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The Effects of Spatial and Temporal Video Distortion on Lie Detection Performance
Abstract
In various types of interactions, individuals may attempt to determine whether their communication partners are being honest or deceptive. Judgments of honesty rely, in part, on assessments of nonverbal behavior. With the increased use of videoconferencing technology, many traditionally face-to-face interactions now take place over sub-optimal video connections. In these connections, reduced spatial and temporal video quality may affect the ability to detect whether others are lying or telling the truth. In the current study we examined the effects of varying levels of temporal and spacial distortion on lie detection performance. Consistent with earlier work, we found that a slight distortion of video signal impaired lie detection performance. Surprisingly, performance improved when the video was severely spatially degraded.
... However, some non-verbal cues are lost in mediated communication [e.g., Horn et al. (2002), Nguyen (2007), and Teoh et al. (2010)]. Many theories have considered communication bandwidth and the function of non-verbal cues, such as social presence theory, cues-filtered-out and media richness theory, or social information processing theory. ...
... Also, the 2D nature of standard video presents a compressed representation of 3D space, constraining the rich spatial cues common to collocated interaction, such as depth, resolution, and field of view (Steptoe et al., 2010). Horn et al. (2002) found a non-linear relationship between video quality and lie detection performance. A slight distortion of the video signal impaired detection performance; however, the performance improved when the video was severely spatially degraded. ...
... This indicated this participant believed that video would give them the more detailed insight into expertise, and thus explained participants' advice-seeking behavior for the final high-stakes question. It is also supported by previous research (Horn et al., 2002;Riegelsberger et al., 2006) that participants would overestimate their own ability in detecting lies or untrustworthy actors over video. ...
Communication technologies are becoming increasingly diverse in form and functionality. A central concern is the ability to detect whether others are trustworthy. Judgments of trustworthiness rely, in part, on assessments of non-verbal cues, which are affected by media representations. In this research, we compared trust formation on three media representations. We presented 24 participants with advisors represented by two of the three alternate formats: video, avatar, or robot. Unknown to the participants, one was an expert, and the other was a non-expert. We observed participants’ advice-seeking behavior under risk as an indicator of their trust in the advisor. We found that most participants preferred seeking advice from the expert, but we also found a tendency for seeking robot or video advice. Avatar advice, in contrast, was more rarely sought. Users’ self-reports support these findings. These results suggest that when users make trust assessments, the physical presence of the robot representation might compensate for the lack of identity cues.
... Following the preliminary experiment, it seemed clear that further investigation was required in order to better ascertain the effects of the variance degradations ( Horn et al., 2002). In particular, we wished to determine how significantly a severe degradation along certain axes might impact user performance for a similar task. ...
... As we are equally interested in a similar analysis of the effects of video degradation on social interaction (i.e. as distinct from joint action plans), we are planning a series of follow-up experiments that will investigate the influence of these factors on turn-taking, barge-in, and judgments of emotion or honesty. More specifically, we wish to perform a similar quantitative assessment for face-to-face videoconferencing communication to extend previous research on deception detection with prerecorded degraded videos ( Horn et al., 2002). One such test we have in mind, with obvious implications to the executive videoconferencing community is the "Would you buy a used a car from this man?" experiment. ...
... As we are equally interested in a similar analysis of the effects of video degradation on social interaction (i.e. as distinct from joint action plans), we are planning a series of follow-up experiments that will investigate the influence of these factors on turn-taking, barge-in, and judgments of emotion or honesty. More specifically, we wish to perform a similar quantitative assessment for face-to-face videoconferencing communication to extend previous research on deception detection with prerecorded degraded videos (Horn et al., 2002). One such test we have in mind, with obvious implications to the executive videoconferencing community is the " Would you buy a used a car from this man? ...
... Experiencing the consequences of misplaced trust can undermine future willingness to interact with online services and technologies. To date, research investigating the correctness of trust decisions mainly focused on deceptive behaviour (e.g. Horn et al., 2002). However, in many everyday situations, questions of trust do not arise from the risk of wilful deception, but because one is uncertain about the other's expertise (Deutsch, 1958). ...
