Conference: New Trends in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 20th International Conference on Industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems, IEA/AIE 2007, Kyoto, Japan, June 26-29, 2007, Proceedings
In this paper, it is shown how behavioural properties can be specified for three types of violent criminals. Moreover, it is shown how empirical material in the form of informal descriptions of traces of crime-related events can be formalised. Furthermore, it is shown how these formalised traces and behavioural properties can be used in automated analysis, for example in order to determine which type of criminal can have committed such a crime. Moreover, an underlying dynamical model is presented that shows causal mechanisms behind each of the behaviours, and their dependencies on the characteristics of the type of criminal and inputs in terms of stimuli from the environment.
All content in this area was uploaded by Charlotte Gerritsen on Feb 23, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
... Both of these directions may be beneficial for researchers within Criminology and related areas, to get a better insight in criminal behaviour. In addition, on the long term they may be used to develop systems to support criminal investigators in their reasoning when solving particular cases; see, e.g., (Bosse, Gerritsen, and Treur, 2007a). ...
... In addition to GP1, a number of other hypothesis have been formulated (based on literature such as and formalised in TTL, and have been checked against simulation traces like the one shown in Figure 2, which were generated on the basis of the cognitive model; see also (Bosse, Gerritsen, and Treur, 2007a;2007b). For the given traces, all of these checks succeeded, which provides support for the claim that the simulation model behaves as expected. ...
... As mentioned in the introduction, dynamic models for criminal behaviour as presented in this paper are very useful for case analysis, i.e., given a certain crime case, to find out which type of person has performed this crime (see also Bosse, Gerritsen, and Treur, 2007a). Following this idea, the current paper is part of a larger project, involving researchers from Artificial Intelligence, Criminology, and Psychology, which has as ultimate goal to develop an application that can assist police analysts in solving crime cases. ...
This article discusses how a cognitive modelling approach for criminal behaviour can be related to a biological modelling approach. The discussion is illustrated by a case study for the behaviour of three types of violent criminals as known from literature within the area of Criminology. A cognitive model is discussed that can show each of the behaviours of these types of criminals, depending on the characteristics set and inputs in terms of stimuli from the environment. Based on literature in Criminology about motivations and opportunities and their underlying biological factors, it is shown by a formal interpretation mapping how the model can be related to a biological grounding. This formal mapping covers ontology elements for states and dynamic properties for processes, and thus shows how the cognitive model can be biologically grounded.
... Cognitive models for criminal behaviour as presented in this paper are very useful for case analysis, i.e., given a certain crime case, to find out which type of person has performed this crime. For more information about this topic, see (Bosse, Gerritsen, and Treur, 2007a). ...
tbosse@few.vu.nl) Charlotte Gerritsen (cg@few.vu.nl) Jan Treur (treur@few.vu.nl) Abstract This article presents a cognitive modelling approach for criminal behaviour, which is illustrated by a case study for the behaviour of three types of violent criminals as known from literature within the area of Criminology. The model can show each of their behaviours, depending on the characteristics set and inputs in terms of stimuli from the environment. Based on literature in Criminology about motivations and opportunities and their underlying factors, it is shown by a formal mapping how the model can be related to a biological grounding. This formal mapping covers ontology elements for states and dynamic properties for processes, and thus shows how the cognitive model can be biologically grounded.
... Moreover, as to be explored further in future work, such a model can be used in the opposite direction, i.e., given a certain behaviour, to determine what kind of scenario of circumstances could lead to this behaviour. Some initial steps in this direction have been made in (Bosse, Gerritsen, and Treur, 2007a). More generally, the model can be used in the situation that the circumstances and/or the behaviour are only partially given. ...
In the analysis of criminal behavior, a combination of biological, psychological and social aspects may be taken into account. Dynamical modeling methods developed in recent years often address biological, psychological or social dynamical systems separately. This paper makes the first step in the development of an agent-based modeling approach for criminal behavior in which these aspects are integrated in one dynamical system. It is shown how within a certain (multi-agent) social context, biological factors, such as certain brain deviations, testosterone levels and serotonin levels, affect cognitive and emotional functioning in such a way that a crime is committed when the perceived opportunity is there. This paper presents one generic model for the behavior of violent offenders with parameters that can be set to obtain simulation traces for three known types of offenders.
... We differentiate related work on the way in which the macroscopic regularity is specified. Researchers at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam [29,30,26,31,28,27,31] use a logical approach to the specification of the macroscopic regularity, where a kind of model checking separates simulated behavioural traces that lead to crime from those that do not lead to crime. (The approach is not proper model checking as there is no exhaustive state space exploration). ...
