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Safety incentive and penalty provisions in Indian construction projects and their impact on safety performance
Abstract
Safety incentive and penalty (I/P) provisions in construction contracts are one of the most common forms of I/P. Contradictory opinions on the effectiveness of these provisions have been expressed in the literature. Statistics on safety provisions were collected from 32 construction projects, which include both types of contracts - those with safety I/P provisions and those without them. Although inclusion of safety I/P provisions in contracts helps in improving the overall safety performance in construction projects, further scope for improvement still exists. Literature review and structured personal interviews, coupled with a survey based on preliminary questionnaire, revealed that successful formulation and implementation of such provisions are dependent on 25 attributes which need the attention of both clients and contractors. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to evaluate these attributes. The six factors extracted by carrying out factor analysis are: incentive distribution method, proper labour training, special attention to risky situations, role of safety committee and sub-contractors, specialised works and safety equipments, and right form of I/P. If taken care of, these attributes have the potential to improve the safety performance in construction projects. The results would be useful to clients and contractors in implementing the safety I/P provisions and thereby improving safety performance.
... According to Ogundipe et al. [12] and Shui et al. [16], the construction industry safety incentives policy is often developed based on health and safety programmes that already address training, culture, adequate record keeping and other critical elements. Ogwueleka [11] and Hasan and Jha [17] noted that safety incentives are often included in contracts to improve the overall safety performance of construction projects. Given this, safety incentives allow construction stakeholders to share risk projects and meet project goals [11]. ...
... However, the position of safety incentive policies in developing countries shows its impact on effectively improving H&S frameworks, budgetary allocation planning, and control [17], [18], [19], [20]. This is due to drivers of national safety incentive policy that influence the construction sector in implementing safety incentives to improve workplace safety practices. ...
... Ward et al. [22] and Ogundipe et al. [41] admitted that incentive policy implementation must balance many interrelated motivating factors capable of maximising personnel and resource management, supporting incentive goal settings, and establishing incentive selection approaches. Hassan and Jha [17] identify six essential drivers in formulating safety incentive policy as follows: approaches to incentive selection method, understanding H&S workplace conditions of work, employee training, the role of the safety committee and subcontractors, specialised works and equipment safety, standalone H&S incentive policy and appropriate CIBW099W123 2024, Proceedings, KNUST Kumasi Ghana, 08/11 October 2024 incentive and penalty design. Howlett [42] posited that drivers of incentive policymaking require creating and implementing mixes of policy instruments for incentive budget guidelines and accelerating economic growth expected to achieve policy objectives. ...
Safety incentive policy is a mix of policy strategies and instruments outlining basic rules, standard procedures, and templates for designing and implementing safety incentives for industries, organisations or nations. This study accessed and validated drivers of national safety incentive policy by adopting a qualitative research approach, using 15 selected expert panellists in the Nigerian construction sector. Eighteen drivers of national safety incentives were identified from the extant literature review and are subject to the Delphi iteration. Seven (7) drivers were determined to constitute a very high significance (VHS: 9.00-10.00) of national safety incentives policy in the Nigerian construction industry, while five (5) of the listed drivers had a high significance (HS: 7.00-8.99), and the remaining six (6) variables recorded a medium significance (MS: 5.00-6.99). The study's key findings validated the twelve drivers influencing Nigeria in developing a national safety incentives policy, including standalone H&S incentive policy, standardised national incentive schemes, safety incentives policy implementation, establishing safety incentive KPIs, providing KPIs assessment procedures, standardised incentives automation process, clear safety incentive visions, long-term H&S national development, guidelines for safety incentives design, safety incentives KPIs standardisation, safety incentives selection approaches, and national incentive budget guidelines. The study's implications suggest that a standalone national safety incentive policy is required to establish determinants of safety incentive and guide its implementation within the construction industry.
... Appropriately applying safety incentives in construction contracts can stimulate contractors to align with the construction firms' goals [12][13]. The concept of incentivisation in construction contracts ensures the safe completion of projects by including penalties on the contractors for all factors that affect safety performance [14][15][16]. Safety incentive schemes in construction operations could lead to excellent safety practices, reduced accident rates, and improved project performance [15]. ...
... The concept of incentivisation in construction contracts ensures the safe completion of projects by including penalties on the contractors for all factors that affect safety performance [14][15][16]. Safety incentive schemes in construction operations could lead to excellent safety practices, reduced accident rates, and improved project performance [15]. ...
... [21] maintained that safety incentives are a standard practice among construction firms for motivating contractors and workers to achieve early construction project delivery and improve workplace safety and performance during construction. These definitions suggest that safety incentives are one of the strategies for rewarding and sanctioning contractors when safety goals and accident reductions are included in the conditions of the contracts [15,18,21,43]. ...
Safety incentives are crucial to motivate
construction workers due to the inherent opportunity to improve
workers’ safety behaviour and performance. The concept has
generated debate among construction stakeholders about its
effectiveness in executing construction projects. Therefore,
through systematic review, this study advances the knowledge
of safety incentives by exploring the construction industry's
approaches to safety incentive design. This could help identify
attributes and constructs for developing the safety incentives
model. Relevant studies were identified for review by literature
search using keywords and concepts related to this study. The
thematic areas of discourse include the health and safety issues
in construction project delivery, approaches to safety incentive
schemes, theoretical understanding of safety incentives, and
study implications. Thus, the review focuses on understanding
the essential approaches to safety incentives in designing and
implementing effective safety incentive schemes within
construction organisations in the construction industry.
... (ACA), [10], Hughes et al. [26], and Tang et al. 56], the safety incentives concept in construction contracts aims to transfer or share the project's risks with contractors. The safety incentive schemes in construction contracts involve rewards and penalties on the contracting firms to ensure the safe completion of projects to prevent all barriers that affect safety, schedule, technical and cost performance, among others [23][24][25]. Contracting firms are incentivised when such projects are completed within the set scopes of quality, safety performance, productivity, technological progress, innovation, and management [47,56]. Mohammadfam et al. [37] and Saracino et al. [53] affirmed that safety incentives significantly improve the construction industry's communication systems and workplace safety conditions. ...
... Rose and Manley [52] posited that the practical application of safety incentive schemes in construction contracts could stimulate contractors to align with the client's objectives. Using safety incentive schemes in construction projects aligns the client's project goals with the motivations of contractors to ensure the safe completion of projects by including penalties for any unsafe or accidents on sites, and incentives for excellent safety and project performance [24]. Safety incentives concept in construction contracts could also lead to excellent safety practices, reduced accident rates, and improved project performance [24]. ...
... Using safety incentive schemes in construction projects aligns the client's project goals with the motivations of contractors to ensure the safe completion of projects by including penalties for any unsafe or accidents on sites, and incentives for excellent safety and project performance [24]. Safety incentives concept in construction contracts could also lead to excellent safety practices, reduced accident rates, and improved project performance [24]. Appropriately applying safety incentives in construction contracts can stimulate contractors to align with client objectives and improve project performance [36,46,47]. ...
... Also, the construction sector is India's second-largest employer, employing around 50 million in 2012 (Patel and Jha, 2016a). Most of the construction workers are unskilled (Hasan and Jha, 2013), and due to poor safety standards (Patel and Jha, 2015) and labor scarcity (Hasan and Jha, 2013), the Indian construction industry does not place a premium on employee competence. The construction sector in India also faces challenges such as insufficient medical facilities, poor accident reporting methods, poor safety culture, and lack of implementation of safety regulations (Singh et al., 2021;Patel and Jha, 2016a;Vigneshkumar and Saravanamuthu, 2021), all of which contribute to the industry's poor safety culture, resulting in approximately 10,000 fatalities yearly (Patel and Jha, 2016b). ...
... Also, the construction sector is India's second-largest employer, employing around 50 million in 2012 (Patel and Jha, 2016a). Most of the construction workers are unskilled (Hasan and Jha, 2013), and due to poor safety standards (Patel and Jha, 2015) and labor scarcity (Hasan and Jha, 2013), the Indian construction industry does not place a premium on employee competence. The construction sector in India also faces challenges such as insufficient medical facilities, poor accident reporting methods, poor safety culture, and lack of implementation of safety regulations (Singh et al., 2021;Patel and Jha, 2016a;Vigneshkumar and Saravanamuthu, 2021), all of which contribute to the industry's poor safety culture, resulting in approximately 10,000 fatalities yearly (Patel and Jha, 2016b). ...
... Safety heads/managers usually conduct RA for each project by listing out all risky activities and control measures and handle it to junior safety officers in the form of safe operating procedures (SOPs) to ensure that safety measures are followed . On the other hand, in India, the labor cost is cheap, and most of them are unskilled (Hasan and Jha, 2013), unaware of their rights (Bansal, 2011), and contracting organizations find it profitable. Many companies do not follow the code standards when enforcing safety laws on workers who are unaware of their rights (Bansal, 2011). ...
Fall from height (FFH) accounts for a large number of fatalities and severe injuries in the construction industry worldwide. Several approaches have been proposed by many researchers to enhance the safety performance of construction industry by preventing falls. However, fall incidents continue to impact the construction sector more in developing regions compared to developed countries. This could be achieved through fall risk assessment (RA) method. The entire safety procedures are likely to fail, if RA fails, as this is one of the critical safety processes in construction industry. But, the traditional method of RA fails to identify safety risks involved in construction activities due to lack of experience and time. To address these safety challenges, some researchers recommended to integrate knowledge management (KM) concept into construction safety management. Unfortunately, there has been few studies that attempts to integrate KM into safety in construction. Hence, this study focused on integrating KM into the safety planning to facilitate the process of RA in the Indian construction industry focusing on preventing falls. This research was presented in the context of traditional vertical formwork because the use of formwork in construction frequently involves working at heights and its operations are associated with a high level of falls incidents and injuries across all construction operations.
