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Evolution of a Reactive Environment.

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... The first definition of context-aware applications was given by Schilit who restricted the definition from applications that are informed about context to applications that adopt themselves to context [7]. In the scientific literature there are some synonyms used for that term: adaptive [4], reactive [7], responsive [10], situated [15], context-sensitive [18], situation-dependent [12] and environment-directed [11]. ...
... The first definition of context-aware applications was given by Schilit who restricted the definition from applications that are informed about context to applications that adopt themselves to context [7]. In the scientific literature there are some synonyms used for that term: adaptive [4], reactive [7], responsive [10], situated [15], context-sensitive [18], situation-dependent [12] and environment-directed [11]. ...
... • Context-aware applications are applications that dynamically change and adopt their behavior based on the context of the application and the user [7] • Context-aware applications are applications that monitor input from environmental sensors and allow users to select from a range of physical and logical contexts according to their current interests or activities [21] • Context-aware applications are applications that automatically provide information and/or take actions according to the user's present context as detected by sensors [6] • Context-aware applications are applications that use context to provide relevant information and/or services to the user, where relevancy depends on the user's task [9] The last definition (Dey's definition) of context-aware applications is the closest to our conception of that term, because it puts emphasize on user's informational needs. ...
Article
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Information Society is the society of ongoing progress and the technological development with convergence between telecommunications and information technology as one of representative characteristics. The convergence between several technology sectors offers the opportunity for the emergence and development of new services. Mobile applications are the consequence of convergence between telecommunications and information technology. They are probably the most known service representing the result of the convergence. Despite the fact that mobile applications are becoming a buzzword there are hardly any articles introducing them as distinctive application model with distinct characteristics. The first part of the paper introduces the role of mobile applications in the information society. In the second part classical mobile application model and context-aware application model are presented. The final part introduces the role of mobile applications and examples of mobile applications in university information system.
... Nevertheless, some specific vocabulary and synonyms related to the terms context and contextaware were gathered. For instance, in Dey's PhD dissertation ( Dey, 20 0 0 ), some context-aware synonyms were found, such as adaptive ( Brown, 1996 ), reactive ( Cooperstock et al., 1995 ), responsive ( Elrod et al., 1993 ), situated ( Hull et al., 1997 ), context-sensitive ( Rekimoto et al., 1998 ) and environment-directed ( Fickas et al., 1997 ). Some of these terms have been used in the construction of the search string for the automated search (see Section 3.2.3 ). ...
... Papers of the QGS Human-Computer Interaction ( Dey et al., 2001 ;Hong and Landay, 2001 ) IEEE Pervasive Computing ( Gu et al., 2004 ;Korpipaa et al., 2003 ;Raento et al., 2005 ;Román et al., 2002 ) Personal and Ubiquitous Computing ( Huebscher and McCann, 2006 ;Riboni and Bettini, 2011 ) User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction ( Carmagnola et al., 2008 ;Carmichael et al., 2005 ;Cheverst et al., 2005 ;Hatala and Wakkary, 2005 ;Hudlicka and McNeese, 2002 ;Petrelli and Not, 2005 ;Stock et al., 2007 ) ACM Int. Joint Conf. on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) ( Abowd et al., 1999 ;Schmidt et al., 1999 ) tified synonyms of context-aware were: adaptive ( Brown, 1996 ), reactive ( Cooperstock et al., 1995 ), responsive ( Elrod et al., 1993 ), situated ( Hull et al., 1997 ), context-sensitive ( Rekimoto et al., 1998 ) and environment-directed ( Fickas et al., 1997 ). However, some of them, such as adaptive, reactive, responsive and situated , are too generic to use them as a single word. ...
Article
There is a growing interest on context-aware systems in recent years. Context-aware systems are able to change their behaviour depending on new conditions regarding the user, the platform and the environment. These systems are evolving towards interacting with the user in a transparent and ubiquitous manner, especially by means of different types of sensors, which can gather a wide range of data from the user, the platform the user is interacting with, and the environment where such interaction is taking place. It is worth noting that the software architecture of a system is a key artefact during its development and its adaptation process. Hence, the definition of the software architecture becomes essential while developing context-aware systems since it should reflect how the context is tackled for adaptation purposes. With the aim of studying this issue, we have designed and conducted a systematic mapping study to provide an overview about the different architectural approaches used in context-aware systems. One of the main findings of this study is that there are not many software architecture proposals that deal with context-awareness in an explicit way during the adaptation process. It was also detected that there are Human Computer Interaction (HCI) works that focus on context-aware adaptations but neglect partially or completely any possible change in the system architecture during the adaptation process. Due to this, we perceived a need to analyse what research works highlight the use of context and its relationship to the software architecture in existing context-aware systems. Therefore, this mapping study attempts to bridge the gap between Software Architecture and HCI in order to align the adaptation at the architectural level (changes in the configuration of architectural components) and at the HCI level (changes in the interaction modality or the user interface in general).
... Researches and developments for ubiquitous computing environment which is human centered future computing environments are widely preceded. One of them is the research and development of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology [3,4]. Mobile and Web Services is an interface which describes a set of accessible network commands through standard XML messages. ...
