No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Effect of the Inonotus Obliquus Polysaccharides on Blood Lipid Metabolism and Oxidative Stress of Rats Fed High-Fat Diet In Vivo
Abstract
Inonotus Obliquus is a medicinal mushroom that is widely used in folk medicine in Russia, North Europe and China. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hypolipidemic capacities of Inonotus Obliquus polysaccharides(IOP). In vivo, the hyperlipidemic rats, induced by high-fat diet, were provided 100, 200, 500 mg/kg day of IOP for 8 weeks to evaluate their expected hypolipidemic activity. The results showed that Compared with MG, The administration of lOP did not show any effect on the body weight of the experimental rats, but significantly decreased the levels of LDL-C, TC, TG in serum, increased the activities of SOD and GSH-Px(P
... Diao et al. (2014) reported that crude polysaccharides from I. obliquus could ameliorate the diabetic symptoms induced by streptozotocin. Liang et al. (2009) reported that I. obliquus polysaccharides showed great antioxidant and hypolipidemic capacities in hyperlipidemic rats. The hot water extractions of I. obliquus were also reported to be beneficial in preventing obesity and related metabolic abnormalities in C57BL/6J mice (Soh et al., 2008). ...
... C. Wang et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology xxx (2017) Currently, numerous studies have proved that polysaccharides exhibit anti-diabetic activity both in vitro and in vivo (Wu et al., 2016). Several studies have reported the anti-diabetic potential of polysaccharides from I. obliquus (Diao et al., 2014;Liang et al., 2009;Soh et al., 2008). Trivalent chromium, one of the most common elements, is an essential nutrient with very low toxicity. ...
... 7 Some studies have illustrated that crude polysaccharides from I. obliquus ameliorate diabetic symptoms and that they show great antioxidant and hypolipidemic capacities. 8,9 A triterpene called inotodiol has antiproliferative properties, demonstrated in vitro with human lung adenocarcinoma (A549), cancer-derived, and HeLa cells. 10 Genome sequencing has become more rapid and more practical, but genome sequences alone are insufficient to explain biological characteristics. ...
Inonotus obliquus is a rare, edible and medicinal fungus that is widely used as a remedy for various diseases. Its main bioactive substances are polysaccharides and terpenoids. In this study, we characterized and investigated the pan-genome of three strains of I. obliquus. The genome sizes of JL01, HE, and NBRC8681 were 32.04, 29.04, and 31.78 Mb, respectively. There were 6 543 core gene families and 6 197 accessory gene families among the three strains, with 14 polysaccharide-related core gene families and seven accessory gene families. For terpenoids, there were 13 core gene families and 17 accessory gene families. Pan-genome sequencing of I. obliquus has improved our understanding of biological characteristics related to the biosynthesis of polysaccharides and terpenoids at the molecular level, which in turn will enable us to increase the production of polysaccharides and terpenoids by this mushroom.
... IO possesses various pharmacological and biological properties, including antitumor, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities (19). It was previously reported that IO inhibited lipid peroxidation in hyperlipidemic rats (20). In the present study, IOE exerted cardioprotective effects by attenuating oxidative damage and suppressing ER stress-induced apoptosis. ...
Inonotus obliquus (IO) is an edible fungus that exerts various biological functions, including anti‑inflammatory, antitumor and immunomodulatory effects. The present study was designed to investigate the role of IO extract (IOE) in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) and determine the exact molecular mechanisms. The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated to establish the MI/R injury model in rats. IOE exhibited a novel cardioprotective effect, as shown by improvement in cardiac function and decrease in infarct size. Pretreatment with IOE activated antioxidant enzymes in cardiomyocytes, including glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. IOE pretreatment also induced the upregulation of NAD‑dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin‑1 (SIRT1) and downregulation of glucose‑regulated protein 78, phosphorylated (p‑) protein kinase R‑like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, p‑eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit α, C/EBP homologous protein and caspase‑12. Furthermore, IOE alleviated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‑induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes by decreasing the mRNA levels of caspase‑12. IOE inhibited apoptosis induced by overexpression of pro‑caspase‑9 and pro‑caspase‑3. In summary, IOE pretreatment protects the heart against MI/R injury through attenuating oxidative damage and suppressing ER stress‑induced apoptosis, which may be primarily due to SIRT1 activation.
