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Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community

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Abstract

Video-based media spaces are designed to support casual interaction between intimate collaborators. Yet transmitting video is fraught with privacy concerns. Some researchers suggest that the video stream be filtered to mask out potentially sensitive ...

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... Decades of research on civic participation reveal that individual and collective efficacy is critical to a society's prosocial outcomes, including education, health, and mobility (Putnam 1995(Putnam , 2000Son and Lin 2008). Still, the local mechanisms that drive civic participation remain a mystery, especially among groups historically excluded from participatory democracy (Robinson 2019). ...
... Still, the local mechanisms that drive civic participation remain a mystery, especially among groups historically excluded from participatory democracy (Robinson 2019). Much of the scholarship examining participation has been informed by large-scale studies that identify patterns in voting and electoral politics (Cohen and Dawson 1993;Ekman and Amna 2012;Fraga 2018;Verba et al. 1978), voluntary organization membership (Putnam 2000;Skocpol and Fiorina 1999) and social movements and collective action (Bracey 2016;Goodwin and Jasper 2004;McAdam 1982;McAdam et al. 1996;Paschel 2010). Some of this work has highlighted decreases in civic and political activity in the United States over the past two decades, particularly among groups on the margins of social, economic, and political life (Cohen and Dawson 1993;Putnam 2000;Skocpol and Fiorina 1999). ...
... Much of the scholarship examining participation has been informed by large-scale studies that identify patterns in voting and electoral politics (Cohen and Dawson 1993;Ekman and Amna 2012;Fraga 2018;Verba et al. 1978), voluntary organization membership (Putnam 2000;Skocpol and Fiorina 1999) and social movements and collective action (Bracey 2016;Goodwin and Jasper 2004;McAdam 1982;McAdam et al. 1996;Paschel 2010). Some of this work has highlighted decreases in civic and political activity in the United States over the past two decades, particularly among groups on the margins of social, economic, and political life (Cohen and Dawson 1993;Putnam 2000;Skocpol and Fiorina 1999). However, these empirical studies of civic participation have yielded contradicting results that only partially address how local environmental factors and personal experience might work together to influence individual civic participation outcomes. ...
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Scholars of civic and political participation have been puzzled by questions of disengagement among socially, economically, and politically marginalized groups. Drawing on 32 in-depth interviews with long-time Black residents of San Francisco’s historic Bayview-Hunters Point neighborhood, this analysis examines the factors that influence the civic participation choices of residents. By employing conceptual tools from previous studies of civic participation, this article demonstrates how local opportunities and constraints influence civic attitudes and behaviors. The narratives offered by residents in this study reveal that civic participation is not a fixed practice but instead a dynamic process of adapting political attitudes and behaviors to evolving environmental conditions. These findings present a micro-level account of the effects of political exclusion and disadvantage on civic engagement practices and hold important implications for our approaches to broadly mobilizing perceivably disengaged populaces.
... Klinenberg, kütüphaneler, parklar, halk merkezleri gibi mekânların sosyal bağları güçlendirdiğini savunur ve bu mekânların insanların etkileşimini sağlayarak sosyal sermayeyi artırdığını belirtir (Klinenberg, 2018). Putnam ise sosyal sermayenin toplumsal etkileşim ve katılım yoluyla nasıl güçlenebileceğini vurgular (Putnam, 2000). Putnam'ın sosyal sermaye kavramı, Klinenberg'in sosyal altyapı tanımının bir genişlemesi olarak görülebilir. ...
... Putnam'ın sosyal sermaye kavramı, Klinenberg'in sosyal altyapı tanımının bir genişlemesi olarak görülebilir. Klinenberg, sosyal altyapının fiziksel ve organizasyonel mekânlar aracılığıyla toplulukları nasıl güçlendirdiğini analiz ederken, Putnam, bu süreçlerin daha geniş bir teorik çerçevede anlaşılmasını sağlar (Klinenberg, 2018;Putnam, 2000). ...
... Sosyal sermaye, Bourdieu'nun tanımına göre bireylerin toplumsal ağlar aracılığıyla elde ettikleri kaynaklar olup, toplumsal ilişkilerin bir ürünüdür (Bourdieu, 1986). Bu ilişkiler mekânsal bağlamda şekillenirken, Putnam, sosyal sermayenin toplumsal etkileşim ve katılım yoluyla güçlendiğini belirtir (Putnam, 2000). Bu bağlamda mekânlar, toplulukların sosyal bağlar kurmasına ve sosyal sermayenin artmasına katkıda bulunur (Putnam, 2000). ...
... Tieteelliset keskustelut huono-ja hyväosaisuudesta kiinnittyvät läheisesti sosiaalisen pääoman käsitteeseen (Putnam 2000;Bourdieu 1986). Robert Putnam (2000) määrittää sosiaalisen pääoman kollektiivisena ja yksilöllisenä resurssina. ...
... Tieteelliset keskustelut huono-ja hyväosaisuudesta kiinnittyvät läheisesti sosiaalisen pääoman käsitteeseen (Putnam 2000;Bourdieu 1986). Robert Putnam (2000) määrittää sosiaalisen pääoman kollektiivisena ja yksilöllisenä resurssina. Kollektiivisella tasolla se synnyttää yhteisön sisällä yhteenkuuluvuutta, turvallisuutta ja solidaarisuutta, joilla on todettu olevan yhteys yksilötasolla koettuun hyvinvointiin. ...
... Vanhempien kasautunut huono-osaisuus, kuten köyhyys, epävakaa työmarkkinatilanne ja sairaudet, voivat johtaa huono-osaisuuden kasautumiseen toisessa sukupolvessa (Erola, . Kyseessä on prosessinomainen inhimillisten taakkojen kasautuminen, johon voi sisältyä taloudellisia, sosiaalisia, terveydellisiä ja kulttuurisia teki-jöitä (Bourdieu 2005;Putnam 2000). Vaikka luokka-asema määrittää olemisen tapaa ja ohjaa käyttäytymisen muotoja (Bourdieu 1995), empiirinen tutkimus on osoittanut huono-osaisuuden eri osa-alueiden välisten yhteyksien olevan monimutkaisempia (Saari 2011). ...