... Software components are binary units of independent production, acquisition, and deployment that interact to form a functioning system. Composite systems composed of software components are called component software [2,3]. Abstractions, such as procedures, classes, modules, or even entire applications could form components, as long as they are in a 'binary' form that remains composable. ...
... The emphasis on the dynamic and unpredictable nature of these settings distinguish it from previous related work. The pioneering work on a smart video-conferencing room [7,8] drew heavily on the known, static conditions of the room, and the designers went through several iterations of their design. The result was made highly automatic and transparent by allowing the technology to act "intelligently" on the specific circumstances of that particular setting. ...
... Media-enriched meeting rooms have been addressed by several research projects. The relation of our work to that of Cooperstock et al. [7,8] has already been discussed. The iRoom project [12] involves a media-augmented room and multi-device interactions. ...
Article
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We argue that the normal circumstances for pervasive computing technologies will be dynamic and ad-hoc settings, in that the available technical resources will evolve and/or change frequently, rather than having been installed by design. We describe a second-generation software architecture for Ambient Combination (14), engineered to meet the software engineering challenges of achiev- ing transparency of use under such conditions. The architecture uses advanced software composition techniques closely related to aspect-ori- ented programming, along with computational reflection, to represent domain objects and their properties at a problem-oriented, high conceptual level. This architecture achieves a very good separation of concerns, while also providing the flexibility and extensibility needed to address the open-ended nature of these situations. This also enables the architectural building blocks to be flexible distributed across different machine configurations in an uncomplicated and robust man- ner.
... One of the first definitions of context-aware applications was given by Schilit, who restricted the definition from the applications which are informed about the context, to the applications that adapt themselves to context (Schilit 1995). In the scientific literature there are some synonyms used for that term: adaptive (Brown 1997), reactive (Cooperstock 1995), responsive (Elrod 1993), situated (Hull 1997), context-sensitive (Rekimoto 1998), situation-dependent (Figge 2001) and environment-directed (Fickas 1997). Several authors define context-aware applications: ...
... • Context-aware applications are applications that dynamically change and adopt their behavior based on the context of the application and the user (Cooperstock 1995). • Context-aware applications are applications that monitor input from environmental sensors and allow users to select from a range of physical and logical contexts according to their current interests or activities (Ryan 1998). ...
Article
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Mobile applications are enabled by the convergence between information technologies and telecommunication technologies. They represent a new application model introduced to information systems and a new area of research. The paper introduces classical and context-aware mobile application models with emphasize on discussion on context as new information system concept. In the second part the paper discusses the role of mobile application in information systems with the emphasize on introducing contribution and new value gained by t he use of mobile applications in information systems. In the last part the paper introduces the results of our research on mobile applications development methodologies. The paper introduces the area of mobile applications in information systems from several aspects. The first two sections introduce the area of mobile applications and classical mobile application model as basic mobile application model. The third section introduces context-awareness and context-aware mobile application model. In order to point to the contribution that the introduction of mobile applications represent to information systems we discuss the role of mobile applications in the fourth section. And finally, the fifth section introduces results of our research about mobile applications development methodologies. 2. MOBILE APPLICATIONS A m obile application is a computer program running on a mobile device. Native and the most appropriate architecture for mobile applications is three-tier (multi-tier in general) architecture and the
... The notion of a new space opening up as the congruence of real and virtual in smart environments can be traced back to the computing sciences literature. Ma et al. (2005) note that since the early 1990s when researchers first introduced concepts such as "reactive environment" (Cooperstock et al., 1995), there have been many definitions of smart space. The core feature of all these definitions is for smart space to be a "merger of physical and digital spaces". ...
Article
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to fill a gap in the real estate academic literature by defining the essence of real estate in smart urban environments. Space has traditionally been a silent component of real estate. Smart technologies powered by Ubi-comp are turning space into an active part of real estate, which represents a paradigm shift for commercial real estate. This shift requires new concepts and tools to analyse and model real estate in smart cities. Design/methodology/approach The paper defines the notions of smart space and smart real estate. Several concepts and tools are formulated, starting with a model of space users in smart cities, called the Cyber-Dasein inspired by Heidegger’s existential phenomenology of space. Findings The paper then analyses smart space’s attributes and proposes several metrics for commercial real estate in smart environments. After introducing three regression models for constructing a price index of smart real estate, the paper concludes by advocating that commercial real estate take an active role in the current debate about smart cities. Research limitations/implications The paper does not provide any empirical analysis of smart real estate. Practical implications Smart environments offer real estate a unique opportunity to set up methodologies, concepts and tools for new properties in new cities. Now is the time to think carefully about the impact smart technologies will have on commercial properties before other stakeholders (in particular smart cities vendors and multinational technology giants) have fully modelled smart space and its nexus with smart real estate. Originality/value This paper is the first paper to provide a conceptual framework for the analysis of commercial real estate in smart cities.
... This spatial concept can be traced back to the computing sciences literature. Ma, Yang, Apduhan, Huang, Barolli and Takizawa (2005) note that since the early 1990s when researchers first introduced concepts such as "reactive environment" (Cooperstock et al., 1995), there have been many definitions of smart space. The core feature of all these definitions is for smart space to be a "merger of physical and digital spaces". ...