Currently, research on natural products is facing challenging future in various aspects. A large group of natural polysaccharides such as β-glucan, cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin, pectin, agaropectin, heteroglycans, lignins, hydrocolloids, homopolysaccharides, heteropolysaccharides were studied extensively for their various therapeutical potential. Several research works have already demonstrated those polysaccharides has tremendous health benefits, and found to exhibit anticancer, antiviral, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant and antitumor activities. Different mushroom, plant, fungus, algae, vegetables, microalgae etc. are some important source of several polysaccharide macromolecules such as glucans, ulvan A, ulvan B, fucoidan, rhamnan sulfate, laminarin sulfate, agar, alginate, heteroglycans. Earlier research work demonstrated that natural polysaccharides have the highest ability to carry biological properties along with some biopolymers like as proteins and nucleic acids due to their structural variability. The preventive effect of these biomacromolecules was extensively studied, especially their beneficial effect on chronic metabolic conditions like dyslipidemia and related disorders. Dyslipidemia is a serious metabolic disorder associated with coronary heart disease, coronary artery diseases, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, etc. Dietary natural polysaccharides could play an important role in the management and prevention of dyslipidemia. Polysaccharides from natural sources mainly sulfated polysaccharides exhibited predominant lipid-lowering and cholesterol-lowering activities through different mechanisms. Polysaccharides isolated from different edible plants, vegetables, plant, algae, mushroom with higher biological activities, particularly hypolipidemic activity were highlighted in this paper, in a way for their futuristic therapeutic application. This review aims to comprehensively discuss overall advances in hypolipidemic activity of polysaccharides, including their sources, structural characteristic and chemistry, biological activity and their probable mode of action.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dietary fat, vitamin E and iron on oxidative damage and antioxidant status. Male Swiss-Webster mice (1 mo old) were fed a basal vitamin E-deficient diet that contained either 8% fish oil + 2% corn oil or 10% lard with or without 1 g dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. The diets without vitamin E contained either 0.21 or 0.95 g ferric citrate/kg. Diets were fed for 4 wk/kg diet. Compared with the vitamin E-supplemented groups, mice fed diets without vitamin E (with or without supplemental iron) had significantly (P < 0.05) higher hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes and protein carbonyls when they were fed fish oil, but not lard. The levels of TBARS were further increased by iron supplementation in the mice fed fish oil. Significantly lower concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and higher glutathione (GSH) were found in the liver of mice fed fish oil and vitamin E than in those fed lard and vitamin E (P < 0.05). The activities of superoxide dismutase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were lower in the fish oil-fed mice than in those fed lard (P < 0.05). The activities of Se-GSH peroxidase, non-Se-GSH peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase were not altered by dietary fat or vitamin E/iron. The results obtained provide experimental evidence of the prooxidative effects of high dietary fish oil and iron, and suggest that vitamin E protects not only lipid-soluble compounds, but also water-soluble constituents, against oxidative damage. Further, dietary lipid plays a key role in determining cellular susceptibility to oxidative stress.
Euphorbia acanthothamnos, E. macroclada and E. rigida were investigated for their antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential of extracts of E. acanthothamnos, E. macroclada and E. rigida was evaluated using different complementary antioxidant tests.
Three d-glucans (A, C, and E) and two acidic heteropolysaccharides (D and B), isolated from the fruit bodies of Auricularia auricula-judae (which grows in Fangshan, Hubei, China) were analysed by paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and IR and 13 C NMR. Glucans A, C, and E consist mainly of a backbone chain of β-(1 → 3)-d-glucose residues, with various branched groups. Polysaccharides D and B contain residues of d-xylose, d-mannose, d-galactose, d-glucose, and d-glucuronic acid. The weight-average molecular weights Mw, number-average molecular weights Mw, intrinsic viscosities [ν], and Huggins constants k′ of these polysaccharides were studied by light scattering, membrane osmometry, and viscometry. The values of Mw for samples of A, C, E, D, and B are 117 × 104, 144 × 104, 200 × 104, 30 × 104, and 50 × 104, respectively. Analysis of the Mw, Mn, [ν], and k′ data indicates polysaccharides A and E to have stiff chains, and C, D, and B flexible chains in aqueous solutions.
This study was carried out to expand the utilization (for the pharmaceutical and food industries) of extracts of Phellinus baumii. Fractions rich in phenolics were extracted from P. baumii using various solvents. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity were studied using a β-carotene-linoleate model system and reactive oxygen species generation system. Total phenolic compounds in methanol and hot water extracts were 33.3 and 20.7 mg/100 ml, respectively; these values are higher than other solvent extracts. Therefore, methanol and hot water extracts exhibited good inhibition rates, of about 80–90%, by hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, effect of reducing power on metallic compound formation and antioxidant activity.
