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Abstract

It has been repeatedly demonstrated that increasing the variety of available food and purchasing options reliably increases eating and consumer spending behavior respectively. However, the potential pro-behavioral effect of increasing the variety of exercise equipment options on the amount of exercise individuals perform is very limited. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the amount, enjoyment (liking) and effort perception of resistance training exercise versus sedentary alternatives during a high variety (HV) resistance exercise equipment condition (10 choices) versus a low variety (LV) equipment condition (two choices). During each condition (HV) and (LV), children (8-12 years), young adults (18-26 years), and older adults (≥ 60 years) had free choice access to both resistance exercise equipment and sedentary activities for a total of 20 minutes. The amount of time allocated to resistance exercise, the total number of repetitions performed, and session liking were measured during each condition. Participants significantly (p ≤ 0.05 for all) increased: repetitions performed (126.4 ± 71.7 vs. 88.0 ± 48.8), the amount of time allocated for exercise (14.3 ± 6.3 min vs. 12.1 ± 6.5 min) and liking (8.1 ± 1.5 cm vs. 7.1± 2.1 cm) during the HV condition relative to the LV condition. RPE was not significantly (p = 0.13) different from HV (4.2 ± 2.4) to LV (3.8 ± 2.3). Increasing the variety of exercise equipment available to children, young and older adults increased their exercise participation and enjoyment of that exercise without altering their perceived exertion. The practical application from this research is that increasing the variety of exercise equipment available to one';s clients may increase their exercise adherence.

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... Motivation is a particularly relevant determinant because it is a key factor in the uptake of physical activity and adherence to physical activity over time (Bauman et al., 2012). One element of increasing research interest and showing promise for influencing an individuals' motivation toward physical activity is the provision of variety (Juvancic-Heltzel et al., 2013). The concept of "variety" refers to diverse endeavors, opportunities, or tasks within a given context (Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013;Sylvester, Standage, Dowd, et al., 2014). ...
... It is plausible to suggest that in physical activity settings, variety may help to maximize the positive impact of physical activity on health and well-being through enhanced affective responses. For example, variety support has been found to be related to increased enjoyment of, participation in, adherence to exercise programs, and engagement in higher-intensity exercise (Bond et al., 2012;Brooke et al., 2013;Dimmock et al., 2013;Glaros & Janelle, 2001;Juvancic-Heltzel et al., 2013;Raynor et al., 2014;Sylvester, Standage, Ark, et al., 2014). It is important to note that although the terms variety and novelty are sometimes used interchangeably, and can have similar effects on various outcomes (such as motivation), novelty is a distinct concept and refers to the need to experience something not previously experienced (Bagheri & Milyavskaya, 2019;. ...
... Of the 16 quantitative studies included in this review, three studies were conducted in primary schools (Brooke et al., 2013;Erwin et al., 2013;Stellino & Sinclair, 2014), two in secondary schools (Abós et al., 2021;Michael et al., 2016;Song et al., 2015), six using gym equipment under laboratory conditions (Barkley et al., 2011;Glaros & Janelle, 2001;Juvancic-Heltzel et al., 2013;Patten et al., 2000;, one in a high school and community setting (Sylvester et al., 2020), and three in community-based physical activity sites (Corder et al., 2011;Sylvester, Standage, Ark, et al., 2014;Sylvester, Standage, Dowd, et al., 2014). ...
Article
Background: Emerging evidence indicates that the provision or experience of "variety" may be an important determinant of physical activity behavior. Variety refers to diverse endeavors, opportunities, or tasks and, in the context of physical activity, has been examined as a feature of an activity or environment (i.e., variety support) and an experience (i.e., one's felt experience or perceived variety). Objective: The primary aim of our review was to synthesize studies investigating the provision or experience of variety in physical activity settings on health and well-being, behaviors, and motivation. Our secondary aim was to examine quantitative data reporting on different facets of variety in physical activity settings. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of five electronic databases (Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Science Direct, MEDLINE, and the Human Kinetics Library) to identify studies providing a quantitative or qualitative assessment of variety in physical activity settings. Results: We identified 5,576 potentially relevant articles to examine. After title and abstract screening (and removal of duplicates), 74 articles remained for full-text screening, from which 28 studies were deemed eligible. Our findings from qualitative and quantitative (experimental and cross-sectional) studies demonstrate that the provision and experience of variety relates to participation and engagement in physical activity, motivation for exercise and physical activity, and well-being outcomes. Our results also indicate that the provision of variety can increase enjoyment, interest (i.e., motivation), and adherence to a physical activity program. Conclusion: Our findings support the assertion that variety should be considered during planning, implementation, and evaluation of physical activity programs. Additional experimental studies are needed to gain a better understanding of how elements of physical activity and exercise programs, delivery, and environment can be manipulated to increase variety and foster participation in physical activity.
... Researchers have conceptualized variety as the range of tasks and actions that people engage in within a given context . Variety has been operationalized as a modifiable feature of the environment (e.g., the range of equipment available to use; Juvancic-Heltzel, Glickman, & Barkley, 2013), social context (e.g., diverse tasks structured sequentially; Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013), and as a subjective perception (i.e., a felt experience; Sylvester, Standage, Dowd et al., 2014). Subjective perceptions of variety are instrumental to understand how the objective environment influences behavior (i.e., through interpretation and evaluation; Pintrich, 2003;Sylvester et al., 2016), and encapsulate the extent to which people feel they experience an array of tasks, actions, and opportunities in a certain context (Sylvester, Standage, Dowd et al., 2014). ...
... Perceptions of exercise variety have also been shown to be positively associated with indices of autonomous exercise motivation and exercise behavior (Dimmock, Jackson, Podlong, & Magaraggia, 2013;Juvancic-Heltzel et al., 2013). For example, Dimmock et al. (2013) found that those who expected to experience variety in an exercise session reported greater interest, more enjoyment, and had an increased internal locus of causality compared to those who expected monotony. ...
... For example, Dimmock et al. (2013) found that those who expected to experience variety in an exercise session reported greater interest, more enjoyment, and had an increased internal locus of causality compared to those who expected monotony. Similarly, Juvancic-Heltzel et al. (2013) found that providing ten as opposed to two options of equipment to use in a single exercise session resulted in an increased amount of time allocated by participants to exercise as well as a greater volume of work performed. Extending this work, Sylvester, Standage, Ark et al. (2014) found that perceived exercise variety was positively associated with exercise behavior via autonomous exercise motivation when examined alongside perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness in exercise. ...
Article
Objectives: Perceived variety in exercise predicts exercise behavior through autonomous motivation. However, psychological need satisfaction (viz. for competence, autonomy, and relatedness) may moderate the relationship between perceived variety in exercise and exercise behavior (through autonomous motivation). The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs in exercise contexts moderates the mediating role of autonomous exercise motivation in the relationship between perceived variety in exercise and exercise behavior. Design: Cross-sectional. Method: Adults (N = 499) completed an online questionnaire to measure the study variables. Associations were examined using structural equation modeling. Results: Psychological need satisfaction moderated the positive indirect relationship between perceived exercise variety and self-reported exercise behavior (via autonomous motivation) such that perceived variety was associated with exercise behavior when psychological need satisfaction scores were lower than average. Conclusions: Based on these findings, perceived exercise variety may act as a compensatory source of motivation when psychological need satisfaction is low. In addition to attempting to foster need-supportive exercise contexts, it may be particularly important for exercise promotion specialists to foster the experience of variety among individuals who have lower psychological need satisfaction.
... One intervention strategy that holds potential for influencing individuals' exercise behavior relates to the provision of variety (e.g., Juvancic-Heltzel et al. 2013). Variety refers to the experience of an assortment or alternation of (novel and familiar) tasks, actions, and opportunities (cf. ...
... Variety refers to the experience of an assortment or alternation of (novel and familiar) tasks, actions, and opportunities (cf. Juvancic-Heltzel et al. 2013;Sheldon and Lyubomirsky 2012;Sylvester et al. 2014b). Variety has been examined as both a feature of an activity or environment (i.e., variety support; e.g., Lyubomirsky and Layous 2013), and as an experience (i.e., one's felt experience; e.g., Sylvester et al. 2014b). ...
... exercise program more so than participants who did the same aerobic exercise each session. In addition, Juvancic-Heltzel et al. (2013) found that participants who encountered greater variety support in a single bout of exercise (i.e., the opportunity to use ten vs two pieces of equipment) spent more time exercising and performed a greater number of repetitions. In these studies the authors structured exercise-related variety support by prescribing variation both between sessions (i.e., changing the mode of exercise from one session to another; Glaros and Janelle 2001) and within a session (i.e., offering a greater number of exercises in a single bout; Juvancic-Heltzel et al. 2013). ...
Article
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The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which the provision of variety (i.e., variety support) is related to exercise behavior among physically inactive adults and the extent to which the ‘experience of variety’ mediates those effects. One hundred and twenty one inactive university students were randomly assigned to follow a high or low variety support exercise program for 6 weeks. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 3- and 6-weeks. Participants in the high variety support condition displayed higher levels of adherence to the exercise program than those in the low variety support condition [F(1, 116) = 5.55, p = .02, η p2 = .05] and the relationship between variety support and adherence was mediated by perceived variety (β = .16, p < .01). Exercise-related variety support holds potential to be an efficacious method for facilitating greater exercise adherence behaviors of previously inactive people by fostering perceptions of variety.
... An environmental manipulation that may increase youth's physical activity is to provide greater autonomy of choice of physical activities. [9][10][11][12] Self-determination theory ascribes that individuals are more motivated to engage in a health behavior when they experience autonomy over their choice to engage in the behavior. [13][14][15] Indeed, the number of choices available to an individual and the greater the variety of the sensory characteristics of those choices can shift behavioral choice. ...
... 17,22,23 Emerging research has demonstrated that increasing the number of physical activity choices can motivate physical activity behavior in older children and adults. [9][10][11] In carefully controlled studies, children and young and older adults participate in a greater amount of resistance exercise and better liked that activity when provided with a greater choice of resistance training equipment. 9,10 Additional controlled studies assessed the impact of increasing activity choice by manipulating the number of active toys available to 8-to 12-year-old children in a laboratory setting and found that they engaged in more intense physical activity for a longer period of time when increasing the number of active toys available. ...
... [9][10][11] In carefully controlled studies, children and young and older adults participate in a greater amount of resistance exercise and better liked that activity when provided with a greater choice of resistance training equipment. 9,10 Additional controlled studies assessed the impact of increasing activity choice by manipulating the number of active toys available to 8-to 12-year-old children in a laboratory setting and found that they engaged in more intense physical activity for a longer period of time when increasing the number of active toys available. 11,12 While these studies support the notion that increasing children's autonomy through choice of physical activity options can motivate physical activity behavior, there are presently no studies to examine this effect in a less restricted physical activity environment. ...
Article
Background: Increasing autonomy by manipulating the choice of available physical activity options in a laboratory setting can increase physical activity in older children and adults. However, the effect of manipulating the number of physically active choices has yet to be examined in young children in a gymnasium environment. Methods: Twenty children (n = 10 girls, 6.1 ± 1.4 years old) individually participated in two (low choice (LC), high choice (HC)), free-choice activity conditions for 30 minutes in a 4,360 square foot gymnasium. Children had access to two or eight physical activity options in the LC and HC conditions, respectively. Physical activity behavior was measured via accelerometry. Results: Children's 30-minute accelerometer counts increased (p < 0.03) from the LC (2,675 ± 294 counts · min-1) to the HC (3,224 ± 280 counts · min-1) condition. Conclusions: Providing greater autonomy through choice of a greater number of physically active options increased young children's physical activity participation by 20.5%.
... One factor that has recently garnered attention for understanding individuals' exercise behavior is variety (e.g., Juvancic-Heltzel, Glickman, & Barkley, 2013). The experience of variety (i.e., felt variety) refers to a person's perception of whether they have experienced (or currently experience) variety, and is characterized by feeling as though one pursues and experiences diverse (i.e., novel or alternating among familiar) activities, behaviors, and opportunities in their social environment (cf. ...
... In the context of exercise, researchers have found that when people experience variety, this prospectively predicts their subsequent behavior (Glaros & Janelle, 2001;Juvancic-Heltzel et al., 2013). For example, in Glaros and Janelle's (2001) study, when people varied the type of aerobic exercise that they engaged in every 2 weeks, they had greater adherence to their exercise sessions than people who did the same aerobic exercise each session. ...