Article
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Artikkelissa tarkastellaan ammatillisten opintojen keskeytymisen riskiin yhteydessä olevia huono-osaisuustekijöitä ja niiden kasautumista. Aineistona on kolmesta ammatillisesta oppilaitoksesta kerätty kysely (n=355), jota analysoitiin ristiintaulukoinnin, χ²-riippumattomuustestin, logistisen regressioanalyysin ja varianssianalyysin avulla. Tulosten mukaan kuusi selittävää tekijää on yhteydessä opintojen keskeytymisen riskiin: ikä, erityisen tuen päätös, kokemus huonosta taloudellisesta tilanteesta, vähintään satunnainen päihteidenkäyttö, kokemus heikosta psyykkisestä terveydestä sekä kokemus vanhempien kiinnostumattomuudesta nuoren opintoja kohtaan. Opintojen keskeytymisen riskiryhmään kuuluvista nuorista 86 prosentilla oli vähintään kolme huono-osaisuustekijää. Keskeytymisen riskiä lisäävät tekijät kuvaavat taloudellisen, sosiaalisen ja terveydellisen huono-osaisuuden ulottuvuuksia. Huono-osaisuuden kasautuminen on merkittävä tekijä syrjäytymisen prosessissa. Asiasanat: ammatilliset opinnot, huono-osaisuus, kasautuminen, nuoret *** The association between the accumulation of disadvantage and the risk of dropping out of vocational educationAnna-Sofia Holappa, Eine Pakarinen & Aini Pehkonen The Finnish Journal of Youth Research(Nuorisotutkimus) Vol 42 (3), 3–19 The article examines the disadvantages associated with the risk of dropping out of vocational education and their accumulation. Data collected from a survey conducted in three vocational institutions (n=355) were analyzed using cross-tabulation, χ² independence tests, logistic regression analysis, and analysis of variance. The results indicate that six factors are associated with the risk of dropping out: age, decision to receive special support, experience of poor financial situation, at least occasional substance use, experience of poor mental health, and experience of parental disinterest in the adolescent’s studies. Of the adolescents identified as being at risk of dropping out, 86% had at least three disadvantage factors. The factors that increase the risk of dropping out reflect the dimensions of economic, social, and health-related disadvantage. The accumulation of disadvantage is a significant factor in the process of social exclusion. Keywords: vocational education, disadvantage, accumulation, adolescent
... For example, it is commonly agreed that a considerable extent of economic inequality in the world can be explained by the lack of mutual confidence and trust. High levels of trust have also been linked to higher economic growth and prosperity (Ahn & Hemmings, 2000;Knack & Keefer, 1997;Putnam, 2000;Temple, 2000), lower crime rates (Buonanno et al., 2009) and better subjective well-being (Boarini, 2012;Helliwell & Wang, 2010). Importantly, social trust is associated with a higher legitimacy of political and social institutions as well as citizens' policy compliance (Jäckle et al., 2023;Marien et al., 2011). ...
... Political theory suggests that social trust stems from social interactions and cooperation (Putnam, 2000). On the other hand, high levels of interpersonal trust are likely to result in higher intensity of social interactions. ...
Chapter
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Loneliness and social and civic behaviours are intertwined in complex ways, and only a limited number of studies have explored these relationships. This chapter explains why loneliness and social isolation not only have implications for the health of the individuals affected (which is the focus of Chap. 4 ) but also can be seen as a threat to the well-being of our societies and to the vitality of our democracies. The chapter illustrates that loneliness and isolation are not just conceptually distinct but are associated with divergent outcomes. We find that behavioural preferences reported by lonely individuals differ widely from those reported by socially isolated individuals for many societal contexts, highlighting that being alone is different from being lonely . Loneliness and social isolation are both correlated with low interpersonal trust and reduced political efficacy (the extent to which a person thinks their voice counts in politics). However, lonely individuals tend to be more inclined to engage in risk-taking behaviours, potentially impacting community safety. Moreover, in contrast to socially isolated individuals, lonely individuals exhibit a greater willingness to donate to good causes and volunteer for charities and non-profit organisations. They also show a more long-term orientation, saying that they prioritise long-term benefits over short-term gains.
... Within social networks, ties are often defined according to their strength, either strong or weak, in terms of emotional closeness. Strong social ties (such as family and close friends) are notable for their solidarity functions, while weak ties (such as neighbors, colleagues, and acquaintances) are notable for informational functions (Coleman, 1988;Granovetter, 1973;Putnam, 2000). Various features of ties and relationships constitute the capital value of the network (Lin, 2001). ...
... Various features of ties and relationships constitute the capital value of the network (Lin, 2001). More homogeneous or stronger relationships indicate the intensity of bonding capital, while weaker relationships involving various social units indicate the intensity of bridging or linking capital (Putnam, 2000;Szreter and Woolcock, 2004). The relationships with various ties shape an individual's social support profile (see Li et al., 2021). ...
Article
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Despite the crucial role that social support relationships play in coping with crises, there is limited knowledge on how social capital-based resources function in compliance with measures during the COVID-19 crisis, given the complex effects created by the conditions of the support relationship. Synthesizing the capital perspective with the protection motivation approach, this study addresses the negative and positive capital effects in the capital-preventive behavior relationship by examining the role of individual and social resource-based factors in the adaptation of profiles based on support relationships. Results revealed five profiles based on social support relationship conditions. In particular, low compliance commitment was seen in the family-intensive profile, where the support relationship was reciprocal and characterized by strong family ties, similar to the profile without a support relationship. The fact that factors based on social resources are common risk factors in profiles with support relationships with more groups implies that these groups may be more open to social capital effects. The results emphasize that factors related to individual or social resources should be taken into account according to capital potential in the management of crises that require collective action.
... Experimental and observational research has identified a variety of factors influencing the chances of groups overcoming collective action dilemmas. Such factors include community wealth, inequality, economic growth, and mean levels of individual institutional and social trust [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] . Especially given that serious problems of environmental degradation (e.g., climate change) can be understood and formalized as collective action dilemmas, we urgently need to better understand what makes the successful resolution of such dilemmas more or less likely. ...
... Given that, we also test whether individuals will transpose their experiences during the iterated TG into beliefs about the wider real world, as found previously by Paxton and Glanville 46 in support of the social learning perspective 7,41,47,48 . More precisely, we propose that experiencing a high-versus low-trust experimental context in an interactive experiment may-at least temporarily-influence people's general optimism about human nature (consistent with one part of Uslaner's theory) and potentially their mood, affect, and/or sense of control. ...
Article
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Trust encourages members of communities to cooperate and provide public goods. However, the literature has yet to fully investigate how high and low trusting communities deal with collective action dilemmas with multiple solutions. The latter may raise the risk of coordination failure. Using a preregistered interactive experiment (N participants/groups = 371/70), we investigated people’s decisions when they have three possible choices in confronting a collective action dilemma: investing in an individual solution, investing in a collective solution, and free-riding. We manipulated the incentives for trusting and trustworthy interactions among community members, and, consistent with our expectations, we found that people in high-trust contexts invest more in collective solutions, compared to people in low-trust contexts. In the latter case, participants opted more for individual solutions, using resources less efficiently. However, we found no difference in the prevalence of free-riding in high- compared to low-trust contexts.
... Shared problem definition helps also to increase trust between the partners to work for the same goal. Following the classical works of Luhmann (1979) and Putnam (2000), personal trust begins from learning familiarity with others, which leads to the predictability of others' behavior but also involves expectations on the integrity, honesty and moral character of the trusted and the balancing of self-interest. ...
... In addition, a cyclical and iterative research process contributes to the familiarity of involved stakeholders which enhances reciprocal relations and trust in general (cf. Luhmann, 1979;Putnam, 2000). ...
Article
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Rapidly increasing knowledge on environmental problems and their potential solutions is underused by policy and practice. This mismatch constitutes a knowledge-action gap. To bridge the gap, the concept of actionable knowledge has been proposed, which is often understood as outputs, data, policy briefs, or other types of products. We instead propose to understand actionable knowledge as a process that has (1) cumulative and stepwise, (2) iterative and cyclical, and (3) coevolutionary characteristics. These characteristics are often considered in isolation or even to be in contradiction with each other. We integrate these three characteristics in an analysis of transdisciplinary project developing a catchment-scale land use roadmap and catchment coordination in the Kiiminkijoki river catchment, northern Finland. Our analysis is based on four general phases in a knowledge co-production process (making sense together, knowledge validation, usable outputs, boundary spanning), which are concretized through nine practical steps. We find that collection, analysis, and usage of the knowledge has been even more important for action than the final output (i.e., the roadmap). Furthermore, the process of actionable knowledge does not end with the project but continues with negotiations to establish a catchment coordinator position. Our major finding is that there is no single point in time during a trans-disciplinary project to bridge the knowledge-action gap but multiple planned and surprising opportunities emerge during the process. Overall, our approach contributes to advance sustainability transformations in catchment management and governance by understanding how transdisciplinary projects can initiate and are a part of evolving knowledge-action processes.