... In a study on interpersonal cues of uncertainty, Swerts et al. (2004), however, found that users' ability to discriminate was lowest for video-only, higher for audio-only and highest for video+audio, thus supporting P2. Investigating the detection of deception in video, Horn et al. (2002) found that slight visual spatial degradation reduced participants' ability to discriminate; giving further support to P2. However, severe degradation of the visual channel resulted in better discrimination. ...
... y, higher for audio-only and highest for video+audio, thus supporting P2. Investigating the detection of deception in video, Horn et al. (2002) found that slight visual spatial degradation reduced participants' ability to discriminate; giving further support to P2. However, severe degradation of the visual channel resulted in better discrimination. Horn et al. (2002) hypothesized that this effect may result from a reduced bias in the absence of recognizable visual cues. Such an effect would provide support for P1 and suggest that visual cues in particular introduce a positive bias. Avatars. Virtual humans (avatars and embodied agents) are sometimes presented as simple means to enrich user experience ...
In this paper, we investigate how interpersonal cues of expertise affect trust in different media representations. Based on
a review of previous research, richer representations could lead either to a positive media bias (P1) or increased sensitivity for cues of expertise (P2). In a laboratory study, we presented 160 participants with two advisors — one represented by text-only; the other represented by one of four alternate formats: video, audio, avatar, or photo+text. Unknown to the participants, one was an expert (i.e. trained) and the other was a non-expert (i.e. untrained). We observed participants’ advice seeking and advice uptake to infer their sensitivity to correct advice in a situation of financial risk. We found that most participants preferred seeking advice from the expert, but we also found a tendency for seeking audio and in particular video advice. Users’ self-reports indicate that they believed that video in particular would give them the most detailed insight into expertise. Data for advice uptake, however, showed that all media representation, including text-only, resulted in good sensitivity to correct advice.
... 1. In a lie detection study [7], participants were asked to judge whether a person was lying or not in an interview observed on video. Performance in lie detection was measured using a 6-point Likert truthfulness scale when video was played under the following conditions: 320x240 and 29.97 fps; 106x80 and 10 fps; 106x80 and 5 fps; 53x40 and 10 fps; and 53x40 and 5 fps. ...
... The lowest condition (1 fps) was chosen as this is what most systems offer as the lowest recording and streamed frame rate. 5 fps was chosen as this was the threshold frame rate identified in the lie detection study [7]. The frame rate levels 8 fps and 12 fps were chosen as these were the next two equal levels on the frame rate scale. ...
... Although there was a significant difference found between 1-5 fps, this work furthers the work by Horn [7] -in that detection performance is actually worst at 1 fps and not 5 fps. ...
The new generation of digital CCTV systems can be tailored to serve a wide range of security requirements. However, many digital CCTV systems produce video which is insufficient in quality to support specific security tasks, such as crime detection. We report a study investigating the impact of lowering frame rates on an observer's ability to distinguish between crime and no crime events from post-event recorded video. 80 participants viewed 32 video scenes at 1, 5, 8, and 12 frames per second (fps). The task required observers to determine if one of three possible events had occurred. Results showed that when the frame rate was lowered from 8fps, the number of correct detections and task confidence decreased significantly. Our results provide CCTV practitioners with a minimum frame rate level (8 fps) for event detection, a task performed by CCTV users of varying skill and experience. Author Keywords
... For instance, Scott [48] revealed that subtle facial expressions become less perceptible due to the reduced video frame rates. Similarly, Horn [20,21] explored the impact of spatial and temporal video distortion on nonverbal cues and showed that such impairments can affect the precision with which viewers perceive and interpret subtle facial expression cues and body language, leading to potential misunderstandings. Eye gaze is a significant cue of nonverbal communication that helps convey attention, however, it is often inhibited in VC. ...
... According to research in [20,21], facial cues and body language become less perceptible due to video distortion. Moreover, it was shown in [52] that high video quality leads to increased body motion compared to some blurry video settings. ...
