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Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on humans subjects
Abstract
Two human clinical studies were performed. One was an open-label non-controlled study involving 30 healthy female subjects for 8 weeks. Significant improvements were observed by combining 6 mg per day oral supplementation and 2 ml (78.9 μM solution) per day topical application of astaxanthin. Astaxanthin derived from the microalgae, Haematococcus pluvialis showed improvements in skin wrinkle (crow's feet at week-8), age spot size (cheek at week-8), elasticity (crow's feet at week-8), skin texture (cheek at week-4), moisture content of corneocyte layer (cheek in 10 dry skin subjects at week-8) and corneocyte condition (cheek at week-8). It may suggest that astaxanthin derived from H. pluvialis can improve skin condition in all layers such as corneocyte layer, epidermis, basal layer and dermis by combining oral supplementation and topical treatment. Another was a randomized double-blind placebo controlled study involving 36 healthy male subjects for 6 weeks. Crow's feet wrinkle and elasticity; and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were improved after 6 mg of astaxanthin (the same as former study) daily supplementation. Moisture content and sebum oil level at the cheek zone showed strong tendencies for improvement. These results suggest that astaxanthin derived from Haematococcus pluvialis may improve the skin condition in not only in women but also in men.
... Their antioxidant properties are much stronger than those of tocopherol, with positive effects on skin health and protection against UV radiation, which may have potential applications in anti-aging products [8,9]. In addition, topical astaxanthin and zeaxanthin applications have been reported in several clinical studies on skincare, including antioxidants, anti-aging, protection against UV irradiation, anti-wrinkle, hydration, and wound healing [4,5,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. ...
... coming years due to their potent antioxidant effects, which can prevent deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and enhance mitochondrial function [17,40]. They are effective in anti-aging and could reduce skin damage caused by UV radiation [11][12][13][14]. Additionally, they can activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) pathway to stimulate the production of other antioxidants, promote skin regeneration by controlling inflammation and enhancing collagen synthesis, inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and aid in wound healing [15,16]. ...
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), commonly known as free radicals, induced by UV radiation can compromise the dermal structure, leading to a loss of skin elasticity and subsequent wrinkle formation. A promising strategy to prevent and mitigate skin aging involves the use of topical formulations with potent antioxidant properties. Secondary metabolites such as astaxanthin and zeaxanthin are known for their robust antioxidant activities, which surpass those of tocopherol, offering significant benefits for skin health and protection against UV-induced damage. These properties suggest their potential application in anti-aging products. This study aims to evaluate the stability, ex vivo penetration, and in vivo efficacy of a radiance serum containing an astaxanthin–zeaxanthin nanoemulsion (AZ-NE) designed as an anti-wrinkle agent for topical application. The research was conducted in four stages: production of the astaxanthin–zeaxanthin nanoemulsion (AZ-NE), formulation of the AZ-NE radiance serum, stability, and efficacy testing. In this study, the formulated radiance serum demonstrated stability over three months under specified storage conditions. Ex vivo penetration studies indicated efficient diffusion of the active ingredients, with astaxanthin showing a penetration rate of 25.95%/cm2 and zeaxanthin at 20.80%/cm2 after 120 min. In vivo irritation tests conducted on human subjects revealed no adverse effects. Moreover, the serum exhibited substantial anti-wrinkle efficacy, with 15 female participants experiencing a wrinkle reduction of 80% to 93% over a 28-day period.
... 119 According to Tominaga et al. carotenoids also have moisturizing qualities. 46 Astaxanthin extracted from the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis improved the condition of the all skin layers, including the elasticity, texture, moisture content, and condition of the corneocyte layer. 46 The effect of a mixture of dead sea minerals, Dunaliella salina algal extract, and dessert plants was investigated. ...
... 46 Astaxanthin extracted from the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis improved the condition of the all skin layers, including the elasticity, texture, moisture content, and condition of the corneocyte layer. 46 The effect of a mixture of dead sea minerals, Dunaliella salina algal extract, and dessert plants was investigated. Following four weeks of use, the cream with 5% enhancement reduced roughness by 43%, showing its potential as an ideal moisturizing agent. ...
This book delves into the world of natural sources from medicinal plants, microbes, and fungi, to lichen, algae, and clay minerals that have been used for centuries in traditional medicine. These sources are rich in bioactive secondary metabolites that have a wide range of applications in various industries, including cosmetics and personal care products.
This book provides a comprehensive guide to secondary metabolites for cosmeceutical purposes, regulatory perspectives for cosmeceuticals in different countries, and allergic responses from these secondary metabolites. Additionally, this book discusses the impact of nanotechnology on cosmetic products such as skin and hair care.
Bioprospecting of Natural Sources for Cosmeceuticals is a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in chemistry, botany, biotechnology, microbiology, cosmetic science, and the pharmaceutical sciences. It is also useful for those researching traditional medicine systems and those in the microbiology, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and nanoscience industries.
... The skin-enhancing attributes of astaxanthin, derived from Haematococcus pluvialis, encompass improvements in skin texture, reduction of wrinkles, enhancement of the corneocyte layer, and augmentation of moisture content [63]. Studies suggest that astaxanthin holds potential for both topical and oral use to alleviate skin hyperpigmentation, curb melanin production, and promote skin well-being [63,64]. ...
... The skin-enhancing attributes of astaxanthin, derived from Haematococcus pluvialis, encompass improvements in skin texture, reduction of wrinkles, enhancement of the corneocyte layer, and augmentation of moisture content [63]. Studies suggest that astaxanthin holds potential for both topical and oral use to alleviate skin hyperpigmentation, curb melanin production, and promote skin well-being [63,64]. In a separate study, a bio lip balm crafted from a crude pigment extracted from Streptomyces bellus, blended with shredded bee's wax, lanolin, and coconut oil, highlights the significant role of melanin pigment across a spectrum of beauty products [65]. ...
Color serves as the initial attraction and offers a pleasing aspect. While synthetic colorants have been popular for many years, their adverse environmental and health effects cannot be overlooked. This necessitates the search for natural colorants, especially microbial colorants, which have proven and more effective. Pigment‐producing microorganisms offer substantial benefits. Natural colors improve product marketability and bestow additional benefits, including antioxidant, antiaging, anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, and antitumor properties. This review covers the various types of microbial pigments, the methods to enhance their production, and their cosmetic and therapeutic applications. We also address the challenges faced during the commercial production of microbial pigments and propose potential solutions.
... In 2018, the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) requested scientific evidence on the safety of astaxanthin from dietary supplement producers. Astaxanthin is mostly utilized as a pigment in aquaculture and nutritional supplements in the food sector, as well as in nutraceuticals and medicines [47]. This carotenoid pigment is well recognized as an aquaculture feed additive responsible for impacting the pinkish-red color of the meat of salmon, ornamental fish, trout, shrimp, crayfish and lobsters, bringing about better quality and acceptability by customers. ...
... The aquaculture industry's continuing expansion has resulted in a huge need for astaxanthin pigment. Apart from that, astaxanthin has anti-inflammatory and immune system boosting properties when used as a human dietary supplement [47]. ...
... In study 1, significant improvements were seen in skin wrinkle, age spot size, elasticity, and moisture content. In study 2, significant improvements were observed in the wrinkle appearance and elasticity of the crow's feet and TEWL [23]. ...
... Pine bark extract X X X X X [4][5][6][7] Cocoa X X X X [8][9][10][11] Turmeric [12][13][14] Polypodium leucotomos X X X X [15][16][17][18] Ferulic acid X X [19,20] Astaxanthin X X X X X X [22,23] Lutein X X [24,25] Zeaxanthin X X X X X [24,27] Lycopene X X X X X X [25,26] Paprika X [28] Glutathione X X X [29,30] ...