Conference Paper
This paper fills in a gap in the real estate academic literature by defining the essence of real estate in smart urban environments. Space has traditionally been a silent component of real estate. Smart technologies powered by ubiquitous computing are turning space into an active part of real estate, which represents a paradigm shift for commercial real estate. This shift is so drastic that it requires new concepts and tools to analyse and model real estate in smart cities. After reviewing the impact of smart cities and smart buildings on commercial real estate, the paper defines the notions of smart space and smart real estate. A series of innovative concepts and tools are formulated, starting with a model of space users in smart cities, called the Cyber-Dasein inspired by German philosopher Martin Heidegger's existential phenomenology of space. The paper then analyses smart space's attributes and proposes several metrics for commercial real estate in smart environments, including a digital occupancy ratio, a future proofing indicator and a smart readiness ratio. After introducing three regression models for constructing a price index of smart real estate (namely, a hedonic regression model based on a Smart Index Matrix, an activity-based hedonic model, and a behavioural spatial hedonic model), the paper concludes by advocating that commercial real estate take an active role in the current debate about smart cities.
... This spatial concept can be traced back to the computing sciences literature. Ma, Yang, Apduhan, Huang, Barolli and Takizawa (2005) note that since the early 1990s when researchers first introduced concepts such as "reactive environment" (Cooperstock et al., 1995), there have been many definitions of smart space. The core feature of all these definitions is for smart space to be a "merger of physical and digital spaces". ...
Conference Paper
This paper fills in a gap in the real estate academic literature by defining "the essence of real estate" in smart urban environments (after Graaskamp, 1977). Space has traditionally been a silent component of real estate. Smart technologies powered by Ubi-Comp are turning space into an active part of real estate, which represents a paradigm shift for commercial real estate. This shift requires new concepts and tools to analyse and model real estate in smart cities. After reviewing the impact of smart cities and smart buildings on commercial real estate, the paper defines the notions of smart space and smart real estate. Several innovative concepts and tools are formulated, starting with a model of space users in smart cities, called the Cyber-Dasein inspired by German philosopher Martin Heidegger's existential phenomenology of space. The paper then analyses smart space's attributes and proposes several metrics for commercial real estate in smart environments, including a digital occupancy ratio, a future proofing indicator and a smart readiness ratio. After introducing three regression models for constructing a price index of smart real estate (a hedonic regression model based on a Smart Index Matrix, an activity-based hedonic model, and a behavioural spatial hedonic model), the paper concludes by advocating that commercial real estate take an active role in the current debate about smart cities.
... The first definition of context-aware applications, provided by Schilit and Theimer [21], ranged from applications that are simply informed about context to applications that adapt themselves to context. Context-awareness has been described in various research efforts with the following language: adaptive [22], reactive [23], responsive [24], situated [25], context-sensitive [26], and environment directed [27]. Previous research also described context-aware computing in two main ways: using context and adapting to context. ...
... Any environment preferably a room or building that has unobtrusive computing device distributed through and in constant communication with each other is a reactive environment (Jeremy, 1995). The career opportunities in UC environment requires a reactive environment for communication and regulations of all transmissions. ...
Presentation
The paper revealed the numerous career opportunities for library and information professionals available because of emerging markets and job opportunities. It also revealed the dilemma of career choice and how to overcome emerging technologies especially ubiquitous computing and nanotechnologies by tasking librarians and information professionals to embrace information technologies for effective information harnessing, processing and dissemination. The challenges identified include how to feed information into the operational and decision making processes, maintaining the heterogeneous occupational statute of library and information professionals. The paper concludes that the opportunities for graduates and employees of library and information professionals requires extensive exploits, understanding and application. It recommends that UC can resolve problems of location dependent, physical presence and huge expenditures on information dissemination. It recommends and encourages professionals to undertake different capacities building opportunities to enhance their roles.
... According to [1] "a system is context-aware if it uses context to provide relevant information and/or services to the user, where relevancy depends on the user's task". This concept of context-awareness is often closely related to other issues like responsiveness [2], adaptivity [3], reactivity [4] and context-sensitiveness [5]. All these issues imply the capability of detecting the context and of modifying the operation based on that context to achieve the best performance. ...
Article
In the last decade, research in biometrics has been focused on augmenting the algorithmic performance to address a growing range of applications, not limited to person authentication/recognition. The concept of context awareness emerged as a possible key-factor for both performance optimization and operational adaptation of the capture, extraction, matching and decision stages. This may be particularly effective for multi-biometrics systems. The knowledge of the context in which a task is being performed, may provide useful information to the system in several manners. For example, it may allow to adapt to a specific environmental condition, such as shadow or light exposure. On the other hand, it may be possible to select the best available algorithm, among a given set to address the task at hand, which best performs within the given context. This paper aims to provide an overall vision of the main contributions available so far in the field of context-aware biometric systems and methods. The survey is not confined to a particular biometric modality or processing stage, but rather spans the state of the art of several biometric modalities and approaches. A taxonomy of context-aware biometric systems and methods is also proposed, along with a comparison of their features, aims and performances. The analysis will be complemented with a critical discussion about the state of the art also suggesting some future application scenarios.