In this paper, we investigated the influence of video resolution and perceived conversational quality on nonverbal behaviors during dyadic videoconferencing (VC) conversations. We analyzed nonverbal behaviors at the individual and interpersonal level. At the individual level, we considered body motion, facial expressions, and gaze directivity. At the interpersonal level, we considered facial expression synchrony and body movement synchrony. For the analysis, we used webcam recordings from a VC experiment, extracting the aforementioned individual nonverbal behavioral features and using windowed lagged cross-correlation (WLCC) to quantify the degree of interpersonal synchronization. Our results indicate that high video resolution significantly increased individual body movements and encouraged gaze directivity toward the conversational partner, fostering greater engagement while paradoxically reducing body movement synchrony. Higher conversational quality was associated with increased facial expression synchrony between participants. Moreover, we observed that instantaneous synchrony (as quantified with lag-zero WLCC) for both body movement and facial expressions was significantly influenced by mutual gaze-like behavior. These findings indicate a complex relationship between technical settings and nonverbal behaviors, suggesting that while higher resolution enhances some nonverbal behaviors, especially body movement and mutual gaze, it may disrupt body movement synchronization. These insights could be applied to the VC setups to achieve a high level of interpersonal coordination and engagement.
... To date, research investigating users' ability to discriminate mainly focused on deception (e.g. [4,6]). However, in many everyday situations, questions of trust do not arise from the risk of willful deception, but because one is uncertain about the other's expertise [1,2,3]: an individual might mean well, but lack the expertise to be truly helpful. ...
... Swerts et al. [9] in a study on interpersonal cues of uncertainty found that users' ability to discriminate was lowest for video-only, higher for audioonly and highest for video+audio; thus supporting P2. Investigating the detection of deception in video, Horn et al. [6] found that slight visual spatial degradation reduced participants' ability to discriminate; giving further support to P2. However, severe degradation of the visual channel resulted in better discrimination. ...
Enabling users to identify trustworthy actors is a key design concern in online systems and expertise is a core dimension of trustworthiness. In this paper, we investigate (1) users' ability to identify expertise in advice and (2) effects of media bias in different representations. In a laboratory study, we presented 160 participants with two advisors – one represented by text-only; the other represented by one of four alternate formats: video, audio, avatar, or photo+text. Unknown to the participants, one was an expert (i.e. trained) and the other was a non-expert (i.e. untrained). We observed participants' advice seeking behavior under financial risk as an indicator of their trust in the advisor. For all rich media representations, participants were able to identify the expert, but we also found a tendency for seeking video and audio advice, irrespective of expertise. Avatar advice, in contrast, was rarely sought, but – like the other rich media representations – was seen as more enjoyable and friendly than text-only advice. In a future step we plan to analyze our data for effects on advice uptake.
... To date, research investigating users' ability to discriminate mainly focused on deception (e.g. [4,6]). However, in many everyday situations, questions of trust do not arise from the risk of willful deception, but because one is uncertain about the other's expertise [1,2,3]: an individual might mean well, but lack the expertise to be truly helpful. ...
... Swerts et al. [9] in a study on interpersonal cues of uncertainty found that users' ability to discriminate was lowest for video-only, higher for audioonly and highest for video+audio; thus supporting P2. Investigating the detection of deception in video, Horn et al. [6] found that slight visual spatial degradation reduced participants' ability to discriminate; giving further support to P2. However, severe degradation of the visual channel resulted in better discrimination. ...
Enabling users to identify trustworthy actors is a key design concern in online systems and expertise is a core dimension of trustworthiness. In this paper, we investigate (1) users' ability to identify expertise in advice and (2) effects of media bias in different representations. In a laboratory study, we presented 160 participants with two advisors -- one represented by text-only; the other represented by one of four alternate formats: video, audio, avatar, or photo+text. Unknown to the participants, one was an expert (i.e. trained) and the other was a non-expert (i.e. untrained). We observed participants' advice seeking behavior under financial risk as an indicator of their trust in the advisor. For all rich media representations, participants were able to identify the expert, but we also found a tendency for seeking video and audio advice, irrespective of expertise. Avatar advice, in contrast, was rarely sought, but -- like the other rich media representations -- was seen as more enjoyable and friendly than text-only advice. In a future step we plan to analyze our data for effects on advice uptake.