Dietary supplements have become increasingly popular to improve facial appearance and optimize skin health. With countless supplements available online and in stores, there are unlimited options for patients to choose from. Federal law does not require the Food and Drug Administration to assess each product's efficacy before its appearance on the market. Therefore, evidence-based medicine is vital for dermatologists to provide adequate recommendations regarding the safety and efficacy of various dietary supplements. The goal of this review is to evaluate plant-derived, antioxidant oral supplements and their effects on wrinkle appearance, skin hydration, skin elasticity, and photoprotection.
... Lycopene is already employed as an antiaging ingredient in personal care products; therefore, cyanobacteria and microalgae may provide lycopene for cosmetic purposes [63]. Furthermore, astaxanthin produced from Haematococcus pluvialis improved the skin texture, wrinkles, corneocyte layer, and moisture content [84]. There are many commercial products that contain this dye, such as AstaBlanc, a wrinkle-and spot-fighting product formulated with astaxanthin, which has been sold by Japanese cosmetics company Kose. ...
... It is a superior antioxidant to vitamins E, C, and other carotenoids [96]. According to studies, astaxanthin may be used topically and orally to reduce skin hyperpigmentation, stop the production of melanin, and enhance the health of the skin [10,84]. Moreover, marine-yeast-produced astaxanthin has been demonstrated to prevent age spots [97]. ...
Along with serving as a source of color, many microbial pigments have gained attention as interesting bioactive molecules with potential health advantages. These pigments have several applications in the food, agrochemical, medicine, and cosmetic industries. They have attracted the attention of these industries due to their high production value, low cost, stability, and biodegradability. Recently, many consumers worldwide have noted the impact of synthetic dyes; thus, natural pigments are more in demand than synthetic colors. On the other hand, the cosmetic industry has been moving toward greener manufacturing, from the formulation to the packaging material. Microbial pigments have several applications in the field of cosmetics due to their photoprotection, antioxidant, and antiaging properties, including inhibiting melanogenesis and acting as natural colorants for cosmetics, as some microorganisms are rich in pigments. More investigations are required to estimate the safety and efficacy of employing microbial pigments in cosmetic products. Furthermore, it is necessary to obtain information about DNA sequencing, metabolic pathways, and genetic engineering. In addition, unique habitats should be explored for novel pigments and new producing strains. Thus, new microbial pigments could be of consideration to the cosmetic industry, as they are ideal for future cosmetics with positive health effects.
... They are antioxidants and photoprotectants. Some of them are precursors of vitamin A [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. In this regard, they are components of a wide range of drugs, cosmetics, personal skincare and functional food [2,3,8,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. ...
... Some of them are precursors of vitamin A [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. In this regard, they are components of a wide range of drugs, cosmetics, personal skincare and functional food [2,3,8,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Carotenoids are used as lipophilic food colorants to give a yellow, orange, or red color [14,18]. ...
Microalgae are the richest source of natural carotenoids, which are valuable pigments with a high share of benefits. Often, carotenoid-producing algae inhabit specific biotopes with unfavorable or even extremal conditions. Such biotopes, including alpine snow fields and hypersaline ponds, are widely distributed in Europe. They can serve as a source of new strains for biotechnology. The number of algal species used for obtaining these compounds on an industrial scale is limited. The data on them are poor. Moreover, some of them have been reported in non-English local scientific articles and theses. This review aims to summarize existing data on microalgal species, which are known as potential carotenoid producers in biotechnology. These include Haematococcus and Dunaliella, both well-known to the scientific community, as well as less-elucidated representatives. Their distribution will be covered throughout Europe: from the Greek Mediterranean coast in the south to the snow valleys in Norway in the north, and from the ponds in Amieiro (Portugal) in the west to the saline lakes and mountains in Crimea (Ukraine) in the east. A wide spectrum of algal secondary carotenoids is reviewed: β-carotene, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone, adonixanthin, and adonirubin. For convenience, the main concepts of biology of carotenoid-producing algae are briefly explained.
... Te chemical structural formula of astaxanthin is shown in Figure 1. In addition, a variety of benefcial health properties have been reported, including prevention of cardiovascular disease, enhancement of the immune system, antihelicobacter pylori, prevention of cataract, anti-infammation, antihypertension, antiobesity, anticancer, improvement of skin condition, and antiaging [6][7][8][9]. PR is the only yeast strain known to synthesize astaxanthin in nature [10]. Terefore, PR has been widely used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and other felds [11]. ...
Phaffia rhodozyma (PR) is a candidate microbial strain for the production of natural astaxanthin. Astaxanthin and other carotenoids have significant antioxidant effects, which can delay aging and prevent tumors. However, so far, there is no effective and convenient method to comprehensively reflect the quality of PR, and there is also a gap in the research on the potential antiaging effect of PR. In this study, 15 batches of PR samples collected in China were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting. A total of 14 common peaks were obtained, of which 8 peaks corresponded to astaxanthin. The similarity of fingerprints of 15 PR batches ranged from 0.814 to 0.998. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were also performed in this study. The content of astaxanthin in 15 batches of PR ranged from 0.401% to 0.867%. This is consistent with the results of PCA and HCA analysis, which revealed significant PR quality differences between samples obtained from different manufacturers. We also studied the antiaging effect of PR on Caenorhabditis. elegans and found that PR can effectively prolong the lifespan of C. elegans, reduce the accumulation of lipofuscin, and increase the frequency of exercise. In addition, it was also found that PR can enhance the heat stress resistance of C. elegans and improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes (MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH). The combination of HPLC fingerprint and chemical pattern recognition is a reliable and stable research method that can be applied to the systematic quality evaluation of PR. The study on the antiaging effect of C. elegans as a model organism found that PR has an antiaging effect and has certain application potential in food and medicine, which provides a new idea for the development of PR.
... Skin elasticity, wrinkle depths, and moisture were stable for both astaxanthin dose groups, while significantly worsened wrinkle parameters and skin moisture content were observed in the placebo group after 16 weeks. In another clinical trial, both oral supplementation (6 mg) and topical (2 ml, 78.9 μM solution) administrations of daily astaxanthin in 30 healthy female and 36 healthy male participants for 8 weeks improve skin condition in all layers and can improve the skin condition both female and men (Tominaga et al. 2012). Therefore, these studies have suggested that astaxanthin supplementation could prevent age-related skin deterioration and protect the skin from environmentalinduced damage through its anti-inflammatory effect (Tominaga et al. 2017). ...
In today’s fast-paced and image-focused world, the importance of personal appearance and personal care has increased significantly. As a result, there has been a surge in demand for cosmetic products. In particular, there is a growing interest in skincare products that contain natural ingredients. Seaweed, a diverse group of marine algae, has gained significant attention in recent years as a versatile and sustainable resource with numerous potential applications in the skincare and cosmeceutical industries. Seaweed, rich in bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids, offers a unique blend of functional ingredients for skin health. These compounds exhibit a wide range of beneficial properties, including moisturizing, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-photodamage, and anti-aging effects. Seaweed-based formulations have demonstrated promise in addressing various skin conditions, including acne, psoriasis, eczema, and premature aging, making them valuable assets in dermatological treatments. Moreover, the utilization of seaweed in cosmeceuticals has gained popularity as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic ingredients. Seaweed extracts have been incorporated into a variety of skincare products, including cleansers, moisturizers, masks, and serums. These compounds provide hydration, improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful and radiant complexion. This chapter explored the potential skincare attributes inherent in seaweed-derived bioactive compounds and extracts as cosmeceutical and dermatological ingredients. In addition, their various skin-beneficial properties and potential roles in skincare were also discussed based on scientific literature.