... The first definition of context-aware applications, given by Schilit and Theimer [15], encompassed applications that are simply informed about context to applications that adapt themselves to context. Context-aware has become somewhat synonymous with other terms, such as adaptive [16], reactive [17], responsive [18], situated [19], context-sensitive [20], and environment directed [21]. Previous definitions of context-aware computing fall into two categories: using context and adapting to context. ...
Article
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Virtual reality has recently rapidly emerged into the global spotlight. With the current increasing interest in head mounted display (HMD) as the next-generation content platform to replace smartphones, many companies are endeavoring to gain an early foothold in the virtual reality market. In HMD-based virtual reality environments, users are completely isolated from the real world, and are thus unable to perform even simple and familiar interactions with the real world. This paper proposes interaction based on context information augmented with stories, visuals, and sounds, as opposed to an interface that replicates the existing real world, in order to enable easy and natural interactions by users in HMD-based immersive virtual reality environments. The results of a user study conducted using our proposed augmented context-based interactions in an immersive virtual reality environment verify that it provides users with higher levels of immersion, accuracy, and emotional empathy than a virtual reality environment that simply replicates the existing real world.
... Furthermore literature can be found, that uses different expressions to describe context aware features of applications. In the same paper that contains aforementioned definition, the authors note, that context aware has become somewhat synonymous with other terms: adaptive (Brown 1996), reactive (Cooperstock et al. 1995), responsive (Elrod et al. 1993), situated (Hull et al. 1997), context-sensitive (Rekimoto et al. 1998) and environment-directed (Fickas et al. 1997). ...
Thesis
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Die Arbeit behandelt die Gestaltung und Informationstechnische Unterstützung einer kontinuierlichen Mitarbeiterbefragung. Fokus liegt auf der sich wiederholenden Sammlung von Daten von Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern. Im Rahmen der Dissertation wird ein Befragungs-System entwickelt, welches die folgenden Ziele verfolgt:  Das langfristige Aufrechterhalten des Gewahrseins für die Befragung durch das Bereitstellen von Erinnerungsfunktionen.  Das langfristige Aufrechterhalten der Teilnehmer/innen-Akzeptanz, durch o die Minimierung von Störungen durch das Befragungs-System, o die Minimierung des aufzubringenden Aufwands für Nutzer und Nutzerinnen o und die Gewährleistung eines hohen Grads an Selbstbestimmung bei der Teilnahme.  Förderung der Abgabe zeitlich verteilter Antworten. Um dies zu realisieren entstanden:  Ein Studiendesign das methodische Restriktionen minimiert und Items um die Attribute Dringlichkeit und Fragefrequenz erweitert.  Eine adaptive und adaptierbare Client-Applikation, welche User-Feedback und Kontext-Informationen nutzt um die aktuelle Bereitschaft eines Teilnehmers oder einer Teilnehmerin zu inferieren. Auf Basis dieser beiden Komponenten wurde ein Befragungssystem entwickelt, welches situativ die Dringlichkeit, ein Item der kontinuierlichen Befragung zu beantworten, mit der Momentanen Bereitschaft der Nutzerin oder des Nutzers, dies zu tun, abwägt. Hierbei wird Rücksicht auf intra- und interpersonelle Unterschiede in der Menge der Antworten pro Zeit, die ein Benutzer oder eine Benutzerin bereit ist abzugeben, genommen. Oberste Direktive ist es, die freiwillige Teilnahme an der Befragung aufrechtzuerhalten indem Belästigungen durch das System vermieden werden. Die Arbeit schafft, durch die Entwicklung eines neuartigen Studiendesigns für Mitarbeiterbefragungen, Innovationen im Bereich Information System Research. Die Client-Applikation instrumentalisiert ein eigens entwickeltes, offenes Context Awareness Framework welches den kognitiven Kontext des Users abschätzt. Diese Entwicklung fällt in die Domäne der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion.
... In 1994 Schilit and Theimer [2] defined context-aware software as able to adapt according to its location of use, the collection of nearby people and objects, as well as the changes to those objects over time". According to [3] context-aware computing was considered synonymous with the terms like: situated [4], reactive [5], adaptive [6], context-sensitive [7], responsive [8], environment-directed [9]. Apart from the Schilit [14]. ...
Article
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Context-aware processing is a part of intensively developed ubiquitous computing and mobile systems. Surrounding awareness is used to introduce new functions and solutions. Some categories of the context data are taken for security purposes in the context-aware security implementations. This kind of data has to meet some conditions since it is used for decision making about security mechanisms adaptation and configuration. One of these conditions is reliability. The paper presents vector approach to context data reliability assessment introducing mechanism which allows to assess reliability parameters for further usage in context aware security processing. The following aspects of the context data are taken into account: interface reliability, data quality, data source reliability and security level. Introducing reliability metric for context data may be beneficial to other mechanisms which utilize context data. The vector form of reliability may be even more flexible than the scalar value.