... Other studies have shown that smaller image resolutions can improve task performance. For example, (Horn, 2002) showed that lie detection was better with a small (53x40) than a medium (106x80) video image resolution. In another study, however, smaller video resolutions (160x120) had no effect on task performance but did reduce satisfaction when compared to 320x240 image resolutions (Kies, Williges, & Rosson, 1996). ...
This chapter provides an overview of the key factors that influence the quality of experience (QoE) of mobile TV services. It compiles the current knowledge from empirical studies and recommendations on four key requirements for the uptake of mobile TV services: (1) handset usability and its acceptance by the user, (2) the technical performance and reliability of the service, (3) the usability of the mobile TV service (depending on the delivery of content), and (4) the satisfaction with the content. It illustrates a number of factors that contribute to these requirements ranging from the context of use to the size of the display and the displayed content. The chapter highlights the interdependencies between these factors during the delivery of content in mobile TV services to a heterogeneous set of low resolution devices.
... Finally, video image quality has been found to affect the ability to detect whether the speaker on the video is lying or telling the truth. When video quality is low (i.e., lower resolution or more pixelated), it is harder to detect deception due to the distortion of visual/nonverbal cues [19]. ...
This study explores how initial perceptions of initial trust in a provider of social support and person-centeredness in supportive messages affect outcomes in video-mediated social support interactions. A controlled study was conducted with 240 participants who were randomly assigned to a condition in a 3 (initial trust of the support provider: affective, cognitive, and neutral) x 2 (person-centeredness of the support message: high or low) experimental setup. Results show that the effects of person-centeredness in support messages are the same as reported elsewhere for Face-to-Face (FtF) or text-based computer-mediated scenarios: high person-centered messages led to higher perceptions of support quality than low person-centered messages regardless of perceptions of initial trust in the support provider. Results also show that participants perceived the support provider's quality to be higher if personal information (affective trust) about the support provider was available over expertise information (cognitive trust). Ethnicity of participants also had a significant effect on perceptions of support provider's quality. Participants that self-reported to be White Americans were much more sensitive to person-centeredness in the message delivery. They reacted much more positively to the message with high person-centeredness and much more negatively to the message with low person-centeredness than other ethnic groups. Participants who self-reported to be Asians perceived support provider's quality highly regardless of person-centeredness. Participants who self-reported to be Hispanics and African Americans fell somewhere in between. This study demonstrates important implications in message delivery for video-mediated social support.
... Other studies have even shown that smaller image resolutions can improve task performance. For example, (Horn, 2002) showed that lie detection was better with a small (53x40) than a medium (106x80) video image resolution. In another study, however, smaller video resolutions (160x120) had no effect on task performance but did reduce satisfaction when compared to 320x240 image resolutions (Kies, Williges, & Rosson, 1996). ...
... Other studies have even shown that smaller image resolutions can improve task performance. For example, Horn showed that lie detection was better with a small (53x40) than a medium (106x80) video image resolution [10]. In another study, however, smaller video resolutions (160x120) had no effect on task performance but did decrease satisfaction when compared to 320x240 image resolutions [11]. ...
... Other studies have even shown that smaller image resolutions can improve task performance. For example, Horn showed that lie detection was better with a small (53x40) than a medium (106x80) video image resolution 13 . In another study, however, smaller video resolutions (160x120) had no effect on task performance but did decrease satisfaction when compared to 320x240 image resolutions 14 . ...