... At present, beauty products using ASX as raw materials have occupied a certain market and are sought after, including capsules or oral liquids for internal use and skin care products for external use. Several clinical studies have shown that ASX improves skin condition and delays skin aging by exerting its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, suppressing hyperpigmentation and photoaging, reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL), increasing skin elasticity, and reducing skin wrinkles (42,(90)(91)(92). The research showed that ASX has stronger antioxidant and antipollution effects than other natural crocin and other synthetic antioxidants such as alphatocopherol (AT), butylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole and gallic acid, and is more effective in protecting human skin (93). ...
Krill oil (KO), extracted from the Antarctic marine crustacean Euphausia superba, is a nutrient-dense substance that includes rich profiles of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), phospholipids (PLs), astaxanthin (ASX), as well as vitamins A and E, minerals, and flavonoids. As a high-quality lipid resource, KO has been widely used as a dietary supplement for its health-protective properties in recent years. KO has various benefits, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, metabolic regulatory, neuroprotective, and gut microbiome modulatory effects. Especially, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects make KO have potential in skin care applications. With increasing demands for natural skin anti-aging solutions, KO has emerged as a valuable nutraceutical in dermatology, showing potential for mitigating the effects of skin aging and enhancing overall skin health and vitality. This review provides an overview of existing studies on the beneficial impact of KO on the skin, exploring its functional roles and underlying mechanisms through which it contributes to dermatological health and disease management.
... However, experiments on intraspecific and interspecific variations of astaxanthin production demonstrated that cultivated strains had a lower productivity of this pigment compared to natural isolates of Haematococus lacustris, explainable by possible loss of photoprotective capacity during long-term cultivation [92]. The current study of the astaxanthin derived from Haematococcus lacustris clearly demonstrated that it can improve skin conditions in all layers not only in women but also in men after the combination of oral (6 mg per day) and topical (2 mL of 78.9 µM solution per day) applications [93]. Mechanisms for this improvement were clarified after a study of the effects of astaxanthin on the water channel aquaporin-3 (AQP3)-a protein of importance for skin moisture and function [94]. ...
The recognition and use of algae in the very trend-driven cosmetic industry is progressively increasing. Up to now, the main focus was on large seaweeds and a limited number of microalgae. However, motile microalgae, flagellates, remain underscored in this aspect, although some of them are utilized commercially. Flagellates from different taxonomic groups occupy various habitats and contain bioactive high-value multifunctional compounds, some of which are novel. Moreover, they may simultaneously produce different substances, which together with the development of downstream processing technologies, makes them a promising source for modern biotechnology. The present review covers data on 411 strains, 251 species from 110 genera from 6 phyla, and is oriented generally towards less explored flagellates. It demonstrates their great potential as bearers of interesting novel compounds that can be beneficially applied in modern cosmetics. Safety aspects of both sources and products are also discussed. Considering the gaps in the knowledge, the necessity to expand the research on both well-known and yet unexplored microalgae is shown, encouraging the development of upstreaming processes, including phycoprospecting. Last but not least, this paper outlines the role of living culture collections and of using good taxonomic expertise before running the biochemical tests, cultivation, and bioengineering experiments.
... 58 The topical application of astaxanthin has been shown to protect against UV irradiation, 59,60 thereby improving wrinkle severity and skin hydration. 61 Furthermore, THDA has been shown to improve hyperpigmentation and photodamaged skin. 51 Therefore, the normalization of photoaging markers after treatment with an antioxidant complex with improved penetrability is consistent with expectations based on previous literature. ...
Purpose
The topical application of antioxidants has been shown to augment the skin’s innate antioxidant system and enhance photoprotection. A challenge of topical antioxidant formulation is stability and penetrability. The use of a targeted drug delivery system may improve the bioavailability and delivery of antioxidants. In this ex vivo study, we assessed the effects of the topical application of a liposome-encapsulated antioxidant complex versus a free antioxidant complex alone on skin photoaging parameters and penetrability in human skin explants.
Patients and Methods
Human organotypic skin explant cultures (hOSEC) were irradiated to mimic photoaging. The encapsulated antioxidant complex and free antioxidant complex were applied topically onto the irradiated hOSEC daily for 7 days. The two control groups were healthy untreated hOSEC and irradiated hOSEC. Photoprotective efficacy was measured with pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) secretion. Cell viability and metabolic activity were measured via resazurin assay. Tissue damage was evaluated via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay. Skin penetration of the encapsulated antioxidant complex was assessed via fluorescent dye and confocal microscopy.
Results
Compared to healthy skin, irradiated skin experienced increases in IL-6, IL-8 (p < 0.05), and MMP-9 (p < 0.05) secretion. After treatment with the encapsulated antioxidant complex, there was a 39.3% reduction in IL-6 secretion, 49.8% reduction in IL-8 (p < 0.05), and 38.5% reduction in MMP-9 (p < 0.05). After treatment with the free antioxidant complex, there were no significant differences in IL-6, IL-8, or MMP-9 secretion. Neither treatment group experienced significant LDH leakage or reductions in metabolic activity. Liposomes passed through the stratum corneum and into the epidermis.
Conclusion
The topical application of a liposome-encapsulated antioxidant complex containing ectoin, astaxanthin-rich microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis extract, and THDA improves penetrability and restored IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-9 levels in irradiated human skin explants, which was not seen in the comparator free antioxidant complex group.
... It has been reported that astaxanthin found in H. pluvialis is a antioxidant that can be used both topically and orally. However, it inhibits skin pigmentation and melanin synthesis (Tominaga et al., 2012). ...
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... Additionally, green microalgae like Chlorella, which are administered as antiaging agents in peel ointments like Der-mochlorella®, restore the inflexibility of peel by shielding collagen and elastin fibers from the enzymes, collagenase and elastase, which harm the peel. Haematococcus pluvialis contains astaxanthin, which is unusually known to improve skin tone, suppleness, and hold the moisture content of the corneocyte layer, resulting in a reduction in wrinkles on the skin [37]. In beauty products, hexadecatetraenoic acid, obtained from Antarctic sea ice diatom, Stauroneis amphioxys, and hexadecapentaenioic acid, taken from marine green microalga Anadyomene stellate, are used to prevent wrinkling and drooping, function as an antiaging agent, and promote the production of collagen. ...
... It has been shown that the inclusion of carotenoids in these creams may be effective in preventing premature skin aging due to both their role as vitamin A precursors and their antioxidant properties (Yeager et al., 2019). Astaxanthin and lycopene have been reported to improve skin texture and moisture balance and reduce wrinkles and have potential for use in antiaging creams (Tominaga et al., 2012;Mourelle et al., 2017). ...
Pigments are molecules that absorb a certain wavelength of light and reflect the remainder of the visible spectrum. Pigments, the vibrant brushstrokes of existence, manifest in both synthetic and natural forms, wield their irreplaceable influence in the daily life. Natural colorants are becoming more and more popular as people's concern for their health and the environment has grown in recent years. This is because they are safe, non-carcinogenic, and biodegradable. Many biocolorants are obtained from plants, animals, fungus, and bacteria as a replacement for the synthetic dyes that are commonly employed. Recent years have seen a rise in interest in microbial pigments because of their numerous uses in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and textile industries. The availability of low-cost synthetic dyes on the market currently limits the use of microbial pigments. However, the negative side effects of synthetic dyes have forced many scientists and industry professionals to focus on more environmentally friendly biotechnological methods of dye synthesis. Microbial pigments are generally favoured among natural resources due to their easy scaling up, quick pigment extraction methods, and simple culturing processes. Since microbial pigments are often safe for human consumption, they have a wide range of uses in the food, cosmetics, textile, agriculture, pharmaceutical, optogenetics, bioremediation and biofuel industries. The objective of this chapter is to connect the physiological function of microbial pigments with their possible application in various biotechnological applications.
