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A systematic examination of universal design resources: Part 2, analysis of the development process
Abstract
In this paper, the development process of four Universal Design Resources (UDRs) was analyzed. The results of a heuristic
evaluation (HE) of UDRs (Part 1) were used in this (Part 2) study to create an online survey. Thirty-one individuals involved
in the creation of the four UDRs responded, 15 of whom were also interviewed. For three resources, the hypothesis was confirmed
that meeting the needs of end-users was assumed to be satisfied without systematically addressing them. Additional findings
also revealed a common lack of a clearly defined “central idea” among many of the committee members of two US-based ICT accessibility/UD
guidelines.
... Using this method, one will often be able to uncover several local problems and many problems in total [22], but it may be difficult to determine the severity of the problems [23]. Also, the choice of heuristic is important and it seems that current accessibility heuristics have a number of shortcomings [24,25]. ...
Several countries are considering web-based voting as an alternative to, or a replacement of, traditional voting methods. It is argued that electronic voting could increase voter participation and help strengthen democracy, as e-voting would increase accessibility for large sections of the population, particularly with regard to groups that previously have experienced difficulties with the traditional voting setup. With a focus on usability and accessibility, this paper reports on a study evaluating several electronic voting prototypes in Norway, involving technical aspects as well as expert evaluation and user testing in the field, with users from a wide range of disabled user groups participating in the study. Technical testing regarding accessibility standard compliance, testing with the personas method and user testing revealed that many rather basic universal design principles were either not fully understood or not prioritized for implementation by the solution providers. However, despite various accessibility difficulties, the participants generally showed a positive attitude towards web-based elections. Through the findings of this study, the authors highlight factors that are important to consider in the development and testing of web-based voting systems.
This paper presents views on how quantitative multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches may be applied to certain aspects of user experience design and evaluation (D&E) methods identification, emphasizing its strengths and weaknesses for this task. Often D&E methods need to be applied in contexts different of those they had been applied before and as such must be transferred to those new contexts. This work presents a model for the quantitative method matching step of the transfer process, describes how different MCDM methods can be applied to this task, and discusses the results of an experience that tried to apply a couple of MCDM procedures to method selection.
Accessible design resources play a significant role in legislation propelled accessible design. Investigations and studies on the resources from international have been done, information have been grouped into five parts, relationships have been found. Thus the Accessible Design Resources System is created, and a model is made to show the three parts: accessible design resources, people and environment, and their interaction relationships. Information of the three parts are discussed. From this model, problems can be put forward for further researches. It will help to understand accessible design better and create high quality and high efficiency accessible design resources. Some of the examples are given.
Studies have revealed usability problems with universal design resources (UDRs). In this paper, four UDR development cases
are reviewed (Section508 standards, Web accessibility guidelines, the British Standard on managing inclusive design, and
Irish guidelines on public access terminals). Evidence of a user-centered design approach was found in only one case. The
needs of people making universally usable products and services in industry are discussed in the context of the use of UDRs
and results of organizational research studies. Nine recommendations are made on the development of user-centered UDRs and
the setup and management of accessibility teams in organizations.
KeywordsUniversal design resources-Guidelines-Standards-Usability-User-centered design
How Designers Think is based on Bryan Lawson's many observations of designers at work, interviews with designers and their clients and collaborators. This extended work is the culmination of twenty-five years' research and shows the author's belief that we all can learn to design better. The creative mind continues to have power to surprise and this book aims to nurture and extend this creativity. This book is not intended as an authoritative description of how designers should think but to provide helpful advice on how to develop an understanding of design. 'How Designers Think' will be of great interest, not only to designers seeking a greater insight into their own thought processes, but also to students of design in general from undergraduate level upward.
chapter reports on the work currently performed by the Internat onal Organ zat on for Standard zat on (ISO) on acces b l ty of human-computer nterfacesA ISO Techn cal Spec f cat on 16071 "Ergonomcs of human-smLzA nteract on -- gu dance on s oftware acces b l ty" w ll be publ sblm by the end of 2000. INTRODUvW-Z W th the ncreas ng nteresm n des gn ng usmzMO smzMO" and the ncreas ng the level of acces b l ty for people w th szM f c potent al requrementsE the Internat onal Organsn on for Standardsa on been conduct ng work ng n a ISO Techn cal Spec f cat on 16071 Ergonomcs16071 ErgonommzO nteract on -- gu dance on s--MMmsMmsmL b l ty. Here I would l ke an ntroduct on that sat mzAA the mportance of addres ng the grow ng populat on of usO0M who need extra s upport to be able to handle computer s upport. How b g are thesO groups" I know that we can f nd nformat on n the Nord c gu del nes What are the nctements to s mO776 th s type of work? E.g. referenc ng ADA (Amer can Dsn l tesME--z INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO) The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national stionalm bodies froms ome 130 countries one from each country. ISO is a non-governmental organisL0--6 esnisL0--6 in 1947. The head office is in Geneva. ThemisAEA of ISOis to promote the development ofsEzAEmL0EzMMms and relatedactivities in the world with a view to facilitating the international exchange ofgoods andsdmA--MO7 and to developing co-operation in thes6AOO0 of intellectual,stellectua technological and economic activity. ISO's workresm6O in internationalagreements which arepubliszO as InternationalStandards ISOsOmA7--ME are developed according to the followingprinciples Cons"mL0A -- The views of all interesmL are taken into accoun...
Designing interactive computer systems to be efficient and easy to use is important so that people in our society may realize the potential benefits of computer-based tools .... Although modern cognitive psychology contains a wealth of knowledge of human ...
It is argued that applying formal methods to standards making would result in more accurate, more understandable, and more useful standards. The main benefit seen in using formal methods in a standard's development and expression is improving the standard's quality. In the early stages of standards development, formal methods can result in considerable clarification during the development and expression of the underlying conceptual model for a standard or family of related standards. They can also define precisely the relation among the components of both the standard being developed and other standards. Later in the development process, formal methods can improve a standard's quality during its use by letting it be expressed clearly, unambiguously, and concisely in a way that natural language does not allow. Finally, formal methods can aid standards development at the maintenance stage, for example, by allowing the adequacy of a proposed change to be proved. Guidelines for applying formal methods in the standardization process are provided.< >
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Accessibility Guidelines for Public Access Terminals
- Inda
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