... Context-aware, on the other hand, is sometimes used as synonym for other terms such as adaptive (Brown et al. 1997), responsive (Elrod et al. 1993), context-sensitive (Rekimoto et al. 1998), or reactive (Cooperstock et al. 1995). Schilit et al. (1994) simply describe context-aware applications as applications that are informed about context and adapt themselves to context. ...
Conference Paper
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Context-aware mobile patient monitoring provides new opportunities to deliver medical care. Despite an exploding number of mobile patient monitoring applications, we lack a holistic and comprehensive taxonomy of context dimensions in mobile patient monitoring and thus fail to fully understand context-aware behavior. In a design science approach we build conceptual models for both context and context-awareness in mobile patient monitoring. We instantiate and evaluate the suggested artifacts in a field study. Our primary contributions are conceptual models for context dimensions in mobile patient monitoring and insights into the context-aware behavior of these applications. This study reveals the importance of various stakeholders (e.g., care provider and relatives) and disease-specific insights from medical research contributing to the value creation in context-aware mobile patient monitoring. We further illustrate that current solutions offer only restricted set of context-aware features, not taking full advantage of sensor-enabled mobile devices to collect continuous contextual health information.
... -Ubiquitous computing [Weiser 1999b;Román et al. 2002;Milner 2004] (also called pervasive computing [Satyanarayanan 2001;Ray and Kurkovsky 2003]). The term was adopted by Mark Weiser in the mid 90's [Weiser 1999a] to describe reactive environments [Cooperstock et al. 1995] where smart objects [Bohn et al. 2004] (e.g., household appliances) interact among themselves to provide the user with the needed computational abilities, wherever they are needed and without too much user involvement. Ubiquitous computing is linked to two important technologies: 1) wearable computing (e.g., see [Rhodes et al. 1999;Feldman et al. 2005]), which implies body-worn small computers (e.g., embedded in glasses, wristwatches, etc.) that facilitate human-computer interaction; and 2) augmented reality [Vallino 1998], which are computer-generated scenes that augment the real scene with additional information, creating natural interfaces [Alisi et al. 2005] for the user. ...
Article
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The continuous development of wireless networks and mobile devices has motivated an intense research in mobile data services. Some of these services provide the user with context-aware information. Specifically, location-based services and location-dependent queries have attracted a lot of interest. In this article, the existing literature in the field of location-dependent query processing is reviewed. The technological context (mobile computing) and support middleware (such as moving object databases and data stream technology) are described, location-based services and location-dependent queries are defined and classified, and different query processing approaches are reviewed and compared.
... The first definition of context-aware applications given by Schilit and Theimer[26]restricted the definition from applications that are simply informed about context to applications that adapt themselves to context. Context-aware has become somewhat synonymous with other terms: adaptive[2], reactive[6], responsive[12], situated[15], context-sensitive[19]and environmentdirected[13]. Previous definitions of context-aware computing fall into two categories: using context and adapting to context. ...
... Depending on the writer, context-awareness is considered as adaption to context (38), responsiveness (43), context-sensitiveness (44), etc. Hull et al. (45) understand contextawareness as the ability of computing device to detect, interpret and respond to the aspect of the user's environment. Pascoe (46) additionally includes the aspect of the device itself. ...
... Afterwards, context-aware has been defined as somewhat synonymous with other terms: adaptive [8], reactive [9], responsive [10], situated [11], context-sensitive [12] and environment directed [13]. Previous definitions of context-aware computing fall into two categories: using context and adapting to context. ...
Article
Context-aware applications are ones that take into account the knowledge of the environment to better serve the users. To use the contextual informa-tion (presence) more effectively, a protocol to deal with the flows of presence is needed. In this report, we analyze the performance of two presence update modes, which are the fetcher mode and the subscriber mode. Then, we use NS-2 to simulate LAN's behavior in the case of fetcher and subscriber mode is in situations similar to reality. Our result is an algorithm to help deciding which mode should be used for a given network configuration.
... In addition to ubiquitous computing, smart spaces are a widely studied concept (with a slightly different area of emphasis) in pervasive computing [3], ambient intelligence (AmI) [4], and Internet of Things (IoT) [5] research. There have been many projects such as Buxton's Reactive Environment [6], Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Oxygen [7], Microsoft's EasyLiving [8], Hewlett Packard's Cooltown [9], and Stanford University's iRoom [10], just to name a few, focusing on different aspects of smart spaces. These research projects, among others, have produced many approaches for realizing various features of context-aware computing in smart spaces. ...
Article
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It has been proposed that Semantic Web technologies would be key enablers in achieving context-aware computing in our everyday environments. In our vision of semantic technology empowered smart spaces, the whole interaction model is based on the sharing of semantic data via common blackboards. This approach allows smart space applications to take full advantage of semantic technologies. Because of its novelty, there is, however, a lack of solutions and methods for developing semantic smart space applications according to this vision. In this paper, we present solutions to the most relevant challenges we have faced when developing context-aware computing in smart spaces. In particular the paper describes (1) methods for utilizing semantic technologies with resource restricted-devices, (2) a solution for identifying real world objects in semantic technology empowered smart spaces, (3) a method for users to modify the behavior of context-aware smart space applications, and (4) an approach for content sharing between autonomous smart space agents. The proposed solutions include ontologies, system models, and guidelines for building smart spaces with the M3 semantic information sharing platform. To validate and demonstrate the approaches in practice, we have implemented various prototype smart space applications and tools.