The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary synthetic antioxidants at recommended levels altered rat immune cell eicosanoid production and vitamin E concentration. Weanling female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-76A diets containing 20% by weight corn oil, with no synthetic antioxidant, or 0.02% of either tertiary-butyhydroquinone (TBHQ) or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). After 6 wk, rats were killed and samples of blood and spleen were removed for immune cell isolation. Livers were removed for subsequent vitamin E analysis by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Immune cells were coincubated with and without calcium ionophore A23187 (20 μmol/L) for 30 min at 37°C. The amount of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in the immune cell supernatants was quantified by enzyme immunoassay. Neither basal nor ionophore-stimulated release of PGE2 and LTB4 were significantly different across diet treatment groups. Furthermore, liver total lipids, vitamin E and phospholipid and triglyceride fatty acyl profiles were not significantly altered by these dietary antioxidants. In summary, the inclusion of the synthetic antioxidants, TBHQ or BHT, into rodent diets at recommended levels did not significantly alter in vitro eicosanoid production by rat immune cells or hepatic vitamin E concentration.
The antioxidant potency of various extracts and fractions from Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus sp. was evaluated using three established methods, specifically the DPPH scavenging activity, FRAP, and β-carotene bleaching assays. Satisfying results were obtained, which lead to expect the use of these seeds as health-promoting ingredients. The antioxidant activity was less correlated to the phenolics content suggesting that non-phenolic compounds might play major free radicals scavenging activity in studied plant materials.
The antioxidant potentials of a total ethanolic extract of Hypericum perforatum (TE) and fractions were evaluated and correlated with their phenolic contents. The extracts were fully characterised by HPLC–DAD–MS–MS. Kaempferol 3-rutinoside and rutin-acetyl were identified for the first time in TE extracts. The free radical-scavenging properties of TE (EC50=21 μg dwb/ml) and fractions were studied using DPPH. Fractions containing flavonoids and/or caffeoylquinic acids were found to be the main contributors to the free radical-scavenging activity of the TE. Lipid peroxidation, induced with ascorbate/Fe2+, was significantly reduced in the presence of the TE (EC50=26 μg dwb/ml) and fractions containing flavonoids and/or caffeoylquinic acids. The fraction containing flavonoid aglycones was found to be responsible for a major part of the TE protection against lipid peroxidation. Hypericins and hyperforins made no significant contributions to the antioxidant properties of TE. Human consumption of H. perforatum extract or fractions could be beneficial.
The inflorescence of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench (Helichrysi flos syn. Stoechados flos) has long been known in herbal medicine in Europe for its choleretic, diuretic, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities. Organic bioactive compounds and the inorganic element content of Helichrysi flos drugs of different origin (from cultivation or from the commercial network) and their water extracts were examined. The polyphenol and flavonoid content in the drug (61.4–92.3 and 9.4–12.7 g kg−1, respectively) and tea samples (1200–1730 and 47–71 mg l−1, respectively) were determined by a spectrophotometric method. The concentration of 23 macro- and microelements was measured in crude drugs and their water extracts by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES). The cultivated drug sample from 1999 (Hungary) contained aluminum (353 mg kg−1), chromium (6 mg kg−1), copper (19 mg kg−1), manganese (349 mg kg−1) and phosphorus (2907 mg kg−1) in highest level, while the concentration of barium (19 mg kg−1), calcium (7575 mg kg−1), iron (159 mg kg−1), and zinc (59 mg kg−1) was highest in a commercial sample from 1998 (Poland).
Three cases are presented where modified chitins have been extensively administered to volunteers, as dressings for wounded soft and bone tissues, as anticholesterolemic dietary foods, and in the controlled delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs. The interactions of the modified chitins with human enzymes is critically examined. In the context of drug carrier resorption and wound healing, chitooligomers and monomers, generated by lysozyme, N-acetylglucosaminidase and human chitinase, activate macrophages and stimulate fibroblasts, respectively; the effects are production of smooth, vascularized and physiologically normal tissues. In the dietary food area, lipase, amylase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, glucokinase and the enzymes of prostaglandin synthesis are involved in the oral administration of chitosan: lipid adsorption is depressed mainly because of the physical form of the chitosan-lipid aggregates, which are unsuitable as substrates. When chitosan is used as a drug carrier, chitosan-drug complexes are present. The uniqueness of chitosan among polysaccharides is underlined in terms of susceptibility to enzymatic depolymerization, cationicity, supply of cell-activating oligomers, and supply of N-acetylglucosamine for rebuilding of other biopolymers. Advances in molecular recognition and biocompatibility are also presented.