Cyber-crime Science is an emerging area of study aiming to prevent cyber-crime by combining security protection techniques from Information Security with empirical research methods used in Crime Science. Information security research has developed techniques for protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information assets but is less strong on the empirical study of the effectiveness of these techniques. Crime Science studies the effect of crime prevention techniques empirically in the real world, and proposes improvements to these techniques based on this. Combining both approaches, Cyber-crime Science transfers and further develops Information Security techniques to prevent cyber-crime, and empirically studies the effectiveness of these techniques in the real world. In this paper we review the main contributions of Crime Science as of today, illustrate its application to typical Information Security problems, namely phishing and on-line auction fraud, explore the interdisciplinary structure of Cyber-crime Science, and present an agenda for research in Cyber-crime Science in the form of a set of suggested research questions.
tbosse@few.vu.nl) Charlotte Gerritsen (cg@few.vu.nl) Jan Treur (treur@few.vu.nl) Abstract The Rational Choice Theory describes criminal behaviour as a form of means-end decision-making. In contrast, it is often argued that criminal behaviour involves subjective, personal biological and psychological aspects. This paper contributes an agent-based modelling approach for criminal behaviour integrating such subjective aspects with decision-making based on means-end analysis, and illustrates this for street robbery. The agent model developed is a combination of a BDI-model and a utility-based decision model in the context of such desires and beliefs. The resulting approach incorporates subjective, context-sensitive means-end analysis, where the context covers biological and psychological aspects as mentioned.
To enhance believability of virtual agents, this paper presents an agent-based modelling approach for decision making, which
integrates rational reasoning based on means-end analysis with personal psychological and biological aspects. The agent model
developed is a combination of a BDI-model and a utility-based decision model in the context of specific desires and beliefs.
The approach is illustrated by addressing the behaviour of violent criminals, thereby creating a model for virtual criminals.
Within a number of simulation experiments, the model has been tested in the context of a street robbery scenario. In addition,
a user study has been performed, which confirms the fact that the model enhances believability of virtual agents.
How are we able to understand and anticipate each other in everyday life, in our daily interactions? Through the use of such "folk" concepts as belief, desire, intention, and expectation, asserts Daniel Dennett in this first full-scale presentation of a theory of intentionality that he has been developing for almost twenty years. We adopt a stance, he argues, a predictive strategy of interpretation that presupposes the rationality of the people - or other entities - we are hoping to understand and predict.These principles of radical interpretation have far-reaching implications for the metaphysical and scientific status of the processes referred to by the everday terms of folk psychology and their corresponding terms in cognitive science.While Dennett's philosophical stance has been steadfast over the years, his views have undergone successive enrichments, refinements, and extensions. "The Intentional Stance" brings together both previously published and original material: four of the book's ten chapters - its first and the final three - appear here for the first time and push the theory into surprising new territory. The remaining six were published earlier in the 1980s but were not easily accessible; each is followed by a reflection - an essay reconsidering and extending the claims of the earlier work. These reflections and the new chapters represent the vanguard of Dennett's thought. They reveal fresh lines of inquiry into fundamental issues in psychology, artificial intelligence, and evolutionary theory as well as traditional issues in the philosophy of mind.Daniel C. Dennett is Distinguished Arts and Sciences Professor at Tufts University and the author of "Brainstorms" and "Elbow Room." "The Intentional Stance," along with these works, is a Bradford Book.
This chapter presents an innovative approach for simulating crime events and crime patterns. The theoretical basis of the crime simulation model is routine activities (RA) theory. Offenders, targets and crime places, the three basic elements of routine activities, are modeled as individual agents. The properties and behaviors of these agents change in space and time. The interactions of these three types of agents are modeled in a cellular automaton (CA). Tension, measuring the psychological impact of crime events to human beings, is the state variable of the CA. The model, after being calibrated by using a real crime data set in Cincinnati, is able to generate crime patterns similar to real patterns. Results from experimental runs of the model conform to known criminology theories. This type of RA/CA simulation model has the potential of being used to test new criminology theories and hypotheses. Purchase this chapter to continue reading all 17 pages >
This chapter discusses the general method, principles, and practice standards of behavioral evidence analysis (BEA). BEA is an ideo-deductive method of crime-scene analysis (CSA) and criminal profiling. It involves the examination and interpretation of physical evidence, forensic victimology, and crime-scene characteristics. For the purposes of criminal profiling, the results of these individual examinations can be analyzed for behavioral patterns and clusters that evidence offender characteristics of investigative or forensic relevance. BEA is idiographic in that it is concerned with studying the aspects of individual cases and offenders through the lens of forensic analysis, not groups of similar cases and offenders. It is deductive in that inferences and conclusions are not inductive theories or nomothetic predictions in disguise; they are based on critical thinking, the scientific method, and deductive logic. BEA is consequently guided by strict adherence to set principles and practice standards that embrace these concepts.
Computer simulation has had only limited application to the field of criminology, although it is widely utilised in other fields as a powerful experimental tool. Environmental criminologists could utilise this technique to test and refine theory, to anticipate consequences accruing from different intervention choices, and to provide informed policy guidance to crime control agencies. This article sets out the fundamental requirements for development of an agent-based simulation modelling technique that would allow study of the macro-level crime patterns emerging from the micro-level actions of many individual agents, behaving in accordance with rules derived from environmental criminology, human ecology, routine activities theory and situational crime prevention.