driving are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Two experiments tested the hypothesis that the accessibility of disease concerns would be associated with a preference for faces high in symmetry, a cue to good health and pathogen resistance. Disease concerns (perceived vulnerability to disease) were measured as an individual difference in Experiment 1 and were situationally primed in Experiment 2. Across both studies, heightened disease sensitivity predicted a preference for symmetrical faces. Importantly, this increased preference for symmetrical faces when disease threats were salient did not generalize to non-face stimuli. These results suggest a domain-specific preference for symmetry in human faces, an adaptive response due to the ability of faces to signal resistance to infectious diseases in individuals and situations where disease is a salient threat. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Evolutionary, as well as cultural, pressures may contribute to our perceptions of facial attractiveness. Biologists predict that facial symmetry should be attractive, because it may signal mate quality. We tested the prediction that facial symmetry is attractive by manipulating the symmetry of individual faces and observing the effect on attractiveness, and by examining whether natural variations in symmetry (between faces) correlated with perceived attractiveness. Attractiveness increased when we increased symmetry, and decreased when we reduced symmetry, in individual faces (Experiment 1), and natural variations in symmetry correlated significantly with attractiveness (Experiments 1 and 1A). Perfectly symmetric versions, made by blending the normal and mirror images of each face, were preferred to less symmetric versions of the same faces (even when those versions were also blends) (Experiments 1 and 2). Similar results were found when subjects judged the faces on appeal as a potential life partner, suggesting that facial symmetry may affect human mate choice. We conclude that facial symmetry is attractive and discuss the possibility that this preference for symmetry may be biologically based.
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Ratings of physical attractiveness are related to degree of facial symmetry. Acute alcohol consumption affects ratings of physical attractiveness and also attenuates aspects of visual perception. We tested the hypothesis that increases in ratings of attractiveness associated with alcohol intoxication can be attributed at least in part to a reduced ability to discern facial asymmetry due to reductions in levels of visual perception. We examined whether alcohol intoxication reduces ability to detect asymmetry in approximately symmetrical images. Sober and intoxicated subjects were shown a series of simple geometric images to which they responded on whether they perceived each one to be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Intoxicated subjects were significantly less able to detect asymmetry than were sober subjects, providing support for the hypothesis.
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