... Since this pigment was dominant in the strain K35 characterized by a significant production of red droplets, we propose that the red droplets are formed from this newly recognized pigment. Various algae are known to produce red-coloured pigments (Grung & Liaaen-Jensen 1993;Frassanito 2006;Lemoine & Schoefs 2010;Liu et al. 2014) including the industrially relevant species Haematococcus pluvialis used for aquaculture and cosmetics industries (Bubrick 1991;Lorenz & Cysewski 2000;Tominaga et al. 2012). In all above mentioned cases this pigment is astaxanthin, a pigment that belongs to the family of the xanthophylls, the oxygenated derivatives of carotenoids. ...
... According to one of the earliest studies on astaxanthin, it increases skin moisture and can be used to treat dehydrated skin [58]. Other studies supported these findings and confirmed that astaxanthin increases skin hydration and elasticity and significantly reduces dryness [59]. It has been shown that topical and oral administration of astaxanthin led to a reduction in age spots and wrinkles, as well as an enhancement in skin moisture and tissue repair. ...
Aging is generally defined as a time-dependent functional decline that affects most living organisms. The positive increase in life expectancy has brought along aging-related diseases. Oxidative stress caused by the imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants can be given as one of the causes of aging. At the same time, the increase in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is main reason for the increase in aging-related diseases such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, liver, skin, and eye diseases and diabetes. Carotenoids, a natural compound, can be used to change the course of aging and aging-related diseases, thanks to their highly effective oxygen-quenching and ROS-scavenging properties. Therefore, in this narrative review, conducted using the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases and complying with the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) guidelines, the effects of carotenoids on aging and aging-related diseases were analyzed. Carotenoids are fat-soluble, highly unsaturated pigments that occur naturally in plants, fungi, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. A large number of works have been conducted on carotenoids in relation to aging and aging-related diseases. Animal and human studies have found that carotenoids can significantly reduce obesity and fatty liver, lower blood sugar, and improve liver fibrosis in cirrhosis, as well as reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and erythema formation, while also lowering glycated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose levels. Carotenoid supplementation may be effective in preventing and delaying aging and aging-related diseases, preventing and treating eye fatigue and dry eye disease, and improving macular function. These pigments can be used to stop, delay, or treat aging-related diseases due to their powerful antioxidant, restorative, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties. As an increasingly aging population emerges globally, this review could provide an important prospective contribution to public health.
... These properties have encouraged its use in maintaining skin health and fighting skin damage Yoshihisa et al. 2016). Two clinical studies conducted by Tominaga et al. (2012) showed that AST derived from H. pluvialis improve skin wrinkle, age spot size, elasticity, skin texture, moisture content of corneocyte layer and corneocyte condition by combining both oral supplementation and topical treatment for 8 weeks. Furthermore, dietary H. pluvialis AST supplementation could lower wrinkle formations, decreased transepidermal water loss, inhibited the generation of ROS, increased collagen fibers in the skin and maintain epidermal barrier functions significantly in the dorsal skin of HR-1 hairless mice under UVA exposure by its antioxidative effects Li et al. 2020c). ...
Covers recent topics of algae from bionanopesticides to genetic engineering
Presents algal biotechnology, updated food processing techniques and Biochemistry of Haematococcus
Offers information on the less explored areas of in silico therapeutic and clinical applications
... These properties have encouraged its use in maintaining skin health and fighting skin damage (Zhou et al. 2021;Yoshihisa et al. 2016). Two clinical studies conducted by Tominaga et al. (2012) showed that AST derived from H. pluvialis improve skin wrinkle, age spot size, elasticity, skin texture, moisture content of corneocyte layer and corneocyte condition by combining both oral supplementation and topical treatment for 8 weeks. Furthermore, dietary H. pluvialis AST supplementation could lower wrinkle formations, decreased transepidermal water loss, inhibited the generation of ROS, increased collagen fibers in the skin and maintain epidermal barrier functions significantly in the dorsal skin of HR-1 hairless mice under UVA exposure by its antioxidative effects (Zhou et al. 2021;Li et al. 2020c). ...
Haematococcus is a genus of green microalgae widely distributed in freshwater and seawater and well known for their ability to produce astaxanthin, a powerful antioxidant with diverse applications. Eight species have been assigned to this genus based on a recent genetic classification and among them Haematococcus lacustris (previously named Haematococcus pluvialis) is the most studied. This species is regarded as the most promising microalgae for the production of natural astaxanthin. It is also known for its ability to synthesize other interesting bioactive compounds with a wide range of biological activities. The present work highlights the diverse therapeutic applications of Haematococcus bioactive molecules such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, skin protection, treatment and prevention of cancer, treatment of eye and neurodegenerative diseases, and immune stimulation.KeywordsAstaxanthinAntioxidantAnti-inflammationCancer preventionNeurodegenerative diseases
... By virtue of this, several studies have been performed to demonstrate the benefits of astaxanthin in various aspects of health, including the neuroprotection [61][62][63], cardiovascu-lar [64][65][66], skin [67,68], and for the treatment of various cancers [69]. In addition, emerging evidence has shown that astaxanthin also possesses anti-lipid peroxidation by providing therapeutic effects against atherosclerosis [70] and shows anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting expression of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors as well as inflammatory cytokine production that is responsible for cardiovascular diseases [71]. ...
In recent years, bone loss and its associated diseases have become a significant public health concern due to increased disability, morbidity, and mortality. Oxidative stress and bone loss are correlated, where oxidative stress suppresses osteoblast activity, resulting in compromised homeostasis between bone formation and resorption. This event causes upregulation of bone remodeling turnover rate with an increased risk of fractures and bone loss. Therefore, supplementation of antioxidants can be proposed to reduce oxidative stress, facilitate the bone remodeling process, suppress the initiation of bone diseases, and improve bone health. Astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-4-4′-diketo-β-β carotene), a potent antioxidant belonging to the xanthophylls family, is a potential ROS scavenger and could be a promising therapeutic nutraceutical possessing various pharmacological properties. In bone, astaxanthin enhances osteoblast differentiation, osteocytes numbers, and/or differentiation, inhibits osteoclast differentiation, cartilage degradation markers, and increases bone mineral density, expression of osteogenic markers, while reducing bone loss. In this review, we presented the up-to-date findings of the potential anabolic effects of astaxanthin on bone health in vitro, animal, and human studies by providing comprehensive evidence for its future clinical application, especially in treating bone diseases.
... 12 Of note, as an oral supplement, astaxanthin has been shown to be effective for sebum control and for reducing dynamic lines as well as transepidermal water loss. 13 Daemonorops draco extract has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties and has also been used to support wound healing and skin repair in a variety of settings. 14,15 While there are limited data for black tea ferment (Saccharomyces/Xylinum) specifically, Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract is emerging as a popular ingredient in many cosmetics due to its amino acid, protein, and peptide content, and it is hypothesized to support wound healing and the function of the skin barrier. ...
Background
Aging, influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, leads to visible skin changes such as dryness, surface roughness, and loss of luminosity. Proper skin care can mitigate some of these effects, with topical combination products offering support through complementary mechanisms.
Objectives
To test efficacy and safety of GSYBS-7 (Goop Beauty Youth-Boost Peptide Serum; Goop Inc., Santa Monica, CA), a topical postbiotic and botanical combination serum, used twice daily on facial skin for 6 weeks.
Methods
In this 19-patient pilot study, the primary efficacy measure was improvement on the Global Ranking Scale (GRS) at 42 days. A 12-point patient satisfaction survey and the serum's effect on healing after ablative laser treatment served as secondary and exploratory measures, respectively.