... Our work, in contrast, assumes that captured information is recorded by a classroom that consists of a suite of tools and devices. Other work in CIA has focused on supporting groups of people and the presentation of multiple media streams with rooms such as Bellcore's STREAMS prototype (Cruz and Hill 1994) and Cooperstock's Reactive Environment (Cooperstock et al. 1995), or in the support of group meetings (Nunamaker et al. 1991, Sohlenkamp andChwelos 1994), or in the support of group meetings in virtual meeting rooms (Ginsberg et al. 1993). Like Shneiderman (Shneiderman et al. 1995), we are living the educational environment that we created. ...
Article
Students in university lectures try to capture the classroom experience by taking notes. In many classes, this is a tedious process and distracts the student from concentrating on the lecture. In this paper, we present a classroom that takes media-enhanced notes on behalf of the students thereby allowing them to give more attention to understanding the material rather than trying to record it. We describe the requirements of a note-taking classroom and discuss how we met them using simple techniques and small amounts of human intervention.
... The University of Toronto did work on what they call "Reactive Environments" [48,49] in the mid-1990s. They looked at room-based video conferencing systems with multiple seats and multiple displays. ...
... Dey explicitly discerns between presenting relevant information and providing services based on context of a certain task [7]. He put much effort in understanding and using context and collected synonymously used terms for context-awareness: • adaptive [8] • reactive [9] • responsive [10] • situated [11] • context-sensitive [12] • environment-directed [13] In this paper, context-awareness is used in the following way: Context-awareness is the ability of an entity to usefully adapt to or react based on context. ...
Article
Situations let people act accordingly to it. Smart-phones and other current devices can detect and react on such contextual data, because they have multiple sensors and enough processing performance to analyse that. Such behavior is called context-aware and a key to make devices faster and more efficient in everyday life. This paper describes what context and context-aware is and how applications can be differentiated by their possibilities. Single roles and steps from provisioning to dissemination are mentioned. The modeling and quality of contextual data and services are displayed and subdivided, due to their importance for context-awareness. Some current researches and services are mentioned to provide an insight into the status quo. Crucial questions about context-sensitive applications and their implementation will be discussed and illustrated.
... In the ubiquitous computing environments, the environments recognize the users' context by themselves, and provide personalized services anywhere and any time. To realize these intelligent environments, many research organizations have studied the context awareness and developed various applications exploiting context123. Even though they deal with different context according to their services, they have the common factor that the location information has been utilized. ...
Article
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In this paper, we propose the indoor orientation tracking method using ubiTrack. In ubiquitous computing environment, the information of the location is one of the important contexts which are used to the context-aware service. But most of the indoor location tracking method causes the problem of the infringement on people's privacy. Necessity of orientation tracking is proposed in order to provide the more intelligent services with the location tracking. To know orientation of a user or device, we attach two infrared receiver modules to the ubiTrack receiver. Two IR receiver modules attached to the ubiTrack receiver track the location, the direction and size as well as the orientation from the location information of a user and device. As the ubiTrack receiver attached on the device informs the location information of a device to the environment every some terms, the proposed method can provide the user with the location and orientation in the condition that user's privacy problem is guaranteed. Experimental results show that the method recognizes orientation of a device in home environment with the errors below 15 degrees. The proposed method can be applied to many LBS gearing the context-aware services in ubiquitous computing environment.
... OM's (1994) iRoom or AMX's (1993) AXCESS system allow configuration of (multimedia) hardware components offering " matrix-based " user interfaces for connecting and scheduling of special devices and workplaces. Each row corresponds to a multimedia source device (eg. Camera, VCR output) and each column to a destination, the visitor view on a monitor Copperstock et. al (1995) describes their evolutionary room control design based on a traditional matrix-based user-interface, the " virtual graphical patchbay " for controlling a working conference room which is equipped to support a broad class of meetings and media. Additionally integration of sensors with various devices allows the modeling of a virtual " sk ...
Conference Paper
Experiences and problems during setting up of actual CSWC - offering working environments have an important impact on the conception of Cooperative Buildings. Infrastructure for CSCW working environments must deal with a set of very inhomogeneous needs, e.g., media and device control, access control, communication capabilities, cooperation aware software etc. For reaching an adequate usability of the advanced functionality, especial for no computer experts, a high integration effort is necessary. The Room Management System (RMS) is a generic tool for observing and controlling activities within a distributed CSCW environment. It groups desktop objects of different users in one view, thus making available central actions on a group of user desktop objects. Additionally it controls the access to media and devices by the different users.
... The actual term " context-aware " was coined by Schilit and Theimer in their paper [64] from 1994. Today, context-awareness has been associated with some other terms: adaptive [15], reactive [24], responsive [30], situated [46], context-sensitive [55], and environment-directed [34]. In general, context-awareness refers to the idea that applications can understand their context and adapt their behavior based on information gathered from the environment without an explicit user intervention. ...