... Our social ties are an invaluable resource that brings us a myriad of benefits. Close strong connections form support networks vital to maintaining our well-being [32], while weak ties open doors to new opportunities and help us build our careers [14,33]. Together, this collection of beneficial connections makes up our social capital [6,23]. ...
... Therefore, we can also use Eq. (32) to compute the pairwise disparity δ d r d ,s d between two one-dimensional groups (r d , s d ) or the total disparity δ d r d of a given onedimensional group r d with respect to the rest as follows: ...
Preprint
Social networks are shaped by complex, intersecting identities that drive our connection preferences. These preferences weave networks where certain groups hold privileged positions, while others become marginalized. While previous research has examined the impact of single-dimensional identities on inequalities of social capital, social disparities accumulate nonlinearly, further harming individuals at the intersection of multiple disadvantaged groups. However, how multidimensional connection preferences affect network dynamics and in what forms they amplify or attenuate inequalities remains unclear. In this work, we systematically analyze the impact of multidimensionality on social capital inequalities through the lens of intersectionality. To this end, we operationalize several notions of intersectional inequality in networks. Using a network model, we reveal how attribute correlation (or consolidation) combined with biased multidimensional preferences lead to the emergence of counterintuitive patterns of inequality that are unobservable in one-dimensional systems. We calibrate the model with real-world high school friendship data and derive analytical closed-form expressions for the predicted inequalities, finding that the model's predictions match the observed data with remarkable accuracy. These findings hold significant implications for addressing social disparities and inform strategies for creating more equitable networks.
... This perspective helps explain how elderly individuals, particularly in urban settings like Tehran, experience isolation when family support and communal activities wane. ( Putnam, R. D. 2000) 2. Financial Difficulties: Using economic theories of aging, such as the life-cycle hypothesis, this study explores how financial insecurity in old age stems from inadequate savings, lack of employment opportunities for seniors, and insufficient social welfare programs. These financial challenges exacerbate the vulnerability of elderly individuals, reducing their ability to participate in social activities, which in turn affects their overall social health (Modigliani, F,1954). ...
... These gender-based vulnerabilities are compounded by the lack of public culture that respects and supports the elderly, leading to increased feelings of isolation and social worthlessness (European Commission, 2022; Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 2020). Additionally, Social Capital Theory (Putnam, 2000) explains how the reduction in social networks and weakening family ties contribute to social isolation, which was a recurring theme among elderly individuals in Tehran. ...
... Social interactions lead to building social capital which is a necessary determinant of socio-economic prosperity. Theorizing about social capital, Robert D Putnam argued that diminished social capital means that the interactions between the majority and disadvantaged minority involve higher transaction costs than similar transactions among people with greater mutual respect and trust (Putnam, 2000). The lack of social cohesion and communal polarization based on religion, gender, and caste create distrust among diverse communities that further leads to ghettoization and enclaved living marked by social identities. ...
... Instead, focus has primarily been on the supply side of help and volunteering: resourceful individuals in terms of status and human capital have again and again been found to do more voluntary work than their counterparts, presumably because resourceful individuals have more to give and are more attractive for voluntary organizations due to their expertise and resources (Forbes and Zampelli 2014;Wilson 2000;Wilson and Musick 1998). Theories of individual level social capital, the number of connections and resources available in one's network, have also been proven to be important for participation (Aldrich 2012;Bertogg and Koos 2021;Niebuur et al. 2018;Putnam 2000). Social networks in research on volunteering have primarily been conceptualized as a network of volunteers and potential volunteers or ties to formal civil society organizations (Dang et al. 2022;Dury et al. 2020). ...
Preprint
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Patterns of volunteering have predominantly been explained by focusing on the supply side of volunteering, where differences in volunteering reflect differences in resources and motivations. In this article, we shift the focus to the demand side of volunteering, and argue that a proper account of differences in volunteering must include differences in demand for help. We develop the concept of demand networks, as the inverse of support networks, and argue that demand networks are important to explain voluntary social work and support. We define demand networks as the demand for support requested through ego's personal network. We propose a model where the amount of demand for help in ego's network influences the likelihood that ego helps. We then turn to explain what factors create differences in amount of demand in personal networks as well as how they mediate and moderate the effect of demand networks. We focus on factors at 1) a structural level concerning the socioeconomic strata of the individual and the organization of the voluntary effort, distinguishing between informal-and formal civil society, and 2) at an institutional level focusing on altruistic values and gendered social roles that may differentiate expectations to care for others and respond to demands for help. We test the resulting associational hypotheses using a cross-sectional population survey inquiring about volunteering during COVID-19 in Denmark. The results support the main hypotheses, indicating the importance of the demand side to adequately explain volunteering.
... These memberships reflect social capital by reinforcing ties within cohesive groups and fostering a sense of solidarity and mutual support among individuals with common identities. Additionally, we consider involvement in recreational and sports groups as part of community engagement and social network building (Putnam 2000). Participation in these activities can enhance trust and reciprocity among individuals, thereby contributing to the overall stock of social capital within a community. ...
Article
Dirty inventions are technologies inherently designed with features that pose significant risks to both human health and the environment. In this study, we focus on a particularly pernicious type of dirty invention within the chemical technological space: persistent organic pollutants (POPs). These chemicals are internationally recognised as among the most toxic and persistent, with properties that render them resistant to natural degradation. For the first time, we construct a comprehensive dataset of POP patents-those patents that incorporate at least one POP in their formulation-filed between 1990 and 2014. We then georeferenced these patents to analyse their distribution at both global and regional scales. Our analysis delves into the regional factors influencing the prevalence of POP inventions. They reveal a pronounced path dependency effect: regions with a more developed knowledge base in technologies relevant to POPs tend to have a higher volume of POP-related patents. However, this effect is mitigated by the presence of strong social capital within these regions.
... In the case of Peru, the widespread apathy and political disengagement among the rural population played a significant role in the rise of the Shining Path. Social apathy refers to a lack of interest or concern for political and social issues, which can lead to passivity in the face of injustice and inequality (Putnam, 2000). In Peru, this apathy was largely a result of historical marginalization and the state's failure to engage the rural population in meaningful political processes. ...
Article
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This article examines the causes of the internal war in Peru during the 1980s, focusing on the interplay between state neglect, economic inequalities, and social apathy. Through a mixed-methods approach, including interviews and statistical analysis, the study identifies key factors that contributed to the rise of the Shining Path insurgency. The findings reveal that the Peruvian state's inability to govern rural areas, combined with deep-seated economic inequalities and widespread political disengagement, created the conditions for the conflict. The study concludes with recommendations for strengthening state presence, addressing economic disparities, and fostering political engagement to prevent future conflicts in similar contexts. These insights contribute to the broader understanding of internal conflicts and the challenges of achieving lasting peace in fragile states.
... In purchasing school district housing, families not only gain access to high-quality educational resources but also form beneficial social networks for their children's development by interacting with other families possessing high cultural and social capital (Horvat et al., 2003). This accumulation of social capital enables families to enhance their children's cultural capital through educational resources and lay a foundation for their future social competitiveness through interpersonal networks (Putnam, 2000). ...
Article
As a dual carrier of educational resources and economic assets, school district housing has become an important tool for family educational investment and social class reproduction. This paper takes Shanghai's X District as an example to explore, from a sociological perspective, the purchasing behaviors of different groups regarding school district housing and their educational investment returns. It reveals the key role of school district housing in the accumulation of cultural and social capital. The study finds that high-income families, the middle class, and the working class in X District exhibit different demand tendencies when purchasing school district housing, reflecting goals of obtaining high-quality educational resources, expanding social capital, and achieving upward social mobility, respectively. The phenomenon of school district housing exacerbates the imbalance in the distribution of educational resources and limits social mobility.