Results
Statistically significant improvements in all GRS domains were observed as early as day 7 with ongoing improvement up to day 42. A >1-point improvement was observed for dehydration (1.8; 95% CI, 1.5-2.2), visible pores (1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-2.0), surface roughness (1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9), imbalance (1.3; 95% CI, .9-1.7), static wrinkles (1.3; 95% CI, .9-1.6), pigmentation (1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.5), and vasculature (1.2; 95% CI, .8-1.5). Independent photographic review and patient satisfaction surveys corroborated these findings. At day 42, 94.4% of patients were very satisfied with the results, and 88.9% would recommend GSYBS-7 to family and friends. No adverse events were reported, and 100% of patients indicated that GSYBS-7 was gentle enough for everyday use.
Conclusions
GSYBS-7 appears to be an effective and well-tolerated combination topical for the management of age-related and environment-induced skin changes.
Level of Evidence: 4
... Moreover, it has 100-500 times higher antioxidant activity in comparison to ⍺-tocopherol and vitamins C and E. The most important commercial applications of this compound are in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, with a wide availability, mostly in combination with other carotenoids (Ye et al. 2019). Furthermore, this compound can suppress skin hyperpigmentation, inhibit melanin synthesis, and improve the condition of all skin layers via both topical and oral use (Tominaga et al. 2012;Lima et al. 2021). Overall, marine ingredients used in cosmetics for sensitive skin are proposed to reduce skin inflammation and improve barrier function. ...
The global demand for food and healthcare products based on natural compounds means that the industrial and scientific sectors are on a continuous search for natural colored compounds that can contribute to the replacement of synthetic colors. Natural pigments are a heterogeneous group of chemical molecules, widely distributed in nature. Recently, the interest in marine organisms has increased as they represent the most varied environment in the world and provide a wide range of colored compounds with bioactive properties and biotechnological applications in areas such as the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industries. The use of marine-derived pigments has increased during the last two decades because they are environmentally safe and healthy compounds. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current knowledge of sources, applications, and sustainability of the most important marine pigments. In addition, alternatives to protect these compounds from environmental conditions and their applications in the industrial sector are reviewed. https://rdcu.be/daein
... For this reason, astaxanthin is a new fundamental component of after-sun lotions [168]. Instead, astaxanthin extracted from Haematococcus pluvialis regenerates skin tone and is used in many anti-age creams [169]. Moreover, the bio pigments produced by Staphylococcus xylosus, indicated an activity against the sun's rays, so it could be used as an ingredient in cosmeceuticals products [170]. ...
In addition to fulfilling their function of giving color, many natural pigments are known as interesting bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. These compounds have various applications. In recent times, in the food industry, there has been a spread of natural pigment application in many fields, such as pharmacology and toxicology, in the textile and printing industry and in the dairy and fish industry, with almost all major natural pigment classes being used in at least one sector of the food industry. In this scenario, the cost-effective benefits for the industry will be welcome, but they will be obscured by the benefits for people. Obtaining easily usable, non-toxic, eco-sustainable, cheap and biodegradable pigments represents the future in which researchers should invest.
... It has been reported that astaxanthin found in H. pluvialis is a antioxidant that can be used both topically and orally. However, it inhibits skin pigmentation and melanin synthesis (Tominaga et al., 2012). ...
... Also reduced triacylglycerides and cholesterol in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (Karppi et al., 2007) and increased the basal artery blood flow (Miyawaki et al., 2008). In addition, astaxanthin protects against ethanol and drugs toxicity (Kim et al., 2005), enhances condition of ocular tissues (Iwasaki and Tawara, 2006;Nagaki et al., 2006) and skin (Tominaga et al., 2012;Rao et al., 2013) and improves fertility Andrisani et al., 2015). Other potential application of astaxanthin is related with the development of skincare and cosmetic products to prevent the harmful effects of exposure to UVB and UVC (Yoshihisa et al., 2014) and the treatment of pigmentation patches and marks (Arakane, 2002). ...
... Astaxanthin (AST) is a biologically active, lipid-soluble pigment mainly found in algae, yeast, and shrimp and is widely used as a nutritional supplement or essential ingredient in the food and medical industries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. AST possesses various biological activities, including neuroprotective, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiaging, antioxidant, antiinflammatory activities, and protective effects against ultraviolet light [8][9][10][11][12]. Notably, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of AST are regarded as its main biological functions. ...
Astaxanthin (AST) exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities but poor stability and biological efficacy, which limit its application in the food and medical industries. In the present study, a new strategy was proposed to enhance the biological activities of AST using fetal bovine serum-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Saponin-assisted incubation was used to load AST owing to its high encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity. AST-incorporated EVs (EV-ASTs) maintained their original EV morphology and showed high stability at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C over a 28-day period, which was attributed to the protective environment provided by the phospholipid bilayer membrane of the EVs. Additionally, the EV-ASTs exhibited excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in HaCaT keratinocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, respectively; these were significantly higher than those of free AST. Furthermore, the mechanism associated with the enhanced biological activities of EV-ASTs was evaluated by analyzing the expression of genes involved in antioxidation and anti-inflammation, in parallel with cellular in vitro assays. These results provide insights into methods for improving the performance of hydrophobic drugs using nature-derived EVs and will contribute to the development of novel drug-delivery systems.
... Red algae are rich in protein, crude fiber, essential fatty acids, minerals, carotenoids, vitamin A and vitamin C [9]. The content of other active compounds in algae is part of carotenoids (astaxanthin), which can help reduce rough skin and aging, protect sebum from oxidation [10]. This type of red algae was investigated also contains carrageenan (polysaccharide derivative) and abundant minerals which also have hydrating, therapeutic and moisturizing effects [11]. ...
This study aims to determine the characterization of red algae simplicia and the amount of yield obtained from the manufacture of red algae ethanol extract using the soxhletation method. Red algae were taken from Banggai Islands Regency, South Sulawesi and processed into dry simplicia and characterized by macroscopic examination, determination of water content, content of water soluble extract and ethanol, total ash content and acid insoluble ash content. Simplicia was extracted using 96% ethanol solvent by soxhletation method and calculated the amount of yield obtained. Macroscopic observation of red algae simplicia obtained a brown coarse powder accompanied by a distinctive taste and odor. Determination of the water content of simplicia obtained 7.21%, water soluble extract content 31.54%, ethanol soluble extract content 17.27%, total ash content 33, 96% and 11.42% acid insoluble ash content. The ethanolic extract of red algae using the soxhletation method was obtained as much as 68.92 grams with a total extract yield of 13.78%. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the simplicia characterization of red algae meets the requirements and has a large extract yield.
Aurantiochytrium sp., a heterotrophic microorganism, has received increasing attention for its high production of polyunsaturated fatty acids and has been widely applied in various industries. This study intended to optimize the carotenoid synthesis pathway in Aurantiochytrium sp. by metabolic engineering to increase the carotenoid content. Multi-sourced key enzyme genes involved in lipid synthesis (LPAAT and DGAT) and astaxanthin synthesis (crtZ and crtW) were selected to construct single-gene expression vectors and transformed into Aurantiochytrium sp. The results showed that the overexpression of LPAAT of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in Aurantiochytrium sp. caused an increase of 39.3% in astaxanthin, 424.7% in β-carotene, 901.8% in canthaxanthin, and 575.9% in lutein, as well as a down-regulation of 15.3% in the fatty acid content. Transcriptomics analysis revealed enhanced expression of genes involved in purine and amino acid metabolism in the transformed strains, and the down-regulation of the citric acid cycle led to an increase in the source of acetyl coenzyme A for the production of fatty acids. This study provides strong experimental evidence to support the application of increasing carotenoid levels in Aurantiochytrium sp.