Conference Paper
Context-aware services need to acquire context information from heterogeneous context sources. The diversity of service requirements posts challenges on context provisioning systems as well as their programming models. This paper proposes COPAL (COntext Provisioning for ALl) - an adaptive approach to context provisioning. COPAL is at first a runtime middleware, which provides loose-coupling between context and its processing. The component architecture of COPAL ensures that new context processing functions can be added dynamically. A set of context processing patterns are proposed to customize context attributes and compose context provisioning schemes. The COPAL components and models are reflected in a Domain Specific Language (DSL), which can further reduce the development efforts of context provisioning using automatic code generation. A motivating scenario is used throughout the paper to illustrate COPAL approach.
Thesis
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In recent years, with the shrinkage of technological components, increasing processing capacities, and decreasing production costs, many different technologies have started to be included in the content of consumer products. This situation transforms the products, which are the object of design, into radical transformations both in content and form. Internet of Things, one of the most important of these technologies, describes mainly a communication network in which objects are involved, and consumer products constitute an important part of this system. This study aims to examine the Internet of Things, which is mostly discussed by engineering and computer science in the literature, from the perspective of product design. The reasons, forms, and results of the integration of IOT into consumer products are addressed in the context of products, user, designer, and design activity. The aim of this study is to reveal the fundamentals and properties of the new product paradigm that emerges from the intersection of design and technology as a result of the integration of IOT technologies into physical products, to understand the structure and current state of IOT product universe and to reveal the effects of IOT technology integration on product design. For this purpose, a three-stage study consisting of literature review, product analysis and interviews with professionals was structured and conducted. 700 IOT products released to the market have been subjected to qualitative content analysis by considering the conceptual framework revealed from the literature review. As a result of the analysis, the technology-based quality model and the effects of IOT integration on products in terms of functionality and user-product interaction have been demonstrated; the IOT product universe is conceptually classified according to the framework of the content analysis. The effects of IOT technology integration on final product forms were evaluated through interviews with professionals over product samples with representative capability selected from the IoT product universe, and card grouping sessions were conducted to test the classification revealed through product analysis by the professionals, and the classification was verified.
Conference Paper
Context-aware applications are programs that use information about the environment of the user and objects and people which are present at that location and do some actions automatically according to this information. One of the most important branches in the field of context aware applications are android applications that are becoming more and more widespread today. In this paper, we introduce a test case design approach for context-aware android applications. In this approach we use the information in the manifest file and static analysis of the source code to find context-aware and sensitive points of the application and definitions and uses of these points. This information is added to the control-flow graph of the application. Then we apply data flow testing criteria to the resulting model. The evaluation results show that the all-uses criteria have acceptable error detection rate and it can cover all context-aware points of the application using fewer tests than all-du-path coverage criteria.
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Amount of data for operators is increasing, but the amount of information, which operators obtain is not increasing because conventional human interfaces only focus on human foreground awareness. Users usually obtain information with both of background and foreground awareness. This paper proposes a new human interface style (awareness oriented human interface), which exploits the human background awareness. The human interface promotes the operator's abilities of recognition by, 1) providing information for both of foreground and background awareness simultaneously, 2) information navigation between foreground and background awareness, 3) awareness oriented information processing, 4) supporting public awareness for multiple operators.
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Research
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When people interact with each other, they implicitly make use of context information while intuitively deducing and interpreting their actual situation. Compared to humans, IT infrastructures cannot easily take advantage of context information in interactions. Typically, context information has to be provided explicitly. Recently, cellular network operators have been showing interest in offering Context-Aware Services (CAS) in the future. For a service to be context-aware it must be able to use context information in order to adapt its behavior or the content it provides. Examples of CASs are restaurant finders, tour guides and dating services. These services will depend on the availability of context information which must be provided at the right time, in the right quality, and at the right place. The quality of this context information is neither identical to Quality of Service (QoS), nor to the quality of the underlying hardware components, i.e., Quality of Device (QoD). Rather, the precision, probability of correctness, trustworthiness, resolution, and up-to-dateness of context information form a new set of quality parameters which we call Quality of Context (QoC). In this paper, we will discuss what QoC is, what its most important parameters are and how QoC relates to QoS and QoD. These three notions of quality are unequal, but not unrelated. Based on several examples we will show the interdependence between them. We will argue that QoC as a new notion of quality is necessary to allow for the provisioning of CASs in an interorganizational manner.
Conference Paper
Present systems and devices are usually protected against different threats concerning digital data processing. The protection mechanisms consume resources, which are either highly limited or intensively utilized by many entities. The optimization of these resources usage is advantageous. The resources that are saved performing optimization may be utilized by other mechanisms or may be sufficient for longer time. It is usually assumed that protection has to provide specific quality and attack resistance. By interpreting context situation of business services - users and services themselves, it is possible to adapt security services parameters to countermeasure threats associated with current situation. This approach leads to optimization of used resources and maintains sufficient security level. This paper presents architecture of adaptive security service, which is context-aware and exploits quality of context data issue.