This paper presents the results from three lab-based studies that investigated different ways of delivering Mobile TV News by measuring user responses to different encoding bitrates, Image resolutions and text quality. All studies were carried out with participants watching News content on mobile devices, with a total of 216 participants rating the acceptability of the viewing experience. Study 1 compared the acceptability of a 15-second video clip at different video and audio encoding bit rates on a 3G phone at a resolution of 176x144 and an iPAQ PDA (240x180). Study 2 measured the acceptability of video quality of full feature news clips of 2.5 minutes which were recorded from broadcast TV, encoded at resolutions ranging from 120x90 to 240x180, and combined with different encoding bit rates and audio qualities presented on an iPAQ. Study 3 improved the legibility of the text included in the video simulating a separate text delivery.The acceptability of News' video quality was greatly reduced at a resolution of 12000. The legibility of text was a decisive factor in the participants' assessment of the video quality. Resolutions of 168x126 and higher were substantially more acceptable when they were accompanied by optimized high quality text compared to proportionally scaled inline text. When accompanied by high quality text TV news clips were acceptable to the vast majority of participants at resolutions as small as 168x126 for video encoding bitrates of 160kbps and higher. Service designers and operators can apply this knowledge to design a cost-effective mobile TV experience.
... The results reflected detection research with a near 50 percent detection rate; 47 percent offline and 55 percent online in this study, [8][9][10]64 with a method that aimed to create a naturalistic conversation task in a controlled setting where the researcher could match correct detections instead of self-reports of detection. 65 The method also benefited by comparing truthful and nontruthful statements, 23,32 in a design including a procedure for confederates who acted as a control across conditions for detection. ...
How can health professionals identify and recommend treatment for cyberbullies and their victims? The problem is widespread among high school and college students. A recent review of 377 articles found that cyberbullying affects 10–20% of adolescents as either victims or perpetrators or both, and is associated with ‘‘emotional stress, social anxiety, substance use, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts.’’
Even in college, this percentage persists, with 19% of 613 students reporting being victims of cyberbullying. College brings with it a host of temptations, not least among them excessive alcohol use. Nearly two-thirds of students used alcohol in the last 30 days, with more than one-third reporting heavy alcohol use (five or more drinks in a row) in the last 2 weeks. A study in this journal involving 265 college women noted the relationship between cyberbullying, problem alcohol use, and depression.
... The results reflected detection research with a near 50 percent detection rate; 47 percent offline and 55 percent online in this study, [8][9][10]64 with a method that aimed to create a naturalistic conversation task in a controlled setting where the researcher could match correct detections instead of self-reports of detection. 65 The method also benefited by comparing truthful and nontruthful statements, 23,32 in a design including a procedure for confederates who acted as a control across conditions for detection. ...
Where humans have been found to detect lies or deception only at the rate of chance in offline face-to-face communication (F2F), computer-mediated communication (CMC) online can elicit higher rates of trust and sharing of personal information than F2F. How do levels of trust and empathetic personality traits like perspective taking (PT) relate to deception detection in real-time CMC compared to F2F? A between groups correlational design (N = 40) demonstrated that, through a paired deceptive conversation task with confederates, levels of participant trust could predict accurate detection online but not offline. Second, participant PT abilities could not predict accurate detection in either conversation medium. Finally, this study found that conversation medium also had no effect on deception detection. This study finds support for the effects of the Truth Bias and online disinhibition in deception, and further implications in law enforcement are discussed.
... When the video was worse they were more generally negatively biased and chose to disbelieve more often. [5] In an earlier study one of the authors had found that lower quality video was worse for lie detection performance [4]. ...
In an experiment, groups of four participants played "bluffstopp" — a card game based on deception — over the Internet while communicating through multicast video and audio. Higher frame rates lead to lower video quality ratings. The result is ex-plained as an effect of increasing visual workload.
... eye-gaze) are often considered to be symptomatic of emotional states and thus thought to give insight into people's trustworthiness (Baron and Byrne, 2004). However, it has been shown that people overestimate their abilities to read interpersonal cues (Horn, Olson, and Karasik, 2002). These cues can be used strategically in face-to-face situations, and even more so in mediated communication that allows the sender more control over the cues he gives off (e.g. in pre-recorded video or in an avatar-representation; Garau et al., 2003). ...