Astaxanthin (ASX), “king of carotenoids”, is a xanthophyll carotenoid that is characterized by a distinct reddish-orange hue, procured from diverse sources including plants, microalgae, fungi, yeast, and lichens. It exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-ageing properties and has been demonstrated to mitigate ultraviolet-induced cellular and DNA damage, enhance immune system function, and improve cardiovascular diseases. Despite its broad utilization across nutraceutical, cosmetic, aquaculture, and pharmaceutical sectors, the large-scale production and application of ASX are constrained by the limited availability of natural sources, low production yields and stringent production requirements. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of ASX applications, emphasizing its dual roles in cosmetic and nutraceutical fields. It integrates insights into the qualitative differences of ASX from various natural sources and assesses biosynthetic pathways across organisms. Advanced biotechnological strategies for industrial-scale production are explored alongside innovative delivery systems, such as emulsions, films, microcapsules, nanoliposomes, and nanoparticles, designed to enhance ASX’s bioavailability and functional efficacy. By unifying perspectives on its nutraceutical and cosmetic applications, this review highlights the challenges and advancements in formulation and commercialization. Prospective research directions for optimizing ASX’s production and applications are also discussed, providing a roadmap for its future development.
As the global population continues to grow, so does the demand for longer, healthier lives and environmentally responsible choices. Consumers are increasingly drawn to naturally sourced products with proven health and wellbeing benefits. The marine environment presents a promising yet underexplored resource for the cosmetics industry, offering bioactive compounds with the potential for safe and biocompatible ingredients. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the potential of marine organisms for cosmetics production, highlighting marine-derived compounds and their applications in skin/hair/oral-care products, cosmeceuticals and more. It also lays down critical safety considerations and addresses the methodologies for sourcing marine compounds, including harvesting, the biorefinery concept, use of systems biology for enhanced product development, and the relevant regulatory landscape. The review is enriched by three case studies: design of macroalgal skincare products in Iceland, establishment of a microalgal cosmetics spin-off in Italy, and the utilization of marine proteins for cosmeceutical applications.
Ultraviolet-induced skin damage is very frequent due to the severe climatic change taking place globally. Treatment of skin damage using bioactive is the sought remedy where the molecule in question is being encapsulated in a synthetic polymeric material. It has been observed that such fabrication leads to a toxic impact on the skin with time. To overcome the limitation, biopolymer-derived material has been used for encapsulating compounds to treat various skin damages caused due to ultraviolet irradiation. The main purpose of this review is to update topical delivery systems using carotenoids as the bioactive compound.
Various articles based on carotenoids and their numerous health and photo-protective effects were screened and chosen for this review. Previous reports on hydrogel-based delivery systems of carotenoids have been included.
Various reports showed that the application of carotenoids in hydrogel delivery can prevent carotenoid degradation. However, ensuring long-lasting stability could be a big challenge. Advanced hydrogel technology, such as stimuli-responsive hydrogel, was developed for the carotenoid delivery system, thus resulting in the controlled, prolonged, and sustained release of the carotenoid. 3D and 4D bioprinting emerged as recent techniques for developing stimuli-responsive hydrogel due to their stretchability, biocompatibility, ultra-flexibility, and printability properties. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels could act as sensors while providing real-time biotherapeutic and antioxidant properties to treat skin damage.
The perspective of this review is to highlight the stimuli-responsive hydrogel, 3D and 4D bioprinting hydrogel, and their responsive behavior in skin damage treatment. It also highlights the role of carotenoids in skin repair.
ROS induced by UV radiation has become primarily responsible for various skin diseases. Antioxidants have been known to protect ROS-mediated damage by scavenging reactive molecules. Carotenoid pigment has been reported to protect skin from damaging effect of ROS. High susceptibility of carotenoid degradation to various external factors has led to development of hydrogel-based delivery system for topical application. However, reports on delivery of carotenoids by stimuli-responsive hydrogel are limited. In this review, the potential treatment of skin damage by stimuli-responsive hydrogel has been discussed. The update on the recent concept 3D and 4D bioprinting hydrogel has also been provided.
Biopolymer-derived hydrogel will be prepared and preliminary screening and characterization will be done to select the best hydrogel formulation for carotenoid encapsulation. The functioning of the formulated hydrogel containing carotenoid will be further studied through in vitro release study and in vitro degradation study. Bioactivity of formulated hydrogel will be studied by performing antioxidant assay. To explore the stimuli-responsive behavior, formulated hydrogel will be exposed to different mediums (pH, temperature, and salt). The stimuli-sensing ability of formulated hydrogel may be enhanced by fabrication of hydrogel with different stimuli-responsive agents to achieve targeted delivery of carotenoid.
The development of stimuli-responsive carotenoid–loaded hydrogel and its application in skin damage is illustrated in graphical abstract. Encapsulation of carotenoids in hydrogel has several advantages from preventing degradation to exhibiting antioxidant activity. Development of smart-stimuli responsive hydrogel through using various methods could be an ideal system for carotenoids due to its biocompatible nature which will allow real-time monitoring of wound healing capacity.
This book delves into the world of natural sources from medicinal plants, microbes, and fungi, to lichen, algae, and clay minerals that have been used for centuries in traditional medicine. These sources are rich in bioactive secondary metabolites that have a wide range of applications in various industries, including cosmetics and personal care products.
This book provides a comprehensive guide to secondary metabolites for cosmeceutical purposes, regulatory perspectives for cosmeceuticals in different countries, and allergic responses from these secondary metabolites. Additionally, this book discusses the impact of nanotechnology on cosmetic products such as skin and hair care.
Bioprospecting of Natural Sources for Cosmeceuticals is a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in chemistry, botany, biotechnology, microbiology, cosmetic science, and the pharmaceutical sciences. It is also useful for those researching traditional medicine systems and those in the microbiology, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and nanoscience industries.
Background
The human skin microbiome and lipidome are essential for skin homeostasis and barrier function, and have become a focus in both dermatological and cosmetic fields. However, the influence of surfactants commonly used in cosmetic products on the skin resident microbiome and lipidome remains poorly characterized.
Methods
We conducted self‐control experiments to systematically study the effects of surfactant (sodium lauroyl sarcosinate [SLS]) on facial skin. Wrinkles, pores, porphyrins, and superficial lipids were examined to evaluate the biophysical state of skin. Quantitative real‐time PCR was used to detect the numbers of bacteria and fungi. The diversity and structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiomes were assessed using 16S rDNA and ITS amplicon sequencing, respectively. Moreover, 22 lipids were identified to evaluate lipidome variations. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis.
Results
SLS in facial cleanser did not extensively influence skin biophysical parameters, but caused a decrease in porphyrin. After using the SLS‐added facial cleanser for 3 weeks, the alpha diversity of the prokaryotic microbial community decreased significantly, while the eukaryotic microbial community showed a continuous downward trend but no statistically significant. A shift in the structure of prokaryotic microbiome was observed as a result of SLS exposure, mainly reflected by the increase in Acinetobacter , Escherichia‐Shigella , Streptococcus , and Ralstonia , while the SLS had little effect on the structure of the eukaryotic microbiome. Furthermore, SLS exposure had a great impact on skin lipidome, mainly manifested by the increase of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), and the decrease of ceramides. Spearman's correlations analysis showed that Escherichia‐Shigella , Pseudomonas , and Acinetobacter are positively correlated with PG and PC; however, the correlation is not statistically significant.