... Past studies are evident of the fact that safety incentives improve working, reduce accidents, and increase safety performance at construction sites [25,28]. While further highlighting predictors of safety at work, Hassan & Jha [29] reported that, in India, safety environment is influenced by six factors and safety incentives is the most dominating of all. Moreover, it is also observed that safety incentives given on regular basis provide more benefits than occasional rewards [25,26]. ...
... China, UK, USA [34] or rapidly developing countries e.g. India [29], but safety literature from developing economics is scarce and limited [1]. Furthermore, the results offered by past studies on effectiveness of I/P programs are also mixed and contradictory [21,29]. ...
... India [29], but safety literature from developing economics is scarce and limited [1]. Furthermore, the results offered by past studies on effectiveness of I/P programs are also mixed and contradictory [21,29]. ...
and Keywords
Background
I/P (incentive and penalty) programs are commonly used to increase employees’ safety outcomes, but its influence on employees’ safety outcomes is under-investigated. Moreover, under developed economies lack safety culture and there is dearth of literature focusing on empirical studies over there [1]. Based on these gaps, this study attempts to see impact of I/P programs on safety outcomes in a developing country.
Methods
The study was carried out in three stages, where Stage-I revealed that selected 45 organizations were deficit of safety culture and practices, while only three firms were found good at safety practices. At stage-II these three firms were divided in two clusters (groups), and were probed further at stage-III. At this stage group one was manipulated by providing incentives (experimental group) and employees’ responses in terms of safety motivation and performance were noticed.
Results
It was observed that the experimental group’s safety motivation and performance had improved (both for immediate and one month later performance). The results were further probed at P-3 (after three month), where it was found that the benefits of I/P programs were not long lasting and started replenishing.
Conclusion
Findings of the study helped researchers conclude that safety incentive have only short term influence on safety outcomes, while a long term and permanent solution should be found.
... Similarly, Liu et al. (2022) pointed out that when a combination of the mechanisms of reward and punishment and the revenue-sharing mechanism is used, construction safety is better than when only one of these mechanisms is applied [35]. Hasan and Jha (2013) analyzed data from 32 construction projects in India and found that combinations of incentive-based methods as well as appropriate forms of incentives and penalties improved safety [36]. ...
... Similarly, Liu et al. (2022) pointed out that when a combination of the mechanisms of reward and punishment and the revenue-sharing mechanism is used, construction safety is better than when only one of these mechanisms is applied [35]. Hasan and Jha (2013) analyzed data from 32 construction projects in India and found that combinations of incentive-based methods as well as appropriate forms of incentives and penalties improved safety [36]. ...
Construction accidents occur frequently in China because the supervision of safety standards mandated by the government has not had its intended effect. In this paper, the authors propose a model to incentivize the management of safety during construction that involves the government as well as the owners and contractors in the industry. This study analyzes the principal–agent relationship involving each participant to determine their utility function and the minimum constraints on their participation, and uses this to obtain the optimal parameters to incentivize the management of safety during construction by solving for the ones related to the contractor’s effort and reward for their performance in the proposed model of incentives. Through the design of contractor incentive parameters and owner incentive parameters to further influence the government contractor and owner tripartite safety incentive model to make the model more perfect and in line with the development status of China. This study tested the proposed model using simulations. The results indicated that increasing the cost coefficient and level of the contractor’s effort increases their expected safety-related benefits, and increasing the coefficients of reward and punishment by the government reduces the contractor’s expected safety-related benefits. Moreover, the government can motivate the management of safety during construction by offering appropriate rewards and punishments. In particular, if the government increases incentives for safety, the safety-related benefits for owners and contractors decrease in the short term but increase significantly in the long term.
... So it is necessary to educate and train workers on construction safety and make the strict and punishable rule on PPE practice to reduce the accident rate. Not only Bangladesh PPE is important factors to treat to implement effective safety culture but also in Pakistan (Raheem & Issa, 2016), Spain (Murdoch, 2002), Brazil (Benite & Cardoso, 2001) and India (Hasan & Jha, 2013). Third and fourth highest ranking causes are lack of safety design and unfit equipment use in the construction work. ...
... Respondents report that safety design does not adopt by the stakeholders due to extra cost for safety design, unaware of safety design, lack of information about safety design, the uncultured environment of safety design and so on. The unfit equipment is not the highest ranking causes in Bangladesh, many developing, developed and under-developed countries faced this challenge (Aulin & Ågren, 2012;Chong & Low, 2014;Gambatese, 1998;Hasan & Jha, 2013). This cause is very much responsible for the accident of especially workers and technicians. ...
Accident at construction site has shaped a horrific figure of death for every year in Bangladesh. This study aims to identify and rank the causes and effects of accident at construction projects in Bangladesh. The study also discusses the characteristics of top-ranking causes and effects. Various direct and indirect linkage of top causes and effects are also analyzed in this study. A widespread literature review and interviews with experts take place to identify the causes and effects of construction accident and design the questionnaire. The questionnaire-based survey was used to elicit the perception of construction professionals towards causes and effects of accident at construction site. This study has identified 77 causes under 14 major groups and 22 effects of accident and ranked them based on Relative Importance Index (RII). The top 5 causes of accident are: unaware of safety-related issue, lack of personal protective equipment, lack of safety hazards eliminating design, unfit equipment, and lack of knowledge and training on equipment respectively. The major 5 effects of accident are: loss of human lives, demotivation of workers/reduce morale, conflict with workers, loss of productivity of project, and delay in work progress respectively. This study will help the project participants and authorities to know and understand the various characteristics and linkage of causes and effects of construction accidents to improve the safety management in the Bangladeshi construction industry. It contributes to the body of knowledge, as it reveals for the first time the causes and effects of accident in the Bangladeshi construction industry.
... Although there are several causes of accidents at construction sites, most occur because workers violate OPEN ACCESS EDITED BY minor safety rules (7)(8)(9). Previous studies have suggested several interventions that can motivate workers to comply with safety regulations in their tasks (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Workers are offered incentives (i.e., financial or business benefits) for safe behavior if they comply with their safety regulations. ...
Introduction
Construction worker safety remains a major concern even as task automation increases. Although safety incentives have been introduced to encourage safety compliance, it is still difficult to accurately measure the effectiveness of these measures. A simple count of accident rates and lower numbers do not necessarily mean that workers are properly complying with safety regulations. To address this problem, this study proposes an image-based approach to monitor moment-by-moment worker safety behavior and evaluate the effects of different safety incentive scenarios.
Methods
By capturing workers’ safety behaviors using a model integrated with OpenPose and spatiotemporal graph convolutional network, this study evaluated the effects of safety-incentive scenarios on workers’ compliance with rules while on the job. The safety incentive scenarios in this study were designed as 1) varying the type (i.e., providing rewards and penalties) of incentives and 2) varying the frequency of feedback about ones’ own compliance status during tasks. The effects of the scenarios were compared to the average compliance rates of three safety regulations (i.e., personal protective equipment self-monitoring hazard avoidance, and arranging the safety hook) for each scenario.
Results
The results show that 1) rewarding a good-compliance is more effective when there is no feedback on compliance status, and 2) penalizing non-compliance is more effective when there are three feedbacks during the tasks.
Discussion
This study provides a more accurate assessment of safety incentives and their effectiveness by focusing on safe behaviors to promote safety compliance among construction workers.
... The effective administration of safety, efficiency, quality, health, and the environment is equally critical to the sustainability of the construction industry, similar to marketing and finance (Venkataraman, 2008;Hasan & Jha, 2013). Consequently, safety performance is an equivalent metric to time, quality, and cost in assessing the success of a given project. ...
Purpose: This study seeks to assess the knowledge level of local construction workers regarding health and safety measures on construction sites. Design/Methodology/Approach: A quantitative research approach was employed, using interval Likert-type scales to measure data. A purposive sampling technique was employed for the study. One hundred and fifty questionnaires were distributed, with 122 returned and deemed valid for analysis. Descriptive statistics, relative importance index, Pearson Correlation, and structural equation modelling were utilised for the study. Data analysis was conducted using Amos 28 through structural equation modelling. Findings: The results indicate that the level of knowledge in construction health and safety practices directly and indirectly affects project performance and productivity. Higher levels of knowledge were associated with higher compliance with construction health and safety practices, leading to increased project performance and productivity. Compliance with health and safety measures directly influenced project performance and productivity. Additionally, the level of knowledge had a positive indirect effect on project performance and productivity. Research Limitations: Primarily, the sample was confined to construction workers within specific regions of Ghana, which may limit the applicability of the results to other geographic areas or contexts. Additionally, using self-reported data through questionnaires could introduce bias, as participants may respond in ways they perceive as socially desirable rather than reflecting true behaviours and knowledge levels. Practical Implication: Construction firms and authorities should prioritise safety training and tight safety regulations. Knowledge and compliance boost project performance and efficiency, making them a compelling financial case for investment. Companies could integrate advanced training modules and ongoing learning opportunities to maintain safety knowledge and compliance leading to more efficient and safer construction methods. Social Implications: The study shows substantial social consequences for construction worker health and safety. It emphasises the need for improved education, regulation, and compliance to reduce workplace injuries and fatalities. Originality/value: It contributes to understanding the relationship between project performance and productivity in a complex construction environment.
... In India, the labour cost is cheap, and most workers are unskilled and unaware of their rights, and contracting organisations find the use of Indian labour profitable (Hasan and Jha, 2013). Many companies do not follow the standards when enforcing safety laws on workers who are unaware of their rights (Bansal, 2011), which results in huge injuries and fatalities in Indian construction (Vigneshkumar and Saravanamuthu, 2021). ...
Risk assessment (RA) is a critical process that can help avoid costly incidents. However, RA is usually undertaken incorrectly due to a lack of construction experience. This study aimed to understand the challenges that users face during RA and users' viewpoints to improve RA quality in the Indian construction sector. A mixed-methods approach was adopted to elicit the perspectives of safety heads (users) participating in Indian construction projects. The result shows that the users faced six challenges during RA including identifying significant hazards and steps involved in each activity, and selecting control measures. The users' requirements were gathered to facilitate future RA processes. As a guide, the results of this study can be used by construction organizations to make an informed RA method.