With an increasing number of technologies supporting transactions over distance and replacing traditional forms of interaction, designing for trust in mediated interactions has become a key concern for researchers in human computer interaction (HCI). While much of this research focuses on increasing users’ trust, we present a framework that shifts the perspective towards factors that support trustworthy behavior. In a second step, we analyze how the presence of these factors can be signalled. We argue that it is essential to take a systemic perspective for enabling well-placed trust and trustworthy behavior in the long term. For our analysis we draw on relevant research from sociology, economics, and psychology, as well as HCI. We identify contextual properties (motivation based on temporal, social, and institutional embeddedness) and the actor's intrinsic properties (ability, and motivation based on internalized norms and benevolence) that form the basis of trustworthy behavior. Our analysis provides a frame of reference for the design of studies on trust in technology-mediated interactions, as well as a guide for identifying trust requirements in design processes. We demonstrate the application of the framework in three scenarios: call centre interactions, B2C e-commerce, and voice-enabled on-line gaming.
... Although previous research has begun to examine the impact of communication technology on related interpersonal processes, such as trust [1,9,19] and deception detection [2,11,12], to the best of our knowledge the effect of communication technology on the production of lies has not yet been examined. Theoretical approaches to media effects suggest several possible ways media may affect lying behavior. ...
Social psychology has demonstrated that lying is an important, and frequent, part of everyday social interactions. As communication technologies become more ubiquitous in our daily interactions, an important question for developers is to determine how the design of these technologies affects lying behavior. The present research reports the results of a diary study, in which participants recorded all of their social interactions and lies for seven days. The data reveal that participants lied most on the telephone and least in email, and that lying rates in face-to-face and instant messaging interactions were approximately equal. This pattern of results suggests that the design features of communication technologies (e.g., synchronicity, recordability, and copresence) affect lying behavior in important ways, and that these features must be considered by both designers and users when issues of deception and trust arise. The implications for designing applications that increase, decrease or detect deception are discussed.
... User-focused videoconferencing research has investigated issues related to network trouble, such as the effects of audio and video constraints. A poor quality video link makes speech less fluent (Monk & Watts 1995), makes it harder to detect lying (Horn, Karasik & Olsen 2002) and increases caution (Jackson, et al., 2000). Preserving motion seems essential for user engagement even if that means reducing spatial and colour resolution (Schiano, Ehrlich & Sheridan 2001). ...
Domestic personal videoconferencing (PV) is vulnerable to network trouble perturbations. This paper shows that long-distance couples treat perturbations as a matter of social management as much as technological resolution. Three management strategies are illustrated: technology- oriented remedies, content-oriented remedies, and non-remedial accounts for trouble. All three involve collaborative work to account for the effect of technology on conversational continuity and the relationship.
... Other studies have even shown that smaller image resolutions can improve task performance. For example, (Horn, 2002) showed that lie detection was better with a small (53x40) than a medium (106x80) video image resolution. In another study, however, smaller video resolutions (160x120) had no effect on task performance but did reduce satisfaction when compared to 320x240 image resolutions (Kies, Williges, & Rosson, 1996). ...
The advent of mobile TV which is often viewed on small screens with low resolution has made TV content producers think about
refraining from using shots that depict subjects from a great distance. Shot types where the object of interest fills the
screen are deemed to be more appropriate for mobile devices. This paper reports a study on how shot types used in regular
broadcast television are affected when shown on mobile devices at reduced levels of resolution. Seventy-two native speakers
judged the acceptability of four different content types at four resolutions (240 × 180, 208 × 156, 168 × 126, 120 × 90).
The results show that acceptability of shot types depends on the content and the resolution. Extreme long shots of football
content were only less acceptable than other shot types at resolutions smaller than 240 × 180. The medium shot which portrays
the upper half of a subject’s body was the most acceptable for news content but for football content was judged worse than
shot types that showed less detail. Our results suggest that for a young audience extreme long shots may be used with no detrimental
effect for resolutions of 240 × 180 and higher. At lower resolutions and for content with a high degree of dynamism both the
medium shot and the extreme long shot might render poorly for the audience. Service providers are well advised to include
the results at hand to customize content in terms of shot type use for their audience that will watch the content at very
low resolutions. Further research should assess older audiences and the effectiveness of cropping schemes that zoom in on
part of the content for low target resolutions.