... 4 These values and behaviours are components of social capital. According to Putnam's (2000) definition, social capital constitutes the collective resources, trust, and reciprocity embedded within social networks and communities. People with a migration background may encounter difficulties 4 According to Belgian data from 2021, 23.7% of inactive women of Belgian origin aged 25-45 cite family responsibilities as the reason for not working, compared to 4.9% of Belgian-origin men. ...
Article
Labour markets struggle to be inclusive, while diversity is increasing. This literature review examines labour market challenges faced by first- and second-generation migrants in Belgium. We systematically review articles published between 2010 and 2023 in the Web of Science Core Collection to delineate underlying mechanisms, associated solutions, policy recommendations and literature gaps. The literature reveals that individuals with a migration background generally experience poorer labour market outcomes than natives. These outcomes vary based on specific origin and gender and persist from the first into the second generation. The mechanisms underlying these poorer outcomes are discrimination, individual preferences, and human and social capital differences. Recommendations for employers include implementing standardised hiring procedures and fostering awareness of discrimination among recruiters. On the employee side, investing in human capital, increasing labour market knowledge, and having competencies formally recognised can help to narrow employment gaps. Our review also advocates for policy refinement to combat biases and suggests that alternative pathways to attaining employment, such as self-employment and volunteering, are promising areas for future research.
... Partisipasi ini mencakup berbagai bentuk keterlibatan, mulai dari partisipasi dalam organisasi lokal, kegiatan sukarela, hingga kehadiran dalam pertemuan komunitas dan pemilihan umum. Partisipasi sosial dapat memperkuat modal sosial, yang terdiri dari jaringan, norma, dan kepercayaan yang memfasilitasi koordinasi dan kerja sama untuk keuntungan bersama [8]. Partisipasi memerlukan partisipasi yang kuat dari organisasi publik dan masyarakat lokal [9]. ...
Article
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Pemukiman kumuh menjadi salah satu permasalahan utama yang kini sedang dihadapi oleh banyak kota-kota besar di Indonesia. Kelurahan Kotalama menjadi salah satu permukiman kumuh di Kota Malang yang sampai saat ini permasalahan sampahnya menjadi perhatian banyak orang. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam peningkatan kualitas kawasan permukiman kumuh di Kelurahan Kotalama, Kota Malang. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa partisipasi warga masih tergolong rendah. Upaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas permukiman kumuh telah menunjukkan dampak positif, namun peningkatan partisipasi masyarakat diperlukan untuk keberlanjutan program.
... Adler and Goggin (2005) distinguished between narrower definitions of the term 'civic engagement' that are mostly related to activities carried out in a specific context (e.g. community service, collective action, political involvement, social change) and broader definitions that link civic engagement to the concept of social capital (Putnam, 2000). In highlighting the different dimensions and elements that constitute civic engagement, Adler and Goggin identified a wide range of activities that can be related to the term as falling along a continuum that encompasses formal and collective actions as well as individual and informal activities that can be carried out in the community or in the political sphere (ranging from engaging in political discussion with friends to running for public office). ...
Article
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Civic engagement represents a key aspect of a democratic society and is itself a multidimensional construct. Research has shown that the promotion of civic engagement is an important component of civic and citizenship education intended in a broad sense, pertaining to formal, non-formal and informal learning situations. Within a national scenario characterised by increasing levels of general institutional disaffection and a lack of electoral and political involvement, the recent reform in the area of civic and citizenship education (Law 92/2019) has led to lively debates on the status of its implementation in Italian schools and recent research at the national level has highlighted the lack of activities to promote students’ engagement. This study further investigates the ICCS 2016 findings on civic engagement of Italian students with two objectives: to identify possible groups of Italian eighth-grade students on the basis of their level of civic engagement and to examine the associations among these groups and some key factors reflecting school contexts and students’ attitudes and behaviours. To reach these goals, the data analyses encompassed a latent profile analysis and a logistic regression model. The latent profile analysis allowed the identification of three groups of Italian students: disengaged, moderately engaged and engaged students. The results of the regression model showed that engaged students were characterised by a higher level of citizenship self-efficacy. These findings confirm those of previous research on the key role of internal self-efficacy in promoting students’ civic engagement.
... Lebih jauh lagi, masyarakat yang berhasil menggabungkan kemajuan teknologi dengan nilai-nilai luhur budaya dan etika sering disebut sebagai masyarakat madani (Putnam, 2000). Konsep masyarakat madani ini merujuk pada komunitas yang tidak hanya maju secara teknologi, tetapi juga memiliki struktur sosial yang kuat, berpegang pada prinsip-prinsip demokrasi, dan menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. ...
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Abstrak Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk menumbuhkan kesadaran dan memotivasi diri siswa dalam mengembangkan karakter kepribadian sesuai akhlak Rasulullah, sebagai upaya pencegahan perilaku seks bebas di kalangan remaja. Studi ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kurang maksimalnya akhlak sebagian besar generasi Z dan kesulitan mereka dalam menerapkan nilai-nilai moral dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Metode yang digunakan adalah observasi dan dokumentasi, dengan sasaran penelitian siswa-siswi SMA Negeri 01 Indralaya Utara. Kegiatan dilaksanakan secara tatap muka, menerapkan strategi dan metode pembelajaran akhlak Rasulullah yang disesuaikan dengan konteks zaman sekarang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi pembelajaran akhlak Rasulullah dapat memberikan kontribusi positif dan meningkatkan upaya pencegahan seks bebas di kalangan siswa SMA Negeri 01 Indralaya Utara. Kata Kunci: Akhlak Rasulullah, generasi Z, pencegahan seks bebas, pendidikan karakter, SMA Negeri 01 Indralaya Utara Abstract This community service aims to raise awareness and motivate students to develop character according to the morals of the Prophet, as an effort to prevent promiscuous sexual behavior among teenagers. This study was motivated by the lack of morals of the majority of Generation Z and their difficulties in applying moral values in everyday life. The method used was observation and documentation, with the research target being students of SMA Negeri 01 Indralaya Utara. Activities are carried out face to face, applying strategies and methods for learning the Prophet's morals which are adapted to the current context. The results of the research show that the implementation of learning the Prophet's morals can make a positive contribution and increase efforts to prevent free sex among students at SMA Negeri 01 Indralaya Utara.
... Additionally, policy should be made about the neighbouring community regarding the frequency of organizing communal activities. Interactive activities can deepen bonds between neighbours and form a more supportive community rather than isolated individual residents (Putnam, 2000;Rios, 2015). Lastly, the de-stigmatization of mental illness concerns the prevention and intervention of depression, which is significant for fixing the problem of unprecedented rates of anxiety and depression. ...
Article
While the past few decades have witnessed modernization, they have also seen an epidemic of depression and anxiety among young people. From the sociocultural perspective, the reasons include a change in social values from singular values to pluralism and a shift in social culture from collectivism to individualism, so young people’s self-identity is threatened, and they tend to see others as competitors rather than teammates. Besides, social stigma and disdain for mental illness exacerbate mental problems among young people. This paper suggests that developing quality education, strengthening interpersonal relationships, and de-stigmatizing mental illness may be the solution.