... Safety performance measures a company's success in preventing accidents by showing that the company is committed to preventing accidents and occupational diseases and can increase work productivity [5]. Safety performance is part of the company's overall performance, but safety performance focuses more on the frequency of accidents (frequency rate), accident rate (incident rate), and severity (severity rate) [6]. ...
After the merger of PT Pelindo, PT Pelindo Terminal Petikemas became one of the sub-holding companies in containers. In maintaining consistency with the implementation of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) after the merger, PT Pelindo Terminal Petikemas needs to understand the importance of safety leadership, safety culture, safety behavior, and safety performance in the OHS program's success. The study aimed to determine the effect of safety leadership on safety culture and safety performance, the effect of safety culture and safety behavior on safety performance, and safety behavior to act as a mediation between safety leadership and safety performance, and safety culture on safety performance at PT Pelindo Terminal Petikemas. The samples of 130 employees are then analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS software. The results showed that safety leadership has a significant effect on safety culture and safety performance. Safety culture and safety behavior have a significant effect on safety performance. Safety behavior can mediate between safety culture and performance, while safety behavior cannot act as a mediation between safety leadership and performance. This research implies that PT Pelindo Terminal Petikemas's management can select several strong and trustworthy employees from each terminal who merge to lead initiatives regarding company safety and communicate with the central command.
... In India, the construction industry is the second-largest economic activity after agriculture, employing approximately 33-40 million people (National Skill Development Corporation, 2015;Dhal, 2020;Hasan and Jha, 2013;Dixit et al., 2018). Due to its larger size, the construction industry greatly affects the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) and causes some fluctuations in local economics (Choi et al., 2013). ...
Purpose
Proper prediction of productivity can enable the enhanced estimation, realistic scheduling, and accurate cost forecasting of construction processes. Due to the existence of different labor sources (unionized and non-unionized), the prediction of productivity is still a significant problem in India. Moreover, the construction procurement processes and on-site performance are the predominant elements that can result in improved project outcomes. Thereby, the consideration of labor constraints and site conditions will play an important role in productivity improvement.
Design/methodology/approach
This study investigates the factors affecting construction site productivity. A total of 28 factors are grouped under 7 categories as follows: labor constraints, safety and quality procurements, material and equipment (ME), site management, project working condition, delay controls, construction methods and techniques, and external factors. Furthermore, by involving these factors, the questionnaire survey was conducted among Indian construction practitioners. As a result, 204 responses were received and the data were analyzed using a reliability test, relative importance index (RII), and analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Findings
The result of this study highlighted the importance of strategic construction management activities in terms of effective planning of ME, planning and realistic scheduling of construction activities, proper communication, information sharing, etc. Thus, this study provides a clear insight to the Indian construction practitioners in determining the effect of these site factors on the successful execution of their projects.
Originality/value
In this paper, the problem of construction productivity in India and its causes are explained effectively. This study examines the preference of labor contract, labor source, and most importantly, the factors affecting site productivity. Moreover, the other lagging issues regarding the management of construction activities are also described in detail.
... However, accident statistics are not adequately and regularly reported (Chellappa et al., 2019). Most construction workers are unskilled, and due to poor safety standards, the Indian construction industry does not place a premium on employee competence (Hasan and Jha, 2013). The construction sector in India also faces challenges such as insufficient medical facilities, poor accident-reporting methods, poor safety culture and lack of implementation of safety regulations (Singh and Misra, 2021;Vigneshkumar and Saravanamuthu, 2021), all of which contribute to the poor safety culture of the industry, which results in approximately 10 000 fatalities every year (Patel and Jha, 2016). ...
Fall from height (FFH) fatal accident rates is higher than other accidents in the construction sector because of work-related causes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal factors of fatal fall incidents in the Indian construction industry. This study adopted a three-level accident causation model developed by Loughborough University researchers, aiming to identify immediate circumstances, shaping factors, and originating influences in selected incidents. The accident cases were retrieved from police records and government documents. Accident data from 2019 to 2020 were studied, and specific emphasis was placed on fatal fall events. These events were subjected to content review to determine causal factors. In total, ten fatal fall cases were analyzed in which immediate circumstances were established for all the cases that involved the use of unsafe methods of work. In some cases, shaping factors were identified as possible contributors to the events, such as the work processes nature and team members’ communication. Originating influences could not be established in any of the cases. The study findings could give a more comprehensive qualitative insight into the causal factors of fatal fall accidents which could alert the stakeholders in developing safety programs and providing effective fall preventive measures.
... Liu et al. (2021) stated that waste reduction strategies positively decrease the C&D waste problems based on the concept of cause and effect relationship. Hasan and Jha (2013) explore the safety incentives and penalty-provisions concerning the construction contracts to improve safety performance, similarly Maria (2018) discussed about the decision-making process in green construction projects. The authors further added about the waste demolition and its recycling by adopting the game theory penalty-mechanism. ...
The Construction and demolition (C and D) waste generation is a critical issue for the construction industry, which negatively affects the economy, environment, and society. This study estimates the penalty-cost based on the produced C&D wastes in steel and concrete skeleton projects. Field survey and the BOQ data were collected from five concrete and four steel skeleton projects. The difference of materials used and wastes generated between concrete and steel skeleton projects were evaluated statistically (ANOVA and Welch and Brown-Forsythe). A financial analysis was implemented for estimating the penalty cost. The study outcomes demonstrate that the amount of waste that construction managers estimated is significantly lower than the actual amount generated. Furthermore, 0.055% of the total project cost of a penalty was estimated based on the waste produced at construction sites. In the end, the estimated penalty was validated by comparing it with the six recent completed projects. The penalty calculated in this study could save the project cost and reduce the C&D waste. As a result, imposing the estimated cost as a penalty would force construction managers to think thoroughly about the generated C&D waste problems. This study also has a novelty and will add to the body of knowledge by using penalty-cost quantification model to save project-cost of construction material-based-waste, and it can be further explored by adopting more quality data and engaging different construction materials.
... Alarcón, Acuña [34] found that approaches that incorporate safety incentives and rewards are the most successful in reducing accident rates, but companies adopt them infrequently. The purpose of incentive/penalty (I/P) provisions is to align the contractor's motivation with the owner's project objectives to improve the overall performance [98]. An effective incentive program should, in theory, focus on rewarding proper, safety-conscious behaviour. ...
Safety performance in construction workplaces continues to decrease to unacceptable levels every year. An efficient safety performance in the construction sector can be achieved by implementing improvement practices, which make up a promising field. The primary objective of this review is to identify and categorise recommended safety improvement practices that enhance safety performance in the construction sector. Content analysis methodology was used to examine safety improvement practices, and these practices were categorised into clients, engineers, contractors, subcontractors and governments levels. More than 60 recommended practices, including allocating safety budgets, assigning safety personnel, building safety culture, conducting accident inspections, conducting safety committee meetings, developing safety programs, establishing training programs, maintaining a safety record system and stipulating safety equipment, were identified. The findings of this review illustrate how these practices influence safety performance and the maintenance of high safety performance outcomes in the construction sector. Recommendations were also proposed for construction stakeholders
... [66, [70][71][72][73] C16 Safety equipment acquisition and maintenance ...
The regeneration of abandoned industrial buildings (RAIBs) has received extensive attention in urban renewal efforts to achieve urban sustainable development goals. Meanwhile, the construction safety performance of RAIBs is a major challenge with increasing RAIB projects in China. Safety programs have been considered as one of the proactive methods to effectively reduce accidents and injuries in the construction industry. Various studies have conducted critical success factors (CSFs) that influence the effective implementation of safety programs in new buildings. However, the CSFs affecting the construction safety program implementation of RAIBs were ignored. The aim of this study is to determine CSFs that affect the safety program implementation of RAIB projects. First, sixteen factors were identified combining characteristics of RAIBs with literature reviews and experts’ opinion. Second, the fuzzy set theory and decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) approach are proposed to identify the influencing degree of the factors and categorize these factors into cause-and-effect groups. Then, according to the causal diagram, management support (C1), allocation of authority and responsibility (C3), control of subcontractor (C5), personal attitude (C9), and safety inspections and hazard assessment (C14) are identified as the CSFs for the safety program implementation of RAIBs’ construction. This study guides the managers and stakeholders to especially concentrate on these CSFs in order to improve the efficiency of the safety program implementation of RAIB projects with limited resources. This study also will contribute to the improvement of safety performance and to the sustainable development goal of RAIB projects.
... Our study also found that safety promotion 555 policies improved safety participation among nurses, but not on nurses' safety compliance. This could be attributed to the fact that hospitals in Nigeria are rewarding those who are involved in safety promotion, which indirectly creates a safety participative culture 560 among employees in hospitals (Hasan & Jha, 2013;Ostrom et al., 1993). ...
The study aims to examine the role of safety management practices and safety performance among nurses working in public hospitals amid the Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic in Nigeria. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed for data collection and a total of 229 nursing staff from the public health facilities in Abuja, Nigeria participated in the study. The results demonstrated that the level of safety performance was moderately high. These findings support the influence of management commitment on safety, safety training, and employees’ involvement on safety compliance. It was also found that management commitment to safety, safety training, and safety promotion policies posed significant effects on safety participation. This study provides empirical support for the assertion that safety management practices are of paramount importance in improving safety performance among nurses in public hospitals, especially during the Covid-19 Pandemic.
... Also, the high social and economic impacts of accidents and injuries have led to many efforts to solve the unfavorable situation of occupational and safety health (OSH) in the construction industry [4][5][6]. According to the statistics of construction industry accidents, it can be found that the same amount that paying attention to important components such as cost, time, and quality, which are the three most important vertices of the project management triangle, make the project successful, paying attention to safety performance also contributes to the success of the project [7]. Therefore, with the implementation and establishment of a safety management system in any organization, many risks of the executive operations of that organization will be identified, and of course, suitable solutions can be provided to reduce the risks to a significant extent [8]. ...