... Experiencing variety in exercise may be a unique predictor (when examined alongside satisfaction of the needs for competence, relatedness and autonomy) of autonomous motivation and exercise behavior because (a) the expectation (but not the experience) of variety in exercise has been found to be related to indices of autonomous motivation (Dimmock et al., 2013), (b) variety support has been found to explain variance in exercise behavior (Glaros & Janelle, 2001;Juvancic-Heltzel et al., 2013), and (c) the experience of variety has been found to be empirically distinct from perceptions of competence, relatedness, and autonomy in the context of exercise (Sylvester et al., 2014). However, the extent to which the experience of variety in exercise explains unique variance (alongside perceptions of competence, relatedness, and autonomy) in exercise behavior via autonomous motivation has not yet been examined. ...
Article
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In this study, we examined whether perceived variety in exercise prospectively predicts unique variance in exercise behavior when examined alongside satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs (for competence, relatedness, and autonomy) embedded within self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2002), through the mediating role of autonomous and controlled motivation. A convenience sample of community adults (N = 363) completed online questionnaires twice over a 6-week period. The results of structural equation modeling showed perceived variety and satisfaction of the needs for competence and relatedness to be unique indirect positive predictors of exercise behavior (through autonomous motivation) 6 weeks later. In addition, satisfaction of the need for autonomy was found to negatively predict controlled motivation. Perceived variety in exercise complemented satisfaction of the needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy in predicting motivation and (indirectly) exercise behavior, and may act as a salient mechanism in the prediction of autonomous motivation and behavior in exercise settings.
... 8 Whereas PA guidelines emphasize frequency, it is not clear what role PA variety may play in total volume of MVPA achieved as research in this area is limited. 9 Two laboratory studies with children and adults have found that providing access to a greater variety of PA options increases time spent in PA. 10,11 Some, 8,13-15 but not all, 12 observational studies have reported a positive relationship between the number of activities engaged in and PA. For example, in 9-and 10-year-old children, those who met PA guidelines reported a greater number of physical activities than those who did not meet guidelines. ...
... activities increases time spent in PA and is related to meeting PA guidelines, 8,10,11,[13][14][15] no previous investigation has prospectively examined whether continued engagement in a variety of physical activities is related to higher MVPA levels and lower BMI within the context of obesity treatment. Results of this study indicated that Variety participants who consistently reported engaging in at least 2 different physical activities per week from 6 to 18 months self-reported more weekly energy expenditure from MVPA at 18 months than Less Variety participants who did not report consistently engaging in at least 2 different physical activities per week from 6 to 18 months. ...
... For example, when the same activity is performed consistently, there is increased risk of injury due to overuse/repetitive motion and less time for recovery, which could reduce MVPA. 11,23 Thus, engaging in a variety of activities may prevent the occurrence of these physiological barriers and enhance MVPA. Additionally, research based on the behavioral economics indicates that motivation to engage in an activity is enhanced when individuals can choose from a variety of physical activities versus only one activity. ...
Article
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To examine if physical activity (PA) variety was associated with moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) energy expenditure and body mass index (BMI) at 18 months during an obesity intervention. Participants with ≥ 10 minutes/week of MVPA at 6 months and complete PA data were included. Participants were classified into Variety (N = 30), ≥ 2 different activities/week, or Less Variety (N = 65), only 1 activity/week. Weekly MVPA-related energy expenditure was higher for Variety than Less Variety (3674.7 ± 1934.6 kcal/week vs 2197.3 ± 1841.4 kcal/week, p < .05) at 18 months, with no difference in BMI. Greater weekly PA variety during obesity treatment was related to greater 18-month MVPA energy expenditure.
... The provision of variety has been proposed as a potential factor that might influence an individual's motivation to participate in physical activity (Juvancic-Heltze et al., 2013). Variety has been referred to as diverse endeavours, opportunities, or tasks within a given context (Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013;Sylvester, Standage, Dowd et al., 2014), and has been recently examined as an environmental component (i.e., variety-support) , and as an experience (i.e., perceived variety) in exercise settings (Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013;. ...
... In exercise settings, variety may help to maximise the positive impact of exercise on health and well-being through improved affective responses (Mandolesi et al., 2018). Indeed, varietysupport has been found to be related to increased enjoyment of, participation in, and adherence to exercise programmes (Brooke et al., 2013;Dimmock et al., 2013;Glaros & Janelle, 2001;Juvancic-Heltze et al., 2013;, and engagement in higher intensity exercise (Bond et al., 2012;Raynor et al., 2014). Sylvester and colleagues recently pursued this novel line of research, and demonstrated that when adults exercise, the experience of variety: 1) influences an individual's level of engagement in physical activity ; 2) predicts subsequent exercise behaviours (Sylvester, Standage, Ark et al., 2014); and 3) influences indices of exercise-related well-being Sylvester, Standage, Dowd et al., 2014). ...
Article
The provision of variety has been posited to influence motivation in physical education. Therefore, the aim of this 3-phase study was to design and evaluate a brief scale to assess ratings of variety-support in physical education. In Phase 1, 20 experts were invited to review the developed items of the Perceived Variety-Support in Physical Education (PVSPE) scale. In Phase 2, factorial validity of item responses was assessed in a sample of adolescents aged 12–14 years (n = 265). In Phase 3, test-retest reliability was determined over a one-week period (n = 100). A one-factor model resulted in “good” fit to the data (χ2(21) = 43.265, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.968, TLI = 0.952, RMSEA = 0.089; factor loading estimates showed that indicators were highly related to the factor (range: 0.60 to 0.93); and ICC was 0.98, 95% CI [0.97 to 0.98]. Our results provide initial evidence for the validity, measurement invariance, and test-retest reliability of scores derived from the VSPE scale for use with adolescents.
... Dimmock et al. (2013) found that the expectation of variety was also shown to be positively associated with a greater internal perceived locus of causality in exercise settings through increased intrinsic and internalized forms of extrinsic behavioral regulation. Moreover, the perception of variety was positively associated with increased exercise and exercise-related behaviors through increased motivation (Dimmock et al., 2013;Glaros & Janelle, 2001;Juvancic-Heitzel et al., 2013;Sylvester et al., 2018;Sylvester, Standage, Ark, et al., 2014;Sylvester, Standage, Dowd, et al., 2014). For example, Sylvester, Standage, Ark, et al. (2014) found that perceived variety satisfied the needs for competence and relatedness and were indirect positive predictors of exercise behaviors through increased autonomous motivation. ...
... Despite being a single-subject case study, the outcomes observed here align with previous cross-sectional research studies (Dimmock et al., 2013;Glaros & Janelle, 2001;Juvancic-Heitzel et al., 2013;Sylvester et al., 2018;Sylvester, Standage, Ark, et al., 2014;Sylvester, Standage, Dowd, et al., 2014), which found that perceptions of variety in exercise were positively related with both autonomous motivation and exercise behavior. Greater perceived variety in exercise tasks results in the satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs, which might lead to autonomous motivation and behavioral engagement. ...
Article
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A 5-month exercise intervention using self-determination theory was conducted for a physically inactive male adult with a body mass index >25 kg/m ² to overcome perceived exercise barriers and increase autonomous motivation to exercise through a variety of exercise programs. The participant underwent three different forms of exercise programs: trainer guided, self-guided via YouTube channels, and accustomed exercises for 3 hr weekly. The participant completed a questionnaire and body mass index measurement at baseline and during the second, fourth, and fifth months of intervention and kept an exercise log throughout the 5 months. Consultations were conducted during the second and fourth months. At the end of the program, a semistructured interview was conducted. The data showed that psychological needs satisfaction, autonomous motivation, and exercise behavior had improved, while perceived barriers had decreased. This case study provides insight into how a theory-based intervention could effectively promote exercise behavior by targeting psychological factors.
... These methods of physical activity may provide a more cooperative goal structure and in turn maintain liking for the activity and enhance participation through improved motivation. Furthermore, there has been sufficient evidence showing that increased variety of physical activity options enhances liking and in turn physical activity behavior in children (2,20). While variety was not manipulated in the current study, the potential for increasing enjoyment, and possibly motivation, of exergame play in children may be conceivable through increasing the variety of gaming options. ...
... Future research should examine a more truly cooperative physical activity (e.g., an obstacle course or "treasure" hunt) in comparison to a competitive activity in the same subject population. Manipulating the variety of physical activity options in children also provides potential for enhancing enjoyment and physical activity behavior and thus warrants further investigation to assess prospective effects on these variables, as well as motivation, in regards to exergame play (2,20). ...
Article
The purpose of the current study was to examine physiologic response, liking, and relative reinforcing value (RRV) of children playing an exergame with a friend under two goal structures: competitive and cooperative. A sample of twenty participants (8.7 ± 1.3 years old) and a self-selected friend completed three conditions: rest, competitive, and cooperative play. During the competitive condition, participants played Nintendo Wii Tennis® against their friend. During cooperative play, participants and their friend played together against a computer avatar. During each condition, oxygen consumption (VO2, ml·kg-1·min-1) and liking (visual analog scale) were recorded. After finishing all conditions, children completed an RRV computer task to assess their motivation to play the competitive versus cooperative goal structures. During this task children performed work (button presses) to participate in additional competitive play, cooperative play, or a combination. The output maximum (Omax), or maximum work for each goal structure, was used as the measure of RRV. It was determined that VO2 was significantly (p ≤ 0.001) greater for cooperative and competitive play than rest. Liking was significantly greater for cooperative play than rest (p ≤ 0.001) and competitive play (p = 0.03). There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between cooperative and competitive play for VO2 or Omax. In conclusion, while liking was greater for the cooperative condition versus competitive, motivation did not differ between goal structures. Further investigation into methods of making physical activity more reinforcing, in addition to well-liked by children, is necessary to optimize this behavior.
... The provision of social and/or environmental factors that may influence the experience of variety is referred to as variety support. In this study, variety support was manipulated through (1) changing the quantity of exercises within each exercise session while holding the total number of sets and repetitions in each session equal between conditions (see Juvancic-Heltzel, Glickman, & Barkley, 2013), (2) alternating/introducing new exercises from one exercise session to the next (see Glaros & Janelle, 2001), and (3) varying the technique within individual exercises to target different muscle groups (see Dimmock, Jackson, Podlog, & Magaraggia, 2013). In the experimental condition, participants completed two sets of eight different exercises that changed each session; those in the control condition completed four sets of the same four exercises in each session . ...
... Research regarding how social and environmental supports can influence perceptions of variety and novelty in health contexts is still in its infancy; however, some insights have been gleaned. For example, in exercise contexts, to foster the experience of variety in physically inactive university students, combined variety support strategies used by Juvancic-Heltzel et al. (2013; i.e., varied activities within an exercise session) and Glaros and Janelle (2001; i.e., varied exercises from one session to the next). Sylvester and colleagues conducted the only exercise study to date to assess whether (and the extent to which) variety support influences the experience of variety and subsequent health outcomes (i.e., well-being and exercise adherence behavior). ...
... Within the exercise literature, past work has shown that greater variety (and perceived variety) in an exercise session is associated with more interest in, and enjoyment of, the bout as well as higher levels of exercise related well-being and vitality (Dimmock, Jackson, Podlog, & Magaraggia, 2013;Juvancic-Heltzel, Glickman, & Barkley, 2013;Sylvester et al., 2014). As a case in point, a study by Glaros and Janelle (2001) assigned low active participants to one of three 8-week long exercise-training conditions: variable, static, or preferred. ...
... Questions left unaddressed by this study include whether our findings are specific to hulahooping or can be generalized to other uncommon exercise activities. Although we acknowledge that novelty, familiarity, and variety are not one and the same, prior work exploring subjective responses to increased variety in an exercise context would suggest that findings could indeed be generalized to other uncommon activities (Dimmock et al., 2013;Juvancic-Heltzel et al., 2013;Sylvester et al., 2014). Still, this is an empirical question to be tested. ...