... For example, Nicholson and Cleland (2017) explained how their reading of original works led them to choose one theory over another when considering the nuances of social capital. Although Bourdieu's (1986) theory of social capital had been previously applied to their topic of interest (widening access to medicine/increasing the diversity of medical students), their in-depth knowledge of Bourdieu's emphasis on the embodied nature of capital, with its subjugation of personal agency, drew them instead to using Granovetter's (1973Granovetter's ( , 1983) and Putnam's (2000) concepts of social capital. These latter theories were more suitable to their research question and enabled them to consider how best to facilitate students accessing the information and resources they value, and need. ...
Article
This column is intended to address the kinds of knotty problems and dilemmas with which many scholars grapple in studying health professions education. In this article, we address the dilemma of engaging with foundational works versus depending on summary articles. We argue that an over-dependence on secondary sources can lead to prejudices and unquestioned assumptions, and limit the constructive development of our field. We urge health professions education scholars to honour the original literature not just for their own learning and understanding, but so that the field can move forward in developing theory and methodology.
... 12) distinguish between different political institutional configurations and how these affect varieties of social capital, and discuss how the fairness, universalism, and power-sharing capabilities of institutions counteract rising inequalities, thereby guaranteeing social cohesion through the consolidation of social capital. Putnam (2000) suggested that volunteerism is critical to community building and a well-functioning modern society. It is also a critical source of social capital because it offers an exclusive context through which volunteers can create and expand their social relations and accompanying assets. ...
... Model konseptual penelitian ini dijelaskan menggunakan simbol-simbol variabel seperti network intensity, business success, dan social capital, yang masing-masing diinterpretasikan dalam kalimat untuk memudahkan pemahaman keterkaitan antarfaktor (Putnam, 2000). ...
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This study presents a systematic literature review (SLR) to explore the role of social networks in entrepreneurship within the context of Banjarmasin. The research investigates how social connections affect business success, focusing on the influence of networking in developing sustainable ventures. By analyzing peer-reviewed articles published over the last decade, the study identifies key themes, including community support, collaboration, network strength, and access to resources, which act as significant drivers for business growth. Both formal and informal networks are found to play essential roles in enhancing entrepreneurial outcomes. The findings suggest that optimizing these social networks is crucial for achieving sustainable business development. This study offers practical insights for entrepreneurs and policymakers, aiming to provide strategies that leverage local social capital for improved business performance in Banjarmasin.
... Algunos autores identifican en Chile, cómo "las iglesias y organizaciones religiosas también han generado instancias de promoción de la inclusión" (Vásquez & Ferreiro 2022:406), lo que vislumbra una conciencia diaspórica y un actuar transnacional que acumula un capital simbólico y religioso (Bourdieu 2007) que se traslada "en el equipaje" (Sandoval 2019:14) y puede devenir en la base de un mayor capital social y la construcción de una ciudadanía creyente (Putnam 2000). La religión implica formas de comprender, organizar y actuar en nuevos países, reflejando socializaciones previas y adaptaciones al lugar, tratando de crear buenos comportamientos para una mejor sociedad, lo que implica derechos y obligaciones más allá de su situación legal (Levitt 2008). ...
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Resumen: Por medio del enfoque de redes sociales se exponen las prácticas de soporte sociocultural y económico de las iglesias evangélicas haitianas en Santiago de Chile. Dadas las complejidades propias de la sociedad chilena (contexto de crisis política, sanitaria y económica), así como las particularidades de la cultura haitiana, estas redes se configuran como nodos de acogida, recreación y transformación social de una minoría étnico-nacional. La diáspora haitiana enfrenta una serie de barreras para lograr mejores niveles de ciudadanía, derechos y reconocimiento, procurando superarlas a través de mediadores (pastores y profesionales) que actúan como vínculos con otras entidades religiosas y extra-religiosas, que permiten una incorporación al entorno hostil, de manera que acompañan y “suavizan” su estancia en una diversa sociedad chilena. Por medio de etnografías y entrevistas a profundidad, realizadas en la pre-pandemia (2018-2019) y pos-pandemia (2022-2023), buscamos entender el funcionamiento de estas redes desde las iglesias evangélicas.
... An additional conceptualisation of social capital focuses on differentiating between participation, trust, and cohesion that is built between networks of individuals or groups based on a shared identity, such as ethnicity, known as "bonding" social capital, or whether it links different individuals or groups, called "bridging" social capital (Putnam, 2000;Woolcock and Narayan, 2000). Most studies in the field of migrant mental health focus on the coethnic ties that characterize bonding social capital (De Silva et al., 2005;Tegegne, 2016), though there is mounting evidence that the cross-ethnic ties that characterize bridging social capital are important for psychological adjustment to migrants' new social environment (Marinucci and Riva, 2021;Repke and Benet-Martínez, 2018;Roblain et al., 2017). ...
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Introduction Aspects of social capital, including social participation and social support, are among the factors influencing refugee mental health after resettlement. However, the mechanisms by which these aspects interact with one another and affect mental health remain unclear. This study investigates whether social participation influences depressive symptoms via social support and whether this influence is more prominent for Syrian refugees participating primarily in coethnic (bonding) networks compared to cross-ethnic (bridging) networks during the early stages of resettlement. Methods Using data from a cohort of 464 Syrian refugees recently resettled in Sweden, a moderated mediation analysis was conducted with multigroup structural equation modelling to investigate the mediatory role of social support in the association between social participation and depressive symptoms as well as the moderating role of bonding networks (social participation with other Syrians) versus bridging networks (social participation with Swedes) in this relationship. Results Frequent social participation, compared to rare or no participation, was significantly associated with lower depressive symptoms, regardless of whether participation included a broad or limited range of activities. Social support only mediated this relationship for those with primarily bonding networks, indicating that the mediation itself was moderated by network type. While participating in both bridging and bonding networks was associated with lower depressive symptoms, bonding networks amplified the effect of social participation on depressive symptoms via increased social support, resulting in an overall twofold decrease in depressive symptoms compared to those with bridging networks. Discussion These findings indicate that the frequency of social participation may be a more important consideration for fostering mental well-being in recently resettled refugees than the specific types of activities. Furthermore, while both bonding and bridging social networks confer mental health benefits, access to coethnic networks in early resettlement appears to provide a particularly crucial source of social support.
... The term network is used in a variety of fields from computer science to sociology, and commonly refers to groups or systems of interconnected entities (such as persons or organizations). Several key features are typically associated with networks, including social interactions, relationships, interconnectedness, collaboration, a focus on a common problem, and a shared interest or desire for change (Bryson et al., 2006;Coleman, 1998;Plastrik et al., 2014;Popp, et al., 2014;Putnam, 2000;Weber & Khademian, 2008;Wenger et al., 2002). We are especially interested in "generative social impact networks" (which include networks with educational goals) that focus on solving complex social problems and advancing change in service to the social good (Plastrik, et al., 2014). ...
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Organization Change Networks (OCNs) are increasing in use as a lever for fostering systemic change in higher education. OCNs are inter-organizational networks composed of institutional members that seek to advance targeted goals such as improving STEM education. This study presents findings from a six-year study of six STEM education-focused networks. Using extensive qualitative date, the results suggest that OCNs experience a four-stage life cycle (including Formation, Development and Growth, Maturity, and Transformation or Sunsetting), as well as manage a set of critical considerations (i.e., purpose; leadership; membership; and funding) that weave throughout the life cycles but manifest differently across stages. Offering a framework that situates OCNS in relationship to other kinds of networks in higher education, the article contributes to emerging conceptual understanding of OCNs as unique collaborative forms designed to advance significant change goals. Additionally, the findings provide ideas for higher education leaders considering institutional membership in OCNs, policy makers considering supporting them, and current and potential leaders of OCNs pertaining to navigating network developmental stages and addressing such considerations as leadership pipelines, scaling network size, and institutionalizing network processes. Finally, the article highlights further questions that should be examined about OCNS, such as how they impact their member institutions and interact with other organizations in the broader context in which universities and colleges are situated.