Human behavior in cyber space is extremely complex. Change is the only constant as technologies and social contexts evolve rapidly. This leads to new behaviors in cybersecurity, Facebook use, smartphone habits, social networking, and many more. Scientific research in this area is becoming an established field and has already generated a broad range of social impacts. Alongside the four key elements (users, technologies, activities, and effects), the text covers cyber law, business, health, governance, education, and many other fields. Written by international scholars from a wide range of disciplines, this handbook brings all these aspects together in a clear, user-friendly format. After introducing the history and development of the field, each chapter synthesizes the most recent advances in key topics, highlights leading scholars and their major achievements, and identifies core future directions. It is the ideal overview of the field for researchers, scholars, and students alike.
Human behavior in cyber space is extremely complex. Change is the only constant as technologies and social contexts evolve rapidly. This leads to new behaviors in cybersecurity, Facebook use, smartphone habits, social networking, and many more. Scientific research in this area is becoming an established field and has already generated a broad range of social impacts. Alongside the four key elements (users, technologies, activities, and effects), the text covers cyber law, business, health, governance, education, and many other fields. Written by international scholars from a wide range of disciplines, this handbook brings all these aspects together in a clear, user-friendly format. After introducing the history and development of the field, each chapter synthesizes the most recent advances in key topics, highlights leading scholars and their major achievements, and identifies core future directions. It is the ideal overview of the field for researchers, scholars, and students alike.
We report on two experiments that investigate the influence of display type and viewing angle on how people place their trust during avatar-mediated interaction. By monitoring advice seeking behavior, our first experiment demonstrates that if participants observe an avatar at an oblique viewing angle on a flat display, they are less able to discriminate between expert and non-expert advice than if they observe the avatar face-on. We then introduce a novel spherical display and a ray-traced rendering technique that can display an avatar that can be seen correctly from any viewing direction. We expect that a spherical display has advantages over a flat display because it better supports non-verbal cues, particularly gaze direction, since it presents a clear and undistorted viewing aspect at all angles. Our second experiment compares the spherical display to a flat display. Whilst participants can discriminate expert advice regardless of display, a negative bias towards the flat screen emerges at oblique viewing angles. This result emphasizes the ability of the spherical display to be viewed qualitatively similarly from all angles. Together the experiments demonstrate how trust can be altered depending on how one views the avatar.
Maintaining a relationship via video calling requires intertwining relational and technological talk.
Using detailed qualitative analysis of transcripts from naturalistic recordings of couples in a video calling
field trial, this paper explores how couple members use the possibility of technological distortion as a resource.
for negotiating around the problem of inattentive or inappropriate responses. Inattention may be cast as
technological trouble, and, conversely, the technology can be blamed for an apparently relationally
inappropriate response. It is argued that research on technologically mediated relationship creation and
maintenance should not treat technology as simply a container of relationships or a variably rich
transmission system for relational material. Rather, mediation should be explored as a fundamental
participant concern in online relationship research.
Business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce suffers from consumers’ lack of trust. This may be partly attributable to the lack of face-to-face interpersonal exchanges that provide trust behavior in conventional commerce. It was proposed that initial trust may be built by simulating face-to-face interaction. To test this, an extensive laboratory-based experiment was conducted to assess the initial trust in consumers using four online vendors’ Web sites with a variety of still and video images of sales personnel, both Western and Saudi Arabian. Initial trust was found to be enhanced for Web sites employing photographs and video clips compared to control Web sites lacking such images; also the effect of culture was stronger in the Saudi Arabian setting when using Saudi photos rather than Western photos.
IntroductionAn Initial FrameworkPsychology and CSCWFindings About Behavior Changes with these TechnologiesConclusions
Pointers to the Past and Future Research in this AreaReferences
Mobile TV services are now being offered in several countries, but for cost reasons, most of these services offer material directly recoded for mobile consumption (i.e. without additional editing). The experiment reported in this paper, aims to assess the image resolution and bitrate requirements for displaying this type of material on mobile devices. The study, with 128 participants, examined responses to four different image resolutions, seven video encoding bitrates, two audio bitrates and four content types. The results show that acceptability is significantly lower for images smaller than 168x126, regardless of content type. The effect is more pronounced when bandwidth is abundant, and is due to important detail being lost in the smaller screens. In contrast to previous studies, participants are more likely to rate image quality as unacceptable when the audio quality is high.