Article
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Objective: To test the extent to which participants exposed to an uncommon versus common exercise stimulus would result in more favourable affect at post task. Design: Experimental design. Participants, (N = 120) American women aged 18-45 years, were randomly assigned to complete 30-minutes of either the uncommon (HOOP; n = 58) or common (WALK; n = 62) exercise stimulus. Main outcome measures: Self-reported affect and intentions for future exercise were measured before and after the 30-minute exercise bout. Results: Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were run to compare post-task affect across the HOOP and WALK conditions. At post-task, participants assigned to HOOP reported more positively valenced affect, higher ratings of positive activated affect, lower ratings of negative deactivated affect, and stronger intentions for future aerobic exercise compared to participants assigned to WALK. Conclusions: Participants who completed an uncommon bout of aerobic exercise (HOOP) reported more favourable affect post-exercise, as well as stronger intentions for future exercise, compared to participants who completed a common bout of aerobic exercise (WALK). Future work using a longitudinal design is needed to understand the relationships between familiarity with an exercise stimulus, affective responses to exercise, motivation for future exercise behaviour, and exercise maintenance over time.
... The provision of variety-support was put forward as a potential influencing factor of one's motivation in PE, the effects of which on physical activity had been proven to be positive, and increasing the variety-support provided for PE could increase an individual's motivation of sport participation and enjoyment of sport (Juvancic-Heltzel et al., 2013). It has been reported that variety-support was the provided activity or environmental elements of variety with given contexts. ...
Article
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Introduction High engagement in physical education (PE) could effectively develop students’ motor competence and promote physical activity, which was significantly important for students’ physical and mental health. Researches had shown that motivation was an important factor in explaining students’ learning engagement, and variety-support as the fourth independent psychological need was a potential factor influencing students’ learning motivation. However, there was a lack of empirical research evidence on the effect of perceived variety-support on middle school students’ learning engagement in PE and the influencing mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the direct effect of perceived variety-support on learning engagement in PE and the mediating effect of motivation in PE on the relationship. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted and 587 middle school students from Liaoning province filled the paper-and-pencil questionnaires adopting perceived variety-support in PE scale (PVSPES), utrecht work engagement scale-student (UWES-S), and perceived locus of causality in PE scale, which had been proved to have good reliability and validity (294 boys and 293 girls, Mage=13.47 ± 0.94). Results The results showed three variables were significantly positively correlated with each other (r = 0.323-0.562 p < 0.01) and perceived variety-support in PE could not only directly promote middle school students’ learning engagement in PE but also indirectly through the mediating effect of motivation in PE. Discussion Therefore, in order to better promote students’ participation in PE class, we should pay more attention to satisfy students’ varied PE learning needs and stimulate students’ autonomous learning motivation.
... Behaviour research on physical activity and exercise suggest that variety may promote activity levels and thus health benefits. A larger variety of exercise equipment has been shown to increase participation in exercise activity and enjoyment [18]. Variety in the activity itself may also be conducive towards more engaged and active participation. ...
Article
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It has long been understood that diversity is a key aspect of what makes a landscape attractive but to what degree of diversity and how is it experienced? Many forest landscapes are generally monotonous in character or are broken up by forest management activities such as clear cutting, which may negatively impact their potential for recreation and psychological well-being benefits. We conducted a virtual reality experiment where people were taken on a trip along a simulated cross country skiing track in an Estonian forest. Participants followed a route at simulated speeds typical of cross-country skiing. The route was long enough to experience several minutes passing through one type of forest landscape with a series of small variations in character followed by several minutes passing through a notably different forest landscape. The restorative experience obtained by the visit was measured periodically in each version of the landscape. Univariate general linear modelling analysis was statistically significant (r2 = 0.651, F(198, 965) = 9.108, p < 0.001) and showed that while respondents preferred less-dense forest in general (B = 0.189, p = 0.001)—an expected result—a comparable amount of positive restorative response could also be attributed to prominent changes in forest character, regardless of the type of forest (B = 0.401, p < 0.001). We hypothesise that respondents were reacting favourably to sudden changes in forest appearance after prolonged exposure to one forest type—that diversity is important in maintaining interest, reducing boredom, and in providing a restorative experience. The implications are, firstly, that a virtual experience can detect restorative effects and, secondly, that recreational trails should be designed to pass through varied landscapes offering continually changing diverse experiences—the impact of which can be tested in the virtual setting because there is control of all variables.
... Engaging in exercise variety during the pandemic may be related to participants having a more positive relationship with exercise because as people engage in more types of workouts and explore creative ways to move their bodies, they are more likely to find new exercises they enjoy and therefore perform more overall physical activity. This statement is supported by research from Juvancic-Heltzel et al., who revealed that having a high variety of resistance exercise equipment compared to a low variety leads to a significant increase in enjoyment of exercise, more repetitions performed, and time spent on the exercises [39]. Therefore, people may find these novel forms of exercises to be gratifying and pleasurable instead of viewing them as routine ways to become "fit". ...
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The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the health behaviors of people around the world, including their physical activity patterns. Intuitive exercise, a facet of one’s relationship with physical activity, is defined as one’s awareness, mindset (positive versus negative), and mindfulness when engaged in movement. The study’s purpose was to explore whether self-reported physical activity and psychological mindsets around exercise changed during the pandemic. College students (n = 216) described their relationship with exercise before and during the pandemic through anonymous completion of the Intuitive Exercise Scale (IEXS) and open-ended questions to provide in-depth contextualized responses about exercise habits. Participants reported significantly higher scores on intuitive exercise during the pandemic, such as on the Body Trust subscale (M = 3.43), compared to pre-pandemic levels (M = 3.20), p < 0.001. Moreover, varied themes related to physical activity were uncovered such as exercising for fun, exercise influenced by emotion, and loss of motivation to exercise. Important takeaways of the study include the diversity of responses to the pandemic (i.e., some participants reported an increase in physical activity levels and more positive exercise attitudes while others experienced the opposite), the need to promote self-care, and the need for positive coping strategies.
... Nevertheless, moderate-to-vigorous PA intensity may have the disadvantage of generating negative affect due to demanding physiological adaptations (Oliveira et al., 2013(Oliveira et al., , 2018. Since light to vigorous PA intensities are positively linked with subsequent positive affective states and because variety during PA sessions is associated with greater enjoyment (Juvancic-Heltzel et al., 2013;Sylvester et al., 2014), varying the nature and intensities between PA sessions appear worthy to investigate when designing a short PA programme. ...
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The present study examined the effects of a four-week physical activity (PA) programme on employees’ general affective well-being the acute effects of fitness and stretching sessions on momentary affective states. Participants were divided between an experimental (n = 54) and a comparison group (n = 57). After one month, only employees in the experimental group increased their general affective well-being. Moreover, momentary positive affective states were significantly higher after PA sessions, especially after fitness sessions. For both activities, momentary negative affect significantly decreased after PA sessions, with a larger reduction in the levels of high-activated unpleasant affect. In the short and middle terms, brief PA programmes seem relevant to enhance employees’ affective well-being. PA programme characteristics are finally discussed.
... In an effort to curb the spread of COVID-19 there were guidelines established by the spring of 2020 that limited access to fitness facilities, outdoor recreation areas, and other businesses and public spaces. These changes likely limited access to physical activity options for many individuals which may result in reductions in physical activity behavior [3,4]. Additionally, recommendations to socially distance from others outside of one's home likely altered social interactions. ...
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Decreases in individuals’ physical activity and increases in sedentary behavior and bodyweight have been reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study assessed the ability of physical activity monitoring, which may promote physical activity and discourage sedentary behavior, to mitigate these negative outcomes. An evaluation of university samples (N = 404, 40.5 ± 15.4 years) of self-reported physical activity, sedentary behavior, and bodyweight prior to the closure of campus due to the pandemic in March of 2020 and again at the time of the survey administration (May–June 2020) during pandemic-related restrictions was performed. Participants also reported whether they did (n = 172) or did not (n = 232) regularly use physical activity monitoring technology. While physical activity was unchanged during the pandemic (p ≥ 0.15), participants significantly increased sitting by 67.8 ± 156.6 min/day and gained 0.64 ± 3.5 kg from pre-campus to post-campus closure (p < 0.001). However, the use of activity monitoring did not moderate these changes. In conclusion, while physical activity was not affected, participants reported significant increases in sedentary behavior and bodyweight during the COVID-19 pandemic. These changes occurred regardless of whether participants regularly used physical activity monitoring or not.
... Nevertheless, past (Sheldon, 2011) and recent SDT-based research (Vansteenkiste et al., 2020), have also suggested that some additional psychological experiences may help to better understand the individual's behavior. One of these psychological experiences, which has received substantial attention in the last decade in exercise settings to explain physical activity behavior, is perceived task variety (Juvancic-Heltzel, Glickman, & Barkley, 2013;Sylvester et al., 2020;Sylvester, Jackson, & Beauchamp, 2018). Perception of task variety refers to the extent to which a person feels as though they experience diverse (i.e., novel and/or alternating between familiar) tasks and opportunities within a certain social context (Sylvester, Standage, Dowd, et al., 2014). ...
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Grounded in self-determination theory (SDT), perceived task variety has been related to motivational outcomes and physical activity-related behaviors in exercise settings. However, no studies have examined the role of perceived task variety in Physical Education (PE) from an SDT perspective. This cross-sectional study aspires to expand the role of perceived task variety from the context of exercise to the field of PE via multi-study: Study 1, in a sample of 210 students (Mage = 13.07 ± 0.64), aims to validate the Perceived Task Variety in Physical Education (PTVPE) questionnaire; Study 2, in a sample of 908 students (Mage = 14.35 ± 1.54), aims to examine whether perceived task variety in PE predicts additional variance in physical activity intention when assessed alongside satisfaction of the basic psychological needs, through the mediating effect of self-determined motivation. In Study 1, results showed that PTVPE is a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure perceived task variety in PE, displaying a one-factor structure invariant across gender. Perceived task variety in PE was found to be empirically distinct from the satisfaction of the other three basic psychological needs. In addition, perceived task variety predicted variance in autonomous motivation in PE, in addition to that explained by the satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs. In Study 2, results indicated that perceived variety in PE, alongside need satisfaction, explained autonomous motivation and amotivation, and that it indirectly benefited intention to be physically active. The PTVPE is the first valid and reliable instrument to measure students' perceptions of task variety in PE lessons using an SDT approach. Taken together, these findings contribute to further understanding the role of perceived task variety on students' motivational outcomes in PE and physical activity intention.
... First, perceived monotony or experienced boredom, as opposed to variety and novelty, are themes that commonly emerge in investigations of the processes underlying the enjoyability of exercise or the perceived psychological barriers and facilitators of exercise adherence (Morgan et al., 2016). Increasing opportunities for variety is associated with improved affective experiences and exercise enjoyment (Juvancic-Heltzel, Glickman, & Barkley, 2013;Sylvester et al., 2016). ...
Article
Suggestions that affective experiences may influence exercise motivation have commonly appeared since the dawn of exercise psychology. However, a measure that captures the nature, the antecedents, and the motivational implications of such experiences has been lacking. We developed the Affective Exercise Experiences (AFFEXX) questionnaire to assess the constructs within a conceptual model, according to which core affective exercise experiences (pleasure-displeasure, energy-tiredness, calmness-tension) are influenced by six antecedent appraisals and, in turn, shape attraction or antipathy towards exercise. We report results from three studies (N = 1,799) evaluating internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and factorial, convergent, discriminant, construct, and criterion validity. We show that attraction-antipathy correlates with vigorous (.55) and moderate-to-vigorous (.48) self-reported physical activity, and accounts for 11-12% and 6-7% of additional variance, respectively, beyond variance explained by self-efficacy and behavioral intention. Affective exercise experiences warrant further study as possible contributors to motivation. The AFFEXX is available from this link: https://osf.io/ef76r/?view_only=7959ac258d4f4df992e2c4868d10f800
... Varied physical activity experiences can be pleasant and interesting (Berlyne, 1970;Pronin & Jacobs, 2008) and may foster (Bagheri & Milyavskaya, 2020;Gonz alez-Cutre et al., 2016; and extend positive feelings generated by participating in physical activity. Although a formal theory describing why variety may lead to enjoyment does not yet exist, perceptions of variety may increase enjoyment because there is pleasure in exploring different experiences (Juvancic-Heltzel et al., 2013) and alternating among familiar experiences (Berlyne, 1970;. Perceived variety may be especially relevant because providing options and choice foster enjoyment (Edmunds et al., 2008), as does the expectation of experiencing variety (Dimmock et al., 2013). ...