... The questionnaire consisted of eight sections. The first section comprised seven items related to social capital, which were developed based on the studies by Gittell and Vidal (1998), Putnam (2000), and Gilchrist (2019). Social capital was measured in terms of bonding social capital, bridging social capital, and linking social capital. ...
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The aging of the population and low birth rates are two major social issues worldwide and are particularly prominent in Taiwan. Co-housing, which has been implemented in Europe, the USA, and Japan for several years, is often regarded as a solution for housing elderly groups. This study integrated the theory of planned behavior with three variables—social capital, the sharing economy, and mutual support—to explore the co-housing intentions of elderly groups. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The questionnaire survey method was employed for data collection, and 335 responses were recovered. The empirical results indicated that social capital and the sharing economy indirectly and significantly affect co-housing intentions, with attitudes serving as a mediator variable. Furthermore, perceived behavioral control had a significant positive effect on co-housing intentions. The results imply that social capital and the sharing economy are important determinants in the decisions of elderly groups regarding whether to co-live with younger generations.
... Heinisch et al., 2021;Taggart, 2017), but can also entail socio-economic definitions of "the people" (Tsatsanis et al., 2018). Akin to Putnam's idea of bonding social capital restricted to homogenous groups (Putnam, 2000), which van Staveren and Knorringa (2007) have also defined as ascribed trust, as a political community, "the people" are the ultimate sovereign, which leads us to stipulate that: H2: The higher citizens' trust in "the people," the more likely they are to favor citizens as initiators of referendums. They are also more likely to favor binding referendums and less likely to favor limits on their scope. ...
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Populism is commonly understood as a response to frustrations with the functioning of modern democracy, while the use of direct democratic mechanisms has been hailed as a remedy for the ailing of representative democracies. Indeed, populism’s emphasis on direct citizen participation in decision-making is tightly linked to its distrust of representative institutions and the political elite as the cornerstone of mediated representation. Trust, however, matters for any functioning democratic institutional arrangement, and we contend that its role warrants more attention when considering the viability of alternative modes of decision-making such as referendums, particularly in the nexus of populism–democracy. Using original public opinion surveys implemented in Argentina, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, we distinguish among different objects of trust—elites, institutions, “the people,” or the society at large. We also explore citizens’ levels of trust in these objects and their association with institutional designs of direct democracy. Our results offer preliminary insights into the importance of horizontal and vertical trust relationships in shaping procedural preferences for different configurations of direct democracy.
... Based on Social Capital Theory, the SAF's impact on community peace and safety can be realized. According to Social Capital Theory, networks, norms, and trust facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit (Putnam, 2000). The SAF's initiatives, including infrastructure projects and medical missions, contribute to developing robust networks and cultivating trust within the community. ...
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The ever-changing demographics of society, the rise in terrorism and its complexity, as well as agitations, violent protests, a variety of political activities, left-wing terrorism, insurgency, and militancy, as well as the enforcement of economic and social laws, have all contributed to the difficulty of achieving the peaceful society that we all desire. This study explored the lived experiences of Philippine National Police-Special Action Force (PNP-SAF) Commandos in Negros Island, Philippines through a qualitative research method. The participants of this study were the selected ten (10) PNP-SAF commandos. Four (4) participants were subjected to individual in-depth interviews, while the other six (6) participants were subjected to a focus group discussion. The findings of this study are described in emergent themes. Six (6) emergent themes described the positive and negative experiences of the participants in the implementation of counterterrorism programs. For the positive experiences, three (3) emergent themes were developed, namely: Personal Satisfaction and Job Fulfillment, Recognition from the Community, and Influence on Community Peace and Order. For the negative experiences, three (3) emergent themes were also developed, namely: Financial Constraints and Limited Resources, Familial Longings while on Mission, and Infiltration in Hotspot Areas. Meanwhile, two (2) emergent themes were formulated to explain how the participants address the challenges encountered in the implementation of counterterrorism programs, namely Coordination and Collaboration with Other Agencies and Community Engagement and Trust-Building Programs. Finally, two (2) emergent themes were created to express the aspirations of the participants to improve the implementation of counterterrorism programs, namely Continuous Training and Skills Development and Adequate Financial and Logistical Support. Based on the emergent themes identified, it is recommended that the PNP-SAF commandos be exposed to continuous training and ongoing collaboration between agencies and partners to ensure an efficient response to counterterrorism and counterinsurgency incidents. By allocating an appropriate budget and implementing the requisite enhancement training and programs, the SAF commandos may be able to increase their effectiveness in implementing these initiatives.
... It also enables a better understanding of local needs, challenges, and priorities, facilitating the design of context-specific interventions (Gupta and Vegelin 2016). Additionally, community involvement enhances social capital by strengthening social networks, trust, and cooperation, enabling collective action and collaborative problem-solving (Putnam 2000;Pretty and Ward 2001). In the context of LED, community involvement integrates local perspectives, knowledge, and resources to drive inclusive and sustainable economic development (Woolcock 1998). ...
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This article analyses China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of 2013–2023, which serves as its economic diplomacy tool in the 21st century. The BRI reflects China’s soft power, which targets redefining the international eco nomic order to serve its interests both economically and strategically. This article aims to identify the core motivations behind China’s BRI, its impact, challenges, and policy implications. To explain the rationale behind the BRI’s emergence, the article uses the Hegemonic Stability and Neoliberal theories as an analytical framework. The content analysis method was used, and data was obtained from secondary sources. The analysis shows that the BRI is a manifestation of China’s global aspirations and strategic maneuvers. The initiative serves as a geopolitical tool to increase China’s global influence while enhancing economic cooperation. The BRI has led to both positive and negative outcomes. This article predicts that the Glob
... Social Capital Theory coincides with the emergent theme, which proposes that cooperation and coordination for mutual benefit are facilitated by social networks, relationships, and trust (Putnam, 2000). The value of social capital is derived from the networks of relationships between individuals and organizations. ...
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Fire occurrences have significantly risen in recent years. These fires endanger lives, cause economic damage, and harm the environment. Uncontrolled fires are a major reason for building collapses and injuries. Building fires cause trauma due to the loss of belongings and the building itself. Existing fire safety systems are failing due to unaddressed factors causing building fires (Rathnayake et al., 2020). This study explored the experiences of the station chiefs of the Bureau of Fire Protection in Iloilo Province, Philippines, through a qualitative research method. The participants of this study were the selected ten (10) BFP station chiefs. All participants were subjected to an individual in-depth interview. The findings of this study are described in emergent themes. Six (6) emergent themes described the positive and negative experiences of the informants in the performance of their duties. For the positive experiences, two (2) emergent themes were developed, namely Personal Satisfaction Through Job Fulfillment and Workplace Camaraderie and Support. For the negative experiences, four (4) emergent themes were also developed, namely: Inadequate Resources and Financial Challenges, Complexity of Leadership and Personnel Management, Bombarded with Public Dissatisfaction, and Operational Delays and Equipment Failures. Meanwhile, three (3) emergent themes were formulated to explain how the participants address the challenges encountered in the performance of their duties, namely: Empowering Collaboration and Support Networks, Bolstering Preventive Measures and Education, and Embodying Resilience and Adaptability. Finally, three (3) emergent themes were created to express the aspirations of participants to improve the quality of their services, namely Continuous Training and Professional Development, Adequate Fiscal Allocation and Service Facilities, and Improvement of Personnel and Staffing Issues. Based on the emergent themes identified, it is recommended that the fire station chiefs be enhanced by providing them with specialized training and career development programs. This can be accomplished by the successful integration of the latest firefighting technologies in the specialized training to enhance the response effectiveness of their station.