Despite safety regulations, the execution of construction projects has irreparable risks, including physical accidents and financial crashes for human resources and the project. These events adversely affect the balance of cost, time, and quality of projects. Therefore, a safety management system can play an effective role in improving the project management process. This research aims to identify and evaluate the most important levels and safety criteria in construction projects, evaluate and develop a safety management maturity model in workshops based on a case study, statistical analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire, and the combined multi-criteria decision-making method. It is based on combining Analytical Hierarchy Process, Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, and Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory methods. Based on the study results, twelve important safety criteria were identified and ranked according to the performed weighting. Then among the three study projects, one was selected as the project closest to the ideal solution. In the end, the most effective criteria were identified according to prioritization in the four main pillars of the project. Components of using the integrated system of project safety documentation and records by different stakeholders with scores of 15.39 and 17.9579, using optimal methodologies and processes based on UpToDate procedures with a score of 11.1443, and determining goals, procedures, strategies, and project safety requirements and communicating its documents with stakeholders with a score of 6.6906 were recognized as the most important components in the pillars of leadership and management of the project organization, key personnel and project staff, project partners and stakeholders, and policies and strategies, respectively.
... To prevent severe accidents, the use of PPE is one of the centerpieces of safety management in construction. It is highlighted in the literature that reward is as effective as penalty in OHS management applications [68][69][70]. Therefore, workers (or corresponding subcontractors) can be rewarded if they are detected to be using all PPEs as required. ...
Occupational accident rates in construction projects are usually higher than other industries in most countries, even though safety management systems are continuously improving. This study aims to contribute to the body of construction safety management by coupling discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and different machine learning (ML) methods to predict the number of occupational accidents using time series data. A dataset that consists of 393,160 occupational accidents recorded in Turkey between 2012 and 2020 was analyzed to predict the number of accidents for short-term, mid-term and long-term time periods, 1-day, 7-day and 30-day ahead, respectively. Model performances of stand-alone ML algorithms are improved with DWT, and hybrid wavelet-ANN showed the best performance. A dynamic utilization plan was proposed to the field of safety management by introducing a new theoretical and practical framework. This study also aims to fill the gap in the literature related to time series prediction models in construction
... Many studies (e.g., Chan and Chan 2004;Enshassi et al. 2009;Masrom and Skitmore 2009;Sibiya et al. 2015) showed that cost, time, and quality were predominant and key attributes of the construction project performance. Besides, Hasan and Jha (2013) indicated that safety performance in a project was as important as cost, time, and quality in measuring the project performance because if accidents occurred, both contractors and owners might be subject to legal claims (Chan and Chan 2004). Therefore, it is sensible to consider cost, time, quality, and safety as key attributes in measuring the project performance ( Table 2). ...
Variation orders have a substantial impact on project performance and stakeholder performance. The objective of this study is to discover the relationship chain among causes of variation orders (VOs), the project performance (PP), and the stakeholder performance (SP). A questionnaire survey is designed to collect data from practitioners. Using factor analysis, five constructs of the VOs are identified, namely poor management, construction method change, design/scope problems, uncontrollable objective problems, and impediment problems. SEM model is then established to uncover the relationship chain among the VOs, the PP, and the SP. The result of the SEM model shows that the VOs have a fairly strong impact on the PP, while PP has a strong impact on the SP. The VOs do not appear to have a direct impact on the SP. However, it has an indirect significant impact on the SP. This study extends the body of knowledge relating variation orders in construction project. The results of this study imply that the parties need to build a cooperative relationship with each other to minimize the impacts of variation orders, thereby improving the PP and the SP.
... • D2-69-Competence: skills that the worker has developed in safety matters that make him/her have safer behaviours and awareness of the risks associated with the tasks performed [10,26,29,99,115]; • D2-70-Safety experience: ability of the worker to securely face tasks due to the fact of previous training or experiences [20,28,35,82,102,116] [20,34,106,117]; • D2-75-Skill/quality of worker: Level of professionalisation of the worker, both in the specific tasks performed and in safety knowledge. It is not necessarily just senior workers that have safer behaviours than junior ones, but there is a direct correlation with the qualifications of the workers [20,31,33,43,75]; • D2-76-Subcontractors and contractors' prequalification on safety: evaluation of the safety knowledge and rules of subcontracted work teams and alignment with the rules of the principal contractor before they enter the worksite [15,34,53,83,117]; • D2-77-Worker age: related to much more experience in security issues at a practical level but also to the persistence of some bad practices. ...
Due to the fact of activity, environment and work dynamics, the construction industry is characterised by high accident rates. Different initiatives have emerged to reduce these figures, which focus on using new methodologies and technologies for safety management. Therefore, it is essential to know the key factors and their influence on safety in construction projects (fSCPs) to focus efforts on these elements. Through a systematic literature review, based on PRISMA methodology , this article identifies, describes and categorises 100 factors that affect construction safety. It thus contributes by providing a comprehensive general framework, unifying previous studies fo-cused on specific geographic areas or case studies with factors not considered or insufficiently dis-aggregated, along with an absence of classifications focused on understanding where and how factors affect the different dimensions of construction projects. The 100 factors identified are described and categorised according to the dimensions and aspects of the project in which these have an impact , along with identifying whether they are shaping or immediate factors or originating influences for the generation of accidents. These factors, their description and classification are a key contribution to improving the systematic creation of safety and generating training and awareness materials to fully develop a safety culture in organisations.
... Cluster 3safety climate and safety culture. Existing studies have been focusing on identifying the factors influencing safety climate or safety culture (Beriha et al., 2012;Patel and Jha, 2016b), as well as linking them to the measurement of safety performance (Saravanan, 2016;Patel and Jha, 2016a;Shanmugapriya and Subramanian, 2016;Hasan and Jha, 2013). Recently, Patel and Jha (2015b) adopted neural network models for the prediction of safety climate. ...
Purpose
Construction workers’ health and safety (CWHS) research in India has not gained much attention among researchers. This study aims to review articles related to CWHS research in India using a science mapping approach.
Design/methodology/approach
A total number of 64 journal articles published between 2004 and 2019 were extracted from the Scopus database using keywords including “construction safety,” “occupational health,” “ergonomics in construction,” etc. VOSviewer software was used to examine the influential keywords, documents, sources and authors in the field of CWHS.
Findings
The study found that most of the current work focuses on safety management, safety climate, safety performance, musculoskeletal disorders and behavior-based safety. The result indicates no theoretical basis for the theories and learning methods for the existing studies.
Practical implications
The findings open up a research gap that researchers explore to enhance workers’ health and safety within the Indian construction environment.
Originality/value
The paper is the first article to provide a better understanding of current research in the field of CWHS in India by analyzing its growth through the science mapping approach.
... These two factors were ranked the 8th and 5th by clients, while 23rd and 20th by contractors, respectively, emphasizing the significant differences. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that clients desire to read penalty provisions more clearly in order to use it for the alignment of the contractor's motivation with the client's objectives (Hasan and Jha, 2013). Clients may also want to have more control about the quality of the end product described in the contract document. ...
Purpose
Conflicts, claims and disputes are inherent in most construction projects. Acceptable degree of commonality in the interpretation of contract provisions is critical in effective contract administration. This study aims to assess the effects of contract ambiguity factors on construction conflicts, highlighting the causes of divergent interpretations using fuzzy technique for order of preference by the similarity-to-ideal-solution (TOPSIS) method.
Design/methodology/approach
Fuzzy TOPSIS framework with 27 ambiguity factors is constructed by conducting a comprehensive literature review, accompanied by a pilot study. Questionnaire survey is formed, and one-to-one interviews are arranged with 35 contract administration experts.
Findings
The findings indicate that (1) ambiguity due to excessive changes in the bill of quantity (BOQ) (including ambiguous provisions related to BOQ changes), (2) incomplete clauses that do not describe the scope of the intended work purely, (3) ambiguity due to excessive amendments in the scope of works (including ambiguous provisions related to scope changes), (4) ambiguous enforceability including excessive demands and (5) ambiguous goal and performance requirements are the top five ambiguity factors affecting construction conflicts.
Research limitations/implications
Presented framework is performed referring to ambiguity factors in all type of construction contracts in the general sense. However, the identified factors may vary depending on the project type, contract type, procurement method or use of standard contract forms (such as NEC, FIDIC).
Originality/value
The literature lacks the investigation of ambiguity factors in construction contracts, yet the assessment of the effects of contract ambiguity is essential to minimize conflicts.
... Jitwasinkul and Hadikusuno (2011) identified seven factors of Thailand construction projects, namely: communication, manager commitment, organization learning, reward system, leadership, empowerment and culture. Hasan and Jha (2013) determined six factors of safety performance in Indian construction projects which are: consideration of risky situations safety, specific works and safety equipment, proper labor training, incentive sharing process and the perfect procedure of incentive/penalty. In literature, it is shown that management commitment is considered as the most dominant factor that affects construction safety. ...
The challenge of improving construction safety performance is observed in many countries. Safety is considered by practitioners and researchers as an important topic in construction industry sites. Despite the findings of implementing safety programs, it is revealed that accidents and injuries are not perfectly reduced in construction projects. In the literature, authors tried to establish several frameworks and proposed methods to reach this objective by identifying the key factors affecting safety performance. The aim of this study is to present critical factors used in the implementation of safety programs and to explore their relationships using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). Then, via ISM technique, the overall structure among factors was revealed. By using the Fuzzy MICMAC analysis, the factors were classified into four groups based on their driving power and dependence power. The results showed that “Safety Training” and “Management Commitment” have the most important impact on safety programs, but also it is very important to study the interactions among factors at different stages. This analysis offers key resources for practitioners and decision makers by analyzing the relationships between factors and its driving or dependence strength. These results shed lights on the effective development of measures to facilitate the implementation of safety programs in the construction sector.