Article
Objective: Physical activity levels decline from adolescence to adulthood, but participation in a variety of sports during childhood and adolescence (i.e., sampling) may increase physical activity behaviour during adulthood. We examined the association between sampling sports during adolescence and moderate-vigorous exercise behaviour in adulthood, and we assessed whether this relationship is mediated by perceived variety in exercise. Design: Study 1- prospective longitudinal; Study 2- cross-sectional. Our main outcome was exercise behaviour. Results: In study 1 (n = 775), sampling more sports during adolescence (b = .25, p < .01; 95% CI [.12, .39]) predicted increased frequency of exercise behaviour in young adulthood. In study 2 (n = 108), sampling more sports in adolescence (β = .08, p = .03; 95% CI [.03, .17]) was indirectly associated with exercise behaviour in adulthood through perceived variety in exercise. Conclusion: These findings add to the evidence that sampling sports during adolescence is positively associated with moderate-vigorous exercise during adulthood, and the experience of variety may, in part, explain this relationship. This research generates new hypotheses regarding a potential psycho-social mediator (perceived variety in exercise) of the sampling-exercise behaviour relationship.
... The same principle applies to exercise. Providing a variety of physical activities for children, adolescents, and adults increased enjoyment of physical activities (Juvancic-Heltzel, Glickman, & Barkley, 2013). In a 30-min gym class, providing eight versus two activity choices increased bouts of physical activity in children (Sanders et al., 2016), and in a laboratory setting, seven choices versus a favorite physical activity also increased engagement in physical activity over 30 min for the seven-choice group (Barkley, Ryan, Bellar, Bliss, & Roemmich, 2011). ...
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Persons with obesity find high-energy-dense food and sedentary behaviors highly reinforcing. Diets and exercise programs deprive individuals of many favorite foods and activities, which can counterproductively heighten their value and lead to relapse. Since the value of reinforcers depend on the alternatives available, one approach to reducing food and sedentary activity reinforcement is to build healthy alternative reinforcers. Current behavioral treatment programs for children and adults do not attempt to build alternative reinforcers as substitutes for unhealthy behaviors to reduce the impact of food or activity deprivation on the motivation to eat or be inactive. A goal of the next generation of obesity treatment programs should focus on development of healthy behaviors as reinforcers so that people will be motivated to engage in them. This article provides an overview of relationships among reinforcers, how understanding substitutes and complements can influence eating and activity, and how enriching a person's environment and providing choice architecture can enhance weight control. Ideas for translation of these basic behavioral economic principles to obesity treatment programs are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
... In other words, noveltyvariety should not only become salient at times of threat or when it has been deprived. In line with this notion, previous research suggests that novelty-variety has implications for many positive outcomes in a variety of different settings, such as for exercise adherence and performance (e.g., Sylvester et al., 2016b;Juvancic-Heltzel et al., 2013), life satisfaction and intrinsic motivation (González-Cutre et al., 2016), relationship satisfaction and quality (Aron et al., 2000;Reissman, Aron, & Bergen, 1993), and consumer choices (i.e., Wood, 2004) to name a few. The presence of novelty-variety has also been associated with greater cognitive flexibility and creativity (Parmelee & Lawton, 1990) A basic need is also expected to have affective consequences and implications that go beyond immediate psychological functioning, including negative consequences when the need is thwarted (Baumeister & Leary, 1995;Ryan & Deci, 2017). ...
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This paper investigates the plausibility of novelty-variety as a potential basic psychological need in a series of three studies. Using criteria proposed by Baumeister and Leary (1995) and Ryan and Deci (2017) to establish a motive as a basic human need, we focus on those criteria where evidence is lacking. Specifically, we examine whether novelty-variety is distinct from other needs in Basic Psychological Need Theory (BPNT) proposed by Self-Determination Theory (SDT), whether its absence results in adverse effects and its satisfaction uniquely predicts well-being outcomes, and whether the effects are different across age and personality. In Study 1, participants (N=202) rated novelty-variety and needs from BPNT (competence, autonomy, relatedness) in three domains to assess its independence from these needs and the extent to which novelty-variety uniquely relates to domain-specific well-being. In Study 2 (N=414), the fulfillment of novelty-variety and two BPNT needs (autonomy and relatedness) was experimentally manipulated in work-related vignettes, further showing that unsatisfied novelty-variety is related to lower well-being. Finally, the third study (N=599) accounts for some of the limitations in Study 2 and examines the criteria of universality. Based on the examined criteria, all three studies provide support for further considering novelty-variety as a potential basic psychological need.
... In other words, novelty-variety should not only become salient at times of threat or when it has been deprived. In line with this notion, previous research suggests that novelty-variety has implications for many positive outcomes in a variety of different settings, such as for exercise adherence and performance (e.g., Sylvester et al. 2016b;Juvancic-Heltzel et al. 2013), life satisfaction and intrinsic motivation (González-Cutre et al. 2016), relationship satisfaction and quality (Aron et al. 2000;Reissman et al. 1993), and consumer choices (i.e., Wood 2004) to name a few. The presence of novelty-variety has also been associated with greater cognitive flexibility and creativity (Parmelee and Lawton 1990). ...
Article
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This paper investigates the plausibility of novelty–variety as a potential basic psychological need in a series of three studies. Using criteria proposed by Baumeister and Leary (Psychol Bull 117:497–529, 1995) and Ryan and Deci (in Self-determination theory: basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publishing, New York, 2017) to establish a motive as a basic human need, we focus on those criteria where evidence is lacking. Specifically, we examine whether novelty–variety is distinct from other needs in Basic Psychological Need Theory (BPNT) proposed by Self-Determination Theory (SDT), whether its absence results in adverse effects and its satisfaction uniquely predicts well-being outcomes, and whether the effects are different across age and personality. In Study 1, participants (N = 202) rated novelty–variety and needs from BPNT (competence, autonomy, relatedness) in three domains to assess its independence from these needs and the extent to which novelty–variety uniquely relates to domain-specific well-being. In Study 2 (N = 414), the fulfillment of novelty–variety and two BPNT needs (autonomy and relatedness) was experimentally manipulated in work-related vignettes, further showing that unsatisfied novelty–variety is related to lower well-being. Finally, the third study (N = 599) accounts for some of the limitations in Study 2 and examines the criteria of universality. Based on the examined criteria, all three studies provide support for further considering novelty–variety as a potential basic psychological need.
... Based on data from this present study and Carraro et al. (2018), this recommendation does not appear to be substantiated and novice lifters may want to experiment with both modalities of RE. This recommendation is supported by other lines of research showing increasing the variety of exercise equipment to increase exercise participation and enjoyment (Juvancic-Heltzel et al., 2013). Additionally, a 6week intervention showed no differences in exercise adherence for following a program consisting of MA or FW exercises (Faries and Lutz, 2016). ...
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Resistance exercise provides positive changes in affect that may increase adherence. Little is known about the temporal dynamics of affect or the relationship between training modality and affect. This experiment investigated the temporal dynamics of affect during resistance exercise and compared the affective responses from machine and free weight exercises. Twenty-eight novice lifters (21 females) completed 2 workouts consisting of 4 machine or 4 free weight exercises for 3 sets of 9–11 repetitions at 80% 10 repetition-maximum. Feeling Scale was administered at baseline, during, 5- and 30-min post. During the workout, Feeling Scale was administered during the seventh repetition of the second set and after completion of the third set to provide an intra- and inter-set affective measurement. A Repeated Measures General Linear Model revealed a significant effect for time (p < 0.001) with affect more positive for all time points, 5- and 30-min following exercise compared to baseline levels (p's < 0.001). Additionally, affect was more positive at 5- compared to 30-min post (p = 0.015) and higher for the inter-set measurement compared to the intra-set measurement (p = 0.001). The results suggest that affective valence becomes more positive during and following resistance exercise. This preliminary evidence suggests affective rebounding may occur after cessation of the set. Lastly, there appears to be no differences in the affective responses from machine and free weight exercises among novice lifters although this finding may be confounded by other factors such as differences in muscle group selection or total amount of volume performed.
... This association is the impetus behind the large number of scientific studies that have sought to better understand children's physical activity and sedentary behavior. Current evidence supports the notion that children's physical activity levels are highly variable and may be influenced by a multitude of factors including, but not limited to, physiological ability, psychological wellbeing, and the availability and/or use of equipment and technology (5,7,(12)(13)(14)18,23,34,35,37,43). In recent years, young children have become a growing part of the population who utilize mobile Internet-connected electronic devices (eg, cellular telephones, tablet computers) for purposes such as talking/texting, accessing social media applications, watching videos, and playing video games (26,41). ...
Article
Background: Mobile Internet-connected electronic devices provide access to activities that have traditionally been associated with sedentary behavior. Because they are portable, these devices can be utilized in any environment. Therefore, providing children with access to these devices in environments that typically promote physical activity may result in a reduction in physical activity behavior. Purpose: To assess children's physical and sedentary (ie, sitting) activity with and without the presence of a mobile Internet-connected tablet computer. Methods: A total of 20 children [6.7 (1.9) y old] participated in 2 simulated recess conditions in a gymnasium on separate days. During each condition, children had free-choice access physical activity options and a table of sedentary activities for 40 minutes. During 1 session, the iPad was present, and in the other session, it was not. Physical activity was monitored via an accelerometer, and sedentary time was monitored via a stopwatch. Results: Children significantly (P ≤ .03) reduced average physical activity intensity and increased their sedentary behavior with the iPad present [4.4 (4.0) metabolic equivalents/min and 20.9 (12.4) min sitting] versus the condition without the iPad present [5.3 (4.0) metabolic equivalents/min and 13.6 (13.2) min sitting]. Conclusion: Introducing an mobile Internet-connected tablet computer into a gymnasium reduced children's physical activity intensity by 17% and increased sedentary behavior by 54%.
... Thus, it seems appropriate to focus on reducing the barriers related to the subjects' weight in order to foster their enjoyment of exercise [9,10]. In this sense, it is of paramount importance that each subject find the physical exercise that is most pleasing to them, since in this way one could be sure of stricter adherence to the exercise program [23]. In addition to finding the preferred physical exercise, the intention to be physically active could be enhanced with such actions as walking or cycling to school. ...
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Obese children are usually less active than their normal-weight counterparts, although the reasons for this remain unclear. The objective of the present study was to determine how a long-term program (3 years of intervention and 6 months of follow-up detraining) of physical exercise with or without a low calorie diet influenced sedentary obese children’s intention to be physically active. The participants were 27 children, ages from 8 to 11 years, who formed two groups according to the program that they followed. One group followed an exercise program (three 90-min sessions per week), and the other this same exercise program together with a hypocaloric diet. The intention to be physically active was assessed via the Measurement of Intention to be Physically Active (MIFA) questionnaire. The subjects’ scores at different times of the program (baseline, Year 3, and detraining) were compared using a repeated-measures ANOVA, and a post-hoc Tukey’s test was applied to confirm the differences. After both the intervention and detraining, both groups showed greater intention to be physically active. This suggests the suitability of long-term physical exercise to generate greater intention to be physically active and thus establish healthy life habits including increased levels of physical activity.
... Research regarding how social and environmental supports can influence perceptions of variety and novelty in health contexts is still in its infancy; however, some insights have been gleaned. For example, in exercise contexts, to foster the experience of variety in physically inactive university students, combined variety support strategies used by Juvancic-Heltzel et al. (2013; i.e., varied activities within an exercise session) and Glaros and Janelle (2001; i.e., varied exercises from one session to the next). Sylvester and colleagues conducted the only exercise study to date to assess whether (and the extent to which) variety support influences the experience of variety and subsequent health outcomes (i.e., well-being and exercise adherence behavior). ...
... In addition to those strategies that enable youth to feel autonomous, competent, and socially connected to those within their social milieu, recent research has sought to examine the efficacy of other strategies and psychological experiences that might translate into people enjoying physical activity to a greater extent [130]. For example, when children are provided with a greater variety of exercise equipment (compared to less variety) in a single bout of exercise, they report greater enjoyment of that exercise, and participate in more exercise behavior [131,132]. Furthermore, using an experimental design, Sylvester and colleagues found that when a 6-week exercise program was structured to involve greater variety (otherwise known as variety support), participants subsequently experienced greater adherence [133], as well as improved psychological well-being (greater positive affect and subjective vitality and lower negative affect) [134] than those participants randomized to a program that was devoid of such variety. ...