... Young people are also sometimes described as uninterested in politics: some studies report that they are reluctant to vote or participate in 'civic culture' ( [61][62][63]). Some academics suggest that such a lack of commitment to democratic values threatens democracies, in a process described by Foa and Mounk as 'democratic deconsolidation': in some parts of Europe where young people are exposed to discrimination, 'apathy has become active antipathy' [63] (p. ...
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This study analyses the way young Europeans, aged between 10 and 20, construct their sense of identity with geo-political entities such as the nation, the state and the European Union; how these are expressed; and how young people manage the potential multiplicity of identities. It re-analyses earlier data, some 224 transcripts of young Europeans discussing their identities and sense of attachment to the geo-political entities of the state and the nation. This study looks specifically at how they discuss affiliations to a country or nation and does so within the historical context of the development of European nations in the 19th and 20th centuries and the ‘strict definition’ of nationality, as based on either birthplace or parentage. The young people’s discussions identify a wide range of reasons for attachment (or not) to one or more states: these include parentage, birthplace, passports, culture, language, residence, etc., many of which are incompatible with each other. Their response to this is often to profess multiple identities, switching to use that is most appropriate to a particular context or contingency. How does this behaviour meet the various models of identity formation, such as the psychosocial, the socio-cultural, and the poststructuralist? These young people also offer a range of qualities or values that they expect a state to uphold and deliver and are sometimes critical of states’ behaviour in this area. The combination of these attributes and qualities leads to a range of attitudes towards a polity or polities, ranging from acceptance of their status to indifference. The explanations suggested in this paper are that globalisation and migration have led to the realisation that the ‘strict definitions’ of nationality are no longer appropriate, and there are new potential attributes for identity, and secondly, that the development of supranational codification and the implementation of human rights are weakening the sovereignty of states. Together, these two factors reduce the perception of the requirement to develop a single overriding national identity. This combination of multiple identities and recognising the importance of human rights values is most commonly found amongst young people who have grown up in multicultural societies, often urban, and the corollary of this is that combination is least likely to be found among the older population in more rural, monocultural settlements.
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The paper analyzes the impact of social capital on the saving behavior of members of financial cooperatives in the Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Explanatory and mixed research methods were employed using a cross-sectional study of 348 stratified and randomly selected financial cooperative members. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and personal interviews. The data was further analyzed using Probit regression and multiple linear regression models. Three types of social capital dimensions:cognitive, relational, and structuralwere operationalized and measured in terms of members' understanding of shared mission and goals, cooperation, and trust. The results revealed strong evidence that the dimensions of social capital affect the amount of savings and the decision to save voluntarily in a way that yields a return. Our findings suggest that structural and relational social capital, particularly through formal networks, effectively increase both the amount saved and the decision to save. However, the lack of cognitive social capital does not encourage saving behavior. Therefore, it is essential to strengthen the dimensions of trustworthiness, cooperation, and understanding of the shared mission and goals within financial cooperatives. This can be achieved through efficient service delivery, financial workshops, and training programs to guide members toward suitable saving instruments
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This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) analysis of the church and governance in the Nigerian context. The study anchored on religious influence theory. The study employed a qualitative research method, in-depth interviews were chosen as the primary data collection technique, enabling a detailed exploration of clergymen's views on the Church's role in governance and civic engagement. The study selected six (6) clergymen: the selection of six clergymen was based on purposive sampling techniques, which involved deliberately choosing individuals who possess specific characteristics relevant to the research objectives. Data analysis was conducted using a thematic method, which involved identifying, analysing, and reporting patterns (themes) within the interview data. The findings revealed that the extent of knowledge among church members in Nigeria regarding their civic rights and responsibilities is varied, with many urban churchgoers aware of their basic rights, such as voting and freedom of speech, often due to media exposure and church-led civic engagement programs. However, in rural or less educated communities, awareness is limited due to low literacy levels, limited access to information, and a focus on spiritual rather than civic matters. While some church members understand their rights, fewer grasp the importance of fulfilling civic responsibilities like paying taxes and holding officials accountable, often resulting in passive citizenship. The study concluded that the level of knowledge about civic rights and responsibilities among church members in Nigeria is heavily influenced by the church's engagement with civic issues, with more awareness in urban, educated congregations and less in rural, less informed communities, highlighting the critical role of religious leaders in shaping civic consciousness. The study recommended that Churches should integrate civic education into their teachings and encourage active participation in governance to foster a more informed and responsible citizenry.
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Neighbourhood outcomes of migration have drawn considerable scholarly attention. Previous studies consider neighbourhood trust an indicator of social integration or social resources, revealing inconclusive findings regarding the effects of migration. Unlike previous studies, we view neighbourhood trust as a lifestyle feature. Combining urbanism theory and a typology of trust, we argue that migration causes a reduction in migrants’ neighbourhood trust through the assimilation of the urbanism lifestyle. We provide nationwide empirical evidence of the causal relationship between migration and neighbourhood trust and reveal the underlying mechanism. Our study identifies this relationship in urban China by applying a difference-in-differences empirical strategy and using the China Family Panel Survey. The results show that migration lowers neighbourhood trust levels by 0.473 from a sample mean of 6.692. We find that the declining effect is greater for rural–urban migrants than for within-urban migrants, and it is greater for rural–urban migrants who acquire urban hukou than for those who do not. We also show that rural–urban migration leads to an increase in trust in strangers. Together, these results support our hypothesis that the assimilation of the urbanism lifestyle is a critical mechanism through which migration undermines neighbourhood trust.
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Social trust is vital for immigrant societies with diverse backgrounds, as it bridges differences, fosters mutual understanding, and facilitates collective actions. While most studies on the relationship between religion and social trust focus on North America and Europe, little is known about this dynamic in New Zealand. This paper examines Chinese New Zealander Christians to explore how religion fosters social trust. The findings were derived from an interpretive analysis of 47 Chinese New Zealander Christians from mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Most interviewees exhibited low general trust in strangers because of the complex and untrustworthy post-pandemic social environment. Believing in Christianity did not mitigate this negative impact. Interviewees’ particular trust in fellow congregators varied. Social network theory offers a plausible explanation for this phenomenon. Most interviewees cultivated trust in fellow congregators through frequent informal interactions outside churches. Regular face-to-face religious activities and a shared religious identity had little impact on forming particular trust in other Christians. Furthermore, Chinese Christians were internally divided based on their homelands and dialects, hindering them from constructing a shared identity. The findings enhance our understanding of how religion affects social trust among ethnic minority immigrants and their identity construction within religious communities.
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This study aims to provide empirical evidence supporting the perception of people with disabilities as givers and to explore their giving behaviors. Utilizing data from 2019 Social Survey by Statistics Korea, the study combined resource theory and selective optimization with compensation (SOC) theory to compare monetary donations and volunteer behaviors between people with disabilities and people without disabilities while identifying factors that influence giving behavior among people with disabilities. The study findings revealed that people with disabilities participate in giving behaviors despite resource scarcity, and disability had no significant effect on volunteer hours. Social and cultural resources were significant factors that influenced the amount of donations and hours of volunteering among people with disabilities. In addition, a mutual spillover effect was observed between donation amounts and volunteer hours. Such findings highlight the importance of lowering the barriers and connecting people with disabilities to giving behaviors.