... To reduce the fatality rates in construction sites, safety management policy should intervene with a different approach. Supervising the workers from different cultural backgrounds at the workplace should have innovative ideas on safety to increase the workers' safe behavior which automatically reduces the accident/injury rate [2]. When comparing the domestic and international projects for high risk, it is found that international projects are high risker as they include workers from various countries, which has a change in language as well as system and standards [3]. ...
As there are a large number of fatalities recorded in the construction sites, it is considered as one of the hazardous occupations in the world when compared to any other sector. This article intends to study the factors that lead to accidents in construction sites, hazards, and safety management through previous research.
It is noted that the majority of the construction site accidents are due to unsafe acts by the workers. Previous studies focused on behavior based safety and safety management in constructional sites but still, the influential factor for the accident is not reported. Hence from the study, it is concluded that prioritizing the hazardous task thro ugh risk assessment and allocating the right person to the right job may reduce accidents drastically. Furthermore, determining safety performance in the site and identifying the probable human error by various techniques in each task can assist the worker in altering their behaviors.
... For defects to be least considering in DLP, the work done should be of the desired quality (Hwang et al., 2009). Adopting project quality control and quality assurance programmes will reduce the cost for project failure (Hasan and Jha, 2013). Project is considered successful if no additional cost other than maintenance cost occurs during the DLP. ...
Purpose – The construction industry is facing challenges because of performance shortfalls. Construction
projects are highly complex, distinctive, fragmented and do not have well-established performance
assessment models to evaluate their project success. The purpose of this paper is to assess the direction
through determination of performance areas that would affect project performance in Indian construction
projects.
Design/methodology/approach – A survey instrument was developed to gather data on the perception
of industry professionals on these identified areas. Purposive sampling method was used to select
respondents for the survey. These performance areas are ranked using relative importance index to ascertain
a level of importance among the group. Factor analysis (FA) was conducted to identify the significant
performance areas project performance. Further to identify the most influence performance areas on Indian
construction projects, multiple regression analysis was carried out.
Findings – Findings indicated 28 significant performance areas. This shows the low level of adoption of
good construction management practices in Indian construction projects. FA resulted in the areas being
grouped to nine broad significant performance areas with 59.49% of the total variance, namely, quality,
schedule, environment and stakeholder satisfactions, cost, productivity, safety, communication management,
customer relations and finance. Multiple regression analysis revealed two pivotal factors “customer relations”
and “schedule” that significantly influence project performance in Indian construction industry.
Originality/value – The outcome of the study will guide project stakeholders, who desire to improve
project performance on construction projects, to prioritize their efforts. It also highlights performance areas of
project management which required more focussed research in the context of Indian construction projects.
The findings can be extended to the developing countries.
Keywords Project success, Project performance, Indian construction industry, Performance areas
Paper type Research paper
... Although some CDWM practices showed numerous benefits, contractors tend to be reluctant about implementation (Kunieda et al., 2019). Conventional penalty methods had been focused on safety (Hasan and Jha, 2013;Man et al., 2017). However, penalty methods were also suggested to increase the performance of CDWM (Yuan, 2013b). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to develop a performance evaluation framework for construction and demolition waste management (CDWM); second, to investigate feasible and effective strategies to improve the CDWM performance.
Design/methodology/approach
A review of the literature highlighted a lack of comprehensive research to evaluate CDWM performance of key project stakeholders, like owners, contractors and consultants. After the identification of 22 performance variables through a pilot study, a first questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the views of respondents toward CDWM performance. The 132 responses were analyzed using factor analysis to determine specific CDWM performance factors, which formed a conceptual performance evaluation framework of CDWM. Furthermore, a practical index (PI) was proposed to integrate the feasibility and effectiveness of CDWM strategies. The values of PI were employed to prioritize CDWM strategies from data collected in a second questionnaire survey.
Findings
The validated results from factor analysis revealed that the conceptual performance evaluation framework of CDWM consists of six factors; and the attitude toward CDWM emerged as the foremost critical factor. The prioritization of PI values indicated that raising CDWM awareness among construction stakeholders was the most feasible and effective strategy for CDWM.
Originality/value
This CDWM performance evaluation framework is one of the first to holistically evaluate CDWM from key stakeholder perspectives. In addition, the PI firstly enables quantitative integration of the feasibility and effectiveness of CDWM strategies.
... Financial-based reward systems have been widely used (T. M. Rose & Manley, 2005) in various managerial areas such as waste reduction (Mahpour & Mortaheb, 2018), safety management (Hasan & Jha, 2013;Hinze, 2002), and sustainability (Pitt, Tucker, Riley, & Longden, 2009). Almost all reward systems consist of three main stages; 'well-defining the indicator', 'designing performance benchmarks' and finally 'award teams financially'. ...
In the absence of strong market forces driving innovation in infrastructure construction environments, the role of the project owner becomes critical in creating the motivation to innovate. Successful infrastructure projects addressed innovation systematically, by employing incentivizing mechanisms. Whilst this is recognized, this study seeks to answer the question: In what order can innovations be ranked when infrastructure projects are set for developing innovation incentive system? Addressing this, a Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)-based questionnaire was used to run a pairwise comparison matrix for the classified types of innovation. These were ranked, and unique weights were developed for each of the classified innovations. This paper proposes a procedure for determination of the weights of alternative innovations in the FAHP, which is based on expected values of the fuzzy numbers and their products. The results show that classified innovations have various levels of importance in infrastructure projects. A case study of SCIRT’s infrastructure rebuild in Christchurch, New Zealand, which reported more than 500 innovations, has been undertaken and analyzed. This enables current research to gain a better insight and understanding of the behaviors of innovation in different types. As a main contribution, the study demonstrates how the classification system could be used by project owners, to put in place mechanisms to influence the development and adoption of various types of construction innovation. In addition, the findings inform industry professionals of how to enable classified innovations in infrastructure projects to maximize productivity performance.
... The strength and success of any construction company lies in the effective management of safety, productivity, quality, health and the environment, in addition to marketing and finance [15], therefore safety performance in a project is a measurement of the success of a project, similar to time, quality and cost [4]. Safety performance is an indicator of how organizations or companies have an awareness of high-risk issues or susceptible to work errors, which can lead to reduction of accidents. ...
Construction has now become an industry with the highest risk of work accidents. The risk of workplace accidents in construction can be caused by several factors, such as the work method, workplace, environment, human factors and poor safety management system. One of the examples of safety management system that can reduce the level of work accidents in construction is safety plan. The purpose of this research is to identify the potential hazards of the work components in construction of channel irrigation WBS (work breakdown structure) that have been standardized, and to develop a safety plan based on the risks identified in the construction of channel irrigation WBS in order to improve occupational health and safety performance for channel irrigation construction. The research methods used were archive analysis with questionnaire and case studies. The results of this study reported potentially hazardous risk sources on channel irrigation construction projects, therefore preventive actions and corrective actions are to be made later for the development of a safety plan as a form of preventing the risk of workplace accidents to improve OHS performance for construction of channel irrigation.
Purpose
This study employed a questionnaire survey to understand the safety attitudes, focusing on safety motivation and risk tolerance as well as safety management practices, including safety training and safety incentives, among construction site employees, including both managerial personnel and frontline workers. The objective was to explore the relationship between safety management practices and safety attitudes within both the managerial and frontline worker groups.
Design/methodology/approach
This study was conducted among 1,026 construction workers and 256 managerial personnel at 53 construction sites across 12 provinces in China. A t -test was used to compare the differences in safety-related scores between managerial personnel and frontline workers, and a structural equation model was used to explore the relationship between safety attitudes and safety management.
Findings
This study found that the scores of managerial personnel for safety motivation, safety training and safety incentives were significantly higher than construction workers, while their scores for risk tolerance were significantly lower than construction workers. Managerial personnel’s safety motivation has a significant positive impact on both safety training and safety incentives, while their risk tolerance has a significant negative impact on safety incentives. Safety training has a significant positive effect on construction workers’ safety motivation, whereas safety incentives have a significant negative impact on construction workers’ risk tolerance.
Originality/value
This study is one of the few that have investigated construction safety by conducting surveys targeting both site managerial personnel and frontline workers, employing an empirical approach to validate the role of safety management in transmitting safety attitudes from site managerial personnel to frontline workers.
Introduction: The oil and gas industry is known to place high premium
on safety because any unsafe condition may have severe consequences
that may translate to several loses and damage to the environment.
Apart from accidents that may lead to loss of work hours and payment
of compensations, environmental damages arising from unsafe
practices may cost the oil and gas company several millions of dollars
to clean up. Hence proactive safety measures are usually
recommended. To curb unsafe behaviours, safety incentives are used
to modify workers’ behaviour to be more safety conscious by either
rewarding safe behaviours and/or punishing unsafe behaviours. This
study was carried out to ascertain if safety incentives promote
proactive reporting of unsafe conditions among oil and gas industry
workers in Nigeria as a means of enhancing their occupational health
and safety.
Methods: A survey research design was used in the study with a
correlational research strategy adopted. The sample consisted of 50
workers from the oil and gas industry drawn from both onshore and
offshore with diverse job specifications and age.
Results: The null hypothesis stated for the study, which states that:
implementation of safety incentives does not lead to proactive
reporting of unsafe working condition among workers in the Nigerian
oil and gas industry was upheld because the calculated Chi square
value X_c^2 = 3.07 at df = 4 was less than the table value X_t^2 =9.49. Also in support of the acceptance of the null hypothesis was a p
value of 0.55 which was far above 5% or 0.05.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it was concluded
that proactive reporting in the industry is not impacted by
implementation of safety incentive programmes, unlike findings from
some previous studies.