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The economic burden of inactivity is substantial, with conservative estimates suggesting the global cost to health care systems is more than US$50 billion. School-based programs, including physical education and school sport, have been recommended as important components of a multi-sector, multi-system approach to address physical inactivity. Additionally, community sporting clubs and after-school programs (ASPs) offer further opportunities for young people to be physically active outside of school. Despite demonstrating promise, current evidence suggests school-based physical activity programs, community sporting clubs and ASPs are not achieving their full potential. For example, physical activity levels in physical education (PE) and ASP sessions are typically much lower than recommended. For these sessions to have the strongest effects on young people’s physical activity levels and their on-going physical literacy, they need to improve in quality and should be highly active and engaging. This paper presents the Supportive, Active, Autonomous, Fair, Enjoyable (SAAFE) principles, which represent an evidence-based framework designed to guide the planning, delivery and evaluation of organized physical activity sessions in school, community sport and ASPs. In this paper we provide a narrative and integrative review of the conceptual and empirical bases that underpin this framework and highlight implications for knowledge translation and application.
... A prevalência de adolescentes que responderam realizar atividades físicas no lazer foi de 79,7% no masculino e 50,8%, no feminino, resultados semelhantes ao do estado de Pernambuco, 87,6%, no masculino e 80,0% no feminino [24]. Provável explicação para este achado é que a maior variabilidade na oferta de equipamentos e tipos de atividades físicas tende a elevar a adesão em relação a menor quantidade [26]. Desse modo, aulas de Educação Física Escolar desenvolvidas com qualidade apresentam forte potencial para aumentar a prática de atividades físicas no lazer em jovens, além disso, as unidades escolares podem impulsionar uma maior prática ofertando atividades esportivas extracurriculares, estimular o deslocamento ativo e orientar diferentes atividades em seus bairros [27]. ...
Article
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Introdução: A participação nas aulas de educação física pode oferecer oportunidades aos adolescentes de experimentar e de apreciar um estilo de vida fisicamente ativo. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre participação em aulas de educação física e atitudes positivas para a prática de atividade física em adolescentes. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base escolar com amostra representativa de estudantes do ensino médio da rede pública estadual de Sergipe (n= 3.992, 14 a 19 anos de idade). Os dados foram coletados mediante questionário auto administrado. Foram analisadas atitudes como: realizar atividade física no tempo livre e preferir atividades de lazer fisicamente ativas a atividades sedentárias. Recorreu-se à regressão logística binária para análise de associação entre as variáveis. Resultados: Os adolescentes que relataram participar das aulas de educação física apresentaram mais chances de preferir atividades de lazer fisicamente ativas (OR=1,69; 1,45-1,96) e realizar atividades físicas no tempo livre (OR=2,00; 1,72-2,31). Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que a participação nas aulas de educação física pode ser um fator importante para reduzir a inatividade física entre os adolescentes.
... It is also reasonable to suggest that the presence of additional friends allows for a greater variety of physical activity options. Increasing the variety of physical activity options has been shown to lead to greater amounts of physical activity in children and adults [12,16,17] and the autonomy that children may have experienced during the group 10-min bonus period may be culpable, in part, for the increase in physical activity [18,19]. ...
Article
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Background. Children often play with more than one friend and there is no experimental evidence that has measured the effect of friendship groups on physical activity behavior. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess children’s physical activity in a controlled setting during three, separate social conditions; alone, with a single friend and with a group (four) of friends. Methods. Twenty-four 6-10 year old children (n = 12 boys, n = 12 girls) participated in three separate free-choice social conditions for 30 minutes. For each condition, children could choose from a variety of physical and/or sedentary activities. Children’s physical activity was measure via accelerometry during each condition. Upon completion of each 30-minute condition children were given the option to participate in an additional 10-minute bonus period. Results. Accelerometer counts were not significantly (p < 0.05) different throughout each 30-minute condition. However, during the optional, additional 10-minute bonus period, children’s physical activity significantly (p < 0.05) increased from the alone (713 ± 283 counts . min-1) to the friend (2,713 ± 339 counts . min-1) condition and then increased again from the friend to the group (3,253 ± 147 counts . min-1) condition. Also, a significantly greater (p < 0.001) proportion of children chose to participate in the 10-minute bonus period during the friend (92%) and group (100%) conditions than the alone condition (33%). Conclusion. Playing with a single friend and a group of friends, relative to playing alone, is more motivating, and can increase physical activity when given the option for additional time. Additional research is warranted to experimentally assess how friendship groups can impact physical activity behavior during 60 minutes of free-choice activities.
... Netz, Wu, Becker, & Tenenbaum, 2005;Penedo & Dahn, 2005). Experiencing variety may be particularly salient in exercise contexts as the provision of variety has been found to be related to increased enjoyment of exercise (Dimmock, Jackson, Podlong, & Magaraggia, 2013;Glaros & Janelle, 2001;Juvancic-Heltzel, Glickman, & Psychology & Health 1045Barkley, 2013. For example, Dimmock et al. (2013) found that participants who received messages that emphasised the variety of experiences they could expect in the two halves of their upcoming exercise session (i.e. ...
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Objective: Perceived variety represents a psychosocial experience that gives rise to, and supports the maintenance of, an individual's well-being. In this study, we developed an instrument to measure perceived variety in exercise (PVE), and examined whether ratings of PVE predict unique variance in indices of exercise-related well-being in addition to that explained by satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs (for competence, relatedness and autonomy) embedded within self-determination theory (SDT). We also examined the extent to which variance in perceived variety is empirically distinct from (or subsumed by) competence, relatedness and autonomy in the context of exercise. Methods: A convenience sample of community adults (N = 507) completed online surveys twice over a six-week period (n = 367). Results: PVE was found to prospectively predict unique variance in indices of exercise-related well-being, in addition to that explained by perceived competence, relatedness and autonomy. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic procedures, perceived variety was found to be empirically distinct from perceived competence, relatedness and autonomy. Conclusion: Results from this work suggest that perceived variety holds potential for theoretical and applied advancements in understanding and predicting well-being in exercise settings.
... A study in which participants were randomized to a high-variety exercise program with ten different pieces of equipment performed 44% more repetitions, spent 18% more time exercising, and had 14% higher levels of enjoyment than those assigned to the low-variety group that used only two pieces of equipment.25 Previous studies have also reported that the benefits of supervised exercise may be related to greater levels of external motivation, verbal encouragement, social support, increased competitiveness when performing in front of someone else, peer pressure, and faster progression through different levels of resistance when dictated by someone else.26,27 ...
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Firefighters are at increased risk for back injuries, which may be mitigated through exercise therapy to increase trunk muscle endurance. However, long-term adherence to exercise therapy is generally poor, limiting its potential benefits. Focus groups can be used to identify key barriers and facilitators to exercise adherence among study participants. To explore barriers and facilitators to worksite exercise therapy adherence among firefighters to inform future randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Participants enrolled in a previous RCT requiring twice-weekly worksite exercise therapy for 24 weeks were asked to take part in moderated focus group discussions centered on eight open-ended questions related to exercise adherence. Responses were analyzed qualitatively using a social ecological framework to identify key intrapersonal, interpersonal, and institutional barriers and potential facilitators to exercise adherence. A total of 27 participants were included in the four focus group discussions, representing 50% of those assigned to a worksite exercise therapy group in the previous RCT, in which only 67% of scheduled exercise therapy sessions were completed. Lack of self-motivation was cited as the key intrapersonal barrier to adherence, while lack of peer support was the key interpersonal barrier reported, and lack of time to exercise during work shifts was the key institutional barrier identified. Focus group discussions identified both key barriers and potential facilitators to increase worksite exercise therapy adherence among firefighters. Future studies should consider educating and reminding participants about the benefits of exercise, providing individual and group incentives based on exercise adherence and performance, providing outside monitoring of exercise adherence, varying the exercise routine, encouraging group exercise and competition, and scheduling exercise during each work shift.
Article
Background: In the United States, many classroom teachers also teach physical education (PE). However, there is a dearth of evidence- and standard-based PE programs designed to support classroom teachers to deliver PE effectively in schools. Methods: The purpose of this study was to establish proof-of-concept for the Pocket PE 3-5 digital app in school settings with 10 third- to fifth-grade classroom teachers. We assessed fidelity of program implementation, measured via observations of PE quality. Students used wrist-worn heart rate monitors during Pocket PE 3-5 lessons to measure time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity. Program feasibility was primarily assessed through teacher-reported surveys of usability, satisfaction, and acceptability and exit interviews. Results: Mean PE observation scores were 18.6 (SD = 1.5) on a scale of 5 to 20. On average, students spent 56.7% (SD = 13.1%) of class time engaging in moderate to vigorous physical activity. Mean survey scores, reported on a 5-point scale, were 4.5 (SD = 0.6) for acceptability, 4.8 (SD = 0.4) for usability, and 4.7 (SD = 0.7) for satisfaction. Teachers liked how easy the app was to use but mentioned some technological challenges. Conclusions: This program evaluation study established the proof-of-concept for the Pocket PE 3-5 elementary school PE program.
Article
Previous school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions have focused on the quantity of physical activity (PA) achieved during physical education (PE) rather than students’ PE experiences, including enjoyment. Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of a fitness- and skill based HIIT intervention guided by the Self Determination Theory. Method: For this pretest-posttest randomized controlled 6-week pilot study, 4–5th grade students (15 boys, 30 girls; age = 10.5 ± 0.9 years) completed a 16–19-minute HIIT circuit (INT); whereas, 22 students (10 boys, 12 girls; age = 10.5 ± 0.9 years) engaged in regular PE (CON). Two-way mixed ANCOVA tests were performed to assess preliminary efficacy. Results: Participants reported favorable program satisfaction (mean 3.6 ± 1.5 out of 5). The physical educator reported a high feasibility survey score (31/35), and themes emerging from a program acceptability interview included positive perceptions of the HIIT program and strategies for future implementation. A large effect size was evident for cardiorespiratory fitness (ηp² = 0.26), as VO2peak increased in INT from 53.6 ± 6.1 to 56.9 ± 7.3 ml/kg/min and decreased in CON (53.9 ± 7.0 to 52.4 ± 10.4 ml/kg/min). Students in INT exhibited greater amounts of moderate-to-vigorous PA and vigorous PA during PE versus CON, based on accelerometer data (23.4 ± 5.0 vs. 15.7 ± 4.7 min/hr, ηp² = 0.45; 4.5 ± 2.6 vs. 2.3 ± 1.3 min/hr; ηp² = 0.27, respectively). Conclusions: Findings support the feasibility of this fitness- and skill-based HIIT program and may be a valuable addition to elementary school PE programs.
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Background: Few Americans accumulate enough physical activity (PA) to realize its benefits. Understanding how and why individuals use their discretionary time for different forms of PA could help identify and rectify issues that drive individuals away from certain physical activities, and leverage successful strategies to increase participation in others. Methods: The authors analyzed approximately 30 years of changes in PA behavior by intensity, type, and mode, using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Results: Since 1988, the proportions of adults most frequently engaging in exercise, sport, or lifestyle physical activity have changed noticeably. The most apparent changes from 1988 to 2017 were the proportions most frequently engaging in Exercise and Sport. In addition, the proportion of time reportedly spent in vigorous-intensity PA decreased over time, particularly among male respondents. Moreover, the proportion of Americans reporting an "Other" PA mode increased substantially, suggesting a growing need for a greater variety of easily accessible options for adult PA. Conclusions: Over time, a smaller proportion of American adults reported participating in sport and exercise modalities and reported engaging more frequently in low-intensity physical activities.