Chapter
Context represents any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity. An entity is a person, place, or object that is considered relevant to the interaction between a user and an application, including the user and application themselves. The ubiquity of mobile devices (e.g., smartphones, GPS devices) has in part motivated the use of contextual information in modern mobile applications. From one perspective, context in mobile systems can fall into three categories: (a) user context that includes the personal attributes of the user, e.g., spatial location and budget; (b) point-of-interest (POI) context, e.g., restaurant location, operating time, and rating; and (c) environmental context, e.g., weather and road conditions. Incorporating such context in applications provided to mobile users may significantly enhance the quality of service in terms of finding more related answers. This chapter first gives a brief overview of context and context awareness in mobile systems. It then discusses different ways of expressing the spatial location context within mobile services. The chapter later describes three main application examples that can take advantage of various mobile contexts, namely, social news feed, microblogging (e.g., Twitter) and recommendation services. The chapter finally presents a generic method that incorporates context and user preference awareness in database systems—which may serve as a backbone for context-aware mobile applications.
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It is not easy to understand the dynamics underlying everyday life. The change around us is so ubiquitous; the processes governing change are invisible; the relationships between cause & effect are usually disconnected in time or space, and probabilistic causation adds uncertainty to the mix. This dissertation is about a new modeling language and a tangible simulation environment that together help children gain an intuitive understanding of the dynamics underlying everyday life phenomena, from fashion trends and financial markets fluctuations to vicious cycles of violence and virtuous cycles of popularity growth. I present the Flowness modeling language, a unique combination of Systems Thinking languages that results in an intuitive-to-understand yet computationally simulate-able language. I present FlowBlocks: a tangible learning technology designed in the spirit of early childhood construction kits (a field pioneered by Friedrich Froebel), with special attention to physical representation of abstract concepts (a field pioneered by Maria Montessori). FlowBlocks are a set of wooden blocks with embedded computation that simulate continuous flow using a moving light signal, making dynamic processes visible and manipulable.
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Conference Paper
By the time this paper has been presented, the mobile app landscape will have changed. New OS versions will have been released. A bunch of new devices will have hit the market. And mobile application testing will have become that much more complex and challenging for all of us. There is no doubt that mobile applications need specific testing approaches. This paper wants to investigate new directions in research on the type of testing and skills required on mobile app testing by answering the following three research questions: (RQ1) How mobile applications testing are so different from traditional web applications, that require specialized testing skills and techniques?, (RQ2) What are the new challenges and future trends in mobile application testing, and (RQ3) How far automation effective in testing mobile application?. We answer those questions by analyzing the current trends in mobile application development and testing, and by proposing my view on the topic.
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Article
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When people interact with each other, they implicitly make use of context in-formation while intuitively deducing and interpreting their actual situation. Com-pared to humans, IT infrastructures cannot easily take advantage of context infor-mation in interactions. Typically, context information has to be provided explic-itly. Recently, cellular network operators have been showing interest in offering Context-Aware Services (CAS) in the future. For a service to be context-aware it must be able to use context information in order to adapt its behavior or the content it provides. Examples of CASs are restaurant finders, tour guides and dating services. These services will depend on the availability of context infor-mation which must be provided at the right time, in the right quality, and at the right place. The quality of this context information is neither identical to Quality of Service (QoS), nor to the quality of the underlying hardware components, i.e., Quality of Device (QoD). Rather, the precision, probability of correctness, trust-worthiness, resolution, and up-to-dateness of context information form a new set of quality parameters which we call Quality of Context (QoC). In this paper, we will discuss what QoC is, what its most important parame-ters are and how QoC relates to QoS and QoD. These three notions of quality are unequal, but not unrelated. Based on several examples we will show the interde-pendence between them. We will argue that QoC as a new notion of quality is necessary to allow for the provisioning of CASs in an interorganizational manner.
Chapter
This chapter presents a brief history of scientific research into interactive tabletops, associated emerging technologies, and commercial products. It summarizes and visualizes a body of scientific work, identifies major advances during the past 15 years, and thereby draws a picture of the research landscape to date. Key innovations during this period are identified and their research impact is discussed. We synthesize historical information into a synoptic landscape including research highlights, enabling technologies, prototypes, and products. On top of this landscape, we point out and trace innovations as they stimulated and triggered key transitions in research and technology. These innovations have also played a major role in leveraging ideas from a conceptual level to widespread adoption and use. Finally, the chapter examines possible future trends of tabletop research, technologies, and applications.
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We present steps toward a conceptual framework for tangible user interfaces. We introduce the MCRpd interaction model for tangible interfaces, which relates the role of physical and digital representations, physical control, and underlying digital models. This model serves as a foundation for identifying and discussing several key characteristics of tangible user interfaces. We identify a number of systems exhibiting these characteristics, and situate these within 12 application domains. Finally, we discuss tangible interfaces in the context of related research themes, both within and outside of the human-computer interaction domain.
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At Xerox PARC, an experimental meeting room called the Colab has been created to study computer support of collaborative problem solving in face-to-face meetings. The long-term goal is to understand how to build computer tools to make meetings more effective. The authors describe the meeting tools we have built so far as well as the computational underpinnings and language support they have developed for creating distributed software. Finally, they present some preliminary observations from their first Colab meetings and some of the research questions they are now pursuing.
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Advanced Remote Control Systems
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