The hypoglycemic effect of water-soluble polysaccharide(FA) from fruiting bodies of Auricularia auricula-judae Quel. was investigated on genetically diabetic mice (KK-Ay) from 10 to 14 weeks of age. Male mice were divided into 3 groups, the control group and FA-fed group having free access to the control diet or FA diet (30 g of FA/kg of diet). The food-restricted group had restricted access to the control diet at the level of the diet consumed by the FA-fed group. Compared with the control group, FA supplementation had a significant effect in lowering plasma glucose, insulin, urinary glucose, and food intake. FA administration also increased the tolerance to intraperitoneal glucose loading and the hepatic glycogen content. In the food-restricted group, the reduced food intake slightly lowered the plasma and urinary glucose levels, but did not improve hyperinsulinemia and glucose tolerance. This study shows that FA had a hypoglycemic effect on KK-Ay mice, and the reduced food consumption was not a major factor which contributed to the hypoglycemic action of FA.
The superoxide free radical has come to occupy an amazingly central role in a wide variety of diseases. Our metabolic focus on aerobic energy metabolism in all cell types, coupled with some chemical peculiarities of the oxygen molecule itself, contribute to the phenomenon. Superoxide is not, as we once thought, just a toxic but unavoidable byproduct of oxygen metabolism. Rather it appears to be a carefully regulated metabolite capable of signaling and communicating important information to the cell's genetic machinery. Redox regulation of gene expression by superoxide and other related oxidants and antioxidants is beginning to unfold as a vital mechanism in health and disease.
The objective of this study was to compare the effect of cholesterol feeding of rats and rabbits. The levels of lipid peroxidation products and oxysterols in the plasma of the two species plus the antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver and erythrocytes were measured to explain their different susceptibilities to atherosclerosis. Our study showed that rats are less susceptible than are rabbits to the atherogenic effect of a cholesterol-rich diet because of differences in lipid peroxidation products as well as antioxidant enzymes activities in their livers. In rabbits, cholesterol feeding produced severe hypercholesterolemia (43-fold increase) and increased plasma and liver lipid peroxidation. Total as well as the individual oxysterol contents of 7alpha-, 7beta-hydroxycholesterol, alpha-epoxy, beta-epoxycholesterol, cholestanetriol, 7-keto, and 27-hydroxycholesterol significantly increased in the plasma of hypercholesterolemic (HC) rabbits. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity significantly decreased whereas catalase activity significantly increased in HC rabbits. In rats cholesterol feeding increased the plasma cholesterol only twofold and had no effect on plasma or liver lipid peroxidation. Only 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxycholesterol increased and no change was observed in any of the antioxidant enzymes activity in the erythrocytes. Although cholesterol feeding caused a 10-fold increase of liver cholesterol as ester in both rats and rabbits, the antioxidant enzyme GSH-Px and catalase activities in the liver significantly increased in rats but significantly decreased in rabbits. The increase of GSH-Px and catalase activities in the liver of cholesterol fed rats could have a protective role against oxidation, thus preventing the formation of lipid peroxidation and oxysterols.
For more than half a century, numerous proposals have been advanced for the mode of action of carcinogens. This review presents a wide array of evidence that implicates oxidative stress (OS) in many aspects of oncology, including: formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the major classes of carcinogens (as well as minor ones), cancer stages, oncogene activation, aging, genetic and infectious illnesses, nutrition, and the role of antioxidants (AOs). Although diverse origins pertain, including both endogenous and exogenous agents, ROS are frequently generated by redox cycling via electron transfer (ET) groups, e.g., quinones (or phenolic precursors), metal complexes (or complexors), aromatic nitro compounds (or reduced products), and conjugated imines (or iminium species). We believe it is not coincidental that these functionalities are often found in carcinogens or their metabolites. The pervasive aspects of DNA binding by ultimate carcinogens, and mutations caused by ROS are treated. Often, ROS are implicated in more conventional rationales, such as oncogenes. A multi-faceted approach to mechanisms appears to be the most logical. The OS unifying theme represents an approach which is able to rationalize the diverse data associated with carcinogenesis. Because this theoretical framework aids in the understanding of cancer initiation, it can serve as a useful tool in combating cancer, particularly in relation to prevention. Significantly, the electron transfer--oxidative stress (ET-OS) scenario can also be applied to many drug categories, toxins, enzymes, and hormones.