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Girls' acute responses to group-based high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) are not well characterized. Purpose: To compare acute responses to treadmill-based HIIE (TM) and body-weight resistance exercise circuit (CIRC) and to CIRC performed in a small-group setting (group CIRC). Method: Nineteen girls (9.1 [1.1] y) completed exercise testing on a TM to determine peak oxygen uptake, peak heart rate (HRpeak), and maximal aerobic speed. The TM involved eight 30-second sprints at 100% maximal aerobic speed. The CIRC consisted of 8 exercises of maximal repetitions performed for 30 seconds. Each exercise bout was followed by 30 seconds of active recovery. The blood lactate concentration was assessed preexercise and postexercise. The ratings of perceived exertion, affective valence, and enjoyment were recorded at preexercise, Intervals 3 and 6, and postexercise. Results: The mean heart rate was higher during group CIRC (92% [7%] HRpeak) than CIRC (86% [7%] HRpeak) and TM (85% [4%] HRpeak) (ηp2 = .49). The mean oxygen uptake equaled 76% (11%) of the peak oxygen uptake for CIRC and did not differ from TM (d = 0.02). The CIRC elicited a greater postexercise blood lactate concentration versus TM (5.8 [1.7] vs 1.4 [0.4] mM, d = 3.61). The perceptual responses were similar among conditions (P > .05), and only the rating of perceived exertion increased during exercise (ηp2 = .78). Conclusion: Whether performed individually or in a small group, CIRC represents HIIE and may be a feasible alternative to running-based HIIE.
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Older adults with multiple chronic conditions face many challenges in initiating and maintaining regular physical activity. In addition to rate of perceived exertion, the utilization of self-limiting progressive intensity can play a significant role in physical activity initiation and maintenance to improve quality of life and life satisfaction in older adults. Self-limiting progressive intensity has therapeutic applications for various activity professionals in everyday practice. The purpose of this paper is to describe self-limiting progressive intensity as an alternate or adjunct method to promote the initiation and maintenance of physical activity in older adults with multiple chronic conditions.
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Background: The purpose of this study was to experimentally examine the extent to which variety support in a resistance exercise program influences exercise-related well-being among inactive adults. Methods: A sample of 121 inactive university students were randomly assigned and participated in either a high or low variety support 6-week exercise program. Measures of exercise-related perceived variety, positive affect, negative affect, and subjective vitality were completed at baseline, after 3 weeks, and after 6 weeks (i.e. post-test). Results: Through use of structural equation modelling, the results showed that for those who completed measures at post-test (i.e. n = 55), and for all participants who received variety support (i.e. a modified intention-to-treat analysis; N = 121), exercise-related variety support indirectly explained higher levels of exercise-related positive affect, and subjective vitality, and lower levels of negative affect, through the mediating role of perceived variety. Conclusions: The provision of variety support in a resistance exercise program influences exercise-related well-being through perceptions of variety. Results are discussed in relation to the potential utility of providing variety support to promote exercise-related well-being in people who are physically inactive.
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Background: This investigation examined whether exposure to greater active videogame variety increases moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). Methods: Twenty-three participants (age=22.7±4.2yrs; body mass index=23.5±3.0kg/m(2); self-reported MVPA=298.7±116.7min/wk; 62.2% female; 73.9% Caucasian) participated in VARIETY (4 different active videogames during 4, 15-min bouts) and NON-VARIETY (only 1 active videogame during 4, 15-min bouts) counterbalanced sessions. VARIETY provided a different active videogame in each bout. NON-VARIETY provided participants their most highly liked active videogame in each bout. The Sensewear Mini Armband objectively assessed MVPA. Results: For MVPA minutes, a session×bout (p<0.05) interaction occurred. In NON-VARIETY, bouts 2, 3, and 4 had significantly (p<0.05) fewer minutes than bout 1, with no decrease occurring in VARIETY. In bout 4, VARIETY had significantly (p<0.05) more minutes than NON-VARIETY. A main effect of session (p<0.05) occurred for MVPA minutes and energy expenditure, with VARIETY achieving greater amounts (31.8±14.3min vs. 27.6±16.9min; 186.1±96.8kcal vs. 171.2±102.8kcal). Conclusions: Exposure to greater activity variety within a session increased MVPA. Future research should examine exposure to a variety of activities over a longer time frame with participants of differing lifestyles in free-living environments.
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Physical activity is known to be an important factor in the promotion of people’s health and physical efficiency. Regular physical activity participation has been associated with several health benefits; nevertheless, along with a high prevalence of overweight, obesity and sedentary behaviour, young people’s physical inactivity has been found to be the main threat to health in the twenty-first century. Physical fitness is the best marker of health condition at any age and it is connected with both motor and psychological-affective benefits. However, young people show low levels of physical fitness. The goal of the study is to analyse the physical fitness levels in Italian adolescents in connection with gender differences. The sample consists of 460 students, attending the second and third year of high school (boys: n: 262, age: 16,2±0,7 years, height: 173,5± 6,1 cm, weight: 68,3±10,7 kg, BMI: 22,7±3,2; girls: n=198, age: 16,2±0,7 years, height: 159,8±5,9 cm, weight: 57,6±9,0 kg, BMI: 22,5±3,0). They underwent anthropometric and motor assessment (Standing broad jump, 2 Kg Overhead Medicine Ball Throw, Sit-reach, Sit-up, 10x5 m Shuttle Run test, Legér test) during physical education classes. The outcomes pointed out that boys produced a better performance than girls in standing broad jump, 2 Kg Overhead Medicine Ball Throw, 10x5 m Shuttle Run test and Legér test, while girls only produce a better performance in Sit-reach. They need to increase physical fitness levels, particularly girls, by attending physical education classes, which must offer a larger variety of motor contents and respect gender differences.
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Understanding of the impact of an acute bout of exercise on hormones involved in appetite regulation may provide insight into some of the mechanisms that regulate energy balance. In resting conditions, acylated ghrelin is known to stimulate food intake, while hormones such as peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are known to suppress food intake. The objective of this review was to determine the magnitude of exercise effects on levels of gastrointestinal hormones related to appetite, using systematic review and meta-analysis. Additionally, factors such as the exercise intensity, duration and mode, in addition to participant characteristics, were examined to determine their influence on these hormones. Major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Academic Search Premier and EBSCOHost) were searched, through February 2013, for original studies, abstracts, theses and dissertations that examined responses of appetite hormones to acute exercise. Studies were included if they evaluated appetite hormone responses during and in the hours after an acute bout of exercise and reported area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values for more than three datapoints. Studies reporting mean or pre/post-values only were excluded. Initially, 75 studies were identified. After evaluation of study quality and validity, using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale, data from 20 studies (28 trials) involving 241 participants (77.6 % men) had their data extracted for inclusion in the meta-analyses. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted for acylated ghrelin (n = 18 studies, 25 trials) and PYY (n = 8 studies, 14 trials), with sub-group analyses and meta-regressions being conducted for moderator variables. Because the number of studies was limited, fixed-effects meta-analyses were performed on PP data (n = 4 studies, 5 trials) and GLP-1 data (n = 5 studies, 8 trials). The results of the meta-analyses indicated that exercise had small to moderate effects on appetite hormone levels, suppressing acylated ghrelin (effect size [ES] Cohen's d value -0.20, 95 % confidence interval [CI] -0.373 to -0.027; median decrease 16.5 %) and increasing PYY (ES 0.24, 95 % CI 0.007 to 0.475; median increase 8.9 %), GLP-1 (ES 0.275, 95 % CI -0.031 to 0.581; median increase 13 %), and PP (ES 0.50, 95 % CI 0.11 to 0.89; median increase 15 %). No significant heterogeneity was detected in any meta-analysis (using Cochrane's Q and I (2)); however, publication biases were detected for all analyses. No moderator variables were observed to moderate the variability among the studies assessing acylated ghrelin and PYY. The majority of the present literature is acute in nature; therefore, longer-term alterations in appetite hormone concentrations and their influence on food and beverage intake are unknown. Furthermore, our review was limited to English-language studies and studies reporting AUC data. An acute bout of exercise may influence appetite by suppressing levels of acylated ghrelin while simultaneously increasing levels of PYY, GLP-1 and PP, which may contribute to alterations in food and drink intake after acute exercise. Further longitudinal studies and exploration into mechanisms of action are required in order to determine the precise role these hormones play in long-term appetite responses to an exercise intervention.
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Background Diet, physical activity, and psychosocial factors are independent and potentially interactive obesity determinants, but few studies have explored complex behavior patterns. Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine obesity-related behavior patterning and identify high-risk adolescent groups. Methods Cluster analysis identified groups with shared behavior patterns in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1995 and 1996, ages 11–21; N = 9,251). Descriptive and multivariate regression analyses compared sociodemographics and prevalent and incident obesity across clusters. Results Seven and six clusters in males and females, respectively, represented behavior patterns such as School Clubs & Sports, Sedentary Behaviors, Dieters, and Junk Food & Low Activity. Sociodemographics varied across clusters. Compared to School Clubs & Sports clusters, adjusted odds of prevalent and incident obesity were higher for most clusters in females but not males. Conclusions Cluster analysis identified several obesogenic behavior patterns, highlighting areas for future research and potential avenues for interventions that target broad lifestyle factors.
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Cardiac rehabilitation serves to improve the functional capacity for individuals who have suffered a cardiac event. Aerobic activities, such as walking, swimming, or cycling, have traditionally been employed to enhance the cardiovascular fitness levels of such patients. Resistance training has typically been avoided for fear of eliciting deleterious effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure responses. This in turn leads to an increased rate pressure product that may possibly cause an ischemic event within a cardiac population. Within the past 15-20 years, however, resistance training has gained support from researchers and clinicians as a safe mode of exercise that may heighten the rehabilitation process. Cardiac patients may benefit occupationally and recreationally from resistance training because of improvements in upper-and lower-body strength, as well as increased self-confidence to perform daily tasks that require moderate amounts of strength. It is the intent of this review to discuss safety and efficacy issues regarding resistance training, list improvements for physiological and psychological parameters observed following resistance training, provide guidelines for screening and patient selection, and provide a rationale for exercise prescription. (C) 2000 National Strength and Conditioning Association
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Data from several experiments show that, contrary to traditional models of variety seeking, individuals choose to switch to less-preferred options even though they enjoy those items less than they would have enjoyed repeating a more-preferred option. Two explanations for this finding are tested. Results indicate no evidence of a benefit to more-preferred options due to the contrast to less-preferred alternatives. However, the results of three studies suggest that retrospective global evaluations favor varied sequences that also include less-preferred items as opposed to sequences that only include more-preferred items, even though these more varied sequences result in diminished enjoyment during consumption. Copyright 1999 by the University of Chicago.
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One reason consumers seek variety in product choices is to satisfy a need for stimulation. It is suggested that consumers may try to achieve an optimal level of stimulation by balancing the stimulation sought from product choice with the stimulation available from the choice context. Two laboratory experiments are conducted that show that causing changes in the choice context (thus increasing stimulation) decreases the amount of variety seeking subjects exhibit in product choices. Specifically, the results of the experiments suggest that consumers' needs for stimulation may be met by providing variety in a different product category or in other aspects of the choice context. A limiting condition to this finding is also examined. If positive affect is induced along with stimulation, then the reduction in variety-seeking behavior is mitigated. Copyright 1995 by the University of Chicago.
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In three brand-choice experiments executed on personal computers, a significant interaction was found regarding the influence of positive affect, induced by the gift of a small bag of candy or sugarless gum, on variety-seeking behavior. In three food categories (crackers, soup, and snack foods), a positive-affect manipulation increased variety-seeking behavior relative to that in the control conditions, when circumstances did not make unpleasant or negative features of the items in the choice task salient. However, when a negative feature, such as the possibility that a product would taste bad, was made more salient, there was no difference in variety-seeking behavior between the subjects who had received the small gift and the control subjects. Positive affect was also found (1) to increase the tendency of subjects to categorize nontypical items as belonging to a predefined product category, (2) to increase credibility that a product designed to reduce negative health effects would be successful, and (3) to increase variety-seeking behavior in choice sets containing the latter two types of items.
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Minimal research has examined whether the decline in physical activity (PA) among adolescent girls is associated with chronological age (CA) or biological age (BA). To describe the PA levels and perceived barriers to PA of adolescent girls grouped by school grade and maturity status (i.e., early or late maturing) within grades. Two hundred and twenty-one girls (aged 8-16 yr, grades 4-10) wore an Actical accelerometer for 7 d and then completed a semistructured, open-ended questionnaire on perceived barriers to PA over the 7-d period. Predicted age at peak height velocity and recalled age at menarche were used to assess maturity among the elementary and high school girls, respectively. Maturity and grade group differences in PA were assessed using a MANCOVA and independent sample t-test and barriers to PA using chi-squared statistics. Daily minutes spent in moderate to vigorous PA decreased by 40% between grades 4 and 10. Within grade groupings, no differences in PA were found between early and late maturing girls (P > 0.05). Grades 4 to 6 participants cited more interpersonal (i.e., social) barriers. Grades 9 to 10 participants cited more institutional barriers to PA, primarily revolving around the institution of school. No differences were found in types of barriers reported between early and late maturing girls. Because PA and types of perceived barriers to PA were dependent on grade, future research should work to identify the most salient (i.e., frequent and limiting) barriers to PA by CA in youth. Once reliably was identified, multipronged intervention strategies must be tested for effectiveness to help youth cope with their salient barriers.