This study explores the potential of machine learning to predict the risk of accidents in construction projects. Data has been gathered from a Norwegian construction company over a period of nearly seven years, consisting of 156 projects. 46 features are constructed, primarily focusing on observations and incidents on health, safety, and environment, as well as quality deviations. Using mutual information, 20 important features are identified. These are later used to train six classification models, which are evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation. The target feature of the classification problem is the level of risk, which describes the probability of accidents for a project: low risk, risk of less severe accidents, risk of serious accidents, and risk of critical accidents. The model performances are poor compared to previous studies. This is likely a result of the amount of projects and the total number of different features used to train the models. Based on the limited data that is utilized, the results still indicate that there is a potential in some of the data, especially observations and incidents. It is suggested that incorporating project worker-related data and more project information could enhance the accuracy of predictions.
Current incentive mechanisms for construction safety highly rely on intermediaries and massive paperwork, which lay a foundation for opportunistic behavior and poor performance in the long run. As a solution, this study introduces an automatic incentive mechanism that rewards contractors with Fungible Tokens (FTs) and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). Visual data of construction sites is processed through a computer-vision module, which reports safety performance. These reports are evaluated in a network of smart contracts, using a decentralized oracle network (DON), and token-based rewards are determined and distributed accordingly. Users can redeem their FT rewards or NFTs through an interactive front-end portal. The proposed method is successfully implemented through a synthetic case study to prove its feasibility. The proposed decentralized application (Dapp) provides a transparent, traceable, and immutable incentive mechanism that improves trust among stakeholders, and can be used as a template and expanded to fields beyond construction safety.
Construction is one of the most dangerous sectors to work in; governments from various countries enact health and safety regulations to cultivate good health habits and impose stakeholders’ duties to ensure the work environment is safe. However, these regulations always impose penalties on the stakeholders of construction organizations in attaining their objectives. This chapter gives an overview of these regulations in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore and discusses the effectiveness of these penalties that Deterrence Theory underpins. In addition, alternative means to incentivize safety compliance at work from literature are discussed. Recommendations are then given for further research on incentivizing safety compliance in the construction sector. These include developing incentive and penalty provisions in construction contracts, revisiting the applicability of Deterrence Theory and reinforcing the link between safety incentives and compliance at construction sites.KeywordsSafety complianceConstruction health and safetyIncentivesPenalty
Hava Taşımacılığı Yönetimi: Teori ve Uygulama, havacılık alanında eğitim veren bilim kurumlarında görev yapan akademisyenlerin değerli katkılarıyla ortaya çıkarıldı. Amacımız, Türkiye’de havacılık endüstrisinin bilimsel açıdan tartışılmasına ve gelişmesine katkı sağlayacak bilimsel çalışmaların ortaya çıkarılması ve görünür hale gelmesini desteklemektir. Bu doğrultuda Atatürk Havalimanından İstanbul Havalimanına geçişin Türk sivil havacılığına etkisi, havacılık tarihindeki en etkili kriz olarak kayda geçen COVID-19 pandemisinin stratejik havayolu işbirlikleri ve havayolu iş modelleri üzerine etkileri, yeşil pazarlama ve diğer güncel pazarlama yaklaşımları, havalimanı performansı, havalimanı rekabet stratejileri, havalimanlarının bulundukları bölgeye sundukları katkılar, havacılık için kritik bir konu olarak havacılık emniyeti üzerine yapılan çalışmalar ve havayolu taşımacılığı için son dönemin güncel konuları arasında yer alan dijitalleşme üzerine yapılan çalışmalar, Hava Taşımacılığı Yönetimi: Teori ve Uygulama kitabının içeriğini oluşturmaktadır. Kitapta ele alınan çalışmaların, havacılık endüstrisine hem teorik hem de uygulamalı açından katkı sunacağını düşünmekteyiz.
Purpose
This study aims to examine the mutual influence of causes of variation orders (VOs), claims/disputes (CDs) on project performance (PP) and stakeholder performance (SP).
Design/methodology/approach
Firstly, this study identifies the VOs, the CDs, criteria for measuring the PP and criteria for measuring the SP. Then, a survey questionnaire is created to collect data from stakeholders in construction projects. Using the factor analysis method, this study discovers the constructs of the VOs, CDs, PP and SP. The relationships among the constructs are then uncovered using a structural equation model.
Findings
The research findings confirm that the VOs and CDs have a direct effect on the PP, as well as the PP’s effect on SP, whereas the VOs and CDs have no effect on the SP. It is strongly recommended that critical factors such as poor management, construction method change, design/scope problems, uncontrollable objective problems, impediment problems, lack of commitment among parties and lack of experience and competence of parties should be given special attention to improve the SP.
Originality/value
The results of the study fill the gap in knowledge by examining the mutual influence of the VOs, the CDs, the PP and the SP. Discovering the mutual influence will assist managers in improving the PP and the SP.
The construction industry is one of the hazardous industries all over the world. There have been continuous safety efforts on post-facto safety investigations and related corrective actions. However, to prevent future accidents, post-facto reports may not be able to provide comprehensive insights. Also, past literature pointed at limited proactive efforts to measure the current level of safety at the project. Therefore, this study introduced a leading indicator-based Jobsite safety inspection (JSI) method to measure the project's safety performance. A total of 781 observations were reported in baseline and follow-up JSI on a real construction site. The study's findings highlighted an increase in safe behavior and conditions (SB&C) by reducing unsafe behavior (UB) and unsafe conditions (UC). Results confirmed the significant improvement in the safety performance index (SPI) of the case study from 39.07% to 67.47%. This study also investigated hazardous locations and weak safety dimensions for further SPI improvement.
Organisasi merupakan salah satu elemen yang penting dalam faktor manusia yang dapat mempengaruhi kinerja keselamatan. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukan bahwa organisasi memiliki tingkat kepentingan paling tinggi dibandingkan individu dan lingkungan kerja yang akan berpengaruh pada kinerja keselamatan di perusahaan. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui elemen-elemen apa saja di dalam faktor organisasi yang dapat mempengaruhi kinerja keselamatan Tulisan ini menggunakan metode traditional literature review dengan menggunakan mesin pencari Google Scholar, Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, Springerlink, dan Research Gate. Penelusuran menggunakan kata kunci safety performance, human factor, organizational factor, worker participation, safety commitment. Berdasarkan 12 literatur yang didapatkan bahwa dalam faktor organisasi terdapat elemen-elemen yang bisa mempengaruhi kinerja keselamatan seperti: komitmen manajemen, kepemimpinan keselamatan, partisipasi pekerja, kebijakan dan promosi keselamatan, komunikasi, budaya menyalahkan, pelatihan keselamatan, hubungan interpersonal, pengawasan keselamatan, dukungan supervisor, sistem penghargaan (insentif dan pinalti), perbaikan berkelanjutan.
Inadequate compliance with safety practices is a major hurdle in the construction industry, and a single-level source of input to assess safety culture is a major limitation of the literature. Therefore, this study aimed to capture multi-level employees' (top management (TM), middle management (MM), and workers) perceptions to assess multi-level safety culture (organization level (OL), project level (PL), and personnel level (PPL)) in the construction industry. This study considered Indian construction industry a study area and used a questionnaire survey and interview technique as research instruments. 184 responses were collected from multi-level employees. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistical method and hypothesis testing using the Mann-Whitney U test followed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Post Hoc test. Findings highlighted inadequate safety compliances and significant (p < 0.05) perception differences among multi-level employees. Further, root cause analysis for observed perception differences was performed, and managerial implications were discussed from implementation perspectives.
Purpose
The construction industry is considered one of the most dangerous industries especially in developing countries such as Egypt. Although safety in Egypt is regulated by mainly four pivotal legislations, namely, Law No. 12 (2003) and Ministerial Decrees No. 211, 126 and 134, construction accident records in Egypt are high. Accordingly, this paper aims to develop a framework to activate the health and safety regulations in the Egyptian construction industry.
Design/methodology/approach
To achieve this aim, a research methodology consisting of a literature review and a survey questionnaire was developed to accomplish three objectives. First, a literature review was used to identify the causes of site accidents and strategies adopted in different countries to improve and enforce safety, safety roles of stakeholders. Second, a survey questionnaire was conducted with a representative sample of large- and medium-sized construction firms in Egypt to examine their perception of the causes of site accidents. Finally, a framework was developed to activate the health and safety regulations in the Egyptian construction industry.
Findings
The research identified 16 causes of construction site accidents. These causes were classified into three categories based on the party responsible for the occurrence of site accidents, namely, workers, organization management and government. Results of data analysis showed that “lack of housekeeping” and “lack of governmental inspection for safety” were ranked the highest causes of site accidents in the Egyptian construction industry, whereas “inefficiency of old safety equipment or no safety equipment at all” and “reluctance to input resources for safety” were ranked the least causes.
Originality/value
This research provides valuable information about the nature of the construction industry with a particular focus on site accidents, causes and impacts of construction site accidents. The study highlighted the safety roles of the Egyptian Governmental bodies in Egypt to improve and enforce safety. The research tackled a topic that received scant attention in construction literature especially in the Egypt context. The framework presented in this paper represents a synthesis that is important and adds value to the knowledge in a manner that has not previously occurred in the Egyptian construction industry.
The construction sector is always considered critical as it accounts to majority of deaths, although all safety aids are planted in a multi-dimensional pattern. In 2015, construction was ranked as the highest death toll, accounting for about 20% of deaths at work. The key strategy that can be effective in minimizing this large number of deaths is the need to regularly provide adequate training programs and to spread awareness on safety at work and workers’ health. Safe working practices are primarily taken over by large companies or a whole construction industry. The size of the company reflects the mind-set of its employees in understanding behavioral safety and safe work practices, with very few construction companies trying to capture health and safety of employee as important to the organization’s productivity. In this paper, an effort has been made for overcoming the obstacles hindering the poor construction safety and an emphasis is laid on suggesting its mitigation measures. The language barrier and poor competency of the worker are indicators of inadequate training provided by management. Such incompetent workers if involved in construction may endanger the safe working culture, and also, they pave the way for hazards involved in construction sites, which has a huge impact on success and safety. In this paper, an attempt has been made to enlist the mitigation measures for the above-described problems.