Virtual communities provide a suitable environment for those willing to deceive. With a large audience there are many potential targets and many opportunities. The narrow communication channel helps in being intentionally misunderstood, while also maintaining relative obscurity. This research analyzes deception in virtual communities, based on principles of transactional analysis. Transactional analysis suggests that people deceive others in order to prove their superiority, and that the deceptive communication follows distinct patterns. An analysis of communications in one community, the Leica Users Group, found communication behaviors consistent with those predicted by transactional analysis. The article investigates these communications in detail. It also proposes methods for detection and prevention of this type of deception.
This article describes two experiments concerning the subjective quality of complex scenes. Slide projections were used as stimuli, and they were varied in viewing distance, resolution, and picture size. The subjective quality was judged by a group of 20 subjects by means of categorical scaling. The results of the experiments show that the angular resolution expressed in periods per degree and the picture angle spanned by the display each influence the quality independently. Subjective quality increases with resolution but saturates at a resolution (6-dB cutoff frequency) of approximately 25 periods per degree. There is also a linear relationship between the subjective quality and the logarithm of the picture angle. These results are compared with those of a number of experiments known from the literature. The results are also interpreted in terms of consequences for high-definition television (HDTV).
In videoconferencing applications the perceived quality of the video signal is affected by the presence of an audio signal (speech). To achieve high compression rates, video coders must compromise image quality in terms of spatial resolution, grayscale resolution, and frame rate, and may introduce various kinds of artifact.s We consider tradeoffs in grayscale resolution and frame rate, and use subjective evaluations to assess the perceived quality of the video signal in the presence of speech. In particular we explore the importance of lip synchronization. In our experiment we used an original grayscale sequence at QCIF resolution, 30 frames/second, and 256 gray levels. We compared the 256-level sequence at different frame rates with a two-level version of the sequence at 30 frames/sec. The viewing distance was 20 image heights, or roughly two feet from an SGI workstation. We used uncoded speech. To obtain the two-level sequence we used an adaptive clustering algorithm for segmentation of video sequences. The binary sketches it creates move smoothly and preserve the main characteristics of the face, so that it is easily recognizable. More importantly, the rendering of lip and eye movements is very accurate. The test results indicate that when the frame rate of the full grayscale sequence is low (less than 5 frames/sec), most observers prefer the two-level sequence.
Despite increases in bandwidth, most video conferencing equipment delivers a sub-optimal quality signal. Artifacts caused by video compression and other technological constraints lead to the distortion of subtle communicative cues. This study explores the effects of such video degradation on individuals' ability to detect whether others are lying or telling the truth. Forty-two participants observed mock job interviews presented in High-Quality Audio, High-Quality Audio + High-Quality Video, and High-Quality Audio + Reduced Frame Rate (3 fps) Video. The interviews contained a mix of truthful and deceptive responses, and participants attempted to distinguish the two. Performance in the Reduced Frame Rate condition was significantly worse than in the High Quality Video condition. These findings have implications for both the development and implementation of video-conferencing technology.
Judging veracity in interpersonal communication: The effects of conversational competance, the truth bias, and posture . Unpublished Dissertation
- T H Feeley
- Feeley T. H.
Feeley, T. H. Judging veracity in interpersonal
communication: The effects of conversational
competence, the truth bias, and posture. Unpublished
Dissertation, 1996.
Perceived cues to deception: A metaanalytic review. Poster presented at the American Psychological Society Annual Convention
- B E Malone
- B M Depaulo
- R B Adams
- H Cooper
Malone, B. E., DePaulo, B. M., Adams, R. B., &
Cooper, H. Perceived cues to deception: A metaanalytic review. Poster presented at the American
Psychological Society Annual Convention, Miami
Beach, June 2000.