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The final chapter describes programming that addresses intimate partner violence, either directly or indirectly, in low-income, tight-knit communities around the world. The initiatives described here drive the recommendations for future programming in these settings. The recommendations include (1) to empower and invest in women and girls through training and financing; (2) to educate men and boys, community leaders, and frontline workers to change the response to intimate partner violence; (3) to build collaborative, victim-centered, trauma-informed support services for survivors; (4) to use digital technology and social media to the extent possible for connection with other survivors, communication with support services, and educational programming about intimate partner violence. The chapter ends with a call for more research on violence against women in remote areas and support for community-based responses to intimate partner violence.
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This chapter provides the theoretical and practical backdrop for the challenges of responding to intimate partner violence in low-income countries, particularly in communities where anonymity is low, and identity or emotional support is inextricably connected to family and friends. Relevant literature on intimate partner violence, the role of community, criminal justice, and feminist initiatives are reviewed. The limitations of formal responses to intimate partner violence in these settings, such as rural areas, small islands, and tribal communities, are discussed as well.
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Vienna faces a ‘twofold housing and refugee crisis’ amid ongoing migration to Europe. As housing options become increasingly limited, refugees, migrants, and asylum seekers often struggle to find adequate housing, spending a disproportionate share of their income on substandard options. This research highlights progressive trends in Vienna’s refugee housing sector, particularly following the 2009 introduction of ‘Social Sustainability’ in building competitions by the City Council. This initiative has fostered several collaborative housing communities that support inclusive living. By analyzing four of these projects, the study identifies key factors that facilitate newcomers' social and spatial integration. Ultimately, the paper aims to advocate for newcomers’ right to quality housing, emphasizing the everyday and long-term challenges faced by inclusive communities striving for conviviality in a state of thrown togetherness.
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Given names hide crucial information about cultural attitudes and beliefs that sheds light on how parents raised their children and the importance they attached to education and other values. Relying on the 1860 Population census for the province of Zaragoza (Spain; almost 400,000 observations), this article shows that naming practices, captured by whether children bear more or less common names and/or were named after their parents, help predicting their educational outcomes, even after controlling for a host of individual-, household-and community-level confounders. Crucially, these results differ by sex, birth-order, socioeconomic status and the urban-rural divide, which allows identifying the mechanisms in place. In particular, bearing a common name is negatively associated with the likelihood of girls attending school and being literate in rural areas. By contrast, being named after parents had a positive influence on boys' education, a pattern that is especially visible for the eldest son from families who have access to land. In addition, the results reported here are stronger in more complex household arrangements. These results therefore stress the role played by inheritance customs and the continuity of the family line on both naming practices and the way that parents allocated resources between their siblings, as well as highlighting the different expectations around the role that sons and daughters played in these societies.
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An important aim of civic and citizenship education is to prepare young people so that they can engage with civic institutions and issues and become actively involved as citizens in adult life. The International Civic and Citizenship Education Study 2022 investigates aspects of civic engagement and factors that are related to that engagement. It focuses on students’ beliefs about their capacities to engage, their civic participation in and out of school, involvement in discussions with parents and friends about civic issues, engagement through digital media, and their expected future civic and political participation. Students’ beliefs in their ability to engage, as well as their willingness to participate in civic activities at school and discussion of civic issues with others, had consistent positive associations with their interest in social issues but there were no strong relationships with civic knowledge or socioeconomic background. Students’ expected participation in activities to protect the environment and their expected electoral participation were positively associated with civic knowledge. Students’ expected active political participation was positively associated with civic interest but negatively associated with civic knowledge and found to be slightly lower among female students. Student expectations to participate in illegal protest activities had a negative relationship with civic knowledge and was lower among female students.
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This study examines the connection between social capital and the perceived health status for the Chinese public. Extending from previous research that uses unrepresentative samples, the current project analyzes nationally representative samples of approximately 60,000 respondents. The data are drawn from six waves of the Chinese General Social Survey conducted in 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2018, respectively. The multilevel regression approach is used for statistical estimation. Findings show a consistent pattern that social capital, encompassing social network and generalized trust, is positively related to one’s perceived health status across these years. In addition, the moderating impact of personal capital on the link between social capital and perceived health status is identified. Social capital has a greater health impact on those with lower personal capital than those with higher personal capital. This study complements current literature and has implications for public health policies.
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Considerando los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de la Agenda 2030, en concreto, el objetivo cuatro, garantizar una educación inclusiva, equitativa y de calidad y promover oportunidades de aprendizaje durante toda la vida para todos, es un hecho que desafía a los sistemas educativos a trabajar desde el profesionalismo colaborativo (Hargreaves y O ́Connor, 2018) entre: profesores, familias, comunidades y estudiantes. Esta colaboración es esencial para garantizar una educación equitativa y de calidad que contribuya al desarrollo sostenible. Del mismo modo, Organismos Internacionales como UNESCO, en 2021, aludió la necesidad de nuevas escuelas y nuevas exigencias a los gobiernos con fines de dinamizar y unificar comunidades de individuos con conocimientos compartidos y compromisos hacía mejorar la calidad y equidad de la educación (de La Hoz- Ruíz, et al., 2024). Para dichos fines, es preciso acciones de liderazgo que promuevan el trabajo en comunidad, el apoyo y la confianza como valores principales de las relaciones profesionales y un fuerte capital social. Al hilo de lo expuesto y según Romanowski (2022), el capital social contribuye a la reducción de la pobreza, repercute positivamente en las escuelas y favorece los resultados escolares. A la vez, invoca redes de colaboración, comunicación y un liderazgo compartido desde posiciones centrales (Rincón, 2019). Con estas premisas, es preciso detenerse en el capital social cuyo origen se remite a finales de los años 80 con las teorías de los sociólogos Bourdieu (1986) y Colemann (1988). El capital social se compone de: redes, confianza, normas y sanciones (Halpern, 2005; Scott, 2000; Putnam, 1995). Así como, ejerce tres funciones a partir de sus características y vínculos: bonding, bridging y linking (Halpern, 2005; Putman, 2000; Woolcock, 2001). Es evidente que una red es el componente principal para el desarrollo del capital social. Por tanto, es oportuno dejar claro que una red es el conjunto de actores (personas, equipos, organizaciones, etc.,), los cuales están conectados por determinados vínculos (Daly, 2010). El análisis de estas redes permite explorar diferentes aspectos, en relación a la colaboración profesional, el tipo de liderazgo, la construcción de redes comunitarias y formaciones para mejorar el desarrollo profesional, etc.,
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whether we necessarily need more cooperation, keeping, for the moment, the distinction between cooperation and trust blurred and their relationship implicit. According to the trite observation - Adam Smith wrote - if there is any society among robbers and murderers, they must at least abstain from robbing and murdering one another (Smith [1759] 1976: 86; see also Saint Augustine in Dunn, this volume). This trite observation serves a double purpose: it reminds us that basic forms of cooperation...
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This study examines the amount of time dual-earner couples spend together by analyzing time diaries (N = 177) from the 1981 Study of Time Use. We find that time together is substantially reduced by the number of hours couples work (combined) and how they schedule these hours. Sociocultural and life-cycle factors appear to have very limited net effects on time spent together. There is a theoretically predictable relationship between marital quality and time couples spend together: the more time together in certain activities, the more satisfactory the marriage. As the number of dual-earner families increases, more spouses may be less able to sustain each other emotionally.