Construction accidents have unique features on the surface, while further investigation often reveals common underlying systemic patterns that lead to accidents. By identifying these patterns, organizations can better understand past accidents, monitor risk, and reduce the likelihood of future accidents. Further, construction project management is such a complex effort due to the unique, dynamic, and temporary nature of the construction industry. Furthermore, there is lack of research on exploring the systematic patterns responsible for occurrence of accidents. To address this gap in knowledge, this paper aims to better understand the dynamic complexity of construction safety by identifying behavioral patterns of workers that recur in construction projects continuously. Content analysis and ground theory method (GTM) were adopted for this research. In total, 100 papers were reviewed to explore the influential factors affecting the safety in construction projects. Furthermore, 20 interviews were conducted with experts in the field of construction health and safety. The results showed that there are four archetypes of construction workers: (1) blame on workers, (2) construction delay, (3) incentive programs, and (4) subcontractors’ financial status. The identified archetypes have been illustrated at different steps including the dynamic theory, behavior over time, and the leverage point to show how to manage the archetype. The developed archetypes could be useful for decision-makers and help them be aware of the long-term effects of their decisions in the projects. They also provide systemic vision for project managers helping them understand the dynamic complexity of construction safety management.
Large-scale water diversion project has the characteristics of linear distribution and is usually conducted simultaneously by multiple contractors. A typical principal-agent relationship exists between the project owner and each contractor involved in executing the project. Due to the asymmetry of information and the different interest goals of the owner and contractors, the contractors are likely to engage in opportunistic behavior. This can have a seriously negative effect on the interests of the project owner and the public. In order to solve this problem and optimize contractors' effort levels, this paper establishes a tournament incentives model operating under the existence of contractors' fairness preferences, based on the principle-agent theory in the large-scale water diversion project. Also, a tournament incentives compensation distribution scheme is designed. The scheme is based on each agent's ranking and degree of fairness preference. The results show that multiple contractors will be more inclined to put forth optimal effort after tournament incentives mechanism is introduced. Moreover, contractors' optimal effort levels will increase as the degree of the incentive compensation gap between the two contractors increases. The study finds that the incentive coefficient for both top-ranked and second-ranked contractors should increase in line with corresponding increases in fairness preference degrees. This method will help to ensure that contractors put forward their optimal effort level, indirectly causing an increase in the total output performance of a large-scale water diversion project, thus achieving a win-win situation. Finally, the study's conclusions are verified through a research study. The findings offer new insights for the development of stakeholder management between the owner and multi-contractor in large-scale water diversion projects.
Introduction:
Construction incidents occur due to system failures, not due to a single factor such as unsafe behavior or condition. Therefore, construction safety should be investigated using a systematic view capable of illustrating the complex nature of incidents. Construction projects are also often behind their planned schedule and suffer from various pressures caused by contractual deadlines or clients. Previous studies demonstrated that such pressures negatively affect safety performance; however, the process of how production pressure influences safety performance is not fully investigated.
Method:
The present research aimed to understand the feedback mechanism of how production pressure interactively affects safety performance and safety-related managerial components in a construction project. Ground theory method (GTM) is used to create a conceptual causal loop diagram that shows the relationship between incident rate and other variables such as labor hour, actual and planned progress, safety climate, rework, and safety training. Moreover, a power plant construction project was used as a case study to practically investigate the conceptual model; a case study is employed to build a System Dynamics (SD) model. The simulation model was then validated using behavior reproduction and sensitivity analysis.
Results:
The results of the inequality statistics show that the simulation model can be used to forecast trends in the incident rate.
The principles of incentive contracting are long standing. In recent years, however, there has been a greater emphasis on the need to use incentives whenever possible. Consequently, there is a growing requirement for a more thorough understanding of the principles and techniques involved. In this paper, the key features of motivation and incentive contracting are described, and three real contracts are outlined and compared with particular attention to the incentive mechanisms used. The writers found that incentive arrangements must align the needs of the client and contractor, correctly allocate risk, and allow an appropriate level of client involvement.
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000153 Over the past few decades, both the guaranteed maximum price (GMP) and target cost contracting (TCC) arrangements have been regarded as alternative integrated procurement strategies for clients to mitigate risks, minimize claims, integrate the diverse interests of a complex construction project, and offer incentives to provide value-added services. However, the adoption of GMP/TCC contracts may also generate significant risks and difficulties that merit considerable attention. This paper aims to provide a concise review of the potential pitfalls of the GMP/TCC scheme in general and identifies the key risk factors and potential difficulties associated with GMP/TCC in comparison with other procurement strategies in construction in particular via an empirical survey of clients, contractors, and consultants in Hong Kong. The survey data gleaned from 45 valid replies were analyzed using the mean score ranking technique, Kendall's concordance test, and Spearman's rank correlation test. The survey results indicated that “involvement of inexperienced or claim-conscious contractors in a project procured by a GMP/TCC contract” was considered to be the most significant risk factor; while “design development must keep pace with main contractor's program for tendering the domestic subcontractors' works packages” as the major difficulty in implementing GMP/TCC projects. The research findings derived from this study are particularly essential in assisting the contracting parties to mitigate the detriments brought about by potential risks or difficulties when embarking on GMP/TCC contracts. It has also generated valuable insights into developing effective recommendations for alleviating the barriers to GMP/TCC success for future construction projects. Author name used in this publication: Patrick T. I. Lam
Some people claim that there is nothing new under the sun. Certainly incentive contracting is not new. The Navy Department boasts of Pepys using delivery incentives in the form of penalties and bonuses in ship contracts 300 years ago. In America, the War Department included a performance incentive in the Wright brothers' aircraft contract in 1907, providing for a 10% bonus for each mile per hour the aircraft would perform in excess of 40mph(18m/s).
Construction contract types and general condition clauses have a major influence on the likelihood and degree of project success. A comprehensive empirical study was conducted for 36 very large capital construction projects completed within the past three years to assess such impacts. Two general contract types (cost reimbursible and fixed price) and 96 clauses were carefully analyzed for impacts on six measures of project performance: cost, schedule, quality, safety, and owner and contractor satisfaction. The clauses bearing most heavily on project performance are identified, and the key elements of those clauses that are most crucial to project success are discussed in detail. Other contract administration concepts such as risk allocation, respective views of owners and contractors, and incentive provisions are factually and thoroughly discussed.
Introduction.- Vector and Matrix Algebra.- The Multivariate Normal Distribution, Multivariate Normality, and Covariance Structure.- One- and Two-Sample Tests.- Multivariate Analysis of Variance.- Discriminant Analysis.- Canonical Correlation.- Principal Component Analysis.- Factor Analysis.- Structural Equations.
This paper presents the findings of a questionnaire survey conducted on the factors affecting cost performance of Indian construction projects. Factor analysis of the response on the 55 success and failure ‘attributes’ identified through literature review and personal interview extracted seven factors. Critical success factors obtained by the analyses are: project manager’s competence; top management support; project manager’s coordinating and leadership skill; monitoring and feedback by the participants; coordination among project participants; and owners competence and favourable climatic condition. However factors adversely affecting the cost performances of projects, are: conflict among project participants; ignorance and lack of knowledge; presence of poor project specific attributes and non existence of cooperation; hostile socio economic and climatic condition; reluctance in timely decision; aggressive competition at tender stage; and short bid preparation time. Further analysis indicates coordination among project participants as the most significant of all the factors having maximum positive influence on cost performance.
Over 40% of Indian construction projects are facing time overrun ranging from 1 to 252 months; the reasons for which are being studied by researchers to suggest possible remedial measures. This paper identifies 55 attributes responsible for impacting performance of the projects. These attributes were then presented to Indian construction professionals in the form of a questionnaire. Statistical analysis of responses on the attributes segregated them into distinct sets of success attributes and failure attributes. Factor analysis of sets of success attributes and failure attributes separately grouped them into six critical success factors and seven critical failure factors. In order to understand the extent of contribution these factors have on the outcome of a construction project, a second stage questionnaire survey was also undertaken. The analyses of responses of the second stage questionnaire led us to conclude that two success factors and one failure factor: commitment of project participants; owner’s competence; and conflict among project participants contribute significantly in enhancement of current performance level of the project. The extent of their contribution has, however, been observed to vary for a given level of project performance. The analyses results are expected to help project professionals to focus on a few factors and get the optimum results rather than giving attention to all the factors and not getting the proportionate results.
Construction Project Management deals with different facets of construction management emphasizing the basic concepts that any engineering student is supposed to know. The major principles of project management have been derived through real life case studies from the field. Simplified examples have been used to facilitate better understanding of the concepts before going into the large and complex problems.
Features
Computer applications (Primavera and MS Project) used to explain planning, scheduling, resource leveling, monitoring and reporting. Highly illustrated with line diagrams, cash-flow diagrams, bar diagrams, line graphs to make the book interactive and easy to understand. Pedagogy includes solved examples, and chapter-end exercises comprising both descriptive and non-descriptive questions. Real life examples from sites of Delhi Metro construction, Delhi International Airport construction and many more. Case studies on preparation of documents for ISO 9001:2000, construction disputes, accidents in the construction industry, and preparation of estimates for live projects.
Good project management outcomes include completing projects to an acceptable level of quality, within budget and on time. As construction accidents may cause project delays, safety management plays an important role in a project's timely completion. This study aims to undertake a comparative study of HR practices adopted for safety management on construction projects in the United States (US) and Singapore and to investigate the relationship between HR practices and construction safety management outcomes (severity and frequency of accidents). The research method included exploratory interviews and industry surveys of contractors in the US and Singapore by email and post. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Compared to Singapore contractors, the results show that US contractors' project management practices place significantly more emphasis on highlighting organizational safety values to new workers and taking working experience into account during the selection process. On the other hand, Singapore contractors place more emphasis on providing appropriate rest areas for workers. Many HR practices are significantly correlated with safety management outcomes. These include: taking age into consideration during selection process and giving feedback to workers about their unsafe behaviour. It is recommended that project managers adopt relevant HR practices that lead to more effective safety management on construction projects.