A mild pro-oxidative state accompanies meal ingestion, which results in an increase in biomarkers of inflammation, adhesion, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which are factors in the development of cardiovascular disease. Both fat and carbohydrate can cause the effect, which is additive and exacerbated by diabetes. The presence of lipid, glucose, and cholesterol oxidation products of dietary or endogenous origin may contribute to postprandial oxidative stress. However, the generation of excess superoxide due to abundant energy substrate after the meal may be a predominate factor resulting in oxidative stress and a decrease in nitric oxide, which is important to endothelial function. Remediation of postprandial oxidative stress through direct reduction of superoxide generation and simultaneous consumption of antioxidants with each meal should be a focus of future research.
The mushroom Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilát (Hymenochaetaceae), has been widely used as a folk medicine in Russia, Poland and most of the Baltic countries. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the antioxidant capacities of Inonotus obliquus. Four extracts from the fungus were evaluated for antioxidant activity against the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide, and peroxyl radicals. The polyphenolic extract had a strong antioxidant activity, and the extract containing triterpenoids and steroids presented a relatively strong antioxidant effect. The polysaccharide extract, however, was inactive. The protective effects of these four extracts were assessed against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress using a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. Our results show that the polyphenolic extract protected these cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress, while the polysaccharide, triterpenoid and steroid extracts were ineffective. Additionally, the remnant polyphenolic and low molecular weight polysaccharide extracts showed a weakly protective effect at a concentration of 50 microg/ml. Our results indicate that Inonotus obliquus has the capacity to scavenge free radicals at concentrations higher than 5 microg/ml and that the polyphenolic extract can protect cells against oxidative stress.
The mushroom Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilát (Hymenochaetaceae), has been traditionally used for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Russia, Poland and most of Baltic countries. This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of the methanol extract from Inonotus obliquus (MEIO) in vivo and in vitro. MEIO (100 or 200 mg/(kgday), p.o.) reduced acute paw edema induced by carrageenin in rats, and showed analgesic activity, as determined by an acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test and a hot plate test in mice. To reveal the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of MEIO, we examined its effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced responses in a murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. MEIO was found to significantly inhibit the productions of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Consistent with these observations, MEIO potently inhibited the protein and mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Furthermore, MEIO inhibited the LPS-induced DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and this was associated with the prevention of inhibitor kappaB degradation and a reduction in nuclear p65 protein levels. Taken together, our data indicate that the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of MEIO may be due to the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression via the down-regulation of NF-kappaB binding activity.
Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh. is an indigenous tree species in Taiwan. In this study, phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts from the twigs of C. osmophloeum were investigated for the first time. The extracts were obtained successively using liquid-liquid partition to yield n-hexane (Hex), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (BuOH) and water fractions. The antioxidant activities of C. osmophloeum twig extracts were examined using various antioxidant assays, such as DPPH, NBT, reducing power, lipid peroxidation using mouse brain homogenates, metal chelating ability, and photochemiluminescence (PCL). In addition, total phenolic contents were also determined. Results revealed that the BuOH fraction exhibited the best performance in DPPH assay, NBT assay, reducing power assay and lipid peroxidation using mouse brain homogenates assay. Furthermore, the BuOH fraction has the highest total phenolic contents (496.7 mg of GAE/g). Consequently, kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside was also isolated from the antioxidative BuOH fraction and its activity was also confirmed. These results demonstrated that ethanolic extracts of C. osmophloeum twigs have excellent antioxidant activities and thus it has great potential as a source for natural health products.
The fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus, a medicinal mushroom called chaga, has been used as a traditional medicine for cancer treatment. Although this mushroom has been known to exhibit potent antioxidant activity, the mechanisms responsible for this activity remain unknown. In our investigation for free radical scavengers from the methanolic extract of this mushroom, inonoblins A (1), B (2), and C (3) were isolated along with the known compounds, phelligridins D (4), E (5), and G (6). Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses. These compounds exhibited significant scavenging activity against the ABTS radical cation and DPPH radical, and showed moderate activity against the superoxide radical anion.
Protective and adverse biological action of phenolic antioxidants Oxidative stress: Oxidants and antioxidants
- R Kahl
R.Kahl, Protective and adverse biological action of phenolic antioxidants. In H. Sies (Ed.), Oxidative stress: Oxidants and antioxidants.1991,pp.245–273.