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To examine reproducibility and validity of visual analogue scales (VAS) for measurement of appetite sensations, with and without a diet standardization prior to the test days. On two different test days the subjects recorded their appetite sensations before breakfast and every 30 min during the 4.5 h postprandial period under exactly the same conditions. 55 healthy men (age 25.6+/-0.6 y, BMI 22.6+/-0.3 kg¿m2). VAS were used to record hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective food consumption, desire to eat something fatty, salty, sweet or savoury, and palatability of the meals. Subsequently an ad libitum lunch was served and energy intake was recorded. Reproducibility was assessed by the coefficient of repeatability (CR) of fasting, mean 4.5 h and peak/nadir values. CRs (range 20-61 mm) were larger for fasting and peak/nadir values compared with mean 4.5 h values. No parameter seemed to be improved by diet standardization. Using a paired design and a study power of 0.8, a difference of 10 mm on fasting and 5 mm on mean 4.5 h ratings can be detected with 18 subjects. When using desires to eat specific types of food or an unpaired design, more subjects are needed due to considerable variation. The best correlations of validity were found between 4.5 h mean VAS of the appetite parameters and subsequent energy intake (r=+/-0.50-0.53, P<0.001). VAS scores are reliable for appetite research and do not seem to be influenced by prior diet standardization. However, consideration should be given to the specific parameters being measured, their sensitivity and study power. International Journal of Obesity (2000)24, 38-48
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Increased variety in the food supply may contribute to the development and maintenance of obesity. Thirty-nine studies examining dietary variety, energy intake, and body composition are reviewed. Animal and human studies show that food consumption increases when there is more variety in a meal or diet and that greater dietary variety is associated with increased body weight and fat. A hypothesized mechanism for these findings is sensory-specific satiety, a phenomenon demonstrating greater reductions in hedonic ratings or intake of foods consumed compared with foods not consumed. Nineteen studies documenting change in preference, intake, and hedonic ratings of food after a food has been eaten to satiation in animals and humans are reviewed, and the theory of sensory-specific satiety is examined. The review concludes with the relevance of oral habituation theory as a unifying construct for the effects of variety and sensory-specific satiety, clinical implications of dietary variety and sensory-specific satiety on energy regulation, and suggestions for future research.
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This investigation examined concurrent validity of the Children's OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale (OMNI-RES) of perceived exertion for 10- to 14-yr-old females (N = 25) and males (N = 25) performing unilateral biceps curl (BC) and knee extension (KE) isotonic exercises. The criterion variable was total weight lifted (Wt(tot)), determined separately for females and males during BC and KE. Subjects performed three separate sets of 6, 10, and 14 repetitions for BC and KE at 50% 1-RM. Ratings of perceived exertion for the active muscles (RPE-AM) and overall body (RPE-Overall) were measured during the final repetition. For both female and male groups across the three sets: (a) RPE-AM ranged from 2.9 to 8.3 for BC and 4.5 to 9.6 for KE, and (b) RPE-O ranged from 1.9 to 7.0 for BC and 3.6 to 7.7 for KE. Positive linear regression coefficients ranged from r = 0.72 to 0.88 (P < 0.01) between Wt(tot) and RPE-AM and RPE-Overall for BC and KE in both gender groupings. RPE did not differ between females and males at any measurement point within each set for BC and KE. RPE-AM was greater (P < 0.01) than RPE-Overall in the three sets of BC and KE. Findings provided concurrent validation of the Children's OMNI-RES to measure RPE for the active muscle and overall body in 10- to 14-yr-old females and males performing upper and lower body resistance exercise.
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This study examined the construct validity of the Adult OMNI Perceived Exertion Scale for Resistance Exercise (OMNI-RES). Forty (20 men and 20 women) subjects performed 1 repetition of the knee extension exercise at 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of the 1 repetition maximum. Active muscle and overall body ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected from the Borg 15-category RPE scale and the OMNI-RES immediately following each repetition. Construct validity was established by correlating RPE from the OMNI-RES with RPE from the Borg RPE scale using regression analysis. The results indicated a positive and linear relationship between RPE from the OMNI-RES and RPE from the Borg scale for both men and women. Validity coefficients ranged from r = 0.94 to 0.97. The high level of construct validity indicates that the OMNI-RES measures the same properties of exertion as the Borg RPE scale during resistance exercise and suggests that the 2 scales can be used interchangeably during resistance exercise.
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Obesity is a significant health and social problem which has reached pandemic levels. The obesogenicity of an environment has been defined as 'the sum of influences that the surroundings, opportunities, or conditions of life have on promoting obesity in individuals or populations'. Prevention and treatment of obesity has focused on pharmacological, educational and behavioural interventions, with limited overall success. A novel and a longer-term approach would be to investigate the environments that promote high energy intake and sedentary behaviour; this has not yet been fully understood. The obesity epidemic has attracted attention at all levels, from general media interest to policy and practice from health and other professions including urban designers and planners. Shaping the environment to better support healthful decisions has the potential to be a key aspect of a successful obesity prevention intervention. Thus in order to develop effective environmental interventions, in relation to obesity, we need to understand how individuals, and different groups of individuals, interact with their environments in terms of physical activity and food intake.
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To explore the association between gender and leisure-time physical activity in a population-based sample of adults living in Brazil. To study a variety of variables possibly associated with physical activity levels. A multistage sampling of households was undertaken in Pelotas, a medium-sized Southern Brazilian city. Leisure-time physical activity was measured using the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Data on potential predictors of leisure-time physical activity behavior were collected using a standardized questionnaire. 1344 men and 1756 women were interviewed. Several definitions of moderate and vigorous-intensity physical activity were used. Regardless of the guideline used, males were more active than women. Socioeconomic level was positively associated with leisure-time physical activity in both genders. A positive dose-response between age and inactivity was found in men, but not among women. Because men and women have different levels of physical activity, and the variables associated with activity levels are not consistent across the genders, interventions promoting physical activity should take these differences into account.
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Developing effective exercise programmes for the paediatric population is a strategy for decreasing obesity and is expected to help in eventually limiting obesity-associated long-term health and societal impact. In this study, the effects of a 12-week twice weekly additional exercise training, which comprised a combination of circuit-based resistance training and aerobic exercises, in additional to typical physical education sessions, on aerobic fitness, body composition and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipids were analysed in 13- to 14-year-old obese boys contrasted with a control group. Both the exercise group (EG, n = 12) and control group (CG, n = 12) participated in the typical 2 sessions of 40-minute physical education (PE) per week in schools, but only EG participated in additional 2 sessions per week of 45 to 60 minutes per session of exercise training, which comprised a combination of circuit-based resistance training and aerobic exercises maintained at 65% to 85% maximum heart rate (HRmax = 220 - age). Body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Fasting serum CRP and blood lipids were analysed pre- and postexercise programme. Aerobic fitness was measured by an objective laboratory submaximal exercise test, PWC170 (Predicted Work Capacity at HR 170 bpm). Exercise training significantly improved lean muscle mass, body mass index, fitness, resting HR, systolic blood pressure and triglycerides in EG. Serum CRP concentrations were elevated at baseline in both groups, but training did not result in a change in CRP levels. In the CG, body weight increased significantly at the end of the 12-week period. This study supports the value of an additional exercise training programme, beyond the typical twice weekly physical education classes, to produce physiological benefits in the management of obesity in adolescents, including prevention of weight gain.
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The prevalence of overweight among US children and adolescents increased between 1980 and 2004. To estimate the prevalence of 3 measures of high body mass index (BMI) for age (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) and to examine recent trends for US children and adolescents using national data with measured heights and weights. Height and weight measurements were obtained from 8165 children and adolescents as part of the 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), nationally representative surveys of the US civilian, noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of BMI for age at or above the 97th percentile, at or above the 95th percentile, and at or above the 85th percentile of the 2000 sex-specific Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) BMI-for-age growth charts among US children by age, sex, and racial/ethnic group. Because no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of high BMI for age were found between estimates for 2003-2004 and 2005-2006, data for the 4 years were combined to provide more stable estimates for the most recent time period. Overall, in 2003-2006, 11.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.7%-12.9%) of children and adolescents aged 2 through 19 years were at or above the 97th percentile of the 2000 BMI-for-age growth charts, 16.3% (95% CI, 14.5%-18.1%) were at or above the 95th percentile, and 31.9% (95% CI, 29.4%-34.4%) were at or above the 85th percentile. Prevalence estimates varied by age and by racial/ethnic group. Analyses of the trends in high BMI for age showed no statistically significant trend over the 4 time periods (1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006) for either boys or girls (P values between .07 and .41). The prevalence of high BMI for age among children and adolescents showed no significant changes between 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 and no significant trends between 1999 and 2006.
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Metabolic syndrome (MS), typified by hypertension, abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia and impaired glucose metabolism, is a precursor of type 2 diabetes. Thiazide diuretics (TD) and beta-blockers are associated with increased risk of diabetes in patients with hypertension; however, the role of these agents in development of diabetes in MS patients is unknown. We reviewed the literature regarding risk factors for diabetes development and compared this with data from the Study of Trandolapril/Verapamil SR And Insulin Resistance (STAR), which investigated the effects of two fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) [trandolapril/verapamil SR and losartan/hydrochlorothiazide (L/H)] on glucose control and new diabetes in MS patients. In STAR, logistic regression modelling identified haemoglobin A1c [odds ratio (OR) 4.21 per 1% increment; p = 0.003), L/H treatment (OR 4.04; p = 0.002) and 2-h oral glucose tolerance test glucose levels (OR 1.39 per 10 mg/dl increments; p < 0.001) as baseline predictors of diabetes. These data support prior analyses and suggest that choice of antihypertensive agent is important. Patients with MS may be at lower risk of diabetes when using a FDC calcium channel blocker + angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor compared with an angiotensin receptor blocker + TD.
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Physical inactivity is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This study provides prevalence estimates of inactivity by select characteristics among older adults. Respondents > or =50 years of age were selected from the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (N = 185,702). Results: Overall, 30.0% of older adults did not engage in leisure-time physical activity. Within each racial/ethnic group, the prevalence of inactivity was highest among Hispanic men (41.9%) and women (42.4%). Among men with and without disabilities, chronic disease conditions associated with inactivity were angina or coronary artery disease. Among women with disabilities, chronic disease conditions associated with inactivity were stroke and diabetes; among women without disabilities only diabetes was significantly associated with inactivity. Regular physical activity is an important means to maintaining independence, because it substantially reduces the risk for developing many diseases; contributes to healthy bones, muscles, and joints; and can reduce the risk for falling. Health care providers are encouraged to discuss concerns regarding physical activity with their patients.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of physical and sedentary activity normal-weight and at-risk-for/overweight boys perform when alone, with a peer of similar weight and with a peer of different weight. Participants included boys, ages 8-12 years, classified as either normal-weight (<85th BMI percentile; N = 12) or at-risk-for/overweight (<85th BMI percentile; N = 12). At-risk-for/ overweight boys allocated a greater amount of time to sedentary activities and accumulated fewer accelerometer counts than normal-weight boys in the alone condition. Once paired with a peer of either similar or different weight there were no differences between groups. These results indicate the presence of an unknown peer has a positive effect on at-risk-for/overweight children's physical activity behavior.