Using the general theory of trust in inter-organisational relations, this paper discusses factors that influence development of trust and co-operation in client–contractor relationships in construction projects. Formal contractual rules are found to bring about and legitimise behaviours and strategies at odds with common-sense perceptions as to how trustworthy and co-operative exchange partners should act. Contractual incentives and close monitoring of contractor performance may induce opportunism and start vicious circles, and it is argued that a higher level of trust would improve project performance. Partnering practices are found to have considerable potential in influencing the antecedents of trust and creative teamwork.
Safety incentives have been employed for many years as a means of keeping worker injuries under control. There are many ways that incentives can be implemented, and little is known about which are most effective. This paper reports on the results of a study in which information was obtained on incentives. The safest firms are not necessarily those using safety incentives. Firms that use incentives with greater success tend to use incentives of low value, but give the awards on a frequent basis. They also emphasize the recognition that goes with the receipt of incentives, and they tend to award entire crews for safe performance, rather than individual workers.
In the construction industry specialty contractors perform most of the construction work. Given their impact on the industry, the safety performance of specialty contractors should be of concern to the construction industry. This paper describes a study conducted to identify factors that significantly influence the safety performance of specialty contractors. The study was composed of separate surveys of three different specialty contractor populations - a variety of trade contractors located primarily in southern Nevada, roofing contractors in the state of Florida, and the regional offices of a large, nationwide mechanical contractor. While there appeared to be contradictions between the surveys in some areas, the study concluded that specialty contractor safety performance was consistently influenced, in part, by a number of factors. The factors shown to positively affect safety performance include minimizing worker turnover, implementing employee drug testing with various factors initiating the testing, and training with the assistance of contractor associations. Safety incentive programs were not necessarily associated with better safety performance. Growth in company size was found to be associated with improved safety performance as well.
Owner-furnished Equipment (OFE) procurement is a contract administration technique utilized on many construction projects to save costs and time. Presently, little is known factually about the specific tactics that contribute to a successful OFE procurement, or what the magnitude of those benefits may be. This article presents the results of a comprehensive research study of OFE practices, problems, and benefits. Fifty-five OFE construction projects are analyzed, allowing a series of conclusions and recommendations to be developed. The major points examined include: Characteristics of typical OFE projects and products; the quantified extent of project benefits and costs realized; the likelihood and consequences of related contract disputes; effective contract monitoring strategies; and whether owners or third-party contract administrators should manage the supply contract.
Contract incentives are the means by which an owner intends to secure certain project goals through the contracting process. Incentive contracting is designed primarily to reduce cost in negotiated contracts through profit sharing ratios, which should improve on the efficiency of cost reimbursable contracts. In the process, financial risk and control are shared by the owner and contractor, according to a ratio which is established in the early stages of project design. Contractual incentives are used frequently in construction to reduce overall project time. However, there is a lack of published research on the theory and' consequences of the use of incentives in construction. Studies in government research and development contracts using incentives shows that contractors may not always behave in the fashion intended by owners designing such contracts. The apparent reason is that the risk a contractor assumes under conditions of limited scope and design information biases the setting of targets, so that overruns/underruns are more dependent on where targets are set, rather than on sharing ratios. In the construction industry this is apparently recognized, and targets are not fixed until design is approximately 40%-60% complete. Moreover, as the contractor and owner attain more knowledge of the project, both parties should attempt to reduce owner risk and control.
Integration in construction projects implies alignment of both structural arrangements and operational mechanisms, in order to effectively coordinate and streamline the combined efforts of various interacting parties, for improved project outcomes. Appropriate use of relational contracting (RC) principles may help achieve such integration. As such, the aims of the reported study are to examine the relative usefulness of various potential strategies and factors, to provide suitable contractual and noncontractual incentives, for building a RC culture, and nurturing effective teamwork in construction. Results from statistical analyses of 83 questionnaire responses from Hong Kong are presented. These results attribute various degrees of importance to different factors and strategies, both for RC and teamworking. The outcomes also suggest the need for a highly interactive and consolidated approach, both for propagating RC and building integrated project teams. It is observed that trust and trust based operational and contractual arrangements can effectively provide the required incentives, for implementing various RC-based working arrangements in construction. These should extend to assessing "relational" attributes during team selection, under cliental initiative and top management support. Outcomes of this study are expected to benefit both industry practitioners and researchers, in exploring, designing, and implementing suitable RC-based working arrangements.
A study is conducted to obtain accurate quantification of all costs associated with construction-worker injuries. More than five hundred injuries are examined on which cost information was obtained on the indirect costs. Indirect costs are defined to include those costs attributed to loss of productivity of the injured worker, loss of productivity of the crew, transportation costs to the nearest medical-treatment facilities, time expended to complete various forms related to the injury, and an assortment of other costs not regarded as direct costs. Direct costs are defined as those costs covered by worker’s compensation insurance. Results show that the ratio of indirect to direct costs for medical-case injuries is 4.2 and for restricted activity or lost-workday injuries it is 20.3. These ratios are extremely variable with injury severity being a primary influence on their magnitude. The study shows why safety experts have difficulty in agreeing on one reliable ratio. The principal conclusion is that the indirect costs of injuries are considerable as evidenced in this research study.
Construction workers (CWs) are positioned at the lowest level of an organization and thus have limited control over their work. For this reason, they are often deprived of their due rewards and training or sometimes are even compelled to focus on production at the expense of their own safety. These organizational stressors not only cause the CWs stress but also impair their safety behaviors. The impairment of safety behaviors is the major cause of CW injury incidents. Hence, to prevent injury incidents and enhance safety behaviors of CWs, the current study aimed to identify the impact of various organizational stressors and stress on CW safety behaviors and injury incidents. To achieve this aim, we surveyed 395 CWs. Using factor analysis, we identified five organizational stressors (unfair reward and treatment, inappropriate safety equipment, provision of training, lack of goal setting, and poor physical environment), two types of stress (emotional and physical), and safety behaviors. The results of correlation and regression analyses revealed the following: (1) injury incidents were minimized by safety behaviors but escalated by a lack of goal setting, (2) safety behaviors were maximized by moderate levels of emotional stress (i.e., an inverted U-shape relationship between these two variables) and increased in line with physical stress and inappropriate safety equipment, (3) emotional stress was positively predicted by the provision of training and inappropriate safety equipment, and (4) physical stress was predicted only by inappropriate safety equipment. Based on these results, we suggest various recommendations to construction stakeholders on how to prevent CW injury incidents.
Execution schedule and 2D drawings are generally used for hazards identification in the construction safety planning process. Planner visualises 2D drawings into a 3D model and mentally links its components with the respective activities defined in the schedule to understand the execution sequence in safety planning. Sequence interpretation and accordingly the hazards identification vary with the level of experience, knowledge and individual perspective of the safety planner. Therefore, researchers suggest the use of four dimensional (4D) modelling or building information modelling (BIM) to create the simulation of construction process by linking execution schedule with the 3D model. Both however lack in the features like: generation and updating of schedule, 3D components editing, topography modelling and geospatial analysis within a single platform which is now a major requirement of the construction industry. This work facilitates 4D modelling, geospatial analysis and topography modelling in the development of safe execution sequence by using geographic information systems (GIS), both 3D model along with its surrounding topography and schedule were developed and linked together within the same environment. During safety review process if planned sequence results a hazard situation, it may be corrected within the GIS itself before actual implementation. Paper also discusses the use of GIS in the development of safety database from which safety information are retrieved and linked with the activities of the schedule or components of a building model. 4D modelling along with topographical conditions and safety database in a single environment assist safety planner in examining what safety measures are required when, where and why. Developed methodology was tested on a real life project in India, lessons learned from the implementation have been discussed in the potential benefits and limitations section. At last, paper highlights major research areas for further improvements.
Problem: Safety incentives, defined broadly as reward techniques used to improve health and safety results, do not always produce the desired results. Method: Using structural equation modeling and cross-level analysis procedures, this study investigated the relationships between individual and group-level variables, and reactions to a safety incentive program at a production plant. Results: The data obtained from 329 team members support most of the predicted relationships. At the individual level of analysis, locus of control influenced supervisor–subordinate relationships, which, in turn, influenced perceived organizational support and reactions to safety incentives. At the group level, the interaction between group cohesiveness, safety norms, and task interdependence had a significant effect on reactions to safety incentives. Discussion: The findings provide some insights into the functioning of safety incentives in a team environment. Impact on industry: These findings indicate that safety incentive programs are more likely to be effective components of health and safety strategies when they are implemented in settings with positive supervisor–subordinate relationships and within interdependent teams that share safety norms.
This study proposes a Policy, Process, Personnel and Incentive (3P + I) framework which may help project managers manage construction site safety. A postal survey of contractors in Singapore was conducted to test the framework. It is found that site accidents are more likely to happen when there are inadequate company policies, unsafe practices, poor attitudes of construction personnel, poor management commitment and insufficient safety knowledge and training of workers. It is recommended that project managers pay more attention to the important factors identified in this study to help them enhance performance at construction sites and reduce the frequency of accidents.
This paper describes an integrated system for safety and construction management using the 4D CAD model. Safety is integrated with the construction management process throughout design, planning and control phases. Design information about building components and planning information about activities has been gathered to formulate the 4D CAD model. The rule-based system analyzes this combined information to automatically detect any working-at-height hazards and also indicates necessary safety measures in terms of activities and requirements. These safety measures are inserted into the construction schedule and visualized on the 4D CAD together with the other construction sequences. A prototype is developed and verified with a project case study. The results show that the developed system can be a collaboration tool for designers, project engineers, safety officers, and other project participants. It can raise safety awareness of the team and it leads to revisions of design and plan to be consistent with safety. Safety measures are apparently on the schedule; therefore, right resources are allocated, safety constraints are considered and alleviated ahead of time, and the safety control can explicitly refer to as well. This contributes to the success of safety management in the construction industry.
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