Conclusion
In this study, we found the SLS in facial cleanser primarily affected lipidome and the prokaryotic microbiome of facial skin. These findings are useful for reminding us to be vigilant about the ingredients in personal care products, even the common ingredients, and designing effective formulations for repairing ecological balance of skin.
Background
The processing of the three major crustaceans (shrimp, lobster, and crab) is associated with inevitable by-products, high waste disposal costs, environmental and human health issues, loss of multiple biomaterials (chitin, protein hydrolysates, lipids, astaxanthin and minerals). Nowadays, these bioresources are underutilized owing to the lack of effective and standardized technologies to convert these materials into valued industrial forms.
Aim of review
This review aims to provide a holistic overview of the various bioactive ingredients and applications within major crustaceans by-products. This review aims to compare various extraction methods in crustaceans by-products, which will aid identify a more workable platform to minimize waste disposal and maximize its value for best valorization practices.
Key scientific concepts of review
The fully integrated applications (agriculture, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, paper industries, etc.) of multiple biomaterials from crustaceans by-products are presented. The pros and cons of the various extraction methods, including chemical (acid and alkali), bioprocesses (enzymatic or fermentation), physical (microwave, ultrasound, hot water and carbonic acid process), solvent (ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, EDTA) and electrochemistry are detailed. The rapid development of corresponding biotechnological attempts present a simple, fast, effective, clean, and controllable bioprocess for the comprehensive utilization of crustacean waste that has yet to be applied at an industrial level. One feasible way for best valorization practices is to combine innovative extraction techniques with industrially applicable technologies to efficiently recover these valuable components.
Astaksantin (3,3'-dihidroksi-β-karoten-4,4'-dion), doğal veya kimyasal olarak sentezlenebilen, insanlarda provitamin A aktivitesi olmayan bir karotenoid pigmenttir. Astaksantin, mikroalgler, bakteriler, mayalar, protistler ve bitkiler gibi farklı organizmalar ve mikroorganizmalar tarafından üretilir. Balık ve kabuklular gibi suda yaşayan canlılarda astaksantin birikimi olur. Astaksantin gıdaların besin değerini ve duyusal kalitesini iyileştirmek için bir gıda renklendiricisi ve bir antioksidan olarak da kullanılabilir. Ayrıca astaksantin içeren formülasyonların, sağlıklı gıda takviyeleri olarak giderek daha popüler hale gelmektedir. Beslenme, Yeni Gıdalar ve Gıda Alerjenleri Paneli, günde 8 mg alımına ek olarak günlük diyet yoluyla olası astaksantin alımının yetişkinler için güvenli olduğu sonucuna varmıştır. Astaksantin antioksidan mekanizmayı ve inflamatuar sinyal yolaklarını modüle ederek obezite, diyabet, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, gastrointestinal hastalıklar, karaciğer hastalıkları, nörolojik hastalıklar, kanser, bağışıklık yanıtı, COVID-19, göz sağlığı, cilt sağlığı ve kemik sağlığı üzerinde olumlu etkiler gösterir.
Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family, has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical attributes, and physiological effects. Originally recognized primarily for its role in imparting the characteristic red-pink color to various organisms, AX is currently experiencing a surge in interest and research. The growing body of literature in this field predominantly focuses on AXs distinctive bioactivities and properties. However, the potential of algae-derived AX as a solution to various global environmental and societal challenges that threaten life on our planet has not received extensive attention. Furthermore, the historical context and the role of AX in nature, as well as its significance in diverse cultures and traditional health practices, have not been comprehensively explored in previous works. This review article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the history leading up to the present, offering insights into the discovery of AX, its chemical and physical attributes, distribution in organisms, and biosynthesis. Additionally, it delves into the intricate realm of health benefits, biofunctional characteristics, and the current market status of AX. By encompassing these multifaceted aspects, this review aims to provide readers with a more profound understanding and a robust foundation for future scientific endeavors directed at addressing societal needs for sustainable nutritional and medicinal solutions. An updated summary of AXs health benefits, its present market status, and potential future applications are also included for a well-rounded perspective
The carotenoids mixture (MC) isolated from the starfish Patiria. pectinifera contains more than 50% astaxanthin, 4–6% each zeaxanthine and lutein, and less pharmacologically active components such as free fatty acids and their glycerides. Astaxanthin, the major component of MC, belongs to the xanthophyll class of carotenoids, and is well known for its antioxidant properties. In this work, in vitro and in vivo studies on the biological activity of MC were carried out. The complex was shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and cancer-preventive activity, without any toxicity at a dose of 500 mg/kg. MC effectively improves the clinical picture of the disease progressing, as well as normalizing the cytokine profile and the antioxidant defense system in the in vivo animal models of inflammatory diseases, namely: skin carcinogenesis, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and systemic inflammation (SI). In the skin carcinogenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, the incidence of papillomas was decreased 1.5 times; 1% MC ointment form in allergic contact dermatitis showed an 80% reduced severity of pathomorphological skin manifestations. Obtained results show that MC from starfish P. pectinifera is an effective remedy for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory processes.
Background:
Ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, and pollution are a few examples of environmental factors that exacerbate the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause damage to skin cells' DNA, proteins, and lipids. By supplementing the skin with antioxidants, we can help neutralize ROS formed by these extrinsic factors before they can damage the skin.
Aims:
This prospective open-label study explores the safety and efficacy of this novel topical formulation of antioxidants (vitamin C, astaxanthin, fermented turmeric, and vitamin E) designed to fight free radical damage and improve overall skin quality, as well as the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, radiance, and hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Patients/methods:
This single-center clinical study evaluated the efficacy of twice-daily application of the test article (Asta C™ Vitamin C Age Defense Serum, Dr. Whitney Bowe Beauty) in 32 subjects for 12 weeks. Healthy female subjects aged 35-60 with mild to moderate fine lines, wrinkles, and hyperpigmentation/uneven skin tone were enrolled in this study. Fitzpatrick skin types I-VI, all skin types (dry, normal, combination, oily), and subjects with sensitive skin were included.
Results:
All subjects demonstrated improvement in overall skin quality (face, neck, and chest) by the end of the 12-week study period. One hundred percent of subjects demonstrated improvement in the appearance of fine lines at Week 12.
Conclusions:
Overall, the current clinical study demonstrates that Asta C™ is safe, well-tolerated, and effective in improving overall skin quality, as well as the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, radiance, and hyperpigmentation of the skin.
The importance of astaxanthin and carotenoids for the production of nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, additives, food supplement and feed cannot be overemphasized due to several health benefit among which are anti-inflammatory and immune booster properties in people and animals. They are a major natural source of pigments and are high in antioxidants that have been documented to be more competent compared with vitamins C, E, carotene, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin, etc. Therefore, it's vital to explore the use of astaxanthin and carotenoids from algae; hence, this chapter discusses the potentials of optimizing astaxanthin and carotenoids from macro- and microalga cells. Utilization of astaxanthin and carotenoids from algae must be extended beyond serving as a food colorant by leveraging its powerful antioxidant potentials as a scavenger using microencapsulation to reduce oxidation damage which is germane in treatment of several documented health challenges. Hence, considering the future prospects of maximizing astaxanthin and carotenoids produced from algae as a major raw material in manufacturing of nutraceuticals, pharmaceutical products, and nutritional supplements on an industrial scale for the global market is a progressive phase towards attaining sustainable technology and agriculture that is eco-friendly and supports healthy living of humans and animals.