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This paper provides a survey on studies that analyze the macroeconomic effects of intellectual property rights (IPR). The first part of this paper introduces different patent policy instruments and reviews their effects on R&D and economic growth. This part also discusses the distortionary effects and distributional consequences of IPR protection as well as empirical evidence on the effects of patent rights. Then, the second part considers the international aspects of IPR protection. In summary, this paper draws the following conclusions from the literature. Firstly, different patent policy instruments have different effects on R&D and growth. Secondly, there is empirical evidence supporting a positive relationship between IPR protection and innovation, but the evidence is stronger for developed countries than for developing countries. Thirdly, the optimal level of IPR protection should tradeoff the social benefits of enhanced innovation against the social costs of multiple distortions and income inequality. Finally, in an open economy, achieving the globally optimal level of protection requires an international coordination (rather than the harmonization) of IPR protection.
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Food consumers do not seek variety across all products to the same extent. This suggests that the intensity of variety-seeking behavior is under the joint control of personality variables, such as intrinsic desire for variety, and product-related factors. The results of the present study indicate that variety-seeking behavior is more likely to occur for products for which sensory variation among the alternatives is larger and consumer knowledge is greater. Furthermore, variety seeking is more likely to occur for food products which have a relatively large number of well-linked alternatives available and evoke a relatively high degree of involvement.
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Identification of the factors that influence children's participation in vigorous activity is essential to the development of effective intervention strategies aimed at the prevention of cardiovascular disease and obesity. Correlates of intent to participate in vigorous activity were assessed among 310 fifth and eighth graders in Cambridge, Massachusetts, through the development and administration of a questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, an extension of the Theory of Reasoned Action, which includes the domain of perceived behavioral control (how easy or difficult it is to engage in vigorous activity). Heights and weights were measured and questionnaires were completed during physical education classes. Perceived behavioral control and attitude predicted children's intent to participate. How much a child agreed s/he was good at doing vigorous activity predicted perceived behavioral control. In each grade, girls reported being less good at vigorous activity than did boys. Eighth-grade girls reported significantly fewer hours of vigorous activity than did eighth-grade boys. Our findings suggest that gender differences related to intent to participate in vigorous activity, perceived behavioral control, and sense of competency are evident in eighth grade and may begin in fifth grade. These gender differences in perception therefore precede the gender difference in participation in vigorous activity demonstrated among ninth graders in the 1990 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Promotion of activities children enjoy, and in which they feel a sense of competency, is likely to sustain participation in vigorous activity throughout adolescence and possibly reduce the prevalence of obesity.
Article
Research has demonstrated that physical activity serves an important preventive function against the development of cardiovascular disease. The recognition that U.S. children are often sedentary, coupled with the observation that physical activity habits tend to persist into adulthood, has prompted the investigation of exercise determinants consistent with social learning theory. The purposes of the present study were to identify social learning variables relevant to children's exercise and to explore the longitudinal predictive value of the determinants. Data were collected from 111 families (N = 54 girls, N = 57 boys) who were interviewed in both Phase 1 (fifth and sixth grades) and Phase 2 (eight and ninth grades) of this study. Data from mothers (N = 111) were collected during both phases; data from 80 fathers were collected at Phase 2 only. The results of simultaneous stepwise regression analyses indicated that child's enjoyment of physical activity was the only consistent predictor of physical activity during Phase 1. At Phase 2, child's exercise knowledge, mother's physical activity, and child's and mother's friend modeling/support emerged as predictors for girls. For boys, child's self-efficacy for physical activity, exercise knowledge, parental modeling, and interest in sports media were important. Longitudinally, mother's self-efficacy, barriers to exercise, enjoyment of physical activity, and child's self-efficacy for physical activity were important for girls. Only child's exercise knowledge predicted boys' physical activity. The addition of information from fathers nearly doubled the explanatory power of the predictors for both genders. Socialization in the family unit exerts a tremendous influence on health-related behaviors such as exercise. The relative importance of determinants seems to differ for girls and boys and the pattern of these determinants appears to change over time.
Article
Across-meal variety was operationally defined as the varying of a midday meal, whereas monotony was defined as serving the same midday meal for 5 days. Acceptance and intake of the meal declined in the monotony week and did not decline in the variety week. Acceptance levels decreased but remained high, demonstrating that monotony can occur with acceptable foods. Intake increased on the final day of testing under the variety condition. The potato product was resistant to monotony for both acceptance and intake, as has been shown for other staple foods. Green beans were sensitive to monotony. Correlations between acceptance and intake were highly significant; they were moderate in the variety condition (averaging r = 0.5) and lower in the monotony condition, suggesting how variety impacts normal varied eating.
Article
The decline in physical activity with age may be the most consistent finding in physical activity epidemiology. Although this phenomenon is well accepted, it is not well understood. The purposes of this symposium are to determine whether there are critical periods of decline and quantify sex differences in the decline. Data from cross-sectional and prospective studies indicate the decline is steepest between the ages of 13 and 18. The decline is generally greater for male than female subjects, and the decline varies by type and intensity of the activity. A review of animal studies documented the age-related decline in many species. This suggests a biological basis, and a probable mechanism is the dopamine system that regulates motivation for locomotion. The decline in physical activity with age is antithetical to public health goals, so methods of countering the decline need to be developed, based upon an improved understanding of the phenomenon and its causes.
Article
Enjoyment has been implicated as a determinant of physical activity among youth, but advances in understanding its importance have been limited by the use of measures that were not adequately validated. The present study examined: (1) the factorial validity of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), and (2) the construct validity of PACES scores. Adolescent girls (N=1797), who were randomly assigned to calibration (n=899) and cross-validation (n=898) samples, completed the PACES and measures of factors influencing enjoyment of physical education, physical activity, and sport involvement. The factorial validity of the PACES and the measure of factors influencing enjoyment of physical education was tested using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The hypothesized relationships among the measures were tested using structural equation modeling. Unidimensional models fit the PACES and the measure of factors influencing enjoyment of physical education in the calibration and cross-validation samples. The hypothesized relationships between the PACES and the measures of factors influencing enjoyment of physical education, physical activity, and sport involvement were supported in the entire sample, were similar in African-American and Caucasian girls, and were independent of physical fitness. Evidence of factorial validity and convergent evidence for construct validity indicate that the PACES is a valid measure of physical activity enjoyment among adolescent girls, suitable for use as a mediator variable in interventions designed to increase physical activity.
Article
The purpose of this study was to evaluate age and gender differences in objectively measured physical activity (PA) in a population-based sample of students in grades 1-12. Participants (185 male, 190 female) wore a CSA 7164 accelerometer for 7 consecutive days. To examine age-related trends, students were grouped as follows: grades 1-3 (N = 90), grades 4-6 (N = 91), grades 7-9 (N = 96), and grades 10-12 (N = 92). Bouts of PA and minutes spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and vigorous PA (VPA) were examined. Daily MVPA and VPA exhibited a significant inverse relationship with grade level, with the largest differences occurring between grades 1-3 and 4-6. Boys were more active than girls; however, for overall PA, the magnitudes of the gender differences were modest. Participation in continuous 20-min bouts of PA was low to nonexistent. Our results support the notion that PA declines rapidly during childhood and adolescence and that accelerometers are feasible alternatives to self-report methods in moderately sized population-level surveillance studies.
Article
To study the clinical application of the medial arm fasciocutaneous flap based on the medial septocutaneous branches of the brachial vessel. Since 1994, the medial arm fasciocutaneous flap based on the medial septocutaneous branches of the branchial vessel has been used to cure scar contracture of axillary and elbow joint, radiated ulcer of the chest wall. Eighteen clinical cases were reported. Among them, there were 14 males and 4 females, aged from 6 to 48 years old. The flaps, of which 3 were proximally based and 15 distally based, were designed 23 cm x 11 cm as maximal size and 10 cm x 6 cm as minimal size. All the flaps survived and the excellent function and cosmetic result were achieved. The medial arm fasciocutaneous flap is thin, soft and relatively hairless, so it is suitable for repairing the soft tissue defect of the axillary or elbow joint. There are consistently present perforators at both ends that allow one to rotate long flaps around pivoting points immediate to the areas needing coverage. Moreover, this flap is characterized by the simplicity of the surgical techniques and circulatory reliability.
Article
Changes in sedentary behavior may be related to changes in energy intake. The purpose of this study was to investigate how experimental changes in the amount of sedentary behaviors influence energy intake. Sixteen nonoverweight 12-16-y-old youth were studied in a within-subject crossover design with three 3-wk phases: baseline, increasing targeted sedentary behaviors by 25-50% (increase phase), and decreasing targeted sedentary behaviors by 25-50% (decrease phase). Repeated 24-h recalls were used to assess energy and macronutrient intakes during targeted sedentary behaviors. Accelerometers were used to assess activity levels. Targeted sedentary behaviors increased by 81.5 min/d (45.8%) and decreased by 109.8 min/d (-61.2%) from baseline (both: P<0.01). Girls increased sedentary behaviors significantly more than did boys (107.3 and 55.8 min/d, respectively; P<0.01) in the increase phase. Energy intake decreased (-463.0 kcal/d; P<0.01) when sedentary behaviors decreased: the decrease in fat intake was -295.2 kcal/d (P<0.01). No significant changes in energy intake were observed when sedentary behaviors were increased. Youth also increased their activity by 102.4 activity counts min-1d-1 (estimated at 113.1 kcal) when sedentary behaviors were decreased (P<0.05). Decreasing sedentary behaviors can decrease energy intake in nonoverweight adolescent youth and should be considered an important component of interventions to prevent obesity and to regulate body weight.
Article
Limiting meal variety decreases hedonic ratings of eaten foods more so than non-eaten foods, demonstrating sensory-specific satiety. Exposure to a food over time decreases the food's hedonic ratings, indicating monotony. The effect of limiting food group variety over time on long-term sensory-specific satiety and monotony is unknown. Thirty overweight adults were randomized to one of two 8-week behavioral weight loss interventions. One condition limited snack food intake to one chosen snack food (reduced variety), while the other limited snack food intake to <1 serving/day (control), with no variety limit. In the reduced variety condition, hedonic ratings of the chosen snack food showed a decrease (p < .05) over time and decreased more (p < .05) than hedonic ratings of other snack foods. Weight loss (-7.4 +/- 5.8 lb) occurred in both conditions. Limiting food group variety over 8 weeks produced long-term sensory-specific satiety and monotony. Future research should examine if limiting food group variety over an extended time affects intake and could be used as a technique in weight loss interventions.
Article
To describe physical activity levels of children (6-11 yr), adolescents (12-19 yr), and adults (20+ yr), using objective data obtained with accelerometers from a representative sample of the U.S. population. These results were obtained from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES), a cross-sectional study of a complex, multistage probability sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population in the United States. Data are described from 6329 participants who provided at least 1 d of accelerometer data and from 4867 participants who provided four or more days of accelerometer data. Males are more physically active than females. Physical activity declines dramatically across age groups between childhood and adolescence and continues to decline with age. For example, 42% of children ages 6-11 yr obtain the recommended 60 min x d(-1) of physical activity, whereas only 8% of adolescents achieve this goal. Among adults, adherence to the recommendation to obtain 30 min x d(-1) of physical activity is less than 5%. Objective and subjective measures of physical activity give qualitatively similar results regarding gender and age patterns of activity. However, adherence to physical activity recommendations according to accelerometer-measured activity is substantially lower than according to self-report. Great care must be taken when interpreting self-reported physical activity in clinical practice, public health program design and evaluation, and epidemiological research.
Article
This study determined whether liking and relative reinforcing value (RRV) of physical activity were associated with time youth spend in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Boys (n=21) and girls (n=15) age 8 to 12 years were measured for height, weight, aerobic fitness, liking and RRV of physical activity, and minutes in MVPA using accelerometers. Independence of liking and RRV of physical activity was established by a low correlation (r=0.08, p=0.64). Using MVPA as the dependent variable and hierarchical regression to control for individual differences in age, aerobic fitness, and time the accelerometer was worn in step 1 (R(2) of 0.60 for step 1), addition of liking and RRV of physical activity in step 2 produced an incremental increase in R(2) of 0.12 (p<0.01). When using median splits of the RRV and liking data to form subject groups, children with both a high liking and RRV of physical activity participated in greater (p< or = 0.02) MVPA (1340+/-70 min/week) than children with high RRV-low liking (1040+/-95 min/week), low RRV-high liking (978+/-88 min/week), or low RRV-low liking (1007+/-68 min/week) of physical activity. Thus, liking and RRV of physical activity are independently associated with MVPA. The combination of a high reinforcing value and liking of physical activity is associated with 33% greater participation in MVPA.
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