Dietary astaxanthin exists predominantly as the all-E-isomer; however, certain amounts of the Z-isomers are universally present in the skin, whose roles remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the astaxanthin E/Z-isomer ratio on skin-related physicochemical properties and biological activities using human dermal fibroblasts and B16 mouse melanoma cells. We revealed that astaxanthin enriched in Z-isomers (total Z-isomer ratio = 86.6%) exhibited greater UV-light-shielding ability and skin antiaging and skin-whitening activities, such as anti-elastase and anti-melanin formation activities, than the all-E-isomer-rich astaxanthin (total Z-isomer ratio = 3.3%). On the other hand, the all-E-isomer was superior to the Z-isomers in singlet oxygen scavenging/quenching activity, and the Z-isomers inhibited type I collagen release into the culture medium in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings help clarify the roles of astaxanthin Z-isomers in the skin and would help in the development of novel skin health-promoting food ingredients.
The conglomeration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) has influenced the development of life-saving drugs. These APIs are customarily synthetic products, albeit with adverse side effects. Thus, to overcome the bottlenecks associated with synthetically derived APIs, the approach of photocatalytically obtaining bioactive compounds from natural ingredients has emerged. Amid the pool of photoactive nanomaterials, this short review emphasizes the intelligent strategy of exploiting photoactive carbon nanosheets to photocatalytically derive bioactive compounds from natural algal biomass to treat many acute or chronic medical conditions. Carbon nanosheets result in phototrophic harvesting of bioactive compounds from microalgae as a result of their being an effective biocatalyst that increases the rate of photosynthesis. To understand the clinical translation of bioactive compounds, the pharmacodynamics of algal bioactive compounds are highlighted to determine the practicality and feasibility of using this green approach for pharmaceutical drug discovery.
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been scientifically proven to cause skin disorders such as sunburn, skin cancer and the symptoms of chronic exposure. Natural sun screening compounds have recently gained tremendous attention from the cosmetic and cosmeceutical sectors for treating skin disorders such as hyperpigmentation and aging. A wide range of natural UV-absorbing compounds have been used to replace or reduce the number of synthetic sunscreen molecules. One of the primary causes of photoaging is DNA damage, mainly caused by UVR. Photoprotection provided by traditional sunscreens is purely preventative and has no efficacy after DNA damage has been initiated. As a result, the quest for DNA-repair mechanisms that block, reverse, or postpone pathologic processes in UV-exposed skin has stimulated anti-photoaging research and methods to increase the effectiveness of traditional sunscreens. This review summarizes many natural compounds from microalgae, lichens, and plants that have demonstrated potential photoprotection effects against UV radiation-induced skin damage. Furthermore, it offers an overview of current breakthroughs in DNA-repair enzymes utilized in sunscreens and their influence on photoaging.
Astaxanthin, one of the dominant carotenoids in marine animals, showed both a strong quenching effect against singlet oxygen, and a strong scavenging effect against free radicals. These effects are considered to be defence mechanisms in the animals for attacking these active oxygen species. The activities of astaxanthin are approximately 10 times stronger than those of other carotenoids that were tested, namely zeaxanthin, lutein, tunaxanthin, canthaxanthin and β-carotene, and 100 times greater than those of a tocopherol. Astaxanthin also showed strong activity as an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation mediated by these active forms of oxygen. From these results, astaxanthin has the properties of a “SUPER VITAMIN E”.
The effects of the carotenoids β-carotene and astaxanthin on the peroxidation of liposomes induced by ADP and Fe2+ were examined. Both compounds inhibited production of lipid peroxides, astaxanthin being about 2-fold more effective than β-carotene. The difference in the modes of destruction of the conjugated polyene chain between β-carotene and astaxanthin suggested that the conjugated polyene moiety and terminal ring moieties of the more potent astaxanthin trapped radicals in the membrane and both at the membrane surface and in the membrane, respectively, whereas only the conjugated polyene chain of β-carotene was responsible for radical trapping near the membrane surface and in the interior of the membrane. The efficient antioxidant activity of astaxanthin is suggested to be due to the unique structure of the terminal ring moiety.
Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; however, its molecular action and mechanism have not been elucidated. We examined in vitro and in vivo regulatory function of astaxanthin on production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as well as expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Astaxanthin inhibited the expression or formation production of these proinflammatory mediators and cytokines in both lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and primary macrophages. Astaxanthin also suppressed the serum levels of NO, PGE2, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in LPS-administrated mice, and inhibited NF-kappaB activation as well as iNOS promoter activity in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. This compound directly inhibited the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells as well as H2O2-induced NF-kappaB activation and iNOS expression. Moreover, astaxanthin blocked nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB p65 subunit and I(kappa)B(alpha) degradation, which correlated with its inhibitory effect on I(kappa)B kinase (IKK) activity. These results suggest that astaxanthin, probably due to its antioxidant activity, inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators by blocking NF-kappaB activation and as a consequent suppression of IKK activity and I(kappa)B-alpha degradation.
The cosmetic effects on human skin by 4mg per day astaxanthin supplementation were demonstrated in a single blind placebo controlled study using forty-nine US healthy middle-aged women. There were significant improvements in fine lines/wrinkles and elasticity by dermatologist's assessment and in the moisture content by instrumental assessment at week 6 compares to base-line initial values.
Xanthophylls such as canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein and tunaxanthin that are widely distributed in Nature have been found to be precursors of retinoids not only in freshwater fish and marine fish (yellowtail) but also in mammals (rat). Reductive metabolic pathways from 3-dehydroretinol to retinol and from 3-dehydroretinal to retinal have been newly discovered by feeding experiments with rat and yellowtail, respectively.
When oxygenic photosynthesis evolved, one of the key functions of carotenoids was to protect aerobic photosynthetic organisms against destruction by photodynamic sensitization. Aerobic photosynthesis would not exist without the coevolution of carotenoids alongside the chlorophylls. As carotenoids are abundant in nature, in many fruits and vegetables, they are able to react with excited states of appropriate energy and quench them, and they can react with free radicals according to their reactivity, redox potentials, and XÐH bond energies. This report concerns the bimolecular reactions of carotenoids with oxygen species, such as 3 O 2 , 1 O 2 , H , HO , À 2 , etc.
The ketocarotenoid astaxanthin can be found in the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, and Chlorococcum sp., and the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. The microalga H. pluvialis has the highest capacity to accumulate astaxanthin up to 4-5% of cell dry weight. Astaxanthin has been attributed with extraordinary potential for protecting the organism against a wide range of diseases, and has considerable potential and promising applications in human health. Numerous studies have shown that astaxanthin has potential health-promoting effects in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as cancers, chronic inflammatory diseases, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, liver diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, eye diseases, skin diseases, exercise-induced fatigue, male infertility, and HgCl₂-induced acute renal failure. In this article, the currently available scientific literature regarding the most significant activities of astaxanthin is reviewed.
Effects of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis on human skin-patch test
- T Seki
- H Sueki
- H Kono
- K Suganuma
- E Yamashita
Seki T, Sueki H, Kono H, Suganuma K, Yamashita E (2001) Effects
of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis on human skin-patch test;
Guideline for evaluation of anti-wrinkle products in "Guidelines for evaluation of cosmetic functions
Task Force Committee for Evaluation of Anti-aging Function (2007)
Guideline for evaluation of anti-wrinkle products in "Guidelines for
evaluation of cosmetic functions". J Jpn Cosmet Sci Soc 31: 411-431.
Protective effects of astaxanthin against singlet oxygen induced damage in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro
- K Tominaga
- N Hongo
- M Karato
- E Yamashita
Tominaga K, Hongo N, Karato M, Yamashita E (2009) Protective effects of astaxanthin against singlet oxygen induced damage in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro. Food Style 21 13: 84-86.
Cosmetic benefit of dietary supplements including astaxanthin and tocotrienol on human skin
- E Yamashita
Yamashita E (2002) Cosmetic benefit of dietary supplements including astaxanthin and tocotrienol on human skin. Food Style 21 6:
112-117.